2nd-intro social teachings

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The Social Teachings

of the Church

Mr. Jasper T. Suquila, M.A.Theology Instructor, Institute of Religion

University of Santo Tomas



ABBREVIATIONS & REFERENCES:

CA - Centesimus Annus (One Hundred Year After Rerum Novarum) by Pope John Paul II,

1991.

CBCP - Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Phil.

CL - Canon Law, 1983.

EA - Ecclesia in Asia (Jesus Christ the Savior and

His Mission of Love and Service in Asia)

by Pope John Paul II, 1999.

EN - Evangeli Nuntiandi (Evangelization Today) byPope Paul VI, 1974.

EV - Evangelium Vitae (The Gospel of Life) by Pope

John Paul II, 1995.




FC - Familiaris Consortio (The Role of the ChristianFamily in the Modern World) by Pope John

Paul II, 1981.

GS - Gaudium et Spes (Church in the Modern World)

by Vatican Council II, 1965.JW - Justice in the World by Synod of Bishops, 1971.

LE - Laborem Exercens (On Human Work) by

Pope John Paul II, 1981.

MM - Mater et Magistra (Christianity and Social

Progress) by Pope John XXIII, 1961.OA - Octagesima Adveniens (A Call to Action) by

Pope Paul VI, 1971.

PCP II - Secondary Plenary Council of the Phil., 1991.




PEPE - CBCP’s Pastoral Exhortation on PhilippineEconomy, 1998.

PEPP - CBCP’s Pastoral Exhortation on PhilippinePolitics, 1998.

PP - Populorum Progressio (On Development of Peoples) by Pope Paul VI, 1967.

PT - Pacem in Terris (Peace on Earth) by JohnXXIII, 1963.

QA - Quadragesimo Anno (On Social Concerns) byPope Pius XI, 1931.

RH - Redemptor Hominis (Redeemer of Mankind)by Pope John Paul II, 1979.




RN - Rerum Novarum (The Condition of Labor)

by Pope Leo XIII, 1891.

SRS - Solicitudo Rei Socialis (Social Concerns of

the Church) by Pope John Paul II, 1987.

TMA - Tertio Millenio Adveniente (The Coming of

the Third Millenium) by Pope John Paul II,

1994.



JUDAEO-JUDAEO-

CHRISTIANCHRISTIAN

DOCTRINEDOCTRINE

TWO POLES

HUMANHUMANEXPERIENCEEXPERIENCE



This refers to the teachings of theThis refers to the teachings of the

Church.Church.

PCP II – preferential option for thePCP II – preferential option for the

poorpoor(Lk. 4:18)(Lk. 4:18)

JUDAEO - CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE



the human cross of an unhappy distinction of the human cross of an unhappy distinction of

being the most unsafe country in Asia.being the most unsafe country in Asia.

unsavory international distinction of havingunsavory international distinction of havingthe most corrupt civil service and the mostthe most corrupt civil service and the most

inefficient bureaucracy.inefficient bureaucracy.

economic deprivationeconomic deprivation

power is concentrated to a fewpower is concentrated to a few

the cross of cultural underdevelopmentthe cross of cultural underdevelopment

wrong sense of gratitudewrong sense of gratitude

HUMAN EXPERIENCE



a COMMITMENT to the common gooda COMMITMENT to the common good

a COMMITMENT to honesty and integrity ina COMMITMENT to honesty and integrity in

public servicepublic service

a COMMITMENT to the right to propertya COMMITMENT to the right to property

CONVERSION from consumerist mentalityCONVERSION from consumerist mentality

Have a PROFOUND UNDERSTANDING of theHave a PROFOUND UNDERSTANDING of the

value of human work value of human work

PROPOSAL OF CBCP



Hallmarks of UST:Hallmarks of UST:

COMMITTEDCOMMITTED to the cause of TRUTHto the cause of TRUTH

COMPASSIONATECOMPASSIONATE to the people of Godto the people of God

COMPETENTCOMPETENT to proclaim the truth andto proclaim the truth and

love of God to His people.love of God to His people.

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF UST?WHAT IS THE ROLE OF UST?



CHRISTO-CENTRIC APPROACH:CHRISTO-CENTRIC APPROACH:

FAITHFAITH

must be translated intomust be translated into

ACTION ACTION

APPROACH:APPROACH: Contextual ApproachContextual Approach



poverty, injustices, war, calamities,

soaring prices of basic commodities,

transportation and fuel, maltreatmentand abuses, etc.

FACES OF CRISIS

IS THIS A REAL CHRISTIAN

COMMUNITY?



THE CHURCH DREAMS OF INDIVIDUAL

MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY WHO ARE:

ALIVE AND LIFE-GIVING

FREE AND FREEING

RESPONSIVE AND RESPONSIBLE

LOVING AND LOVABLE

CARING AND COMMUNITY MINDED



OVER AND ABOVE ALL THIS:

The Church dreams of people becoming

persons reflecting God’s image in themselves, their actions, their beings.

The Church also dreams of a community that:

1. speaks and listens,

2. a community that discerns and decides together

in implementing their decisions,

3. prays and celebrate their joys and sorrows

together,

4. honestly looks at what they had done and failed.



SUMMARY OF PCP II:

MAKATAO

MAKA-KALIKASAN

MAKABAYAN

MAKADIYOS



GOAL OF THE CHURCH:

“To make all people, Christiansor non-Christians, live in the

spirit of charity, peace, justice

and equality and with respect of the whole creation.”

NAME DATE



NAME: ______________________ DATE: __________

COURSE/YR./SEC.: ____________

1. Think about the present situation of the community where you

live in and the situation of our country, then, answer, thefollowing questions. (Give at least 2 characteristics for each.)

a. When will your community be a real community of faith?

b. When will the Philippines be a happy home for us Filipinos?

2. After answering the questions above, draw a symbol that

depicts your dream community.



THE CHRISTIAN CONCEPT

OF SALVATION

Salvation of : the soul

From : sin

Through : God’s grace

For : Eternal life



1.1. Meaning of Salvation to theMeaning of Salvation to the

IsraelitesIsraelites

• Dt. 6:21-23Dt. 6:21-23

• Dt. 26:2-13Dt. 26:2-13

• Jos. 24:2-13Jos. 24:2-13• Lev. 26:4-13Lev. 26:4-13

• Dt. 28:2-14Dt. 28:2-14

• Ps. 136, 105,Ps. 136, 105,106, 135,106, 135,

7878

• Is. 2:2-5, 11:5-9Is. 2:2-5, 11:5-9

• Amos 9:11-15 Amos 9:11-15

• Ezekiel 36:22-32Ezekiel 36:22-32



THE CHRISTIAN CONCEPT

OF SALVATION

Salvation of : the total personthe total person

From : slavery, hunger, drought, lackslavery, hunger, drought, lackof land, discrimination,of land, discrimination,

oppressions, death, etc.oppressions, death, etc.Through : their collective struggletheir collective struggle

For : [economic][economic] abundance, grapes,abundance, grapes,

rain, promised land;rain, promised land; [political][political] freedom, liberty;freedom, liberty;

[socio-cultural][socio-cultural] children, peace,children, peace,

security, good relationssecurity, good relations



1.1. Meaning of Salvaton Meaning of Salvaton

IsraeliIsraeli

Salvation is concrete and may beSalvation is concrete and may beexperienced “here and now.” experienced “here and now.”



EVANGELII NUNTIANDI

Salvation is “liberation from everything thatSalvation is “liberation from everything that

oppresses human beings; but speciallyoppresses human beings; but specially

liberation from sin and the evil one; in the joy of liberation from sin and the evil one; in the joy of

knowing God and being known by Him. …Thisknowing God and being known by Him. …Thisliberation in the framework of the Church’sliberation in the framework of the Church’s

specific mission, cannot be contained in thespecific mission, cannot be contained in the

simple and restricted dimension of economics,simple and restricted dimension of economics,

politics, social or cultural life; it must envisagepolitics, social or cultural life; it must envisagethe whole man, in all his aspects, right up tothe whole man, in all his aspects, right up to

and including the openness to the absolute,and including the openness to the absolute,

even the divine absolute.”even the divine absolute.”



Sins in the form of sinfulSins in the form of sinful

structures or institutions of thestructures or institutions of the

society or situation that promotesociety or situation that promote

sinful attitudes or behavior andsinful attitudes or behavior andthe complicity of persons in thethe complicity of persons in the

evils of society by activity or evils of society by activity or

passively participating in thesepassively participating in theseevils.evils.

SOCIAL SINSOCIAL SIN



TYPOLOGIES OF SOCIAL SIN

SinfulSinful

StructuresStructures

SinfulSinful

SituationsSituationsSinfulSinful

AttitudesAttitudes



““There are sinful social structuresThere are sinful social structures

when there is habitual pattern of when there is habitual pattern of

human interactions, infected by sin,human interactions, infected by sin,selfishness, injustice, pride, greed.selfishness, injustice, pride, greed.

They perpetuate disvalues. They areThey perpetuate disvalues. They are

inducements to sin and are formidableinducements to sin and are formidable

obstacle to Christian living.”obstacle to Christian living.”-PCP II #82--PCP II #82-

Sinful StructuresSinful Structures



They lead people to becomeThey lead people to become

greedy and selfish.greedy and selfish.

Sinful SituationsSinful Situations



Attitudes of people who allow or Attitudes of people who allow or

directly participate in the evil that isdirectly participate in the evil that is

being done against othersbeing done against others..

It also involves the sin of omission, i.e.,It also involves the sin of omission, i.e.,

the inaction of some people to preventthe inaction of some people to prevent

evil from taking place.evil from taking place.

Sinful AttitudesSinful Attitudes



“What is the cause of poverty?”

The root problem is the “gross

unequal distribution of wealth.” Some people have more than they

need while the rest do not even

the basic necessities of life.



You are not making a gift of your

possessions to the poor person. You are handing over to him what

is his. For what has been given in

common for the use of all, youhave arrogated to yourself. The

world is given to all, and not only

to the rich.PP #23



One of the greatest injustice of the

contemporary world consistsprecisely in this: that the ones who

possess much are relatively few and

those who possess almost nothingare many. It is the injustice of the

poor distribution of the goods and

services originally intended for all.

SRS #23



at is the mission of the Church today?

The Church considers her

mission as a continuation of theliberating mission of Christ.



t is the mission of the Church today?

Mission of Jesus Christ

Mission of the Church

(Kingly) (Priestly) (Prophetic)

Service for :

Development

Integral humandevelopment

Prayer/worship for :

Deeper

Relationshipwith God

Proclamation of :

Peace

- founded on truth- built according to justice- practiced in freedom




Indeed, the social

mission of the Church is

founded on the ministry

and mission of Christ.




This mission gives the Church the

duty and authority to teach and

interpret the message of the Gospelto the present context and thereby

guide and assist all people in the

pursuit of their total salvation.



AS CHRISTIANS, WE SHOULD ALWAYS

FOLLOW THE EXAMPLE OF CHRIST AND

STAND FOR WHAT IS TRUE AND JUST.WE CANNOT MAKE A CHOICE. WE CAN

NOT BE NEUTRAL. THE EXPRESSION OF

OUR FAITH SHOULD ALWAYS BE

PREFERENTIAL, NEVER NEUTRAL.

And this faith can only be expressed and

must be expressed through our social,economic, political and cultural

involvement here and now.



3. Theological

reflection

PRAYER

1. Experience

2. Social analysis4. Planning /

action

Four-step cycle of Christian praxis



PCP II #275

This conversion and social

transformation is not just one

moment of definitive change. Itis a lifelong task, striving from

the less perfect to the ever

more perfect, from death to life,from life to ever fuller life.



Name: ______________________ Date: __________

Course/Year/Section: __________

What are your responsibilities to the society and/or to the

Church? List down 5 of your primary responsibilities and give the

reasons why you consider them as the most important ones.

Responsibilities Reasons

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

What other tasks, aside from preaching, catechesis and

administration of sacraments are being done in your community inorder to spread the Gospel?



???

The Philippines is branded as a

“disaster prone area”:

it belongs to the “ring of fire”

…Tskkk Ahhh!!!

11

STEP I: The Filipino Experience

(Signs of the Times)






The Ring of Fire is a zone of frequent earthquakesand volcanic eruptions that encircles the basin of the Pacific

Ocean. It is shaped like a horseshoe and it is 40,000 km

long. It is associated with a nearly continuous series of

oceanic trenches, island arcs, and volcanic mountain ranges

and/or plate movements. It is sometimes called the circum-Pacific belt or the circum-Pacific seismic belt.

90% of the world's earthquakes and 81% of the

world's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire. The

next most seismic region (5-6% of earthquakes and 17% of

the world's largest earthquakes) is the Alpide belt which

extends from Java to Sumatra through the Himalayas, the

Mediterranean, and out into the Atlantic. The Mid-Atlantic

Ridge is the third most prominent earthquake belt.

Ahhh!!!




???

The Philippines is branded as a

“disaster prone area”:

part of the Philippines, particularly the

eastern part in the Pacific Ocean is

called “the cradle of typhoons”

…Tskkk Ahhh!!!



22




p p



http://images.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://gbgm-umc.org/umcor/photos/philippines/reuters/filipinochildren.jpg&imgrefurl=http://gbgm-umc.org/umcor/04/philippinestyphoons.cfm&h=378&w=540&sz=50&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=qzLkgG6_zN3u0M:&tbnh=92&tbnw=132&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dphilippines%2B%2Btyphoons%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG

http://images.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormarchives/stypics/mike1990.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/sitemap.htm&h=589&w=461&sz=69&hl=en&start=17&tbnid=n8drLIX0_aiPtM:&tbnh=135&tbnw=106&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dphilippines%2B%2Btyphoons%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG





Manila - The fourth devastating super typhoon in as

many months battered the Philippines, setting off avolcanic mudslide and widespread flooding that killed at

least 109 people and left dozens more missing, officials

said on Friday.

Glen Rabonza, head of the national office of civildefence, said 200 body bags were being shipped to the

disaster zone at the request of provincial officials. With

power and phone lines downed by powerful winds,

helicopters were carrying out aerial surveillance of cut-off

areas.

"Our rescue teams are overstretched rescuing

people on rooftops," Rabonza said after President Gloria

Macapagal Arroyo was briefed on the storm's aftermath.



Economy Environment

Education

Signs of the TimesSigns of the Times

Socio-Cultural Political

Sources of Hope



Sources of HopeSources of Hope

the unwavering faith of thethe unwavering faith of theFilipino peopleFilipino people




the increasing social awarenessthe increasing social awarenessand concern for social changeand concern for social change

and developmentand development




the commonalities that existthe commonalities that existamong different culturesamong different cultures




the growing number of the growing number of NGO’s and PO’sNGO’s and PO’s

Name: Date:



A writer wrote that the Filipino culture is adamaged culture characterized by a failure in

nationalism, total devotion to those within the

circle, total war to those outside, a contempt for

the public good, submission to doctrine andauthority and national ambition to change

nationality. How do you react to this? Do you

agree with him? Why?

______________________ __________




Social analysis is the effort toSocial analysis is the effort to

fully understand a particular fully understand a particular social situation. It serves as a toolsocial situation. It serves as a tool

that permits us to grasp thethat permits us to grasp the

reality with which we are dealing.reality with which we are dealing.

STEP II: Social Analysis

( A Tool for Social Transformation)

Octagesima Ad eniens



It is up to Christian communities to

analyze with objectivity the situation

which is proper to their own country, to

shed in it the light of the Gospel’s

unalterable words and to draw principles

or reflection, norms of judgment, and

directives of action from the socialteaching of the Church. (O.A. #4)

Octagesima Adveniens

(Call to Action)



A thorough social analysis, structural

and cultural, is to be promoted more

intensely in the process of building up

discerning communities of faith,

precisely to the end that their efforts at

social transformation take into account

hard social realities and carried throughfrom a genuine perspective of faith.

PCP II (Art. 22 #1)



Social Analysis

Subjective DimensionObjective Dimension

various organizations

and

institutions

consciousness,

values, ideologies,

attitudes of the

members of society



Limitations of Social AnalysisLimitations of Social Analysis

11

22

It is not designed to provide an immediateIt is not designed to provide an immediate

answer to the question, “What do we do?”answer to the question, “What do we do?”

It is not a guideline that gives us a step byIt is not a guideline that gives us a step by

step solution to the problem.step solution to the problem.

It is simply like a diagnosis to a sicknessIt is simply like a diagnosis to a sickness

than the treatment. It does not provide athan the treatment. It does not provide acure.cure.



Name: ______________________ Date: __________


Give the first five most important social issues that the

Church must address today. Rank them from 1-5. Give the reasonfor your ranking and the possible cause/s of these issues.

What do you suggest that the Church leaders should do in

order to respond to these issues?

Issues Reason/s Cause/s

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.



What does my faith tell me to doWhat does my faith tell me to do

As a member of the Church, what am IAs a member of the Church, what am Isupposed to dosupposed to do

What is my missionWhat is my mission

What does the Church magisteriumWhat does the Church magisterium

say about the issuesay about the issue

STEP III: Fruits of Theological Reflection

1 The Nature and Development of the



STC is the entire teaching of theSTC is the entire teaching of theecclesiastical magisterium thatecclesiastical magisterium that

applies revealed truth and Christianapplies revealed truth and Christian

moral principles to the social order. Itmoral principles to the social order. Itapplies the Gospel message to socialapplies the Gospel message to social

reality.reality.

The purpose of the Church’s socialThe purpose of the Church’s socialteaching isteaching is to present to all humanto present to all human

beings God’s plan for secular reality beings God’s plan for secular reality ..

1. The Nature and Development of the

Church’s Social Teaching



BEST KEPT SECRET



STC is at the heart ofwho we are and what webelieve in and therefore,

should be proclaimed andshared effectively. Itshould not remain a

“secret.”

GOD (Yahweh)



SOCIAL TEACHING OF THE CHURCHSOCIAL TEACHING OF THE CHURCH

JESUS CHRIST JESUS CHRIST

GOD (Yahweh)DIVINE LAW

Natural Law

Adam & Eve Abraham

ISRAELITES

CHURCHSACRED TRADITION SACRED SCRIPTURES

Human Experienceand

Reason

MAGISTERIUM

P l P



OCIAL TEACHING OF THE CHURCH

LOCI OF MAGISTERIAL TEACHING

Papal Pro-

nouncements

matters of faith

ApostolicLetters

Canon Law

CCL

Encyclicals

Meeting of all

bishops under

the leadership

of the Pope

Ecumenical

Council

Synod of

Bishops



CONTENT OF THE SOCIAL

TEACHING OF THE CHURCH

PRINCIPLESTRUTH VALUES

STC contains truth,

both moral and

religious truth that

Christians have to

know and believe.

Principles are what

one has to do or put

into practice.

These are what

Christians have to

respect, defend

and cherish.



HISTORY OF THE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE

SOCIAL TEACHINGS OFTHE CHURCH

Rerum Novarum Pope Leo



e m ova m opeLeo

XIII

Condition of Labor May 1891ISSUES RESPONSES

Production is controlled by a few

Concentrated wealth promotes

greed

Masses are destitute

Inhuman conditions exist

Fix limits of private possession

by the industry of men and the

peoples

Recall that just ownership of

money is distinct from just use:

- challenge the rich to give to

poor; bind state to serve

common good.

Promote trade associations and just wages

Call the Church to unite the rich

and the poor.

Rerum Novarum Pope Leo



p

XIII

Condition of Labor May 1891ISSUES RESPONSES

Decline of morals causes conflict

Socialism rejects private property

Socialism favors class warfare

theory

Recognize that private property

is a right and stabilizer of society

Encourage equitable relations

between capital and labor.

Quadragesimo Anno



Q g

Pope Pius XI

Reconstructing Social Order May 1931ISSUES RESPONSES

Free competition has destroyed

itself

Wealth is concentrated

Economic dictatorship controls

investment and credit

Economic instability leads to loss

of morals

Public authority is slave to men’s

greed

Bring competition under public

authority

Share superfluous wealth

Seek just distribution of created

goods

Apply laws of Christian

moderation and charity

Promote international

cooperation in economic life

Quadragesimo Anno



Q g

Pope Pius XI

Reconstructing Social Order May 1931ISSUES RESPONSES

Communism seeks class warfare

and extermination of private

property

Workers are non-owning and

receive unjust wages

Encourage partnership in

ownership or management,

reserve certain kinds of property

to the state

Give workers just wages

Mater Et Magistra Pope



g p

John XXIII

Christianity & Social Progress May 1961ISSUES RESPONSES

Private enterprise and the state

are for the common good

Agriculture is a depressed sector

of the economy

Remuneration of work must be

just

Private property holders have

social responsibility

Support the state in promoting

the economy for the benefit of all

citizens

Make an effort to develop

industry and agriculture as

regards technological progress

Foster the expression and value

of the individual

Aid less-developed countries

Mater Et Magistra Pope



g p

John XXIII

Christianity & Social Progress May 1961ISSUES RESPONSES

Prosperous and poor nations

grow more divergent

Christian social doctrine is an

integral part of Christian life

Communicate a strong, Christian

social doctrine

Affirm employee profit-sharing

policies

Encourage effective safeguards

against monopolization

Pacem in Terris Pope



p

John XXIII

Peace of Earth April 1963ISSUES RESPONSES

Nuclear war is constant fear

Armaments are continually

increasing

Present governments are

inadequate to promote universal

common good

Establish peace on mutual trust

Agree on disarmament with

effective controls

Set up world-wide authority

bases on subsidiary

Gadium Et Spes



p

Vatican II

Church in the Modern World December 1965ISSUES RESPONSES

Economic inequalities are

immense

Hunger, poverty, illiteracy

torment huge proportion of

world’s citizens and foster

discputes

Abundance of wealth and

resources enjoyed by few

Nuclear war remains a threat

Change modern world commerce

radically

Work for political and economic

decisions which conform to

human dignity

Urge state to distribute goods

fairly, especially insufficiently

cultivated estates

End arms race with disarmaments

backed by adequate and workable

safeguards

Gadium Et Spes



Vatican II

Church in the Modern World December 1965ISSUES RESPONSES

Human interdependent in the

world is growing

Lack of true Christianity

contributes to atheism

Establish international

community with subsidiarity

Challenge Christians to take

seriously their temporal duties

activated by justice and love

Populorum Progressio



Pope Paul VI

Development of Peoples May 1967ISSUES RESPONSES

Pernicious opinions held about

economics:

profit as chief incentive in

economic development

profit as chief incentive in

economic development

private ownership of means

of production as an absoluteright with neither limits nor

social duty

Remind more affluent of their

duties:

give assistance to develop-

ment of poorer nations

improve trade relations

according to social justice

do not allow own progress

to hinder others’development

Expropriate if necessary for

common good

Octogessima Adveniens



Pope Paul VI

Call to Action May 1971ISSUES RESPONSES

Flagrant inequalities exist in the

economic, cultural and political

development of the nations

Every social ideology contains

possible ambiguities

Modern economy creates new

problems:

fairness in exchange of goods

and division of wealth;

sharing of responsibility

Revise the relationships between

nations:

international division of

production; structure of

exchanges; control of

profits

Allow each country to promote

its own development

Share responsibility and

decision-making

Synod Statement Synod



of Bishops

Justice in the World November 1971ISSUES RESPONSES

Injustices building a network of

domination, oppression, and

abuses around the world

Wealth, power, decision-making

in the hands of few

Arms race is threatening man’s

highest good - life

Ratify and adhere to U.N.

Declaration of Human Rights

Recognize right to development

composed both of economic

growth and participation

Support international

organizations capable if

restraining armaments race,discouraging trade in weapons,

and settling conflicts by peaceful

methods

Synod Statement Synod



of Bishops

Justice in the World November 1971ISSUES RESPONSES

Richer nations’ increasing high

rates of consumption

Marginal people increasing

because of rapid growth in

population and labor force, lack

of agrarian reform, and massive

migratory flow to cities

Proclaim, educate, and witness to

justice at all levels

Recognize individual and social

sin

Foster aims of second

development decade



Laborem Exercens Pope John



Paul II

On Human Work May 1981ISSUES RESPONSES

Rising conflict between labor and

capital

The question of finding work for

all who are capable of it.

Priority of labor over capital as

opposed to the economistic and

materialistic thought

Respect and promotion of the

rights of workers – just wages,

trade unions, ownership

The agents defined here as

indirect employer must make

provision for overall planning

International collaboration in

planning and organizing labor

Provide work for disabled person



T hank

Y ou

!

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