267 button operated electromagenetic gear changer for two wheeler (report)

8/11/2019 267 Button Operated Electromagenetic Gear Changer for Two Wheeler (Report)

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BUTTON OPERATED

ELECTROMAGENETIC GEAR CHANGER

FOR TWO WHEELER

PROJECT REPORT - 2013 2014

BUTTON OPERATED

ELECTROMAGENETIC GEAR CHANGER

FOR TWO WHEELER


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CONTENTS


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CONTENTS

CHAPTER

NO

TITLE

SYNOPSIS

LIST OF FIGURES

1 Introduction

2 Description of equipments

21 !prin"

22 DC #un

3 Desi"n $nd dr$%in"

31 &$c'ine Components

4 (or)in" princip*e

+ &erits , demerits

.pp*ic$tions

/ ist of m$teri$*s

Cost Estim$tion

Conc*usion

Bibliography

photography


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LIST OF FIGURES


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

Number

TITLE

1 *oc) di$"r$m

2 Oer$** di$"r$m


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SYNOPSIS


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SYNOPSIS

In our project we are using dc gun to change the gear in two

wheelers. It is very useful for the development in automobile field.

The total operation can be controlled by the microcontroller. The

block diagram with explanation is given below.


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CHAPTER-1

INDRODUCTION


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CHAPTER-1

INDRODUCTION

A motorcycle (also called a motor bicycle, motorbike, bike, or

cycle is a single!track, two!wheeledmotor vehiclepowered by an

engine. "otorcycles vary considerably depending on the task for

which they are designed, such as long distancetravel, navigating

congested urban traffic, cruising, sport and racing, or off!road

conditions. In many parts of the world, motorcycles are among the

least expensive and most widespread forms of motori#ed

transport.

In the two wheelers the transmission is carried out by

manually. This may result in fatigue during driving in cities

or traffic areas.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_trackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touring_motorcyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_bikehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser_(motorcycle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_sporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorbike_racinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_trackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touring_motorcyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_bikehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser_(motorcycle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_sporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorbike_racing


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CHAPTER-2

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT


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CHAPTER-II

DESCRIPTION OF EQUPMENTS

2.1. SPRING

A spring is a flexible elasticobject used to store mechanical

energy. $prings are usually made out of hardened steel. $mall

springs can be wound from pre!hardened stock, while larger ones.

A spring is a mechanical device, which is typically used to store

energy and subse%uently release it, to absorb shock, or to

maintain a force between contacting surfaces. They are made of

an elasticmaterial formed into the shape of a helixwhich returns to

its natural length when unloaded this is called return spring.

$prings are placed between the road wheels and the vehicle body.

&hen the wheel comes across a bump on the road, it rises and

deflects the spring, thereby storing energy therein. 'n releasing,

due to the elasticity of the spring, material, it rebounds thereby

expending the stored energy. In this way the spring starts vibrating,

with amplitude decreasing gradually on internal friction of the

spring material and friction of the suspension joints till vibrations

die down.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardened_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardened_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helix


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2.2 D.C GUN:

INTRODUCTION:

In )*, +rench inventor ouis 'ctave +auchon!-illeplee

invented electric cannon which bear a strong resemblance to the

linear motor. e filed for a /$ patent on April )), which was

issued in 0uly )11 as patent no. ,21,234 56lectric Apparatus for

7ropelling 7rojectiles5. In his device, two parallel busbars are

connected by the wings of a projectile, and the whole apparatus

surrounded by a magnetic field. 8y passing current through

busbars and projectile, a force is induced which propels the

projectile along the bus!bars and into flight.

9uring &orld &ar II the idea was revived by 0oachim

:nsler of ;ermany> m?s (@,@>> ft?s and a

projectile containing >.4 kg (. lb of explosive. The guns were to

be mounted in batteries of six firing twelve rounds per minute, and

it was to fit existing 1.* cm +la 2>mounts. It was never built.

&hen details were discovered after the war it aroused much
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Octave_Fauchon-Villeplee&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12.8_cm_FlaK_40http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Octave_Fauchon-Villeplee&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12.8_cm_FlaK_40


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interest and a more detailed study was carried out, culminating in a

)2B report which concluded that it was theoretically feasible, but

that each gun would need enough power to illuminate half of

=hicago

CONSTRUCTION:

A rail gun consists of two parallel metal rails (hence the

name connected to an electrical power supply. &hen a

conductive projectile is inserted between the rails (from the end

connected to the power supply, it completes the circuit. 6lectrons

flow from the negative terminal of the power supply up the

negative rail, across the projectile, and down the positive rail, back

to the power supply.

This current makes the railgun behave similar to an

electromagnet, creating a powerful magnetic field in the region of

the rails up to the position of the projectile. In accordance with the

right!hand rule, the magnetic field circulates around each

conductor. $ince the current is in opposite direction along each

rail, the net magnetic field between the rails (B is directed

vertically. In combination with the current (I across the projectile,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_hand_grip_rulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_hand_grip_rule


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this produces a orent# force which accelerates the projectile

along the rails. There are also forces acting on the rails attempting

to push them apart, but since the rails are firmly mounted, they

cannot move. The projectile slides up the rails away from the end

with the power supply.

A very large power supply providing, on the order of, one

million amperesof current will create a tremendous force on the

projectile, accelerating it to a speed of many kilometresper second

(km?s. 1> km?s has been achieved with small projectiles

explosively injected into the railgun. Although these speeds are

theoretically possible, the heat generated from the propulsion of

the object is enough to rapidly erode the rails. $uch a railgun

would re%uire fre%uent replacement of the rails, or use a heat

resistant material that would be conductive enough to produce the

same effect.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilometre


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CONSIDERATIONS IN RAILGUN DESIGN

MATERIALS

The rails and projectiles must be built from strong conductive

materialsC the rails need to survive the violence of an accelerating

projectile, and heating due to the large currents and friction

involved. The recoil force exerted on the rails is e%ual and opposite

to the force propelling the projectile. The seat of the recoil force is

still debated. The traditional e%uations predict that the recoil force

acts on the breech of the railgun. Another school of thought

invokes AmpDre


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deliver. As of +ebruary 1>>*, the largest known energy used to

propel a projectile from a railgun was 31 millionjoules.. The most

common forms of power supplies used in railguns are capacitors

and compulsators.

The rails need to withstand enormous repulsive forces during

firing, and these forces will tend to push them apart and away from

the projectile. As rail?projectile clearances increase, arcing

develops, which causes rapid vapori#ation and extensive damage

to the rail surfaces and the insulator surfaces. This limited some

early research railguns to one shot per service interval.

The inductance and resistance of the rails and power supply

limit the efficiency of a railgun design. =urrently different rail

shapes and railgun configurations are being tested, most notably

by the /nited $tates Eavy, The Institute for Advanced Technology,

and 8A6 $ystems.

HEAT DISSIPATION

"assive amounts of heat are created by the electricity

flowing through the rails, as well as the friction of the projectile

leaving the device. The heat created by this friction itself can cause
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jouleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Institute_for_Advanced_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jouleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Institute_for_Advanced_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systems


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thermal expansion of the rails and projectile, further increasing the

frictional heat. This leads to three main problemsF melting of

e%uipment, safety of personnel, and detection by enemy forces. As

briefly discussed above, the stresses involved in firing this sort of

device re%uire an extremely heat!resistant material. 'therwise the

rails, barrel, and all e%uipment attached would melt or be

irreparably damaged.

In practice the rails are, with most designs of railgun, subject

to erosion due to each launchC and projectiles can be subject to

some degree of ablation also, and this can limit railgun life, in

some cases severely.

MATHEMATICAL FORMULA

In relation to railgun physics, the magnitude of the force

vector can be determined from a form of the 8iot!$avart awand a

result of the orent# force. It can be expressed mathematically in

terms of the permeability constant (G>, the radius of the rails

(which are assumed to be circular in cross section(r, the distance
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field#Magnetic_field_of_a_steady_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_force#Force_on_current-carrying_wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field#Magnetic_field_of_a_steady_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_force#Force_on_current-carrying_wire


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between the counterpoints of the rails(d and the current in amps

through the system (I as follows

The formula is based on the assumption that the distance(l

between the point where the force (F is measured and the

beginning of the rails is greater than the separation of the rails (d

by a factor of about 3 or 2 (l H 3d. $ome other simplifying

assumptions have also been madeC to describe the force more

accurately, the geometry of the rails and the projectile must be

taken into consideration.

RAIL GUN:

ailguns are being pursued as weapons with projectilesthat

do not contain explosives, but are given extremely high velocitiesF

34>> m?s (,4>> ft?s, approximately "ach> at sea level or more

(for comparison, the "@ riflehas a mu##le speed of )3> m?s, or

3,>>> ft?s, which would make their kinetic energy e%ual or superior

to the energy yield of an explosive!filled shell of greater mass. This

would allow more ammunition to be carried and eliminate the

ha#ards of carrying explosives in a tank or naval weapons
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M16_riflehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M16_rifle


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platform. Also, by firing at higher velocities railguns have greater

range, less bullet drop and less wind drift, bypassing the inherent

cost and physical limitations of conventional firearms ! 5the limits of

gas expansion prohibit launching an unassisted projectile to

velocities greater than about .4 km?s and ranges of more than 4>

miles J*> kmK from a practical conventional gun system.5

If it were possible to apply the technology as a rapid!fire

automatic weapon, a railgun would have further advantages in

increased rate of fire. The feed mechanisms of a conventional

firearm must move to accommodate the propellant charge as well

as the ammunition round, while a railgun would only need to

accommodate the projectile. +urthermore, a railgun would not

have to extract a spent cartridge case from the breech, meaning

that a fresh round could be cycled almost immediately after the

previous round has been shot.


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RESISTANCE

6lectrical resistance is a major limitation because when

dumping large amounts of electrical energy into a conductor the

majority of the energy is converted to heat due to resistanceand

therefore effectively lost as it is not driving the projectile. This could

be overcome through the use of a superconductingmaterial.

ENERGY DISSIPATION

The coils have an electrical resistance, and resistive losses

are often very significant indeed.

The energy in the magnetic field itself does not simply

dissipateC much of it returns to the capacitor when the electric

current is decreasing. /nfortunately it does this in the reverse

direction (via a


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dischargingand builds up a negative voltage (see en#


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forces. =oilguns are distinct from railguns, which pass a large

current through the projectile or sabot via sliding contacts.

=oilguns and railguns also operate on different principles.

ELCTRO MAGNATIC GUN DETAILS:

&hile playing with my can crusher, I noticed that a can

placed off center tended to be pushed out of the solenoid. A little

searching of the patent literature convinced me that I had

inadvertently created a very poor, single stage, coil gun.

7resented below is a summary of what I have found so far.

7ropellant powered guns are typically limited to mu##le

velocities on the order of 1,>>> meters per second. This limit is

inherent to the use of expanding gas to drive the projectile down a

barrel. 8arrels simply can


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expanding, of all gasses. &hile some success was achieved, the

apparatus was cumbersome and the velocities were still limited.

+or some applications, particularly orbital launching, this is

insufficient (earth escape velocity is ,1>> m?s.

Two basic types of electromagnetic gun are described in the

patent literature, the rail gun and the coil gun. 8oth use stored

energy sources to produce a large magnetic field and a high

electric current through a driving armature. The interaction of the

current with the magnetic field generates a force which propels the

armature (and any projectile connected to it. 8eyond that, they

differ substantially, and each has practical difficulties which has

prevented them from being more than laboratory curiosities.


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CHAPTER-$

DESIGN AND DRA%ING


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CHAPTER-$

DESIGN AND DRA%ING

$.1MACHINE COMPONENTS

The automatic gear changer in two wheeler is consists of the

following components to full fill the re%uirements of complete

operation of the machine.

=ontrol unit

9.c gun

;ear system


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DRA%ING


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BLOC& DIAGRAM


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DRAWING FOR BUTTON OPERATED ELECTROMAGENETIC

GEAR CHANGER FOR TWO WHEELER


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CHAPTER -'

%OR&ING PRINCIPLE


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CHAPTER-'

%OR&ING PRINCIPLE

5ere %e '$e t%o dc "un $rr$n"ements %'ic' $re $rr$n"ed on

eit'er side of t'e e'ic*e ped$* rest for $pp*6in" t'e "e$r T'e dc "un is

fi7ed $t t'e end of t'e f*$t ped$* rest T'e p*$te rest '$s piot $t t'e center

T'e "uns $re oper$ted %it' t'e 'e*p of e*ectric po%er supp*6 $nd it is

contro**ed 86 t'e contro* unit 9not'in" 8ut $ s%itc': One of t'e "uns is

used to $pp*6 t'e "e$r $nd $not'er one for reducin" t'e "e$rs T'e "e$rs

$re $pp*ied on t'e e'ic*e dependin" up on t'e speed of t'e e'ic*e

.ccordin" to t'e speed t'e drier c$n c'$n"e t'e e'ic*e ;ust 86 pressin"

t'e 8utton inste$d of c'$n"in" t'e "e$r 86 "e$r *eer


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CHAPTER -(

MERITS AND DEMERITS


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CHAPTER-(

MERITS AND DEMERITS

MERITS


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CHAPTER -)

APPLICATIONS


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CHAPTER-)

APPLICATIONS

It is applicable in all types of two wheelers which has gear

transmission.


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CHAPTER-*

LIST OF MATERIALS


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CHAPTER-7

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF

MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material

are discussed below.

1. P+o,+i#:

The material selected must posses the necessary properties

for the proposed application. The various re%uirements to be

satisfied. =an be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand

environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials

decisively affect their selection

a. 7hysical

b. "echanical

c. +rom manufacturing point of view

d. =hemical


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The various physical properties concerned are melting point,

thermal =onductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal

expansion, specific gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic

purposes etc.

The various "echanical properties =oncerned are strength

in tensile, =ompressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling

load, fatigue resistance, impact resistance, eleastic limit,

endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear

resistance and sliding properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing

point of view are,

=ast ability

&eld ability

$urface properties

$hrinkage

9eep drawing etc.


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2. M"!/"c+i!g c"#:

$ometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing

cost or surface %ualities obtainable by the application of suitable

coating substances may demand the use of special materials.

$. Q"li0 Ri+:

This generally affects the manufacturing process and

ultimately the material. +or example, it would never be desirable to

go casting of a less number of components which can be

fabricated much more economically by welding or hand forging the

steel.

'. A3"il"4ili0 o/ M"+i"l:

$ome materials may be scarce or in short supply. It then

becomes obligatory for the designer to use some other material

which though may not be a perfect substitute for the material

designed. the delivery of materials and the delivery date of product

should also be kept in mind.


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(. S,"c co!#i+"io!:

$ometimes high strength materials have to be selected

because the forces involved are high and space limitations are

there.

). Co#:

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of

material plays an important part and should not be ignored.

$ome times factors like scrap utili#ation, appearance, and

non!maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection

of proper materials.


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CHAPTER-5

COST ESTIMATION


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CHAPTER-5

COST ESTIMATION

1. LABOUR COST:

athe, drilling, welding, grinding, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost

2. O6ERGHEAD CHARGES:

The overhead charges are arrived byLmanufacturing costL

"anufaturing =ost M"aterial =ost Nabour =ost

M

M

'verhead =harges M1>Oof the manufacturing cost

M

$. TOTAL COST:

Total cost M "aterial =ost Nabour =ost N'verhead =harges

Total cost for this project M


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CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSION


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CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSION

The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the

field of automobile department. It is very useful for driver while

drive the vehicle at any places without any tension.

This project has also reduced the cost involved in the

concern. 7roject has been designed to perform the entire

re%uirement task which has also been provided.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY


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BIBLIORAPHY

. 9esign data book !7.$.;.Tech.

1. "achine tool design handbook P =entral machine tool

Institute,8angalore.

3. $trength of "aterials ! .$.urmi

2. "anufacturing Technology ! ".aslehurst.

4. 9esign of machine elements! .s.urumi


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PHOTOGRAPHY

267 button operated electromagenetic gear changer for two wheeler (report)

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