2.6 planning and design - points to consider jan-olof drangert, linköping university, sweden...
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2.6 Planning and design - points to consider
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
Planning and design -
does it make any difference if they are
good or bad?
Learning objective:
to appreciate the possibilities offered by nature to facilitate easy use and operation of household sanitation arrangements
Step 1: Make use of the landscape characteristics
flooded water-logged
deep ground- water
rocky area
Groundwater level
saturated zone
The selection of sanitation arrangements is guided by slopes, soil profiles and other landscape characteristics
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
Step 2: Take advantage of sloping ground and raised house foundations ( fluids )
Make use of gravity to discharge fluids
saturated zone
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
Step 3: Use vertical space wisely (solids)
areas with deep groundwater levels and/or impermeable soils
hard rock area or shallow groundwater
flood-prone area
floor or ground
Pedestal or pan is on a raised watertight vault
Vault is on the floor and being part of the pedestal
Pedestal or pan is on floor and vault/pit underneath
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
Step 4: Minimise the number of steps to reach the pedestal or pan
No steps are needed to reach these indoor pedestals
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
Step 5: Minimise the distance to the toilet
Lay-out for tenant houses Profiles:
Locations of toilet rooms in a tenant housing complexJan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
Indoor toilet
Attached toilet
Tenant 3
Tenant 1
Ow
ner’s
roo
ms
Tenant 4Tenant 2
Step 6: Consider housing density and number of people per household
Use of human excreta related to available open space
m2 of open space p.p.
1,000 m2
% utilized nutrients
100 m210 m2
100 %
50 %
0
B
iolo
gica
l lim
it FEASIBILITY
GAP
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
Legally approved urban agriculture
Human urine and faeces must be transported away to agricultural areas
Step 7: Assess available capacity among residents, entrepreneurs & local government
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden
Co-composting excreta, straw and dung
Entrepreneur emptying
faecal bins
Step 8: Consider the changing local culture
Residents: Enough space is necessary for reuse in situ, but is not sufficient. Reuse also presupposes an interest to do so. Many societies do not practise urban agriculture, but when given the opportunity residents to a large extent accept the idea of gardening. A strong reason is that sanitised urine and treated dry faecal material are used, not fresh excreta.
Professionals: Well-maintained urine-diverting toilets are odour-less and can be installed indoors. However, professionals often believe that toilets in poor housing areas have to be in the yard. Repeatedly it has been shown that residents prefer an indoor toilet, once they are aware of the odour-less option.
Some benefits of indoor toilets are that they offer better privacy and security, are easy to clean and maintain, and they are convenient for the sick and disabled. From a health point of view the indoor toilet
increases the likelihood of hand-washing after defecation.
J-O
Dra
nger
t, L
inkö
ping
Uni
vers
ity,
Sw
eden