25 lemigas mrchairilanwar biodiesel from cpo and application as blending components

Biodiesel from CPO and Application as Blending Components

3rd Asian Petroleum Technology Symposium Program 1/9

BIODIESEL FROM CPO AND APPLICATION AS BLENDING COMPONENTS

Chairil. A*, Herizal*, Yanni. K*, Lutfi. A**, Pallawagau. L P** *)Process Technology Group, **)Application Product Technology Group

Research and Development Centre for Oil & Gas Technology “LEMIGAS” Jakarta

1. INTRODUCTION

Energy is one of the main factors to move the development wheels. The availability of adequate energy is one of the most important factors to guarantee further progress in development. Indonesia has fossil fuel energy supplies in the form of crude oil and natural gas as well as coals. The potential supply of crude oil reached up to 10 milliard barrel and natural gas as much as 180 trillion cubic feet. In reality Indonesia has become one of the net importers of crude oil. This is the fact that cannot be denied anymore. In March 2004, 484.000bbl/d oil was imported to be consumed as petroleum for local use. This has exceeded the amount of oil that was being exported approximately 448.000bbl/d. In April the import increased to 503.000 bbl/d and the export went down to 413.000 bbl/d.(1,2) The dependence of the national energy supply on fuel oil is still very high. The requirement of petroleum in the country increased due to economy development, increase population, and also the selling price of petroleum product, which is relatively cheap. The predicted amount of oil being imported will increase continuously, in the coming year, in 2010, the amount of petroleum consumed in Indonesia is predicted to reach up to 2 million bbl/d, which is higher than the capability of the Indonesia crude production which is only 1 million bbl/d as written in APBN 2004. Focusing further on the supply of energy, the government and the public must try for diversification of energy or find other alternatives and immediately socialize the save energy campaign to reduce the dependence on the fossil fuel. The situation above later is seen more with the usage of the of diesel fuel. The diesel fuel consumption in the automotive sector and industries is bulging continuously and the volume produced and consumed in the country is no more balanced. As per the data in 2001, the production capacity approximately 15.5 milliard liters and the total consumption reaches up to 23.3 milliard liters (145.5 million barrel), which means 8 milliard liter (34% of total consumption) has to be imported.(3)

The current quantity of the diesel fuel has given us an illustration of the supply of the diesel fuel in Indonesia. Besides that, we are also faced with an environment issue domestic as well as global, that is clean energy which is safe for the environment, example



diesel fuel with low sulfur content (50 ppm), compared to high sulfur domestically fuel produced which is normally within the range of 1500-4100 ppm. In Indonesia, the limitations we are facing does not only involve the production and consumption level (matter of quantity), but also include the quality that has to be improved. Based on those limitations, to provide diesel oil that is suitable for the environment (environmental friendly), modifications need to be made or addition of new refinery is necessary or need to find non fossil source of energy as an alternative which will increase the production of diesel fuel. At this state of crisis , it will be tough to attract and invest a huge amount of money to build new refinery or modify those refinery that are already there, so that we can produce more diesel oil with low sulfur content, hence it will be wise to substitute with an alternative fuel in Indonesia. If Biodiesel can be used as a part of the Liquid Fuel Mix in Indonesia, the problem mentioned above can probably be solved.

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel made of renewable raw materials, consisting of various kinds of ester, fatty acids that are produced from plant oil like palm oil , coconut oil , castor oil, silk cotton seed oil, and there are still 30 more types of plants in Indonesia that has the potential to become the source of this liquid form energy.(4) Based on few criteria, palm oil is the most potential vegetable oil which can be used as raw material to manufacture biodiesel.(Surawidjaya and colleagues, 2003), and on the other hand the usage of CPO is also meant to anticipate oversupply. In the year of 2002, oversupply of CPO locally reached 0.10 million tons. It is estimated that this amount will keep rising reaching 1.3 million tons in 2010.(5) Sugiyono (2003), predicted that in the year of 2010, Indonesia will be capable of producing CPO as much as 12 million tons and will be the highest producer in the world.(6) The data of 2000 shows that from about 3 million hectares of palm tree plantations, 6.7 million tons of CPO are produced. Besides that, if the fuel subsidy is no more available (2004) biodiesel can be a substitute for diesel oil that is readily available to be marketed with a competitive price.

Biodiesel has similar physical characteristics as diesel oil, and in addition it is a renewable energy and safe for the environment. Research proofs that using the mixture of 30% of volume biodiesel towards diesel oil shows similar engine performance as compared to using 100% of diesel oil, and using this composition no modification of the vehicle is necessary. Biodiesel can be used easily because it can be mixed at any proportion with diesel oil, hence enabling us to apply it immediately for diesel engines that are available without much modification; easy biodegradability; 10 times less poisonous compared to the ordinary diesel oil, has a better cetane number than the ordinary diesel oil, the waste products (ashes) of biodiesel is not black, does not contain sulfur and other aromatic contents, hence combustion emission produced is safe for the environment and does not add to the accumulated carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere thus lessens furthermore the



global heating effect or what is most commonly called as zero CO2 emission. Biodiesel is the result of making the best use of the non fossil resources, substitution of biodiesel (1-3%) in diesel oil will save the foreign exchange remarkably.

This paper illustrates the biodiesel experimental development in LEMIGAS and the experimental development to produce biodiesel in general in Indonesia, to get raw materials from non fossil energy sources. Currently biodiesel from CPO is being developed and used as a mixture component for fuels of diesel operated motors.

2. EXPERIMENTAL

2.1 Methyl Ester Preparation Process description made of methyl ester showed in figure 1. Raw material as crude

palm oil (1) with molar ratio methanol/crude palm oil 8 - 10.65 entering to the reactor transesterification (3), solid catalyst as sodium hydroxide 0.92 - 1.83 %wt and methanol was mixed (2) fed into the reactor. The mixture crude palm oil, methanol and catalyst are thoroughly stirred. The temperature transesterification reaction was maintained at 55 – 65 °C and rate of stirring is 1000-2000 RPM during 15-60 minute. After transesterification, the effluent reactor was then pumped into neutralization section (4) where in this section carry out neutralization with sulfuric acid and then flowed into separating section (5) for separate Glycerol, Salt & Waste and Methyl Ester & Methanol. The methanol and methyl ester phase was washed with hot water in washing section (6) for the purified methyl ester from mixed and then methanol was recovered and purified for re-use. A small quantity of hot water was used in each stage washing and normally two and three washings were sufficient to clean up esters. The methyl esters were then evaporated in evaporation section (7) before pumped to the storage tank. Methyl ester yield can be obtained from this process about 98.8%.

2.2 The manufacture of biodiesel fuel (70:30)

Diesel oil is mixed in a tank with the concentration of 70% volume and 30% volume of methyl ester. The contents are mixed at room temperature using an electrical stirrer for about half an hour.

2.3 Emission of Exhaust Gas Measurement

The measurement of the exhaust gas components is done by several permanent turns using equipment called ECOM-AC exhaust gas analyzer. Components of the exhaust gas measured are CO, CO2, O2, NOX, and SO2. The amount of the emission of the exhaust gas components is stated in % or ppm.



The measurement of the opacity of exhaust gas is done with few permanent turns using Smoke meter Bosch, type RTT 100.FD 368.The opacity of exhaust gas is stated in %.

2 Crude Palm Oil

Sedimentation

Reactor

Neutralization

Washing

Evaporation

Methyl Ester

MixerMethanol

Catalyst

Hot Water

Neutralizer

1

3

4

5

6

7

Glycerol Layer & Waste

Methanol & Methyl Ester Layer

Methanol & Water

Methyl Ester & Water

Water Vapour

2 Crude Palm Oil

Sedimentation

Reactor

Neutralization

Washing

Evaporation

Methyl Ester

MixerMethanol

Catalyst

Hot Water

Neutralizer

1

3

4

5

6

7

Glycerol Layer & Waste

Methanol & Methyl Ester Layer

Methanol & Water

Methyl Ester & Water

Water Vapour

Figure 1 Process diagram for methyl ester production



3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Laboratory Evaluation 3.1.1 Manufacture and Physical Characterization

The experiment in LEMIGAS used NaOH catalyst and alcohol, while palm oil originated from CPO Indonesia. The process developed in converting the vegetable oil to methyl ester is by converting the crude palm oil (CPO) which is being reacted to methanol with the help of a catalyst through the transesterification process. The physical characteristics are presented in Table 1 coded B-100-L. In general, the trial data shows that the biodiesel produced is satisfactory and fulfills the specifications of diesel oil in Indonesia although there is still a slight deviation but is still usable as a blending component as well as a fuel alternative.

3.1.2 The Manufacture of Fiodiesel Fuel (70:30)

Biodiesel as an alternative fuel, can be used in the form of 100% pure biodiesel or blending component. Blending XX% vol of biodisel with (100 – XX) %-volume diesel oil, known as biodiesel BXX. For example, B20 is a mixture of 20%-vol of biodiesel and 80%-vol of diesel oil. In this experiment, as per the mixture composition, data is recorded in Table 1 with B-100-L code for 100% and B-30-L for mixtures. As like B-100-L, B-30-L basically also fulfills the specifications of Indonesian diesel oil. According to the experiments done by other researchers, additive usage does not give satisfactory results. It has been reported that vegetable ester gives good results because it can improve the density and volatility compared to vegetable oil (7). The Table 1 shows the comparison of the physical characteristics to Indonesian diesel oil specifications.

3.1.3 Static Engine Test and Exhaust Gas Emitted

As known, the combustion process of raw materials in diesel engines gives out few components of exhaust gas and smoke that is relatively darker than the gasoline engines. The measurement of the emission of exhaust gas includes measurement of the components of the exhaust gas and the measurement of the opasity of exhaust gas. Based on the analysis of the results, exhaust gas emitted from biodiesel is lower than exhaust gas emitted from diesel oil, except for the emission of O2 which is higher compared to that emitted from diesel oil. The higher emission of O2 in the exhaust gas is due to the presence of oxygen in the biodiesel.

The amount of components of exhaust gas emitted from biodiesel compared to that emitted from diesel oil is as follows: CO rate lower by 7.43%; CO2 rate lower by 3.33%; O2 rate higher by 6.25%; NOx rate lower by 3.84%; hydrocarbon (HC) rate lower by



11.32%; SO2 rate lower by 16.65%; opacity of exhaust gas products lower by 27.67%. The decreased rate of SO2 is due to the fact that biodiesel does not contain sulfur.

Table 1 Characteristic of Methyl Ester Compared with Diesel Fuel

Specification of Diesel No Character istic

M. Ester Solar Min Maks. Metoda

ASTM 1 Spec. Grafity 60/60°F 0.87 0.83 0.82 0.87 D 1298 2 Calc. Cetane Index 53.5 63 48 - D 976 3 Kin. Viscosity, 40°C cSt 4.97 3.78 1.6 5.8 D 445 4 Pour Point, °C 10 3 - 18 D 97 5 Conr. Carb. Resid, %wt 0.03 0 - 0.1 D 189 6 Sulfur Content, %wt 0.03 0.14 - 0.5- D 1551 7 Copper Strip Corr, 100°C, 2 hrs 1A 1A - No. 1 D 130 8 Colour ASTM 5 3.5 - 3 D 1500 9 Neutralization Value

- SAN mgKOH/gr - TAN mgKOH/gr - TBN mgKOH/gr

nil

10.6 nil

nil

0.15 0.27

- - -

nil 0.5 -

D 664

10 Flash Point COC, °C 186 72 66 - D 92 11 Distillation °C

IBP Rec. 5% vol 10% vol 20% vol 30% vol 40% vol 50% vol 60% vol 70% vol 80% vol 90% vol FBP °C Rec. 300°C %vol

305 319 320 321 323 325 327 332 340 346

- 346

-

187 201 227 250

268.5 283 296 308 324 342 368 371 53.5

- - - - - - - - - - -

40

- - - - - - - - - - - -

D 86

12 Ash Content %wt 0.01 nil - 0.01 D 482 13 Water Content %vol Trace Trace - - D 95 14 Calorific Value Btu/lb 17.139 22.450 - - D 240 15 Sediment by Extract, %wt 0.01 nil nil nil D 473 16 BS&W %vol Trace nil - - D 1796



Table. 1 Characteristic of Methyl Ester ………( Cont.)

3.2 Field Test and Exhaust Gas Emission

The measured results of the exhaust gas is done through several permanent turnings on specific gear transmission position, the following components CO, CO2, O2, NOx, HC, SO2 and for the opacity. The results of the component measured shows that the CO component emission from the exhaust gas from motors using biodiesel is lower by 1.86% compared to that from motors using diesel oil. The CO2 component is 3.40% lower. The O2 component is 9.74% higher. The NOx component is lower by about 8.71% in average. The HC component is 5.61 lower and the SO2 component is 5.26 % lower. Opacity of exhaust gas using the biodiesel have 26.73% lower opacity compared to those using diesel oil.

3.3 General illustration of the Development of Biodiesel in Indonesia

Biodiesel is the latest found low sulfur fuel, which is highly potential as a blending component in assisting the quantity and quality of the diesel oil; measures towards the usage of biodiesel in Indonesia, and industrial development which produces it locally, currently being implemented by various parties and institutes, governmental as well as private. The socialization of the usage of biodiesel has been started, used as forklift fuel

Result Automotive Diesel

Characteristics

Unit

B-100 B-30 Min Max

Method

Specific Grafity at 60/60 oF Calculation Cetane Index Kinematic viscisity at 100 oF Pour Point Conradson Carbon Residue Sulfur Content Copper Strip at 100 oC/3 Hrs Colour Total Acid Number Strong Acid Number Total Base Number Flash Point Ash Content Sediment by Extraction BS & W Distillation Initial Boiling Point 90 % vol 95 % vol Final Boiling Point Distillate Residue Loss Recovery at 300 oC Calorific Value

CSt oF

% wt % wt

mg KOH/g mg KOH/g mg KOH/g

oF % wt % wt % wt

oC oC oC oC

% vol % vol % vol % vol

BTU/lb

0.865 58.3 5.70 55 2.24 0.01 Ia 12.31 Nil 0.02 370 Nil 303.0 354.5 - - 89.5 5.0 0.5 17.46

0.864 55.2 4.53 55 0.33 0.28 Ia 3.53 Nil 0.19 190 Nil 211.0 340 363.0 364.5 98.0 2.0 - 40.2 18.92

0.820 48 1.6

0.870 5.8 65 0.1 0.5 No. 1 0.6 Nil 150 0.01 40

ASTM 1298 ASTM 976 ASTM D. 445 ASTM D. 97 ASTM D. 189 ASTM D. 1551 Mod ASTM D. 130 ASTM D. 1500 ASTM D. 664 ASTM D. 664 ASTM D. 2896 ASTM D. 93 ASTM D. 482 ASTM D. 473 ASTM D. 1796 ASTM D. 86 ASTM 240



(PT National Gobel), staff transportation buses (BPPT), public buses (PT EAI), and also long distances road test from Medan to Jakarta (P2KS Medan).

Although the government policy is not available yet, each party actively pioneers towards their target of achieving commercial benefits and production of biodiesel in Indonesia. Several institutes, governmental as well as private, such as PPPTMGB”LEMIGAS” and PERTAMINA,. Palm Oil R&D Centre (P2KS) Medan, Research Centre for Chemistry-Indonesian Institute of Sciences (P2K-LIPI), Agency for the Assessment and Application Technology (BPPT) Jakarta, Bandung Institute Technology (ITB), Forum Biodiesel Indonesia and P.T Energi Alternatif Indonesia (EAI) from the private sector. In 1994, PPPTMGB”LEMIGAS” produced biodiesel along with CPO for research purposes together with PERTAMINA, and in 2001 as requested by one of the private Korean company in Jakarta. The latest development of PT Energy Alternative Indonesia (EAI), although in small quantity, has successfully traded their biodiesel products through 4 SPBU (fuel station) in Jakarta. BPPT is constructing a demonstrative scale factory in Riau and Serpong using CPO oil as raw materials, so is Palm Oil R&D centre (P2KS) in Medan.

4. CONCLUSION

Biodiesel B-100-L and B-30-L fulfils the specifications of the Indonesian diesel oil, thus is suitable to be used as an alternative fuel as well as blending component in diesel oil. Emission test results show that biodiesel B-30-L is fuels save for the environment. Exhaust gas emission of the engines much cleaner with reduction CO, CO2, NOx, SO2, and so the opacity, therefore it is more environmentally friendly. The commercial production of biodiesel is still at its primary stage, even though several biodiesel (SPBU) fuel station has been operated in Jakarta.

REFERENCES

1. The Asian Wall Street Journal (18/5/04) 2. Kurtubi, Indonesia “Net Oil Importer “, Kompas(daily) 26/05/04. 3. US Embassy at Jakarta, (2002), Petroleum Report 4. Surawidjaya, dkk (2003), “Hubungan Antara Komposisi Minyak Nabati Bahan

Mentah Dengan Kualitas Bahan Bakar Biodiesel”, Prosiding Seminar Nasional Rekayasa Kimia dan Proses 2003, ISSN : 1411 – 4216.

5. Kompas (daily), Senin, 18 Maret 2002, hal. 10, “ Limbah Kelapa Sawit untuk Biodiesel Pengganti Solar.



6. Martin Djamin, Agus Salim Dasuki, dan Andika Prastawa, 2003, “Pengembangan Teknologi Energi Alternatif dan Alternatif Teknologi Konversi Energi Untuk Mendukung Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Energi Nasional“, Seminar Teknologi Untuk Negeri 2003, BPPT Jakarta.

7. Sugiyono., 2003, “Roadmap dan Agenda Surfaktan“, Lokakarya Nasional Agenda Riset Strategis Dalam Rangka Pengembangan Industri Hilir Kelapa Sawit].

8. Vellguth, G., 1985, Performance of vegetable Oils and their Monoesters as Fuels for Diesel Engines, Renewable energy Rev. J., 7; 16.

9. Wega Trisunaryanti dan Chairil Anwar., 2004, “Pembuatan Bodiesel Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif: Transesterifikasi Minyak Kelapa dengan Metanol menggunakan Katalis NaOH”, Lembaran Publikasi Lemigas ISSN: 0125 – 9644, Vol. 38 No.3.

25 lemigas mrchairilanwar biodiesel from cpo and application as blending components

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