2.4 Seconds

2.4 Seconds

Re-Feeding Syndrome

• Metabolic disturbance that occurs when individuals who had been starving are too rapidly reintroduced to complex foods

• When the body undergoes prolonged starvation, it will undergo gluconeogenesis, in which the body converts other body tissues into glucose

• Gluconeogenesis shuts down the body’s production of normal digestive enzymes

• When complex foods are reintroduced, the body cannot hydrolyze them and the patient may suffer severe diarrhea, dehydration and even death

How do you prevent “refeeding syndrome”

Power Flour™• A mixture of enzymes

that, with water, can be added to complex foods, converting them into their constituent monomers

• Power Flour™ effectively “pre-digests” food for the recently starving, reducing risk of re-feeding syndrome

How does the form of enzymes relate to their function of digesting foods?

Target 2.11 – Enzyme Form

In which organic class would you place enzymes?

A) Carbohydrates

B) Lipids

C) Proteins

D) Nucleic Acids

ENZYME FORM

• Enzymes are intricate, highly folded proteins made of thousands of amino acid monomers.

Target 2.11 – Enzyme Form

What is name of the molecule(s) with which an enzyme reacts in a chemical reaction?

A) Substrates

B) Surfactants

C) Competitors

D) Active Sites

SUBSTRATES

• The molecule that interacts with an enzyme in a chemical reaction is the substrate.

Target 2.11 – Enzyme Form

In the equation below, which substance is the substrate?

A) Hydrogen Peroxide

B) Catalase

C) Water

D) Oxygen Gas

CATALASE & H2O2

In the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas, hydrogen peroxide is the substrate, catalase is the enzyme and water & oxygen are the products

Target 2.11 – Enzyme Form

In the diagram below, what type of reaction is being catalyzed by sucrase?

A) Neutralization

B) Dehydration Synthesis

C) Hydrolysis

D) Homeostasis

SUCRASE

• Sucrase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the disaccharide sucrose into the monosaccharides glucose and fructose

Target 2.11 – Enzyme Function

How does an enzyme catalyze a chemical reaction with a substrate?

A) By buffering the addition of H+ or OH- ions

B) By raising the temperature of the system

C) By reducing the number of substrate molecules in the reaction

D) By reducing the activation energy of the reaction

Enzymes & EA

• Enzymes reduce the activation energy (EA) necessary for a chemical reaction to proceed.

Target 2.12 – Enzyme Specificity

Where must the enzyme pair with the substrate in order for it to function properly?

A) Functional Group

B) Active Site

C) Nucleation Site

D) β-Glycosidic Linkage

The Active Site

• Enzymes pair with their substrates at the active site. Other substances may compete for access to this site, preventing chemical reactions.

Target 2.12 – Enzyme Specificity

To what does the “lock & key hypothesis” refer?

A) How enzymes must be unlocked by co-enzymes before they can function

B) How competitive inhibitors lock out enzymes by binding to the substrates

C) That every enzyme reacts with two substrates

D) That each enzyme can only pair with one specific substrate

Lock and Key Hypothesis

The lock and key hypothesis describes the 1:1 specificity of enzyme to substrate. Only one substrate can match the active site of any particular enzyme

How do you know which enzyme matches a substrate?

LAB: Enzyme Specificity InquiryPurpose:

1) To determine which of five (5) enzymes is capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of specific biopolymer substrates.

2) To assess if a mixture of these same enzymes could successfully “digest” a meal containing polysaccharide, protein and lipid components into their constituent monomers

PROTOCOL

Your lab group will need to develop a procedure to successfully determine which enzymes (if any) successfully catalyze the following biopolymer solutions:

1% Albumin

1% Casein, Disaccharides & Triglycerides (i.e. milk)

1% Gelatin

1% Starch

Biopolymers Enzymes Indicators Lab Equipment Safety Equipment

1% Albumin 5% Bromelin Benedict’s Beakers Aprons

1% Gelatin 5% Catalase Biuret Graduated Cylinders Goggles

1% Milk (casein, disaccharides, triglycerides))

5% Chymosin Lugol’s (postassium-iodide)

Graduated Pipettes Hotplates

1% Starch 5% Diastase Sudan IV Test Tubes Laboratory Timers

  5% Lactase     Tongs (beaker & test tube)

SUGGESTIONS & REQUIREMENTS

• Your method will also need to involve control groups that should show the presence of the different organic biopolymers in undigested form.

• Your group is limited to using 50mL of ANY of the various stock solutions or enzymes. Plan before you use, conserve your resources and choose wisely before running trials.

 • Most enzymes will not work instantaneously. Allow 5-10 minutes for

the enzymes to complex with their specific substrates.

• That said, all indicators need to show positive or negative results within 3 minutes.

• Enzymes may but not necessarily will necessarily pair with a specific substrate

CONCLUSION

• Your conclusion should identify which substrate-enzyme combinations were possible. Use specific qualitative and quantitative results to support your contentions.

• Based upon your results you should be able to assess if you have the proper enzymes to develop a mixture that could digest a meal of bread, eggs and protein