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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/239563db82d550346aa9a914941 1/16

INTEROPERABILITY BETWEEN URBAN RAILWAYS –THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF INTERMODAL INTEGRATION

Balazs ACSGraduate Student

Master's Program in Management and Public PolicyUniversity of TsukubaTennodai !!" Tsukuba#baraki" $%&!%%%& a(an)a*+ ,-!./-!&$!&&/" ,$0!/.!&!.-12!mail+ menetrendes3ya4oo5com

Abstract: 6o7adays t4e most often used conce(t in urban (lanning is t4e integration5 T4eformerly strict borders 7it4in and bet7een t4e 4eavy and lig4t rail net7orks are disa((earing5Many intero(erable systems emerge to (rovide (assengers 7it4 door!to!door services"kno7ing t4at seamless mobility is t4e key of attractive (ublic trans(ortation5 T4is (a(er

briefly introduces t4e current and (lanned integrated" intero(erable urban rail systems"including t4e best (ractices+ StadtBa4n" S!Ba4n" 828" Crossrail" Passante" Cercanias" t4e

9arlsru4e model" and t4e a(anese!style :t4roug4 o(eration;5 Many e*am(les (rove t4at t4ereare no unbridgeable barriers bet7een rail7ay ty(es5 T4e main focus of t4e (a(er is onintero(erability bet7een metro and rail7ay lines5 T4is is a cost!effective met4od of e*tendingt4e urban rail net7ork" and integrating t4e conventional suburban rail7ays into t4e urbanrail7ay system5 As a case study" t4e ambivalent rail7ay develo(ment (lans for Buda(est arediscussed5

Ke !"r#s+ #ntero(erability" Urban rail7ay" #ntegration" Metro" Cross!city Tunnel

$% INTRODU&TION

<uring t4e second 4alf of t4e .%t4 century" 74ile being busy (lanning ne7 metro lines" many

cities 4ave discovered t4e urban net7ork of t4e national rail7ays as une*(loited corridors for urban trans(ort5 By today t4e suburban rail7ay net7ork is com(letely integrated to t4e urbannet7ork in many cities" 4o7ever" t4ere are still cities in 74ic4 tracks are com(letelyunutilised" or even seen as obstacles for urban develo(ment55

T4is (ractice may no longer be maintained5 Most international organizations force integrationin (ublic trans(ortation" as t4is is t4e only 7ay to (rovide efficient and attractive (ublictrans(ortation5 T4e alliance of 2uro(ean Metro(olitan Trans(ort Aut4orities =2MTA> states:Metro(olitan areas usually 4ave several (ublic trans(ort modes in o(eration =bus" tram7ay"metro" regional rail services" sometimes 7ater services>5 ? #ntegration of modes and of o(erators =(4ysical integration of services" integration of fares and of information" etc5> ist4erefore a fundamental task of trans(ort aut4orities so as to be able to offer travellers aseamless tri(;5 U#TP also (romotes t4e idea of integration+ :Unlike motorized individualtrans(ort" 74ic4 can be used from (oint of origin rig4t t4roug4 to destination 7it4out a singletransfer" t4e available (ublic trans(ort services 7ill often com(rise several different legs of trans(ort modes" bet7een 74ic4 a (assenger is obliged to transfer in order to reac4 t4eir destination5 T4is is a systemic and" at t4e same time" com(etitive disadvantage com(ared tomotorized individual trans(ort if PT is unsuccessful in bringing about t4e greatest (ossibleintegration bet7een its individual subsystems;5;@nly seamless - and" t4erefore" unim(eded !service =?> is ca(able of com(eting 7it4 motorized individual trans(ort; =Meyer" .%%$>5

T4is (a(er e*amines 4o7 far t4e aut4orities and engineers 4ave gone in rail7ay integration"es(ecially in t4e field of t4e integration of t4e national rail7ays into t4e urban trans(ortationsystem5 T4e focus is on t4e physical integration of railways and metros" as t4e aut4or believest4at t4e future of urban trans(ort is based on t4e :seamless; integration of t4ese classic and

7ell!kno7n ty(es of rail7ays5 Tariff systems and ot4er kinds of integration bet7een ot4er modes are out of t4e sco(e of t4is (a(er5

Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 5, pp. 239 - 254, 2005

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'% TYPES OF RAILWAYS

T4ere are $ basic ty(es of rail7ays from t4e (oint of vie7 of integration5 T4e borders bet7eent4ese ty(es are not al7ays clear" and basically t4ere is at least one e*ce(tion for eac4c4aracteristic5 ence" eac4 sentence in t4e follo7ing descri(tions s4ould 4ave a 7orde*(ressing uncertainty" suc4 as basically" usually" or ty(ically5 )or t4e sake of sim(lification

t4ese 7ords are omitted5

'%$ Nat(")a* Ra(*!as

#n t4is (a(er t4e term national railways is used for t4e 4eavy rail7ay net7ork" 74ic4 7as built for interurban" long distance (ur(oses" no matter if it 7asDis o(erated by t4e nationalrail7ay com(any or by (rivate com(anies5 T4e first Enational rail7ay; 7as o(ened in -.&

bet7een Stockton and <arlington" follo7ed by t4e boom of rail7ay construction in t4e late/t4 century" and a decline in t4e net7ork lengt4 in t4e .%t4 century5 6ational rail7ay linesare originally not designed for intra!city travel" t4eir alignment in t4e bigger cities serve t4eindustrial rat4er t4an t4e residential areas5 Com(aring to urban rail7ays" t4e ma*imumnumber of trains (er 4our is lo7F t4e smallest unit of time used in sc4eduling is $% seconds or

more" and t4e lines ar often used for freig4t trans(ort5 ocomotive traction is more 7ides(readt4an multi(le units" t4e radius of t4e curves are long" gradients are lo7" electrification H if e*ists H 4as 4ig4 voltage5 Stations are far from eac4 ot4erF trains 4ave ineffective acceleratingand braking c4aracteristics5 T4e o(erator is t4e national rail7ay com(any or its successorsF4o7ever" some lines 4ad been built by (rivate rail7ays" 74ic4 7ere later nationalized5

6ational rail7ays form a 7orld7ide net7ork" but intero(erability is not al7ays (ossible dueto t4e different track gauge" electrification met4od" safety systems" regulatory differences" etc5T4ere is a strong (olitical 7ill to (romote intero(erability" but t4e national rail7ay com(aniesare not motivated enoug4 for introducing it5

#n t4e develo(ed 7orld" most national rail7ays are in crisis5 2s(ecially in 2uro(e" nationalrail7ay com(anies are seriously loss making" meaning a very 4eavy burden on t4e national

budget5 T4e s4are of t4e national rail7ays in t4e market of non!individual travel is very lo7=less t4an %I> and even decreasing5 #n 2astern 2uro(e" t4is figure is 4ig4er =around .%I"de(ending on t4e country>" 4o7ever" also decreasing5 )reig4t trans(ort in 2uro(e is in t4e

black" Just like in t4e U5S5" 4o7ever" unlike in America" 74ere t4e im(ortance of freig4ttrans(ort is 4ig4" in 2uro(e t4e lossmaking (assenger trans(ort is in t4e focus of nationalrail7ay com(anies5 #n a(an" t4e situation is reversedF t4ere t4e freig4t services areun(rofitable" so rail7ay com(anies earn t4eir living from t4e (assenger services in t4e 4ig4

(o(ulation density areas5

More and more national rail7ay com(anies discover t4at t4e breakt4roug4 =or survival> (ointfor t4em is t4e integration into t4e urban (ublic trans(ort system of big cities5 6ot only

because urban areas are good venues to be in 4eadlig4t enoug4 to receive 4uge subsidies" butalso because t4e non!blind rail7ay managers kno7 t4at Ealongside 7it4 4ig4!s(eed intercity

services" good urban services are (robably t4e only (assenger lines t4at 7ill survive t4ecoming century; =Suga" .%%%>5 #t s4ould be ke(t in mind in t4ose develo(ing countries" 74ic4are no7 busy (lanning and constructing classic rural rail7ays5

'%' Metr"

Metro is t4e term used in t4is (a(er for underground rail7ays" or sub7ays in U5S5" 74ic4serve t4e urban travel needs of cities5 T4ese rail7ays 4ave neit4er freig4t traffic" nor longdistance servicesF run on se(arate rig4t!of!7ay" underground" elevated or grade" and rarelycross t4e city borders5 Munici(ality!o7ned or !su((orted com(anies o(erate t4e systemsF

(roJects are also financed (artly by munici(alities5 Trains 4ave very 4ig4 freKuency" to %minutes" use 4ig4 (latforms and 2MUs" 7it4 good acceleration and breaking c4aracteristics5

T4ere are ne7 metro tec4nologies" 74ic4 use s(ecial tracks" different from classic rail7ays"=LA" Peo(le Mover" monorail" etc5>" t4ese are out of t4e sco(e of t4is (a(er" as t4ese cannot be (4ysically integratedDconnected 7it4 ot4er rail7ays5


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T4e first metro line 7as o(ened in ondon in -0$" but t4e real boom of metro constructionstarted in t4e early .%t4 century in todays develo(ed countries5 By t4e .st century" mostcities in t4e develo(ed 7orld 4ave finis4ed t4eir trunk metro!systems" solving t4e ca(acity

(roblems of urban (ublic trans(ortation" and no7 t4e focus is on t4e Kuality of t4e service"4o7ever" develo(ing countries are busy constructing ne7 metro lines to catc4 u( 7it4 t4e

massive travel demand and to (romote 4uge 4ousing develo(ments5

'%+ Tra,!a- Streetcar- L(./t Ra(* 0LRT1

ig4t rail is t4e contem(orary version of t4e tram" or streetcar in t4e U5S5 T4e classic tramruns on street level" o(erates 7it4 s4ort ve4icles" not more t4an $ of t4em may be cou(led5=Unfortunately in Sout4ern!2ast Asia t4e term Elig4t rail; is often used also for some (eo(lemover and automated rail systems" causing confusion5> T4e 7ord Elig4t; refers to t4elig4tness of t4e track and ve4icles5 T4e main tec4nical c4aracteristics distinguis4ing t4etram7ay lines =eit4er conventional or u(graded> from t4e 4eavy rail lines =national rail7ays or metro> are in t4e s4orter curve radius" stee(er gradients" less or even no safety signalling builtne*t to t4e tracks" and t4e often non!se(arate rig4t!of!7ay5

T4e origin of lig4t rail systems is t4e 4orse dra7n urban rail" 74ic4 used to be o(erating in t4ecentre of t4e cities on street level5 T4ese lines 7ere later electrified and o(erated as tram7ays=streetcars in t4e U5S5>5 T4e tram7ay construction 7as booming in t4e early .%t4 century" andt4e first lines 7ere built to connect t4e isolated national rail7ays termini establic4ed at t4eedge of t4e city centre" and also to serve t4e 7eekend leisure travel 4eading out of t4e city5Many lines 7ere built also for commuting (ur(oses to serve t4e ne7ly built industrial andresidential areas5

T4e ca(acity of tram7ays (roved to be insufficient as t4e cities and t4e individual motorizedtrans(ortation 7ere gro7ing" and many tram7ays 7ere re(laced by metro lines5 Many cities4ave com(letely closed t4eir formerly 4uge tram7ay net7ork as t4e metro services 7eree*(anding5

6o7adays t4e renaissance of t4e tram7ay can be seen" in t4e form of" and under t4e name of lig4t rail" 4o7ever" t4e economic (erformance of t4e ne7ly built 8T (roJects are not al7aysa success story" es(ecially in t4e U5S5 ne of t4e biggest dis(utes no7adays among urbantrans(ortation (lanners is about t4e advantages and disadvantages of 8T (roJects versus busservices5 T4is is out of t4e sco(e of t4is (a(er" as t4e focus is on 4eavy rail7ays5

'%2 T/e )ee# 3"r )e! ra(*!a s"*4t(")s

T4e last 1% years of t4e .%t4 century broug4t t4e need for ne7 kind of rail7ays" as t4e travelneeds" and also t4e motorization level 4as c4anged5 N4ile until t4e first 4alf of t4e .%t4century urbanization 7as t4e main trend" resulting in very densely in4abited cities" in t4e

second 4alf of t4e century suburbanization is t4e key trend5 8esidents leave t4e congested citycentres and move to t4e suburbs into areas 7it4 muc4 4ig4er living standards and better environment5 o7ever" t4e Jobs are still located in t4e city centre" so (eo(le 4ave to commute

back to t4e city on a daily basis5 T4is resulted in a s4ift from concentrated urban (assenger flo7s H 74ic4 can be served by metro very 7ell ! into t4e more dis(erse and regional leveltravel demand5

T4e above!mentioned $ basic rail7ay ty(es cannot meet t4e needs arising fromsuburbanization and regional commuting5 T4e national rail7ays cannot serve t4e s(ra7lingurban areas 7ell enoug4" because t4e lines 4ave only fe7 stations" trains are not freKuent andreliable enoug4" and cannot carry t4e (assengers directly into t4e city centre5 ence" t4e

(assengers 4ave to transfer" mainly to metro =or tram or bus>" and t4is is a maJor

inconvenience5 2*tending t4e metro lines to t4e suburbs is very e*(ensive" es(ecially becausemetro lines cannot easily be built on t4e surface5 T4e ot4er (roblem is t4e ca(acity+ metro isdesigned as an urban rail7ay to carry 4uge amount of (assengers" but 4uge amounts cannot be


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found in t4e suburbs far from t4e city centre5 So most cities 4ave unfinis4ed metro lines"74ic4 7ill never be finis4ed t4e 7ay t4ey 7ere (lanned" and t4eir tem(orary terminus 7ill

become a (ermanent one" forcing users to transfer every time5 T4e construction of lig4t rail isalso e*(ensive" and 4as lo7 cruising s(eed" so 8T is not t4e best solution for regionalcommuting" eit4er5 To solve t4is (roblem" various intermediary" or middle!system rail7aysemerged by no75

)igure + Basic Ty(es of 8ail7ays and Middle System 8ail7ays

'%2%$ Sta#tba/)

T4e Stadtba4n =literally :city rail;> is a middle system bet7een t4e tram7ay =lig4t rail> andt4e metro5 A German!originated urban rail system" unifying t4e advantages and not t4edisadvantages of tram7ays and metros5 Traditional tram7ay lines 4ave been being u(gradedto Stadtba4n level since t4e /O%s" by building cross!city tunnels for t4e bundled tram lines"raising freKuency and cruising s(eed" and (roviding better access to t4e city centre5 utsidet4e city center trains still run mainly on t4e surface on se(arate rig4t!of!7ay or in t4e a*is of t4e roads" 7it4 many level crossings5

)igure .+ T4e anover Stadtba4n in t4e Cross!city Tunnel" and at its 2ntrance

<ue to t4e underground stations in t4e city center" t4e system is often marked 7it4 t4e U letter referring Eunderground;" t4oug4 most of t4e tracks of t4e Stadtba4n system are on t4e surface5T4e Stadtba4n is a good solution only in cities 4aving e*tensive urban rail =tram> net7ork5 #nt4e (rocess of u(grading tram7ays to Stadtba4n" t4e track gauge often 4as to be 7idened tostandard 1$& mm and (latforms to be raised5 ence" during t4e transition some sections aremi*ed gauged and some stations 4ave bot4 lo7 and 4ig4 (latforms" or trains need to 4aves(ecial ste(s to allo7 boarding at bot4 4ig4 and lo7 (latform stations and sto(s5 Stadtba4nsystem is usually not intero(erable 7it4 t4e national rail7ay5 N4en t4e underground sectionof a Stadtba4n system is designed so t4at it can be used by full metro trains later" it is oftenreferred to as premetro5

'%2%' T/e Kar*sr4/e ,"#e*

T4e 9arlsru4e 8egioTram is a middle system bet7een t4e tram7ay =lig4t rail> and t4enational rail7ays =<B>" introduced in //.5 <ual voltage tram ve4icles 4ave been o(eratingon national rail7ays" sto((ing at additional sto(s along t4e suburban sections" offering morefreKuent services" and 74at is (robably t4e most im(ortant" connecting the suburbs directly

with the city center, eliminating the transfers between the different modes 5 T4e 9arlsru4esystem is also called Stadtba4n" 4o7ever it re(resents not an urban =Stadt>" but a regional


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level intero(erability5 T4e first intero(erable line bet7een 9arlsru4e and Bretten is one of t4emost successful trans(ortation (roJects in t4e //%s" as t4e annual 7eekday riders4i(increased from 4alf a million to more t4an . million bet7een //. and //$" after t4eintroduction of t4e Stadtba4n services5 =Losku4l" //&>

)igure $+ T4e 9arlsru4e Stadtba4n at t4e all of t4e Main 8ail7ay Station ne*t to an #ntercity

Train" and on t4e S& ine" ne*t to a 8egional Service

'%2%+ Metr"5*(6e ra(*!as

T4ese are middle systems bet7een national rail7ays and t4e metro5 T4e best (ractices arekno7n as S!Ba4n" 828" Passante" Cercanias" and t4e :a(anese!style t4roug4 o(eration;5T4eir common c4aracteristics can be summarized as follo7s5 T4ese systems 4ave evolved byintegrating the national railways into the urban system5 T4ere are t7o main a((roac4es to doso" t4e e*tending!out" and t4e cross!city tunnelling5 N4en e*tending out" a formerly builtmetro line is being extended using the national railway tracks 5 Cross!city tunnelling meansconnecting two suburban radial lines under the city center 5 Bot4 main a((roac4es reKuirecom(romises in solving t4e (roblems arising from t4e many tec4nical and organizationaldifferences" but it is 7ort4 making t4e efforts5 Suburban rail7ays can never be 7ell integratedinto t4e urban net7ork if t4e suburban trains terminate at a 4idden sidetrack at dirty rail7aytermini located at t4e very edge of t4e do7nto7n area5 Suburban services 4ave to o(erate rig4tinto t4e beating 4eart of t4e cities5

+ METRO5LIKE RAILWAY SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD

Trains on metro!like rail7ays are usually 2MUs" running freKuently and directly into t4e citycenter" usually on lately built tunnels or Kuadru(led tracks" and serving more stations t4an t4enational rail7ays5 T4ese systems are briefly introduced in t4e follo7ing sub!c4a(ters5

+%$ E4r"7e

#n most 2uro(ean cities all t4e t4ree basic ty(es of rail7ays can be found" and it made 2uro(et4e cradle of various integration solutions5 T4ere are no . cities 7it4 t4e same geogra(4ical"o(erational" organizational and net7ork circumstances" so eac4 city 4as uniKue solutions"4o7ever" some ada(table models can be found5 T4e best!designed integrated tram7ay!based

urban rail systems 7ere built in Germany =Stadtba4n>" 4o7ever" in terms of rail7ay!metrointero(erability" t4e best (ractices can be found in Paris =828>" in S(anis4 and #talian cities=Cercanias and Passante>" and in t4e cradle of t4e metro" ondon5 t4er good (ractices arealso mentioned at t4e end of t4is c4a(ter5

+%$%$ L")#") – a *(tt*e b(t "3 e8ert/().

ondon is not Just t4e birt4(lace of t4e metro" but also t4e first city in 74ic4 metro servicesstarted to o(erate on national rail7ay lines" 74en t4e services of Bakerloo line 7ere e*tendedfrom ueens Park to Nillesden unction from %t4 May" /&5 Today H after fe7 years of disru(tion H metro trains run even furt4er" using t4eir s4oes on t4e t4ird rail" 74ile t4eSilverlink services =6ort4 ondon 8ail7ays" using former national rail7ays tracks> utilize t4e

catenary5 T4e 8ic4mond branc4 of t4e <istrict line of t4e ondon Tube =metro> is also a Jointo(eration 7it4 Silverlink services" t4e tracks bet7een Gunnersbury and 8ic4mond used to belong to t4e national rail7ays5


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T4e 2ast ondon line" 74ic4 can be considered as t4e oldest metro in t4e 7orld" as it uses atunnel built for (edestrians in -1$" 7ill be e*tended on former national rail7ay lines5 T4ee*tensions are referred to as a :lo7!cost rail7ay construction;" as t4ese 7ill use mainlye*isting" (artly disused rail7ays" 74ic4 7ill be u(graded and converted into a metro!likeservice5 T4e main goal is to im(rove interc4ange and congestion" and integrate t4e 2astondon line 7it4 main line services5 Based on t4e official 4ome(age of t4e 2P" t4e main

obJectives of t4e 2ast ondon ine ProJect as (resented in t4e QStatement of Case of .%%% areim(roving PT accessibility" reducing t4e need to interc4ange and t4us (roviding somecongestion relief to central ondon rail termini and on radial routes into central ondon"integrating main line rail services and t4e Underground" and making full use of t4e valuable

but underused river crossing5 =2P" .%%%>

T4e biggest intero(erable rail (roJect in ondon" 4o7ever" is t4e Crossrail5 T4is 7ill be across!city tunnel" 74ic4 7ill connect t4e sout4ern and nort4ern suburban rail lines bet7eenPaddington and iver(ool Street5 T4e trains ca(able of carrying more t4an %%% (assengers int4e tunnel 7ill 4ave a freKuency of . and a 4alf minutes in t4e rus4 4our" 4ence Crossrail 7ill

be one of t4e busiest metro service in ondon" delivered in a 4eavy rail environment5 #t 7ill beondons 828" e*(ected to o(en in .%.5 T4e trains 7ill 4ave toiletsF 7ill run at 0% kmD4 on

t4e surface and at /& kmD4 in t4e tunnel5 Platforms on t4e underground section 7ould be .-$metres long and &5& metres 7ide" bot4 values are t4e double of t4e ty(ical ondon (latformsize5 T4e entire route 7ill use over4ead electrification+ 7ires 7ill be built above some to!be!connected e*isting rail7ays" 74ic4 4ave t4ird rail (o7er su((ly5

T4e (roJect caused serious debates about t4e alignment" and ot4er related issues5 T4ere 7erefears t4at Crossrail 7ould attract many (assengers from (artly (arallel metro lines and it7ould 4arm t4e (rivatisation (ros(ect of t4ose lines5 <ue to t4e official 4ome(age of Crossrail t4e (roJect is e*(ected by t4e Cor(oration of ondon to deliver an annual (rofit of -%% million (ounds in $% years5 T4e benefitDcost ratio is calculated bet7een 5O and .5&"annual number of (assengers is -O million" and 0%%"%%% on a 7eekday5 Crossrail brings &Iincrease in t4e seating ca(acity in Central ondon5

T4ere is anot4er big cross!city tunnel (roJect in ondon" t4e C4elsea ackneyD2*(ress Metrofrom Nimbledon to 2((ing and Nool7ic4" also kno7n as t4e C4elney line" 74ic4 7ould easecongestion on t4e Lictoria line5 T4e future of t4is metro (roJect is uncertain" and mig4t bere(laced by a rail!based Crossrail . line" 4o7ever" a study considers t4e original C4elney line

(roJect feasible only if Crossrail => is not built5 =8o7land .%%> T4e ondon Underground (ro(osed a c4ea(er route for t4e C4elney line" using not metro" but mainline loading gauge"fe7er sto(s" and s4aring tracks of 6ort4 ondon metro line in a s4ort section" but due to

(4ysical constraints at Piccadilly Circus" t4e traditional Tube!gauge is su((orted5 T4e name of t4e line 7ould be 9ing's line5

2ven t4e tram7ay 4as returned to t4e streets of Sout4 ondon as a lig4t rail5 T4e CroydonTramlink net7ork ! built (artly on old national rail7ay alignments ! 7as o(ened in .%%%5

+%$%' Par(s – T/e RER

Paris is anot4er city 7it4 very good solutions in t4e field of rail7ay!metro integration5 By t4eend of t4e 0%s Paris already 4ad built a very e*tensive" but slo7 metro system in t4e core city"and t4e attention 7as turned to t4e direction of t4e suburbs and t4e s(eeding u( of travel5 T4isled to t4e construction of altoget4er & E828; lines" 7it4 a 4uge" Otrack underground transfer station at C4atelet5 T4is 8egional 2*(ress 6et7ork connects various suburban lines 7it4 t4eo((osite side of t4e city t4roug4 cross!city tunnels" similarly to t4e a(anese style t4roug4o(eration5 T4e main conce(t is common" 4o7ever" t4ere are im(ortant differences in t4eo(eration circumstances of t4e lines5ine A is a master(iece of 8285 #t (rovides very fast access to t4e suburbs" 7it4 only five

sto(s 7it4in Paris5 T7o of its branc4es out of Paris belongs to t4e national rail =S6C)> andtracks are s4ared 7it4 conventional suburban trains" 4o7ever" t4e rest of ine A is o(erated by8ATP" t4e com(any t4at is res(onsible for all ot4er means of trans(ort in Paris5 ine B 4as


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more sto(s in t4e city centre" travel s(eed is lo7" 74ic4 is furt4er decreased by t4e freKuentdelays5 T4e sout4ern (art of t4e line belongs to t4e 8ATPF t4e nort4ern one to S6C)" 74eresome e*(ress 828 services may use t4e long distance tracks5 ine C 4as some under!utilisedsections and its routing is not attractive5 T4e line is S6C)!o(erated" and t4e tracks in mostsections are used by conventional trains" too5 ine < is s4aring its tracks 7it4 ot4er rail traffic"too =e*ce(t for t4e underground section in central Paris> and even uses some section of 828

B5 #n t4e outer sections some (arts of t4e former rail7ays t4at 7ere integrated into t4e 828 system 7ere diverted to serve t4e residential areas better5 ine 2 is designed to connect t4el2st and Saint azare rail7ay termini under t4e ground5 Currently only t4e eastern section isin o(eration" in most of its route s4aring tracks 7it4 long!distance trains5

#n ot4er )renc4 cities" similar solutions in smaller scale e*ist5 ine C of t4e Toulouse metro isa national rail7ay line" integrated into t4e tariff system5 Marseille 4as a tram =no5 0-> in across!city tunnel" similar to Stadtba4n

+%'%+ &erca)(as – t/e S7a)(s/ c")tr(b4t(") t" t/e 34t4re "3 ra(*!as

Madrid is famous for 4aving built t4e most metro lines during t4e //%s in 2uro(e5 o7ever"

its ac4ievement in t4e field of rail7ay integration" t4e u(grade of t4e suburban lines to metrolevel" and t4e building of cross!city rail7ay tunnels" i5e5 t4e creation of t4e Cercanias net7ork is even more im(ortant5

:Use of t4e e*isting" mainline rail net7ork in areas near large to7ns and cities 4as made t4econstruction of large infrastructures unnecessary" 7it4 t4e corres(onding savings in time andresources5 #t 4as only been necessary to com(lete s(ecific stretc4es of rail7ay 7it4 a vie7 toe*(anding ca(acity and im(roving t4e functionality of e*isting services5 T4e dra7back 7it4t4is a((roac4" 4o7ever" is in 4aving to s4are t4e rail infrastructure5; =Carrillo" .%%$>

:T4e five key a*es of Cercanias is t4e use of standard rail7ay net7ork as t4e starting (oint for metro(olitan net7ork" a radical a((roac4" based on (ractical e*(erience" to solving functional

(roblems in t4e commuter train system" im(lementation of s(ecific tec4nologies inmetro(olitan trans(ort t4at 4ad been lacking in t4e traditional rail7ay system" a strictly

business!oriented a((roac4 to t4e management of t4e organization res(onsible for t4etransformation" and a design of and com(liance 7it4 a stable economic frame7ork for funding bot4 t4e investment and o(erational as(ects of t4e activity; =Carrillo" .%%$>5 #n

(ractice t4ese mean t4e u(grade of rail7ay net7ork" e*tending (latforms" 7idening t4eloading gauge" building cross!city tunnels" and turning t4e system to a metro!like o(eration5

T4e Cercanias became a very im(ortant mode of trans(ortation in ot4er cities of S(ain" too5 #nBarcelona" t4e Cercanias lines com(lement a very e*tensive metro net7ork" offering furt4er 1cross!city lines5 Some metro lines utilize t4e national rail7ay alignments" too" running (arallelto t4em =ine >" and sometimes mi*ed 7it4 suburban trains =ine 0>5 #n Lalencia" t4e metronet7ork is based on a %% years old narro7 gauge suburban rail7ay net7ork" 74ic4 7as

u(graded to a net7ork by t4e o(ening of a cross!city tunnel in /--5 T4e tunnel connects t7olines in t4e nort4 7it4 one in t4e sout45 T4e national rail7ay also (lans to build a cross!citytunnel for t4e Cercanias services5 2ven Bilbao 4as its Cercanias system" 74ic4 got a greatu(grade 74en t4e nort4ern Muskiz and Santrutzi line 7ere re!connected 7it4 t4e sout4ernrduna line" by t4e rebuilding of t4e formerly e*isted connection5 ence" t4ese lines areintero(erable again" and (rovide a ne7 cross!city route5 Bilbao 4as ot4er ty(e of rail7ayintegration" too5 Metro line uses former national =BasKue> rail7ay alignment in its outer section" 74ile in t4e city it runs in tunnel5 ine . runs mainly (arallel to a national rail7ayline" 4o7ever" it is sometimes diverted to serve t4e city centres5

+%'%2% Ita* – T/e Passa)te

Most of t4e big #talian cities (lans to build a cross!city tunnel for t4e national rail7ays" toallo7 metro!like o(eration5 Genova metro 7as built so t4at it can utilize some tunnels (reviously used by eit4er trams or national rail7ay5 T4ere are . very im(ortant suburban lines


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o(erated by )S =#talian 8ail>" 74ic4 7ill be u(graded to metro standard by t4e end of t4edecade5 #n Milan t4ere is a tram based" Stadtba4n!like metro system5 T4e im(ortance of

(4ysical integration is (roved by t4e fact t4at t4ose tramlines" 74ic4 are not integrated into t4emetro" are close to closure5 T4e first (art of Milans Passante =#talian name for a cross!citytunnel connecting formerly e*isting suburban rail7ays and (roviding metro!like services> 7aso(ened in //O5 #n Turin t4e national rail7ays is building t4e Passante" 74ic4 7ill be a nort4!

sout4 oriented cross!city tunnel" and trains 7ill run t4roug4 it in every & minutes from .%%05T4ere 7ill be anot4er cross!city tunnel for lig4t rail" being u(graded from Tram 6o5 1 as aStadtba4n5

+%'%9% Ger,a) – t/e /",e "3 S5Ba/) a)# Sta#tba/)

Berlin 4as t7o metro systems" t4e U!Ba4n and t4e S!Ba4n5 N4ile t4e U!Ba4n can beconsidered as a classic metro" t4e S!Ba4n system cannot deny its strong relation 7it4 t4enational rail7ays" 4o7ever" it is (4ysically inde(endent5 T4e S!Ba4n net7ork is very similar to t4at of 8 2ast in Tokyo+ it offers a loo( line and a diagonal line on t4e surface =mainlyelevated>" (lus anot4er diagonal line in tunnel5 Muc4 (ercent of t4e S!Ba4n net7ork 7as built

(arallel to t4e national rail7ays" but t4e different (o7er su((ly mode se(arates t4e t7o

systems =S!Ba4n uses t4ird rail" like classic metros5>T4e amburg S!Ba4n is similar to t4e Berlin S!Ba4n in being com(letely se(arated from t4econventional national rail7ay trafficF 4o7ever" it often runs (arallel to it5 T4e system itself can be considered as anot4er metro net7ork besides t4e U!Ba4n system5 #n t4e future t4e strictse(aration of S!Ba4n and national rail7ays 7ill diminis4" as t4ere are (lans to e*tend t4enet7ork from 6eugraben to t4e sout4east using t4e <B =German 8ail> tracks5 As t4eamburg S!Ba4n uses t4ird rail su((ly" it 7ould mean t4e em(loyment of dual system trains"74ic4 can o(erate bot4 from t4ird rail and catenary5

)igure 1+ S!Ba4n in Berlin =Potsdam>" and in amburg" beyond <B Tracks

#n ot4er big German cities" t4e S!Ba4n s4ares track 7it4 regional services5 )rankfurt 4asconverted one cross!city tunnel originally built for trams into a metro tunnel in /-%5 Tenyears later a ne7 cross!city tunnel 7as built" in 74ic4 se(arate tracks are laid for S!Ba4nservices and U0!UO metro lines5 #n Munic4 t4e cross!city tunnel for S!Ba4n o(eration 7as

o(ened in /O.5 Trains run on t4e butterfly bo7 s4a(ed net7ork" and are o(erated by t4enational rail7ay =<B>" 7it4 a freKuency of .!$ minutes in (eak 4ours5 ust like on t4e S!Ba4nin Co(en4agen" t4e basic freKuency of eac4 branc4 is .% minutes5 Stuttgart 4as e*tensive" andalmost com(letely u(graded and gauge!7idened tram!based Stadtba4n system" com(lemented

by a cross!city S!Ba4n line" 74ic4 cuts s4ort t4e route from t4e 7estern suburbs to t4e citycentre5 #n t4e 8u4r!area" t4e densely (o(ulated" but inde(endent cities are connected by criss!crossed S!Ba4n services" sometimes diverted into tunnels to serve t4e city centres andresidential areas better t4an t4e original national rail7ay line does5 T4ere are S!Ba4n servicesaround almost all t4e German cities" but many of t4ose o(erate only on <B lines5

+%'% Ot/er .""# 7ract(ces () E4r"7e

#n Amsterdam t4e metro often follo7s t4e national rail7ays =6> alignment" 4o7ever" t4ere is

no t4roug4 o(eration5 At some stations cross!(latform transfers are (rovided5


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At4ens 4as built a metro and suburban lines for t4e .%%1 lym(ics" and t4ese s4are tracks bet7een Stavros and t4e air(ort5

)igure &+ 6e7 and ld 8ollingStock on Co(en4agen S!Bane

Co(en4agen built a very convenient" curved butterfly s4a(edurban!suburban rail7ay system called S!Bane" based on t4enational rail7ay lines" o(ening its first section in /$15 T4e

boundled common section of all lines serve t4e city centre

and t4e main rail7ay station every !& minutes" on (artlyelevated and underground tracks" laid (arallel to butcom(letely se(arated from t4e long distance tracks5 T4e S!

bane branc4es are served at least every .% minutes5 T4esystem is so e*tensive and serves t4e city so 7ell t4at t4efirst section of t4e citys automatic metro (roJect 7as o(enedonly a fe7 years ago" and is rat4er an urban develo(mentt4an a trans(ortation (roJect5 T4e metro took over a s4ortsection from t4e S!bane alignment" 74ic4 7ill be re!routedon an unused freig4t line5

#stanbul 4as started to build its o7n cross!city tunnel for metro!like rail7ay o(eration called

EMarmaray;" 74ic4 is also a cross!Bos(orus tunnel" linking 2uro(e and Asia5 As a connecting (roJect" many national rail7ay lines at bot4 side of t4e tunnel 7ill be u(graded for metrolevel5 T4e u(grade means laying furt4er tracks" building ne7 stations" im(roving signalling"and raising s(eed to allo7 freKuent metro!like o(eration5

isboas s(ecial feature in t4e venue of rail7ay intero(erability is t4e urban!suburban line"74ic4 is o(erated by a (rivate o(erator called )ertagus5 T4e com(any 7on t4e tender and 7asgranted a concession for suburban (ublic (assenger trans(ort on t4e ne7 6ort4!Sout4 line"74ic4 connects isboa 7it4 t4e sout4ern side of t4e Tagus 8iver5 T4e com(any (ays usagefee to t4e 82)28 =Portuguese 8ail> for t4e use of t4eir infrastructure5

T4e 6e7castle metro 4as many s(ecial features5 )rom t4e (oint of rail7ay integration" t4emost im(ortant is t4at most of t4e net7ork 7as converted from former national rail7ay =B8>lines5 A 0 km long tunnel created a busy urban net7ork out of t4e lo7 demand or evenabandoned rail7ays5 #n some sections metro trains s4are tracks 7it4 local E4eavy; trains5

slo rail7ays 4ave a very uniKue 4istory5 T4e Tunnelbane =metro> is a net7ork of formerlye*isting suburban lines and a cross!city tunnel" 74ic4 connects t4em5 T4e tunnel 7as o(enedgradually" as t4e to!be!connected suburban lines 4ad different tec4nical c4aracteristics" andt4ese 4ad to be more or less unified5 )inally" since //& t4e system 4as been using trainsca(able of o(erating 7it4 bot4 t4ird rail and catenary (o7er su((ly5 n ot4er lines t4e (o7er su((ly 7as c4anged to t4ird rail5

Narsza7a 7as one of t4e first cities t4at built a cross!city rail7ay tunnel5 #t 7as o(ened in/.&" runs in east!7est direction" and used not only by t4e national rail7ays" but also by an

urban lig4t rail line5 #t served t4e city so 7ell" t4at t4e first real metro 7as o(ened only in t4e//%s5

+%' As(a

#n most Asian cities t4e role of mass (ublic trans(ort is different from t4at of t4e develo(edcountries5 #n big Asian cities mass cro7ds 4ave to be trans(orted" and 4uge landdevelo(ments and 4ousing (roJects 4ave to be su((orted by mass trans(ort (roJects5 N4ilecities like Tokyo and Singa(ore e*ercises restrictions on car o7ners4i( or use" andconcentrate on transit (roJects" ot4er cities favour car use" making t4e generalization difficult5

+%'%$ T/e ;a7a)ese5st*e ,"#e* "3 ,etr"5ra(*!a t/r"4./ "7erat(")

Tokyo is t4e best e*am(le in t4e 7orld for bot4 t4e intero(erability of metro and suburbanrail7ays" and for t4e integration of t4e national rail7ays into t4e urban trans(ortation system5


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T4e latter net7ork" o(erated by 8 2ast" t4e successor of t4e former a(anese 6ational8ail7ays in t4e 9anto area" (rovides t4e skeleton of Tokyos trans(ortation system" and 8 trains carry more t4an 1%I of t4e (assengers in t4e Tokyo Area5

T4e $15& km long 8 Ramanote loo( service is a com(letely urban rail line" 74ic4encom(asses t4e traditional core Tokyo" linking t4e main sub!centres of t4e megalo(olis on

t4e surface5 #n t4e first 4alf of t4e .%t4 century" only tram7ays 7ere allo7ed 7it4in t4e loo("4ence t4e (rivate suburban rail7ay com(anies built t4eir termini at certain stations of t4isloo(5 As t4e (o(ulation and congestion of t4e city gre7" metro lines gradually re(laced t4etram7ays in t4e inner city5 T4e construction of t4e first t7o , conventional metro lines broug4tserious congestion at t4e interc4anges bet7een suburban rail and metro5 To cure t4is (roblem"since /&$ t4e sub7ay (olicy 4as been (romoting t4e :t4roug4 o(eration; bet7een suburbanrail7ays and metro lines5 Since t4en" e*ce(t for a ne7 linear motor tec4nology based metroloo( line" all ne7 metro (roJects 4ave been built as cross!city tunnels allo7ing suburban trainsrun directly into t4e CB<" and metro trains o(erate on suburban rail7ay lines" too" on areci(rocal basis5 T4e metro lines are usually connected 7it4 t4e suburban rail7ays fe7 sto(sout7ards from t4e inner terminal5 <irect services from t4e metro usually o(erate as localservices on t4e suburban line =most of t4em are (rivate rail7ays" but $ 8 lines are also

involved in t4e system>" 74ile t4e e*(ress services use t4e traditional terminals adJacent to t4e8 Ramanote line5

Creating t4roug4!o(eration 7as difficult in many cases" as t4e tec4nical c4aracteristics of t4eto!be!connected lines 7ere very different in terms of signalling" track!gauge" loading gauge"etc5" and t4e metro tunnels 4ad to be built 7ider because of t4e over4ead catenary5 o7ever"direct connection to t4e city center is a very attractive service for commuters and contributesto t4e relatively good modal s4are of (ublic trans(ortation in Tokyo5

t4er a(anese cities also took over t4e conce(t of t4roug4 o(eration from Tokyo" but none of t4em used it as 7idely as t4e ca(ital city5 #n saka" only . of t4e - metro lines allo7 t4eclassic ty(e of t4roug4 o(eration5 T4e eastern section of t4e C4uo line 7as built by 9intetsurail7ay" and t4e SakaisuJi metro line is connected 7it4 ankyu 8ail7ays 9yoto and Senrilines5 T4e transfer (oint bet7een t4e 9yoto line and t4e metro is A7aJi station" 74ic4 allo7sconvenient cross (latform transfer bet7een trains running in t4e same direction5

)igure 0+ ankyu A7aJi Station and t4e 9ei4an Metro on Surface in tsu

Bot4 t4e under!saka and under!9yoto sections of t4e 9ei4an main line o(erates like a metro5)rom t4e (oint of vie7 of intero(erability" t4e smaller =and se(arated> (art of t4e 9ei4annet7ork 4as an even more uniKue feature5 9yotos second metro line (artly re(laced t4e9ei4an tram7ay line bet7een Ramas4ina and 9yoto" 4o7ever" t4e outer (art of t4is tram7ay7as converted to a metro!on!surface" and runs on t4e streets of tsu city5 By t4is solution"

bot4 9yoto munici(al Metro lines allo7 t4roug4 o(eration =t4e 9arasuma line is connected7it4 9intetsu 8ail7ayss 6ara line at Takeda>" and t4e city 4as even t7o (rivate rail7ays!o(erated metro!like lines" too5

#n 9obe none of t4e t7o metro lines offer t4e ty(ical a(anese t4roug4 o(eration" 4o7ever"

t4ere is a cross!city tunnel t4roug4 t4e city center o7ned by 9obe 9osoku 8ail7ay" 74ic4connects t4e ans4in 8ail7ays saka!9obe line 7it4 t4e Sanyo 8ail7ays 9obe!imeJi


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line" allo7ing direct services on t4ese (rivate rail7ays bet7een imeJi and saka5 Besides"ankyu 8ail7ays e*(ress services also use t4e eastern (art of t4is tunnel and offer convenient cross!(latform transfer bet7een ankyu and Sanyo trains5

#n t4e 9ansai area =t4e metro(olitan area of saka" 9yoto" 9obe and 6ara>" and es(ecially int4e city of saka 8 trains 4ave less market s4are t4an in Tokyo5 T4e 8 oo( line does not

serve t4e very center of saka" and on t4e inter!urban venue (rivate rail7ays are often moreconvenient for t4e (assengers5 8 7as trying to bring closer its trains to t4e office area insout4ern Umeda by building a cross!city tunnel called t4e Tozai line" 74ic4 4el(ed to ease t4econgestion of t4e near saka =Umeda> station" too5#n )ukuoka" t4e Meino4ama line of t4e metro is connected to t4e 8 C4iku4i line" in 6agoyat4e Tsurumai line of t4e metro offers t4roug4 o(eration at bot4 ends 7it4 t4e (rivate Meitetsu8ail7ay5

)igure O+ A (icture of t4e 8 Nest Tozai ine" and a Meitetsu Train in t4e 6agoya Metro

Considering t4e very 4ig4!level (4ysical integration bet7een a(anese rail7ay and metroo(erators" it is very sur(rising to see t4at t4e fare systems are not integrated5 Connectiontickets are available" but t4ere are 4ardly any discounts5 ence" a s4ort" . stations tri( madeon a t4roug4 train" if it uses t7o different rail7ay com(anys lines" may cost double t4e (riceof a % km tri( made on a single com(anys line5

Seoul" t4e 9orean ca(ital co(ied t4e a(anese model for some of its lines" but (ure metro linesalso e*ist5 Some lines are o(erated by t4e national rail7ay com(any" ine connects Seoul7it4 t4e neig4bouring city" #nc4on" (arallel to t4e long distance tracks5 A ne7 cross!citytunnel is also (lanned for national rail7ay use5 #n ot4er 9orean cities" metro lines are notintero(erable 7it4 national rail7ays5

+%'%'% T/e I)#(a) ,"#e*

#n #ndian cities t4e rail7ay!metro intero(erability is very sim(lified" t4e metro system iscom(letely based on t4e national rail7ay lines" integrating t4em into t4e urban system mainly

by Kuadru(ling t4e tracks and se(arating long!distance and local traffic5 #n Calcutta t4ere is an

e*tensive tram7ay net7ork" 4o7ever" t4e metro system under construction is t4e u(grade of t4e e*isting suburban lines of t4e national rail7ays" including laying furt4er tracks (arallel7it4 long distance lines5 #n C4ennai t4e metro tracks are laid (arallel" but usually se(aratedfrom t4e national rail7ay tracks" 4o7ever" some lines offer rus4 4our metro service on t4elong distance tracks5 T4ere is a (roJect for 7idening t4e gauge of t4e Beac4!Tambaram metroline to allo7 t4roug4 o(erations 7it4 ot4er lines5 #t is not sur(rising t4at t4e national rail7aylines are (4ysically integrated into t4e system" because bot4 t4e Calcutta and C4ennai metrolines are o7ned and o(erated by t4e #ndian =national> 8ail7ays5 T4e <el4i metro conce(t alsoincludes t4e Kuadru(ling (roJects (arallel to t4e e*isting rail7ays" but t4e metro 4as differentroutes from rail7ays5 Mumbai =Bombay> is served by e*tremely overcro7ded urban!suburbanrail7ays" 74ic4 sometimes use long distance tracks to ease congestion5

+%'%+ Ot/er 7ract(ces () As(a:

#n #zmir =Turkey> some suburban national rail7ay lines are being u(graded to metro standard5


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9uala um(ur" t4e ca(ital of Malaysia is unfortunately develo(ing many incom(atible rail7aysystems" and do not utilize national rail7ays for metro use" 4o7ever" t4e e*(ress railconnection to t4e air(ort allo7s commuter trans(ort" too5 #n Metro Manila t4e P4ili((inenational rail7ay is (lanning to build tracks t4roug4 t4e centre of t4e city to make directservices (ossible5 #n S4ang4ai t4e Pearl line 4as been u(graded from a former ring rail7ay"

but t4e citys ambitious metro develo(ment (lans do not contain ot4er intero(erable lines5 #n

ong 9ong" t4e old national rail7ay offers metro!like service and o(erates t4e ne7ly builtline to a remote but 4uge residential area" 74ic4 4as an o7n lig4t rail net7ork5 #n Tai(ei t4enort4ern section of t4e <ans4ui ine 7as built on former rail7ay route5 T4ere is a cross!citytunnel for national rail7aysF bot4 long distance and local =2MU> trains use it5

)igure -+ #nterior of a 9C8 train in ong 9ong" and an 2MU in Tai(ei

+%+% N"rt/ A,er(ca

#n 6ort4 America t4e intero(erability bet7een metro and national rail7ays is not a commone*(erience5 T4e biggest U5S5 cities 4ave already develo(ed t4eir definitely necessary metrolinesF t4e ot4ers rely mainly on road trans(ort5 T4ere can be seen a s4ift to7ards rail!basedtrans(ortation" 4o7ever" t4ere are serious dis(utes about t4e e*(ected economic (erformanceof suc4 systems" es(ecially 74en t4e (roJected and t4e real results can be com(ared5 T4e U5S5is more interested in t4e lig4t rail (roJects t4an metros" 4o7ever" U5S5 cities H 7it4 very fe7

e*ce(tions H no longer 4ave streetcars =trams>" so t4e creation of a real net7ork is difficult ande*(ensive5 Moreover" if t4e ne7 rail!based systems do not form a net7ork" t4ey can be usedonly by t4e e*(ense of many transfers" and at t4e age of integration and convenience!basedtrans(ortation (lanning t4is is unfavourable5 n t4e ot4er 4and" 74ere t4ere are alreadye*isting and unused or under!utilised rail infrastructure" t4e =re>o(ening of t4ese lines for

(assenger trans(ort is definitely (ositive5 ne good e*am(le for t4is is t4e Tri!8ail in Miami")lorida" 4o7ever it is a 4eavy rail line5

Bostons metro net7ork 7as created (artly from former rail7ay lines and tram tunnels" andeven t4e e*(ansion (lans contain (roJects for converting" u(grading" or reo(ening former rail7ay lines for metro o(eration5 Most of t4ese (roJects are related 7it4 t4e Blue ine5Anot4er good American e*am(le for using t4e advantages of t4e t4ree basic rail7ay ty(es can

be found in Saint ouis" Missouri5 T4e metro!like lig4t rail utilizes a former rail7ayinfrastructure" including a tunnel" 74ic4 4ad not been in use since t4e O%s5 T4e (lannede*tensions also follo7 t4e disused rail alignments5 San )rancisco is also 7ort4 mentioning"

because of its Stadtba4n!like system called Muni" besides t4e famous streetcars and t4e fullmetro BA8T5

+%9 S"4t/5A,er(ca

T4e conce(t of (4ysical integration bet7een national rail7ay and metro is more (o(ular isSout4 America" (robably because of t4e lack of financial resources com(aring to 6ort4America5 Buenos Aires metro is e*(anded based on t4e a(anese model5 At )errocarrilUrKuiza a ne7 link bet7een ine B and t4e suburban rail7ays 7ill allo7 t4roug4 o(eration

bet7een t4e t7o systems5 )ortaleza =Brazil> is building its metro net7ork com(letely based on

t4e e*isting suburban rail lines5 T4e lines 7ill be diverted to serve t4e city center via a cross!city tunnel as freKuent metro" and t4e outer sections of t4e lines 7ill also be u(graded to metro


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standards5 Medellin" Colombias second biggest city also utilizes t4e national rail7ay tracks"metro line A 7ill be e*tended to Cisneros on t4e e*isting rail7ay tracks5 8ecifes first metroline 7as built by laying ne7 tracks along t4e national rail7ay line" so t4e metro is mainly atground level5 T4e sout4ern section of t4e metro is being built by u(grading t4e nationalrail7ay service" and connecting it to t4e air(ort5 8io de aneiros metro 7as built as a lig4t rail

(arallel to a suburban rail7ay alignment" and is among t4e fe7 (remetros 74ic4 4ad already

been converted to full metro o(eration5 Sao Paulo is also a very good e*am(le of smart urbanrail7ay (lanning5 Several different com(anies 4ave built t4e suburban commuter rail7aysaround t4e city" but t4e metro system turned t4em into a real urban net7ork5 T4e metroutilizes t4e suburban rail7ay lines" 74ic4 7ere u(graded to metro level" and linked toget4er5n t4e busiest suburban lines additional tracks 7ere built for t4e (ur(oses of e*(ress metroo(eration5

+% A3r(ca

T4ere is a good e*am(le for rail7ay!metro integration from Africa" too5 Cairos Metro ine is a cross!city tunnel" connecting t7o suburban commuter lines" similarly to t4e a(anesemodel" 4o7ever" t4e average distance bet7een t4e stations in t4e underground section is

relatively big" 5& kilometres is average52% BUDAPEST – &ASE STUDY OF METRO LINE 2

T4e ungarian ca(ital 7as t4e first city on t4e 2uro(ean continent to o(en its metro" in -/05After t4at O1 years 4ad been s(ent until t4e ne*t metro o(ening came to reality5 <uring t4efollo7ing .% years continuous metro construction 7as going on" but t4e colla(se of t4ecommunist regime in //% broug4t severe financial and (olitical conditions" so since t4en noteven a meter of metro line 7as o(ened5 #n .%%1 t4ree metro lines are in o(eration" all meet int4e city centre at <eak ter5 Besides t4e 4undred years old first line" t4ere is % km long ine ."74ic4 is an 2ast!7est oriented 4eavy metro 7it4 stations" serving . main national rail7aytermini" . suburban rail7ay =2L> termini" and t4e - km long ine $" 74ic4 is a 6ort4 toSout4east 4eavy metro line 7it4 .% stations" serving one national rail7ay terminus and .rail7ay stations5 Buda(est 4as 1 2L lines" . of t4em feeding metro line ." 74ile t4e ot4erscan be reac4ed only by trams and buses5 2L lines are different in c4aracteristics" t4e Cse(eland Szentendre lines are busy" o(erate 7it4 & minutes intervals 7it4in t4e city borders duringrus4 4ours" t4e Godollo line is less busy" and t4e 8ackeve line 4as only fe7 trains an 4our"es(ecially at t4eir outer sections5 Trains are $ or 0 car 2MUs" o(erating on se(arate rig4t!of!7ay" but 7it4 many level crossings5 T4ere still is an e*tensive tram7ay net7ork" a large andstill freKuently served bus net7ork" and . trolleybus lines5 T4e tram7ay line on t4e GreatBoulevard carries ten t4ousand (assengers during rus4 4our in eac4 direction" 7it4 &1 meter long cou(led sets" o(erating every .!$ minutes5 Tram7ays are conventional" cannot beconsidered as modern lig4t rail5 All of t4ese modes are integrated into t4e tariff system" e*ce(tt4e national rail7ay and t4e suburban buses5 T4e national rail7ays =MAL> o(erate suburban lines" but only . of t4em 4ave (eriodic sc4edule =introduced in August .%%1>" t4e

ot4er lines are served 7it4 not more t4an services in off!(eak times" and . to & services in (eak 4ours5

T4ere are t7o more metro lines (lanned5 ine 1 7ould be a sout47est!nort4east line"connecting t4e 9elenfold 7it4 t4e 9eleti national rail7ay station" or even furt4er to t4enort4east5 T4is lines 4as been (lanned for more t4an $% years" and construction 7orks 4ave

been Ee*(ected to start 7it4in . years; for t4ree decades5 T4e line is (lanned to be aconventional metro" 7it4out (4ysical connection to t4e national rail7ays5 ine & 4ad been

(lanned as a 4alf circular conventional metro" but t4e <evelo(ment Plan of Buda(estsTrans(ortation System =<PBTS> a((roved in .%% contains a reconsidered line5 #nstead of t4econventional metro" t4e Plan (ro(oses an intero(erable line 7it4 t4e 2L lines" and also 7it4t4e national rail7ays 2sztergom line5 Tec4nical c4aracteristics are unclear" 4o7ever" t4is is a

maJor ste( to7ard a (4ysically integrated rail7ay system in Buda(est5 T4e s4ift from t4econventional metro to t4e intero(erable Eregional e*(ress rail7ay;" or 828" is t4e biggestim(rovement of t4e <PBTS5


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)igure /+ T4e stylized urban rail7ay net7ork in Buda(est

T4e Kuestion is+ if t4e current urban rail7ay (lanning trends reac4ed Buda(est so t4at t4emetro line & is re!(lanned as a 828 =and not as a metro>" t4en line 1 is 74y not re!(lannedT4e t4eoretical (art of <PBTS e*(lains it in t4e follo7ing 7ay5 T4e . main a((roac4es for integrated net7ork (lanning are :intermodality; and :intero(erability;5 T4e intermodalitya((roac4 kee(s t4e various means of trans(ort (4ysically se(arated" and (rovides goodinterc4anges bet7een t4emF t4e intero(erability!a((roac4 (4ysically connects t4e systems5ET4e most convenient and attractive solution is t4e intero(erability" 4o7ever" considering t4elack of financial resources in Buda(est" net7ork!(lanners 4ave to (lan intermodalinterc4anges instead;5 ence" instead of t4e :better and more e*(ensive; solution" t4e:c4ea(er and 7orse; one 4as to be c4osen in Buda(est5 T4is strategy 7ill 4ave seriouslydamaging effects on t4e trans(ortation of Buda(est =Acs and #stvan" .%%$>5 n t4e ot4er 4and"

by reading carefully t4e <PBTS" it can be seen" t4at t4e above Kuoted a((roac4 is designedonly to su((ort t4e idea of conventional Metro 15 T4e ot4er (ro(osed (roJects =reconsideredMetro &" 2ast!Nest Stadtba4n" 6ort4!Sout4 tram7ay links" etc5> re(resent t4e a((roac4 of intero(erability5

nly metro line 1 is t4e e*ce(tion5 T4is fully underground line 7ill be built bet7een t7omaJor rail7ay stations" and as suc4" its alignment 7ould be (erfect for t4roug4 o(eration for national rail7ays5 Unfortunately" t4e (lans do not allo7 t4roug4 o(eration" and (ro(ose aconventional metro line5 )or t4is reason" some individual" ne7 generation urban (lannersformed t4e M1, Team to (romote t4e idea of t4e intero(erable metro" but t4e efforts seem to4ave no results by no75

T4e basic idea 7as converting t4e (lanned metro line into a a(anese style" or 828!ty(emetro allo7ing t4roug4 o(eration 7it4 national rail7ay trains5 T4is idea 7as refused by manye*(erts5 T4e main reasons 7ere t4e necessary 7ider cross!section of t4e tunnel =74ic4 meanse*tra costs>" and t4e need of re!routing because of t4e different curves and (latform lengt4reKuired for an rail7ay!based metro5 T4e t4ird reason of refusing t4e conce(t of intero(erable

line 1 7as t4at t4e national rail7ay services are so unreliable" t4at integrating t4em into t4emetro system 7ould cause serious disru(tion5 T4e final" and most Econvincing; reason 7as"t4at construction of t4e metro 1 is t4e main (riority of t4e city" 74ic4 is :Just about to start;"


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so it is too late to reconsider t4e line =Csordas" .%%.>5 T4ese reasons seem to be 7eig4tless if one considers t4e data (ublis4ed in t4e same article5 #t ranks t4e e*tensions of t4e metroo(eration on rail7ays in terms of cost!efficiency5 Metro e*tensions along rail7ays (ro(osed in=Acs" .%%%> 4ave -0" &" and 11 units of efficiency de(ending on t4e involved lines" 74ile t4e

basic metro (roJect 4as only " in terms of s(ared!time (er investment =Csordas" .%%.>5

T4is is not t4e only (oint 74ere une*(lainable events 4a((ened in connection 7it4 metro 15T4ere are $ (otential e*tensions for t4e basic (roJect as conventional metro" and due to t4emanual (ublis4ed by t4e (lanners of t4e lineF :all e*(erts agree t4at; t4e 7estern e*tension of t4e line 4as t4e 4ig4est (riority =Gulyas et5 al" .%%%>5 #n s(ite of t4at" (oliticians in .%%$decided to e*tend t4e line first to t4e nort4east" 74ic4 s4o7s great amount of o(timism" as t4econstruction 7orks 4ave not started even on t4e first (4ase5

M1,Team still (romotes t4e sout47est bound e*tension of t4e metro o(eration on t4enational rail7ay tracks5 T4e (lans 7ere reconsidered to be more acce(table and to reducecriticized (oints" 4o(ing t4at t4e decision makers understand t4at even if t4e metro line ise*tended on t4e rail7ays" it 7ill still (rovide everyt4ing t4at t4e original (lan" (lus manymore5 T4e (lans for t4e original (4ase of metro 1 =in terms of alignment" cross!section" t4ird

rail (o7er su((ly" etc> can be ke(t basically unc4anged" only a slig4t modification isnecessary to allo7 t4e construction of t4e (4ysical connection to7ards t4e rail7ay tracks5 T4isc4ange is necessary" because t4e original (lan (laces t4e 7estern terminus of t4e metro under t4e 9elenfold rail7ay station" (er(endicular to t4e tracks" making t4roug4 o(erationcom(letely im(ossible5 T4is is t4e only t4ing t4at 4as to be c4anged to make M1, feasible5

T4e final" or as it is often called" t4e minimum!version of M1," i5e5 t4e e*tension of metroo(eration on national rail7ay tracks contains t4e follo7ings5 ne of t4e $ more!or!less

(arallel tracks bet7een Buda(est!9elenfold and t4e city of 2rd" currently catering bot4 long!distance" suburban" and also freig4t traffic" s4ould be taken from MAL and transferred tometro o(eration5 MAL is able to o(erate on t4e remaining . tracks" es(ecially because t4emetro takes over t4e local =suburban and intra!city> traffic" so MAL local services can befastened" t4erefore t4e ca(acity of t4e line is raised" and suburbs beyond 2rd can be reac4edfaster5 Metro" as a reliable service" can o(erate on t4e single track" 7it4 some stationsallo7ing trains to cross" as t4e 4ead7ay need not to be s4orter t4an % minutes even in t4erus4 4our5 T4e t4ird rail (o7er su((ly can be built along t4e metro tracksF t4e alignment cancom(letely be isolated from crossing traffic5

T4e (lan of M1, (rovides many advantages" 7it4out disadvantages5 Nit4out t4e constructionof e*(ensive underground alignment" t4e metro o(eration can be e*tended easily to7ards t4esuburbs" (roviding fast and convenient direct access to t4e city centre5 T4e lengt4 of t4eoriginal metro line can be more t4an doubled 7it4 only %I cost increase5 )urt4er savings can

be reac4ed because t4e M1, makes some ot4er (roJects unnecessary" including t4e (lanned)e4ervari ut branc4 of Metro 1" and t4e re(lacement of &% buses5 T4e e*tended metro 7ouldallo7 t4e construction of more P,8 facilities" closer to t4e residential areas5 T4e train de(ot

could also be built outside of t4e city on less e*(ensive land" and in better location from t4eo(erational (oint of vie75

2ven t4is minimal version (lan 4ad to face strict refusal from t4e (lanners of metro 1 and alsofrom MAL (lanners" 4o7ever" encouraging comments 7ere received from individuals5 T4eanot4er (o(ular intero(erable alternative to Metro 1 called :AliGut; is also reJected by t4eofficials5 T4e AliGut 7ould be a cross!city tunnel for t4e national rail7ay" connecting t4e9elenfold station 7it4 t4e 6yugati station under t4e CB<" and 7ould allo7 not only suburban

but also long!distancetrains =Perlaki" .%%.>5 Com(lementing it" t4e Stadtba4n!like 9arolina (roJect 7ould serve t4e residential areas in sout4ern Buda(est =Bodrog and Perlaki" .%%&>5

T4e metro 1 (roJect is a (ure (olitical issue and 4ardly any e*(ert dares to (ro(ose any

c4anges 74ic4 does not fit t4e actual (olitical 7ind5 So" it seems t4at even t4oug4 all e*(ertsunderstand t4e need of (4ysical integration of metro 1" it 7ill be built as a com(letelyincom(atible line in Buda(est5


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9% &ON&LUSION

Metro and suburban rail are (erfect com(lementary systems to eac4 ot4er5 Metro offers 74atrail7ays are lacking =direct access to t4e city center>" and rail7ays offer 74at metros arelacking =4ig4 ca(acity tracks in t4e suburbs>5 ence" integrated intero(erable lines mean t4emost economical and most user!friendly ans7er for t4e c4allenge of suburbanization5

<evelo(ed countries 4ave already e*(erienced t4at t4e (roblem is no longer t4e (rovision of adeKuate ca(acity" rat4er t4e attractive Kuality of (ublic trans(ort5 T4e need for convenient"seamless trans(ort 7ill be stronger and stronger in a fe7 decades even in t4e develo(ingcountries" so it is 4ig4 time to reconsider mass transit (roJects to allo7 intero(erability 7it4t4e good old" and under!utilised rail7ays5

AC96N2<G2M26TS

T4e aut4or 7is4es to e*(ress t4anks to Professors aruo #s4ida" 6ao4isa kamoto and MoritoTsutsumi in t4e Urban Trans(ortation aboratory at t4e University of Tsukuba" for (rovidingt4e background for t4e researc45 S(ecial t4anks are e*(ressed to 8obert Sc47andl" t4eNebmaster of Urban8ail5net" 74ose site 7as a (erfect gate7ay for t4e researc4 (resented int4is (a(er5 T4e aut4or 7is4es to e*(ress t4anks to oltn Adm 6Vmet4 for t4e very useful

comments on Paris 828" GyWrgy #stvn for t4e co!o(eration on M1," and Monbukagakus4ofor t4e su((ort5 All (4otoes in t4is (a(er 7ere taken by t4e aut4or" and available u(on e!mailreKuest in bigger resolution5 Comments" and information about good (ractices in metro!rail7ay integration missing from t4is (a(er are also 7elcome5

82)2826C2S

Xcs" B5 .%%% ogyan ke(zelem a vasut JovoJet Palyazat5 Pa(er Presentation 4eld at MALPecsi Teruleti #gazgatosag" O5 Se(tember" .%%%5Xcs" B5" #stvn Gy5+ .%%$ 1!es metrY (lusz! 2gy modern gyorsvasZt megvalYsulsnak le4et[sVge Buda(esten" Presentation 4eld at )[mterv" Buda(est" .-5 anuary .%%$5Bodrog" 5" Perlaki A5 .%%&+ Conce(t of a ne7 tram7ay mainline in Buda(est" V<r"s(K=>*e6e#?s 0Urba) Tra33(c1" V"*% 29- N"% '" /O!//

Buda(est 9WzlekedVsi 8endszerVnek )eJlesztVsi Terve .%% =De8e*"7,e)t P*a) "3 B4#a7est@s Tra)s7"rtat(") Sste,>Carrillo" Abelardo .%%$ Madrid Cercanias+ A 8ail7ay Metamor(4osis" P4b*(c Tra)s7"rtI)ter)at(")a*- V"*% 9'- N"% '- 0!O5Csords" M5 .%%. Met4od for grading t4e traffic develo(ment (roJects in Buda(est" V<r"s(K=>*e6e#?s 0Urba) Tra33(c1" V"*% 2'- N"% " $.!$.-Gulyas" 5" Pinter 5" Pozsgay 5 .%%%" Metro1 ! Oss>e3".*a*" Is,ertetes" <B8 metroBuda(est9arr" M5 //- Me/rsste,6")>e7te #er Sc/(e)e)ba/)e) () E4r"7a" #nstitut f\r Stra]en!und 2isenba4n7esen" Universit^t 9arlsru4e =T>Meyer" Nolfgang .%%$ 2ditorial" P4b*(c Tra)s7"rt I)ter)at(")a*- V"*% 9'- N"% '- .5Parlaki" Attila" .%%. LasZt a vros alatt" 7775aligut5ini54u

8o7en" o4n )rancis .%%+ See o7 T4ey 8un H Trans(ort Plans for t4e ondon Area"4tt(+DD7775geocities5comDAt4ensDAcro(olisDO%0/Dt(ftla54tmlSc47andl" 8obert ///!.%%1 Urban8ail5net" " 4tt(+DD7775urbanrail5netD Suga T5" .%%% 2ditorial+ Significance of com(etent urban rail7ays" ;a7a) Ra(*!a a)#Tra)s7"rt Re8(e!- Marc/ '- N"% '+" $5Losku4l" <525)5 //&" Lie7(oint+ #nterlinking t4e region 7it4 its centre ! T4e e*am(le of t4e9arlsru4e region in Germany" ;"4r)a* "3 Tra)s7"rt Ge".ra7/- V"* +- Iss4e 2" .-!.-0

fficial ome(ages+Crossrail U9+ 4tt(+DD7775crossrail5co5ukDT4e 2ast ondon ine ProJect+ 4tt(+DD7775ell(5co5ukDinde*54tm2uro(ean Metro(olitan Trans(ort Aut4orities+ 4tt(+DD7775emta5comDM1, Team+ 7775metro1(lusz5ini54uMetro1 Buda(est+ 4tt(+DD7775metro154uDTrans(ort for ondon H T4e Tube 4tt(+DDtube5tfl5gov5ukD


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