21세기 농업

미 국무부 국제 정보 프로그램국

eJournal USA

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Editor, eJournal USAIIP/PUBJU.S. Department of State2200 C Street, NWWashington, DC 20522-0501USAE-mail: eJournalUSA@state.gov

미국무부산하국제정보프로그램국은「전자저널USA」제호아래매월온라인저널을출간하고있습니다.본저널은미국의사회,가치,사상,제도뿐만아니라현재미국과국제사회가직면하고있는주요이슈들을주제로다루고있습니다.

매달한권이영어로발간됩니다.영문본에이어서프랑스어,포르투갈어,러시아어,스페인어번역본이발간됩니다.특정호는아랍어,중국어및페르시아어로번역발간되는경우도있습니다.각저널은통권과호수에따라분류됩니다.

본저널에실린주장이나의견들은반드시미국정부의공식적인견해나정책을반영하는것은아닙니다.미국무부는본저널에링크된웹사이트들의콘텐츠나접속가능여부에대해어떠한책임도지지않으며,그러한책임은오직해당사이트운영자에게있음을밝혀둡니다.본저널에게재된기사나사진,도표들은저작권제한문구가명시적으로표시되지아니하는한미국이외의다른국가에서복제또는번역될수있습니다.단,저작권이제한된경우에는본저널에명시된당해저작권소유자로부터사용허락을얻어야합니다.

국제정보프로그램국은웹사이트(http://www.america.gov/publications/ejournals.html)에서최신호와지난호들을몇가지파일포맷으로제공하고있습니다.본저널과관련하여의견이있으시면거주하시는국가주재미국대사관이나본지편집국으로문의하시기바랍니다.

편집인,전자저널USAIIP/PUBJU.S.DepartmentofState2200CStreet,NWWashington,DC20522-0501USAe메일:eJournalUSA@state.gov

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE / March 2010 / VOLUME 15 / NUMBER 3미 국무부 2010년 3월 통권 15권 / 제 3호

http://www.america.gov/publications/ejournalusa.html

InternationalInformationPrograms:국제정보프로그램국:Coordinator (코디네이터) Daniel SreebnyExecutive Editor (편집국장) Jonathan MargolisCreative Director (크리에이티브 디렉터) Michael Jay FriedmanEditor-in-Chief (편집장) Richard W. HuckabyManaging Editor (실무편집인) Charlene PorterProduction Manager (제작부장) Janine Perry

Designer (디자이너) Chloe D. EllisCopy Editor (커버편집) Jeanne HoldenPhoto Editor (사진편집) Maggie Johnson SlikerCover Design (커버 디자인) David HamillReference Specialist (참고전문가) Anita Green

Cover: Vast gardens surround a futuristic city in a 21st-century landscape imagined by artist Kauko Helavuo. © Getty Images

커버: 화가인 카우코 헬라부오가 상상한 21세기 풍경에서 거대한 뜰이 미래 도시

를 둘러싸고 있다. © Getty Images

eJournal USA

About This Issue

Humanity’s longest struggle has been the ongoing battle, waged

with different weapons on different fronts, adequately to feed itself. The British scholar Thomas Malthus (1766–1834) doubted humanity’s chances. Writing in 1798, he concluded that “the period when the number of men surpass their means of subsistence has long since arrived.” The result, Malthus predicted, would be “misery and vice.” On the whole, Malthus has been proven wrong, at least until now. As the India-born Nobel economics laureate Amartya Sen pointed out in 1994, world population had by then grown nearly six times since Malthus firstpublishedhis“Essayon Population.” And yet per person food consumption had increased, life expectancies lengthened, and standards of livinggenerallyimproved.Asignificantfactorwasthe“GreenRevolution,” pioneered by the agronomist and Nobel peace laureate Norman Borlaug (1914–2009), a name that appears throughout these pages. But the contest between population and food supply has not yet beendefinitivelywon.“Ittooktheworldpopulationmillionsofyearstoreachthefirstbillion,then123yearstogettothesecond,33yearstothethird,14yearstothefourth,13yearstothefifthbillion…” writes Sen. The human population today stands at anestimated 6.8 billion, of whom an estimated 1.02 billion are undernourished. How we fashion a 21st-century agriculture capable of feeding them is the subject of this eJournal USA. The marriage of technical prowess and agricultural skill promises advances on many fronts: a greater abundance of food, much of it more healthful, and available in a global marketplace that affords more of us access to this bounty. Agriculture even holds a key to delivering new forms of clean energy. The voices collected here include scientists, administration officials,andIndianandAmericanwinnersoftheWorldFoodPrize. All are united in what Dr. Borlaug in his Nobel acceptance speech called a “vast army” in the battle against hunger. More broadly, 21st-century agriculture represents a noble applicationof our collective human ingenuity. May victory in thisstruggle come soon. ■

— The Editors

이번 호를 내면서

인류의가장오랜투쟁은적절한식량공급을목적으로하며,다양한전

선에서다양한무기를동원하여여전히진행중에있다.영국의학자토마스맬서스(1766년–1834년)는인류의생존가능성에대해회의를표한바있다.그는1798년도에저술한글에서“인구수가생존수단을앞지르는시기가이미오래전에도래했다”는결론을내렸다.맬서스는그결과로“궁핍과죄악”이초래될것이라고예상했다.전반적으로맬서스의예상은부정확한것으로드러났는데,적어도현재까지는그렇다.인도출신의노벨경제학상수상자아마르티아센이1994년에지적하였듯이,당시세계인구는맬서스의“인구론”초판발행이후거의6배나증가한상황이었다.그럼에도불구하고1인당식량소비가증가했고,기대수명이연장되었으며,생활수준도일반적으로향상되었다.

이에기여한주된요소가바로농학자이자노벨평화상수상자인노먼볼로그(1914년–2009년)가주창한“녹색혁명”이다.노먼볼로그는이번호에여러차례등장하는인물이다.그러나인구와식량공급간의경쟁에있어서명확한승자는아직

까지가려지지않은상태이다.센은자신의저서에서“세계인구가10억명에도달하는데수백만년이소요된이후,123년만에20억,33년만에30억,14년만에40억,13년만에50억으로증가하였다…”고밝힌바있다.현재세계인구는68억명으로추산되는데,이중10억2천만명이영양부족상태인것으로추정된다.이들에대한식량공급을가능케하는21세기농업구축방안이이번호「전자저널USA」의주제이다.기술력과농업기법의결합은다양한분야의발전을예고하고있다.즉,식량공급이더욱풍부해질것으로예상되는데,건강에보다유익하고세계시장에서구입이가능한식량이많아짐에따라보다많은이들이풍요로움을누릴수있게될것이다.농업은새로운형태의청정에너지공급을위한열쇠를쥐고있기도하다.본호에서자신의의견을피력한이들중에는과학자,행정관리,

인도및미국출신의세계식량상수상자등이있다.볼로그박사가노벨상수락연설에서언급한기아와의전쟁을치르는“대군”의세력에이들모두가힘을합치고있다.보다포괄적인관점에서,21세기농업은전인류가머리를맞대고뛰어난창의성을발휘해야하는분야이다.인류가이러한전투에서곧승리를거둘수있기를기원한다.■

―편집부일동

Dav

e Re

ede/

CO

RBIS

eJournal USA 4

U.S. Department of State / March 2010 / Volume 15 / Number 3 미 국무부 / 2010년 3월 / 통권 15권 / 제3호

http://www.america.gov/publications/ejournalusa.html

6

FOOD SECURITY

Every Link in the Food ChainAn Interview With M. Vijaya Gupta and Philip E. NelsonTwo winners of the annual World Food Prize discuss technologies and strategies for advancing agriculture and solving world food needs.

Food for the WorldThe World Food Prize rewards individuals who have improved the quantity, quality, or availability of food for the world.

Bring Fish From the WatersM. Vijaya Gupta is known as the father of the “blue revolution” for spreading the techniques and technologies of aquaculture to developing world farmers.

Fresh From Farm to PlatePhilip E. Nelson’s work assures the freshness andpurity of food products.

U.S. Food Policy Aims for “Transformational Change”The Obama administration is advancing a Global Food Security Initiative.

Life on the LandA photo story depicts the bond between farmfamilies and the land.

21st-Century Agriculture 21세기 농업

6 식량공급망의 모든 구성요소M. 비자야 굽타 및 필립 E. 넬슨과의 인터뷰세계식량상 수상자 두 사람이 농업 발전과 세계 식량 수급문제

해결을 위한 기술과 전략을 논의한다.

세계를 위한 식량세계식량상은 세계식량의 수량, 품질 또는 가용성 개선에 기여

한 이들에게 수여된다.

버려진 물을 이용한 양어(養魚)M. 비자야 굽타는 수산양식 기법과 기술을 개도국 농부들에게

보급하기 위한 “청색혁명”의 아버지로 알려져 있다.

신선한 식품을 농장에서 식탁까지필립 E. 넬슨의 업적 덕분에 식료품의 신선도와 순도가 보장된

다.

‘혁신적 변화’를 목표로 하는 미국의 식량정책오바마 행정부는 세계 식량안보 구상을 제시하고 있다.

식량안보

땅에서의 삶사진 에세이는 농가와 땅 사이의 유대관계를 묘사한다.

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eJournal USA 5

AGRICULTURE AND GLOBALIZATION

The Borlaug Legacy: A New Paradigm for Agricultural ResearchRoger Beachy, Director, National Instituteof Food and AgricultureThe U.S. Department of Agriculture works to achieve a transformative change in agriculture to support the needs of the world’s population.

Feeding the “Hidden Hunger”The lack of proper nutrients is the cause of malnutrition, and global aid efforts address the problem.

Crops Will Provide 21st-Century EnergyElisa Wood, www.RealEnergyWriters.com Agriculture has the potential to provide crops and plant waste that can serve as fuel in the emerging area of bioenergy.

Bioenergy: Available, Renewable, SustainableBioenergy can be created from many sources.

International Agricultural Trade: IllustratedA graphic look at the bounty of global agricultural trade.

Agriculture in the Global Marketplace Dr. C. Peter Timm er, Thoma s D. Cab ot Professor of Development Studies, Emeritus, Harvard UniversityGlobalization is affecting agriculture production in a variety of ways from crop selection to marketing.

Nature + Science = New CropsA photo story describes how science works to give food crops qualities that nature overlooked.

Water Sustains AllAgriculture is the largest consumer of the planet’s fresh water supplies.

The Legacy of Plant LifeThe international community safeguards thousands of different plant samples and seeds to preserve the genetic diversity of the plant kingdom.

By the NumbersA collection of statistics about global agriculture.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCESA collection of books, articles, and Web sites aboutthe latest trends in agriculture.

볼로그의 유산: 농업 연구의 새로운 패러다임로저 비치, 국립식품농업연구소(NIFA) 소장미 농무부는 세계 인구의 식량수요를 충족하기 위한 농업의 혁

신적 변화를 이루기 위해 노력한다.

농업과 세계화

“숨겨진 기아” 해소를 위한 식량 공급적절한 영양소의 결핍은 영양실조의 원인이며, 범세계적 지원

노력을 통해 이 문제가 해결된다.

21세기 에너지 공급원으로 활용될 작물엘리사 우드, www.RealEnergyWriters.com농업은 새롭게 부상하는 바이오 에너지 분야에서 연료 역할을

할 수 있는 작물과 식물 폐기물을 제공할 수 있는 잠재력을 가지

고 있다.

가용성, 재생가능성 및 지속가능성을 갖춘 바이오

에너지바이오 에너지는 많은 공급원에서 만들어질 수 있다.

국제농업무역: 삽화 설명국제농업무역을 그림으로 살펴본다.

국제시장에서의 농업C. 피터 티머 박사, 하버드대학교 토마스 D. 카봇 개발학 명예교수

세계화는 작물선택에서 마케팅에 이르기까지 다양한 방식으로

농업생산에 영향을 미치고 있다.

자연 + 과학 = 새로운 작물과학이 어떻게 작용하여 식용작물에 자연이 간과한 특성을 부여

하는지 설명한다.

물은 모든 것을 지탱하는 힘지구의 담수는 농업에 가장 많이 소비된다.

식물 유산국제사회는 수천 종의 식물 샘플과 종자를 보호하여 식물왕국의

유전적 다양성을 보존한다.

통계 자료전세계 농업에 관한 통계모음

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42 42 추가 자료농업의 최근 동향에 관한 서적, 기사 및 웹사이트 모음

eJournal USA 6

Producing enough food to nourish populations of the future is among the most urgent and compelling problems facing humankind today. The World Food Prize is presented each year to an individual who has “advanced human development by improving the quality, quantity, or availability of food in the world.” Launched in 1986, the prize has honored the work of diverse individuals whose achievements have focused on different aspects of agriculture, such as the development of stronger plants or techniques to make fallow land productive. World Food Prize laureates are among the most qualified people to find ways to meet food demands of the future. Two of these scientists offer their views on these pages. Dr. M. Vijaya Gupta of India won the 2005 World Food Prize as a leader of the “blue revolution,” a campaign to promote aquaculture. His methods of fish farming have increased the protein and mineral content in the diets of more than 1 million families. Dr. Philip E. Nelson, an American citizen, holds the 2007 World Food Prize for his technological breakthroughs revolutionizing the food industry in the area of sanitary, large-scale storage and transportation of fresh fruits and vegetables.

Question: What do you consider to be the single most effective action that could be taken in the near term with available technologies to increase world food production?

Gupta: I think the most effective action that is needed is technology andfinancialtransferfromthedevelopedcountriestothedevelopingcountries. I consider this to be the most important action if you are looking at shortterm gains in production. We need a technology transferalongwiththefinancialassistancetoimplementthesetechnologiesindeveloping countries. Presently agriculture productions are low in most of the developing countries as compared to the developed countries due to lack of

미래의인구에게영양을공급하는데충분한식량을생산하는것은오늘날인류가직면하고있는가장시급하고불가피한문제중의하나이다.“세계적으로식량의품질,수량또는가용성을향상시킴으로써인류의발전을증진한”자에게매년세계식량상이수여되고있다.1986년도에도입된이상은더욱튼튼한작물을개발하거나휴경지를비옥하게만드는기법을개발하는등농업의각분야에집중된업적을거둔다양한이들의노고를치하해왔다.세계식량상수상자들은미래의식량수요충족방안을모색하는데있어서가장뛰어난자질을갖춘이들에속한다.이들과학자중두명이아래와같이자신의견해를피력했다. 인도의M.비자야굽타박사는수산양식증진운동인“청색혁명”의지도자로2005년도세계식량상을수상했다.그의양어방식은1백만여가구의식단에서단백질과무기질성분을증대시켰다.미국시민인필립E.넬슨박사는신선과일과채소의위생적인대규모저장및운송분야에서식품산업에혁신을일으킨획기적기술성과로2007년도세계식량상을수상했다.

질문:세계식량생산의증대를위하여현재의가용기술로단기적으로취할수있는가장효과적인한가지조치는무엇이라고생각하는가?

굽타:우리에게필요한가장효과적인조치는선진국이기술과자금을개도국에이전하는것이라고생각한다.단기적생산증대를모색한다면,이것이가장중요한조치로보인다.기술이전과더불어개도국에서기술을구현하기위한금융지원이필요하다. 현재,개도국대부분의농업생산은생산에서마케팅에이르기까지적절한기술의부족과정부의개발프로젝트수행에필요한금융자원의부족으로인하여선진국에비해저조한수준에머무르고있다.개도국은단기적식량생산의증대를위하여특히생명공학및유전학분야에서의생산기술향상과과도한로열티부담이없는종자개량을필요로한다.

넬슨:기술이전의필요성에대하여분명히동의한다.다만우리가실질적으로집중해야할주요분야는전체식량공급망이다.생산이매우중요하지만,수확이후상품이소비자에공급되기전까지이를보존하는것역시무척중요하다.

Every Link in the Food ChainAn Interview With M. Vijaya Gupta and Philip E. Nelson

식량공급망의 모든 구성요소M. 비자야 굽타 및 필립 E. 넬슨과의 인터뷰

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Juice packaged in boxes stays fresh because of the work of World Food Prize winner Dr. Philip Nelson.

세계식량상 수상자인 필립 넬슨 박사의 노고 덕분에 팩에 포장된 주스의 신선도가 유지된다.

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전체식량공급시스템의검토를통하여즉각적으로상당한효과를볼수있을것이라생각한다.

질문:전세계적으로10억명이식량부족을겪고있는것으로추산된다.세계의식량생산은적절한수준이나모든식량수요자에게적절히공급되지못하고있을뿐이라는말을들은적이있다.유통또는저장이개선될경우기아문제가해결될것이라는점이두분이말하고자하는취지인가?

굽타:그렇다.운송및저장과정에서상당한손실이발생하기때문에,저장문제는해결되어야할사안중하나일것이다.그러나이밖에도적절한수준의식량생산이이루어져야하며,식량접근성역시빈곤으로인한또다른우려사항이다.인도의경우,수년간잉여식량이생산되었음에도불구하고,정부가우기중에잉여식량을저장할적절한저장소를갖추지못하고있다.한편에서는생산과잉이발생하고있으나,또다른한편에서는구매력결핍으로인해사람들이기아에시달리며죽어가고있는것이다.

넬슨: 이에대해모두동의한다.우리가가장크게오해하고있는것은빈곤이영양실조의원인이라는것이다.가난한이들에게자금을공급하고유통이이루어지도록할수있다면,굶주림과기아해소에상당한진전을이룰수있을것이다.

굽타:현재,개도국에서는굶주림과기아가발생하고있다.수요국에식량원조가제공되고있다.그러나해당국가또는지역내에서의식량생산을발전시켜야한다.이를통하여생계유지와고용기회창출이이루어지고,저렴한가격으로식량이생산되기때문이다.선진국에서식량을생산하여매우많은비용을들여개도국으로장거리운송하기보다는이와같은방안을검토해야한다.

넬슨: 전적으로이에동의한다.금년초의아이티사태와같은자연재해,정치적불안또는기타예측불가능한혼란상황으로인하여세계식량계획및기타원조기관등의기관들이늘필요할것이라는데에는의문의여지가없다.그러한종류의긴급지원이앞으로도필요하겠지만,지역사회에서농업을확립하고현지에서상품을판매하기위한시장을개발해야한다.

질문:이제여러분의전문분야에서진행중인진척상황으로주제를돌리자면,굽타박사는소규모수산양식기업이더욱확장될것으로예상하는지?

굽타:매우그렇다.원래내활동반경은아시아에집중되어있었지만,현재는동일기술과방법론이아프리카국가들로이전되고있다.핵심적사안을논하자면,세계수산양식생산의90퍼센트가아시아에서이루어진다.[6페이지]과거아프리카에서는해당국국민의사회,경제및문화적측면이고려되지않은채이러한기술을통째로아시아에서도입–이전하려는수많은노력이있었다.결국이러한노력은실패로끝나고말았다.원조제공국들은해당국에수백만달러를투입했다.과거에이와같은실수를범했던것이다. 내연구는지역사회와긴밀히협력하고사회배경,경제상황및문화적측면을우선적으로이해한다음,지역사회에적합한기술을개발하는방식으로

appropriate technologies — from production to marketing — and thefinancialresourcesnecessaryforthegovernmentstoimplementdevelopment projects. The developing countries need the improved production technologies — especially in the area of biotechnology andgenetics and improved seeds without excessive royalties — for increasing food production in the near term.

Nelson: I’d certainly agree with technology transfer. I think the main thing we really need to focus on is the total food chain. Production is critical, but also preserving that product after it has been harvested and before it is delivered to the consumer. I would say we could have a big immediate impact by looking at that total food chain delivery system.

Q: An estimated 1 billion people globally don’t have enough to eat. I have heard it said that adequate food is produced in the world, but it just isn’t available to all the people who need it. Is that what you gentlemen are saying — if distribution or storage were better, the hunger problem would be solved?

Gupta: Yes, probably storage is one thing because there are quite a bit of losses in transportation and storage. But besides that, you need tohave adequate food production, and access to the food is another concern because of the poverty. In India, some years we have surplus food production, but the government doesn’t have adequate silos to store the surplus food during the monsoon rains. On one side we have the excessive production; on the other side, people are starving and dying because they do not have the purchasing power.

Nelson: I agree with all that. The biggest thing that we misunderstand is that malnutrition is probably because of poverty. So if we can get some funding in the hands of the poor, and get the distribution accomplished, we could go a long way in reducing starvation and hunger.

Gupta: Presently, what is happening is starvation and hunger in the developing countries. Food aid is coming into the countries where there is need. But we have to develop the production within the countries or within the region as that will create livelihoods and employment opportunities and produce the food at an affordable price. We have to look at that, rather than growing the food in the developed countries and then transporting over long distances to the developing countries at a very high cost.

Nelson: I agree with that 100 percent. There’s no question that we’re always going to need agencies like the World Food Programme, and other aid agencies, because of natural disasters — as we saw earlier this year in Haiti — political unrest, or other unforeseen, disruptive events. We are going to need that kind of emergency input, but we’ve got to establish agriculture in the local communities and develop markets for their goods at the local sites.

Q: Turning now to the ongoing progress in the areas where you gentlemen specialize, Dr. Gupta, are you seeing further expansion of small-scale aquaculture ventures?

Gupta: Very much so. Though my work was originally concentrated in Asia, now the same technologies and methodologies are being transferred to African nations. If you look at their core concern, 90 percent of the world’s aquaculture production comes from Asia. So lots of efforts have been made in the past in Africa to take these technologies from Asia in toto and transfer them to Africa without taking into consideration the social, economic, and cultural aspects of the people in those countries. And this effort has failed. Millions of dollars have been put into these countries by the donor nations. So that was a mistake that had been made in the past. My research is concentrated in starting the development of

Bodies of water in low-lying Bangladesh give local people an opportunity to increase food sources through aquaculture. Dr. M. Vijaya Gupta’s promotion of aquaculture helped to increase fish production in Bangladesh by tenfold.

저지대인 방글라데시의 수역은 지역민들에게 수산양식을 통한 식량공급원 증대기

회를 제공한다. M. 비자야 굽타 박사의 수산양식 홍보는 방글라데시의 어류생산이

10배로 증가하는데 기여했다.

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technologiesbyworkingcloselywiththecommunities,firstunderstandingtheir social background, economic situations, and cultural aspects, and then developing technologies that are suitable to those communities. Thesecondaspectthatwelookedatwasthefishproductionbythesmallfarmerstoimprovetheirnutritionalstatusbyconsumingthefishthey have grown in their backyard ponds. Our assumption at that timewasthatthey’llbeabletoeatmoreofthefishtheyhaveproducedandhave better health. But this was a mistake that has been made in the earlier stages of our research because the small farmers are looking for cash economy. They want the cash income because their needs are muchmorethaneatingthefish.Sowhatwefoundinourworkisthatactually80to90percentofthefishproducedbythesmallfarmers,evenfromhomestead ponds, are sold in the market as they fetch high prices. Then they’llbuycheaperdriedfishfortheirownconsumptionandotherdaily necessities. This has resulted in improved nutrition, not because they areeatingthefishtheyhaveproducedinthehomesteadpond,butbecauseofthecashincometheywereabletogeneratethroughfarmingfishintheirponds. So this is what we have taken into consideration in my work, closely understanding their needs, and the market demands, and developing technologies that will bring cash income to these poor households.

Q: Dr. Nelson, how do you see that the storage and preservation technologies in which you specialize may be applied to the output of aquaculture producers to greater effect?

Nelson: I’m very excited about Dr. Gupta’s work because I think it really contributessignificantlytoourworldfoodsecurity.IhaveaslideIuseinpresentationsthatusestheChineseproverb:Giveamanafishandyoufeedhimforaday;teachamantofishandyoufeedhimforalifetime.Iaddanotherlinetothat:Ifyouteachamantopreservehisfish,hewilllive forever, feed a community, and have some money. So that is the focus of my activity, on that piece of the total food chain, tryingtogivedevelopingworldfarmersthemeanstopreservefish,grains,fruits, and vegetables, and then also to develop local markets. In many developing countries, now in their large cities, thereis a greater demand for more product. If small, developing world farmers canlearnhowtoproduceandtransportproducttofulfillthatdemand,Ithink we have some opportunities now to have a major impact on poverty and hunger.

Q: Small farmers in developing countries are frequently lacking adequate vehicles to get their products to market, or passable roads that lead to the market. How do donor nations help address those problems?

Nelson: It will take a team effort. Addressing just one aspect won’t do. There’s got to be market development, improved infrastructure. Certainly it is more complicated than simple technology transfer. We have some good examples where pockets of these activities are working. In Malawi, a project called Millennium Villages has brought significantimprovementtovillagesthatincludeagriculture,waterconservation, health improvement, improved education, etc. Still, Africa lags behind the rest of the world in all aspects of infrastructure development. We want to take those examples and multiply them. I hope to do that by having an international center, which will be focused on food technology development and the expansion of markets. I’m hoping for a major thrust with lots of support from an array of organizations to focus on this activity.

Q: Give us one of these good examples you refer to.

Nelson: Working with plant breeders, food technologists have found a mutant variety of sorghum grain. A protein within that grain acts a lot

기술개발에착수하는데집중되어있다. 우리가관심을가진두번째사안은영세농민의어류생산인데,그목적은영세농민이직접뒷마당연못에서키운어류를소비함으로써영양상태를개선할수있도록하는것이었다.당시우리는영세농이직접적어류생산을통하여어류를좀더많이섭취하여건강이개선될것이라고가정했다.그러나이는연구의초기단계에서저지른실수였다.영세농들은현금경제를추구하기때문이다.이들이필요로하는것은어류소비이상이기때문에,이들은현금소득을원한다.영세농이심지어농가연못에서까지생산한어류의80~90퍼센트가실제로시장에서판매되고있다는것을연구과정에서파악할수있었는데,이는높은가격이붙기때문이다.이와같은시장판매이후,영세농은직접적소비용도로보다저렴한건어물과기타생필품을구입한다.결과적으로이들의영양상태가개선되었는데,이는영세농이농가연못에서생산한어류를소비했기때문이아니라연못을이용한양어를통하여현금소득을창출할수있었기때문이다. 그리하여우리는연구시에이와같은상황을고려하였고,영세농의사정과시장의수요를면밀히이해하며이들과같은빈곤가정에현금소득을안겨줄기술을개발했다.

질문: 넬슨박사는본인이전문으로하는저장및보존기술이수산양식자들의생산개선에어떻게적용될수있을것으로보는가?

넬슨: 나는굽타박사의작업에굉장한관심을가지고있다.실제로그러한작업이세계식량안보에상당한기여를한다고생각하기때문이다.나는‘물고기한마리를주면하루의양식을주는것이고,물고기잡는법을가르치면평생의양식을주는것이다’라는중국속담이담긴슬라이드를프레젠테이션에서활용하는데,여기에한줄을덧붙인다.‘물고기를보관하는법을가르치면영원히생계를유지하고,지역사회에식량을제공하며,약간의돈까지벌수있다’는것이다. 그래서내활동은전체식량공급망중에서특히이분야에초점을맞추고있는데,이는개도국농부들에게어류,곡물,과일및채소의보존수단을제공하는동시에지역시장을개발하기위한노력의일환이다.현재많은개도국의경우,대도시에서각종상품의수요가증대되고있다.개도국영세농이그러한수요를충족하기위한상품의생산과운송방법을배울수있다면,현재빈곤과기아를상당히개선할수있는기회가있다고본다.

질문:개도국영세농들에게는상품을시장으로운송하기위한적절한수단이나시장까지갈수있는통행가능한도로가없는경우가많다.원조제공국들은이러한문제의해결을어떻게지원하고있는가?

넬슨:여기에는공동의노력이요구될것이다.단한가지측면만을해결하는것으로문제가해결되지는않을것이다.시장개발및인프라개선이필요하다.이는분명단순한기술이전보다더욱복잡한문제이다.이와같은활동이효과를

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Development of markets at the local level, such as this one in Nepal, is another step toward improving access to food and building food security, experts say.

네팔의 이 시장과 같은 지역적 시장의 개발은 식량 접근권 개선과 식량안보 구축을

향한 또 하나의 조치라고 전문가들은 말한다.

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발휘하고있는몇가지좋은사례가있다. 말라위에서는‘밀레니엄빌리지’란프로젝트를통하여농업,수질보전,보건개선,교육향상등마을에상당한개선이이루어졌다.아프리카는인프라개발의전분야에있어서여전히세계여타지역에비해낙후되어있는상태이다. 우리는그와같은사례들을적용하고더욱늘려가고자한다.[7페이지]식량기술개발및시장확대에주력할국제센터의건립을통하여이러한목표를달성하고자한다.이러한활동에전념하기위하여각종조직의막대한지원을바탕으로상당한업무추진력을확보할수있기를희망한다.

질문:언급하신좋은사례중하나에관해설명해달라.

넬슨:식품공학자들은식물육종가와의협력과정에서곡식용수수변종을발견했다.해당곡물의단백질은밀단백질과성격이매우유사하다.바게트빵이인기가있는세네갈같은국가의경우,국민수요충족을위한식빵제조에필요한밀일체를수입하고있다.현재우리가시험하고있는개념은이와같은변종수수를통하여수입밀의약50퍼센트를해당지역에서재배된곡식용수수로대체할수있는곡물의생산이가능할것인가이다.우리는이를통하여해당지역주민들이만족할만한바게트를생산할수있기를바란다.이를바탕으로세네갈내에서어떻게지역농부들의시장활동기회가향상되고수입밀의수요가감소될것인가를상상해볼수있다. 식품가격은세계기아에있어서고려해야할또다른요소이다.상품을대량수입하는경우에문제가될수있으며,자원고갈이야기된다. 우리는말라위에서여성들과협력을펼치고있으며,이들이생산하는상품에대한마케팅을개선할수있는소규모기업집단을개발하고있다.그러나현재이와같은소규모기업집단은10개에불과하며,이모델을만배로확대해야한다.

질문:굽타박사는본인의수산양식기법을채택하여주민의전반적삶의질을개선한마을의사례를공유해주겠는가?

굽타: 1986년에방글라데시에서수행했던작업을일례로들수있다.잘알다시피,방글라데시는국토의3분의2가연중약4~6개월동안침수된다.물이무척많지만,방글라데시의국민생활에서생선이가장중요한상품임에도불구하고생선을구하기가힘들다.이나라에서는거의매년홍수가발생하기때문에,농가들이높은땅에작은오두막과집을짓는다.집을지을높은땅을만들기위하여이들은집근처의땅에서흙을파내는데그러한과정에서작은배수로나연못을만든다.농촌지역에서이와같은연못과배수로수십만개를찾아볼수있었다.내가그곳에갔을때,연못과배수로는물옥잠과불쾌한수생잡초로뒤덮이고버려진모기의번식지였다.그래서나는가정의영양분공급원이될수있는이작은연못들을어떻게이용할수있을까에대해고민했다. 나는생물학자이기때문에당시농촌의생활방식,즉주민의문화나경제에대해알지못했다.가계소득증가및가족구성원의영양상태개선에기여할수있는수산양식을보다조속히보급하기위하여,나는풀뿌리차원에서활동하던방글라데시의일부비정부기구와힘을합쳤다.이들비정부기구가관련

like wheat protein. To a country like Senegal where they like baguettes, they import all the wheat to make the bread that the local people desire and want. The concept we’re testing now is that this mutant sorghum strain would produce a grain that could be used to replace, maybe, 50 percent of the imported wheat with the locally grown sorghum grain. We’re hoping that would produce a baguette that is acceptable to the population. You can imagine how that would improve the market opportunities for the local farmers and reduce the need for imported wheat in Senegal. Food prices are another factor in world hunger. When you are importing great quantities of commodities, that can be a problem and it’s a drain on their resources. In Malawi, we’re working with women, and developing small, entrepreneurial groups that will be able to better market their products. But we’re talking about 10 small groups and we need to spread this model 10 thousandfold.

Q: Dr. Gupta, will you share an example where a village adopted some of your aquaculture techniques and improved overall quality of life for its people?

Gupta: Take, for example, my work in Bangladesh, where I went way back in 1986. As you know, two-thirds of the country goes underwater for about four to six months of the year. There’s so much water, but very little fish,eventhoughfishisthemostimportantcommodityinthelivesoftheBangladeshis.Thecountryisfloodedalmosteveryyear,sotherural households construct their small huts and houses on elevated land. To have an elevation for the house, they dig some soil from land adjacent to the house, and in the process they create small ditches or ponds. There were hundreds of thousands of such ponds and ditches in the rural scenery. When I went there, they were lying fallow, covered with water hyacinth, an obnoxious aquatic weed, and were breeding grounds for the mosquitoes. So I was looking at how we could use theselittle ponds that could provide nutrition for the families. I’m a biologist, so I didn’t know at that time about the rural way of life — the culture of the people, or the economy of the people. I joined hands with some of the nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) ofthe country who were working at a grassroots level so we could move faster toward aquaculture that could increase the family income and improve the nutrition of the family members. Once these nongovernmental organizations were convinced of the economic viability ofthesetechnologies,wewenttothevillages;firstwemade an effort to understand the people, their culture, their economic situation. Then we started with small, low-cost technologies without risk of investment, trying the technology in their ponds, demonstrating thesetechnologies to them. We went to a number of villages, and actually we had more than 10,000 farmers as collaborators in our technology demonstrations and “on-farm” research. So once we were able to show that the unutilized ponds and small roadside ditches can give anywhere from two to three tonsoffishperhectarewithinfourtosixmonthsoftime,therewastremendous response and adoption of technologies. I should say that this has revolutionized rural aquaculture that has led to improved livelihoods and nutrition of the rural populace. That was the firststepwedid. Second, we realized that most of the rural women were working in the house, but not employed otherwise. We thought that if we could involve the women in this low-cost, low-input simple technologies, the women would add income to the family in addition to that of the husband, who works as an agricultural laborer or some other position as that. So we motivated them, trained them, and the NGOs came forward with small

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A fisherwoman in Cameroon displays the catch. Fish is a major source of dietary protein for Africans.

카메룬의 한 여성어부가 자신이 잡은 물고기를 보여주고 있다. 아프리카에서 어류는 주요 식이단백질

공급원이다.

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loans without any collateral. This has worked very well. Nowabout60percentofruralfishfarmersinBangladesharewomen. So that has resulted in increasing the household income, and improved the status of the woman in the house and also in the society. Before that, she was just a worker. I have seen a picture, promoted by one of the NGOs there, of a woman with 12 hands. One hand is holding the baby, the other is sweeping the house,theotheriscooking,anothercuttingthefirewood,andonandon.The title of the painting was “My Wife Does Not Work.”She does everything! But unless she is bringing in a cash income, she is not regarded as working. So that’s why we brought women into the picture with a low-input technology. Then once they got trained, and gottheconfidence,theywantedintensiveproductiontechnologiesforhigherbenefits.Nowsomeofthemareinvolvedinfish-seedproduction[controlledbreedingoffishasinahatchery],whichismorelucrativethanfishaquaculture. When I went to Bangladesh the aquaculture production was less than 100,000 tons. Now it is nearing 1 million tons. So it is not only increasing the production, but creating livelihoods for rural communities where there are very few opportunities for income.

Q:Politicalfactorscanalsobeinfluentialinfoodsecurity.Policiescanencourage or discourage production, and certainly there are regimes in the world that don’t place great importance on the nutrition and well-being of their people. How do you weigh the political issues contributing to hunger?

Nelson: I’m a scientist, a technologist, so that question is best posed to others. But certainly that is a major barrier in a number of areas of the world, particularly Africa. We have seen what can be done in countries where that has changed. Malawi is a good example. India is goingthrough a renaissance as the government is beginning to focus on developing more processing techniques as a way to preserve their products and get them distributed. Governments can make a big difference.

Gupta: We are not just to look at technology, but must also look at procurement prices for farmers. When there is a bumper crop, the market pricecomesdownandthefarmersarenotabletomakeanyprofit.Onone side, the input costs — the fertilizer, the pesticide — are going up while on the other side, there is no guaranteed or minimum price for their commodity. It has happened in my country — when there is a bumper crop, the market price comes down and the farmers are not able to recover the expenses incurred for producing that crop. Because of this, at times the farmers involved in food production are moving away from food crops toward the farming of commercial crops — cotton, tobacco, sugarcane, and things like that. So the government needs to ensure a minimum price for the farmers, which will take care of their well-being.

Q: The great unknown challenging global agriculture today is the effect that climate change may have as time unfolds. Let’s talk about your expectations a moment. Dr. Gupta, take us back to Bangladesh, a low-lying country that will be especially vulnerable to the sea level rise that is predicted to result from climate change.

Gupta: Much work has been done with regard to the impact of climate changeoncrops,butnotmuchinformationavailableasitrelatestofish.Nevertheless, looking at what might happen in the oceans, there is going tobeabigimpactoncapturefisheries.Globalwarmingwillchangethefishdiversity,thefishdistribution,andabundance.Climatechangeandglobalwarmingwillresultintheacidificationoftheseawaterthatwillhave an impact on shell-bearing organisms, like the shrimp, oysters, clams, etc. To an extent, this will have an impact on aquaculture. So we arelookingatdevelopingstrainsoffishthataretoleranttosalinity.So

기술의경제적실용성을확신하게되었을때,우리는마을로향했다.우리는우선주민과그들의문화및경제상황을이해하기위한노력을기울였다.그리고는투자리스크없이소규모저비용기술로작업에착수하여,이들의연못에서기술을시험하고이들에게기술을시연했다. 우리는수많은마을을방문했고,실제로1만여농민이우리의기술시연및“농장현지”연구에협력자로참여했다.미사용연못과길가의작은배수로에서4~6개월이내에1헥타르당2~3톤의생선을생산할수있다는사실을입증할수있게되자,엄청난반응과기술채택이뒤를이었다. 이를통하여농촌의수산양식에대변혁이일어났다고감히말할수있다.이는농촌주민의생계와영양개선으로이어졌다.이것이바로우리가취한첫번째조치였다. 둘째로우리는농촌여성대부분이가사일을할뿐,달리고용된상태가아님을깨달았다.우리는이와같은저비용,저투입단순기술에여성들을참여시킬수만있다면이들이농업노동자또는기타이와유사한직업을지닌남편의소득에부가적가계소득을올릴수있을것이라고생각했다.그래서우리는이들여성에게동기를부여하며교육을실시했고,비정부기구들은무담보소액대출을제공하고나섰다.이는상당히훌륭한효과를냈다.현재방글라데시농촌양어업자의약60퍼센트가여성이다. 이는가계소득의증가와가정과사회내에서의여성지위향상이라는결과를낳았다.과거여성은노동자에불과했다. 방글라데시비정부기구중하나가홍보용으로사용하는그림중에12개의손이있는여성의그림을본적이있다.한손으로는아기를안고,다른손으로빗자루로집을쓸고,또다른손으로요리를하고,또다른손으로장작을자르는등의일을하고있는모습이었다.이그림의제목은“내아내는일을하지않는다”였다.그녀가온갖일을다하고있는데도말이다!여성은현금소득을올리지않는한,일을하는것으로간주되지않는다.바로이러한이유로저투입기술을통해여성의참여를유도한것이다.여성들은일단훈련을받고자신감을얻게되면,보다많은이익을얻기위한집약적생산기술을배우기를희망했다.현재이들여성중일부는어류수산양식보다금전적으로유리한어류종자생산[부화장에서와같은통제형양어]을실시하고있다. 내가방글라데시에갔을당시의수산양식생산량은10만톤미만이었는데,현재는100만톤에육박하고있다.이는소득창출의기회가거의없는농촌사회에서생산을증대하고있을뿐만아니라생계수단을창출하고있다.

질문:식량안보에있어서정치적요소도상당한영향을미칠수있다.정책으로인해생산이장려되거나위축될수있으며,이세상에는국민의영양과복지에큰중요성을부여하지않는정권들이분명존재한다.정치적사안이기아문제에어떻게작용하고있다고보는가?

넬슨: 나는과학자이고기술전문가이므로,그러한질문은다른이들에게던지는편이보다적절할것이다.그러나세계의많은지역,특히아프리카에중대한장벽이존재한다는것은분명한사실이다.우리는이러한상황에변화가일어난국가에서무엇이가능한가를지켜보아왔다.말라위가좋은사례이다.인도의경우에는정부가상품보존및유통방안으로서더욱다양한처리기법개발에주력하기시작함에따라부흥이일어나고있다.정부가큰차이를만들어낼수있다.

굽타: 우리는기술을고려할뿐아니라,농부들을위한조달가격을고려해야한다.풍작을거두는경우,시장가격이인하되고농부는이윤을거둘수없다.한편으로는비료,살충제등의투입원가가상승하고있고,또다른한편으로는상품의보증가격또는최저가격이적용되지않는다.우리나라에서이러한일이일어났다.풍작일경우,시장가격이하락하고농부는해당작물의생산경비를회수할수없게되는것이다. 그렇기때문에식량생산에참여하는농부들은때때로식용작물이아닌면,담배,사탕수수등의상업작물재배로발길을옮긴다.그러므로정부는농부들의복지를책임질최저가격을농부들에게보장해야한다.

질문: 글로벌농업이직면한커다란미지의도전과제는시간이흐름에따라기후변화가가져올영향이다.잠시여러분이예상하고있는내용에대해이야기를나누어보자.굽타박사에게방글라데시문제를다시한번논할것을요청한다.방글라데시는기후변화로인하여초래될것으로예상되는해수면상승에특별히취약한저지대국가이다.

굽타:기후변화가작물에미치는영향과관련하여많은연구가수행되어왔으

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For more than 20 years, the World Food Prize has rewarded individuals from any country who have made great strides in improving the quantity, quality, or availability of food for the world.

The prize represents a dream of Dr. Norman Borlaug. Known as the father of the Green Revolution, Borlaug devoted his life to increasing agriculture productivity. The methods he pioneered provided greater crop yields to feed expanding populations in the developing world. After winning the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize, Borlaug envisioned a similarly prestigious award to focus attention on agricultureandtoinspireotherstoachievementinthefield. Since its 1986 inception, the World Food Prize, a $250,000 award, has recognized scientists and politicians from all world regions for diverse accomplishments. It is sponsored by businessman and philanthropist John Ruan and is headquartered in Des Moines, Iowa, a city in one of the great U.S. farming regions. Dr. Gebisa Ejeta, an Ethiopian expert in plant breeding and genetics, won the Food Prize in 2009 for his development of sorghum hybrids that can survive harsh conditions. Sorghum is one of the world’s principal cereal grains, a dietary mainstay in some regions. Ejeta’s achievement will increase crop productivity and enhance food supplies for hundreds of millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa. Other winners have been recognized for making unproductive land suitable for farming, developing new plant hybrids, and designing social programs to feed the poor.

지난20여년간세계식량상은세계식량의수량,품질또는가용성개선에있어비약적발전을이룩한이들에게국적을불문하고수여되어왔다.

이상은노먼볼로그박사의꿈을구현한것이라할수있다.녹색혁명의아버지로알려진볼로그는농업생산성향상에전생애를바쳤다.그가개척한방식은증가일로에있는개도국인구에게식량을공급할수있도록작물수확량을증대하는데기여했다.볼로그는1970년노벨평화상수상이후,이와대등한권위를지닌상으로서농업에관심을집중시키며농업분야에서다른이들의성과를독려하는상의제정을구상했다. 25만달러의상금이수여되는세계식량상은1986년에제정된이래로전세계과학자와정치인들의다양한공로를치하해왔다.사업가이자독지가인존루안의후원을받는세계식량상은미국의대표적농경지대에위치한아이오와주디모인에본부를두고있다. 에디오피아의식물육종및유전학전문가인게비사에제타박사는혹독한조건하에서도생육가능한수수교잡종개발로2009년에세계식량상을수상했다.수수는세계의주요곡물중하나로서,일부지역에서는주식으로이용된다.에제타의업적을통하여수억명에달하는사하라남부아프리카인구의작물생산성이증대되고식량공급이제고될것이다. 기타수상자들은불모지를농업에적합한땅으로탈바꿈시키고,새로운식물교잡종을개발하고,가난한이들에게식량을공급하기위한사회적프로그램을고안한업적을인정받았다.

Food for the World세계를 위한 식량

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Dr. Gebisa Ejeta, winner of the 2009 World Food Prize, works in a field of sorghum, a primary food grain in many countries. He developed sorghum hybrids that can survive harsh conditions.

2009년도 세계식량상 수상자인 게비사 에제타 박사가

다수 국가의 주요 식용작물인 수수밭에서 작업하고 있

다. 그는 열악한 환경을 견뎌낼 수 있는 수수 교잡종을

개발했다.

more needs to be done to mitigate the impact of climate change.

Q: Dr. Nelson, what’s going on in the processing and preservation links of the food chain to cope with climate change?

Nelson: Climate change is putting pressure on the geneticists and plant breeders to develop varieties that can withstand droughts and reduced temperatures. That part of the production chain is critical, and without that kind of activity, I think we’re looking at some major effects. Onthe other hand, as climate changes that means there will be differences in the production areas. That means more distribution is going to be required as we move products from one area to another, as temperatures and climates lend themselves to production. I mentioned earlier that we are beginning to develop an international center here at Purdue. We’ve received some funding to do that, and the focus will be on technology and market development and reducingproduct losses in that part of the world where hunger threatens populations. We think there is a need to bring international focus to this area of the food chain, reduce hunger, and increase food security.

Gupta: I think that improving the livelihood of the farmer has to be part of the solution too. Food production by itself will not solve the problem unless we can reduce poverty and hunger. So we are working from theperspective of creating livelihoods and improving the lives of the people in rural communities. ■

The opinions expressed in this interview do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. government.

나,어류에관해서는가용정보가별로없는상황이다.그럼에도불구하고해양에서발생가능한상황들을고려할때,야생어류에엄청난영향이발생할것이다.지구온난화로인하여어류다양성,어류분포및개체수에변화가발생하고있다.기후변화와지구온난화는새우,굴,조개등껍데기가달린생물체에영향을미칠해수산성화를야기할것이다.이는수산양식에도어느정도영향을미칠것이다.그렇기때문에우리는염분에강한어종의개발을모색하고있다.기후변화의영향을완화하기위하여보다많은조치를취할필요가있다.

질문: 넬슨박사,기후변화에대처하기위하여식량공급망중처리와보존이라는요소에대하여어떠한일이진행되고있는가?

넬슨: 기후변화로인하여유전학자및식물육종가들은가뭄과기온저하를견뎌낼수있는품종을개발해야한다는압력을받고있다.이는생산망에서매우중대한부분으로,그와같은활동을하지않을경우상당한영향이발생할것으로보인다.또다른한편으로,기후의변화에따라생산지역에도변화가일어날것이다.이는기온과기후의생산적합성에따라상품생산지역이동이발생하게되면서배급의확대가필요할것이라는의미이다. 이곳퍼듀에서국제센터건립에착수하고있다는사실을앞서밝힌바있다.이를위하여우리는이미일부자금을지원받았고,주민이기아로부터위협받고있는세계일부지역에서기술및시장을개발하고상품손실을축소하는데주력할것이다.우리는식량공급망중이분야에국제적관심을집중시키고,기아를완화하고,식량안보를증진할필요가있다고생각한다.

굽타: 나는농민의생계개선을해결방안의일부로포함시켜야한다고생각한다.빈곤과기아완화가이루어지지않는다면,식량생산자체만으로는문제가해결되지않을것이다.그렇기때문에우리는지역사회주민의생계확보와생활개선이라는관점에서노력을펼쳐나가고있다.■

위에게재된의견은미국정부의견해나정책과는다를수있습니다.

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Farmers everywhere have faced the same problem for millennia: They need land and rain to coax a crop from the ground. M. Vijaya Gupta won the World Food Prize in 2005 because he found a new answer to that age-old problem. He showed poor people in South and

Southeast Asia how to yield a crop from abandoned ponds, roadside ditches, and other unused bodies of water. He showed them how to recycle what wasthoughttobefarmwaste—weeds,manure,andricebran—anduseitasfeedtoraiseacropoffish.With these lessons from this Indian scientist, more than 1 million poor families have increased the protein and minerals in their diets, contributing to better health and greater longevity. Calledaleaderinthe“bluerevolution,”Guptataughtpoorfamiliestoconvertsmallbodiesofwaterinto“mini-factories,”producingfishfor

food. He, and organizations he recruited to assist, taught aquaculture techniques to poor people, training them to breed fishandincreaseyieldsforgreater income. Gupta’s work began with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research in the 1960s and spread over the decades to Bangladesh, Vietnam, Indonesia, and other countries.InBangladeshalone,fishyields increased from 304 kilograms per hectare involved in aquaculture to more than 5,000 kg per hectare. In his native India, his aquaculture techniques increased yields as much as twentyfold. Gupta’s work has focused not on yields alone, but also on sustainability. He coordinated the International Networkon Genetics in Aquaculture to encourage support for maintaining biodiversity, and has trained some 300 Asian scientists

in developing sustainable production techniques. According to the World Food Prize citation, “Dr. Gupta has been a lifelong catalyst in expanding the global reach and effectiveness of aquaculture.” Gupta has been a consultant to many organizations such as the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the U.S. Agency for International Development, the U.N. Development Programme, the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, and others. Gupta is a retired assistant director general of the World Fish Center and remains a senior research fellow at that organization, devoted to reducing poverty and hunger through the improvement of fisheriesandaquaculture.■

전세계의농민들은수천년간동일한문제에직면해왔다.그것은바로땅에서작물을수확하기위해서는토지와강우가필요하다는것이다.비자야굽타는이와같은오랜문제에대해새로운해답을발견한공로로2005년도에세계식량상을수상했다.그는남아시아및동남아시아의가

난한이들에게버려진연못,길가의배수로,기타사용되지않는물줄기를이용한수확방법을제시했다.그는이들에게농장부산물로여겨지던잡초,거름,쌀겨등을재생하여양어용사료로이용할수있는방법을제시했다. 이인도출신과학자가알려준교훈덕분에,1백만여빈곤가정의식단에서단백질과무기질성분이증가함으로써이들의건강향상및수명연장에이바지했다. “청색혁명”의지도자로불리는굽타는작은물줄기를식용어류를생산하는“초소형공장”으로탈바꿈시키는방법을빈곤가정에가르쳤다.굽타와지원제공을위하여그가결집한조직들은가난한이들이어류를양식하고소득증대를위한생산물을증대할수있도록훈련시키며,이들에게수산양식기법을가르쳤다.굽타의작업은1960년대에인도농업연구위원회에서시작되었으며,수십년에걸쳐방글라데시,베트남,인도네시아및기타국가로확대되었다. 방글라데시만보아도어류생산량이수산양식지역1헥타르당304킬로그램에서1헥타르당5,000킬로그램이상으로증가했다.굽타의고국인인도의경우,그의수산양식기법으로인하여생산량이20배나증가했다. 굽타의연구는생산량뿐아니라지속가능성에도초점을맞추었다.그는생물다양성유지를위한지원을증진하기위하여국제수산양식유전학네트워크(InternationalNetworkonGeneticsinAquaculture)와협력했고,지속가능한생산기법개발작업에서약300명의아시아과학자를훈련시켰다. 세계식량상표창장에따르면,“굽타박사는일평생수산양식의국제적범위와효과를제고하는기폭제역할을해왔다.” 굽타는세계은행,아시아개발은행,미국국제개발청,유엔개발계획,유엔식량농업기구등다수의조직에자문을제공해왔다.굽타는세계어류센터(WorldFishCenter)사무국장보를역임한바있으며,동기관의선임연구위원으로재직하면서어류및수산양식개선을통하여빈곤과기아해소에헌신하고있다.■

Bring Fish From the Waters / 버려진 물을 이용한 양어(養魚)

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Dr. M. Vijaya Gupta (center) taught aquaculture techniques to rural people in their South Asian villages.

M. 비자야 굽타 박사(가운데)는 남아시아 농촌 주민들에게 수산양식 기법을 가르쳤다.

World Food Prize Laureate 2005 / 2005년도 세계식량상 수상자

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If you’ve ever had soup or milk or juice from a box, then you know the work that won the World Food Prize in 2007. Aseptic (sanitary) food processing technologies allow consumers in developed nations to toss a box of juice in a picnic basket. But these methods

also preserve crops, prevent spoilage, and increase the availability of safe and nutritious foods. Dr. Philip E. Nelson developed “innovative breakthrough technologies, which have revolutionized the food industry … in the area of large-scale storage and transportation of fresh fruit and vegetables,” according to the World Food Prize citation. Aseptic food processing allows juices and other liquid foodstuffs to be packaged and shipped around the world in mass quantities. Here’s how it works. Once plant or animal products are made into food — fruits into juice, for instance — Nelson’s process allows sterilization of the food and the package, and the transfer of the food into the package. The output is a safe, stable product that can be easily transported without refrigeration, and can remain in storage for considerable periods of time before being shipped to market or being used by the consumer. In the process, food is passed through a thin pipe in which it is rapidly heated to kill any pathogens, then quickly cooled to maintain the freshness of

the food. Nelson began his innovative work while on the faculty at Purdue University in Indiana. The process already had been developed, but Nelson found ways to apply it on a large scale, as large as the 500,000-gallon containers used in intercontinental shipping. Nelson’stechniqueshavebenefitteddevelopingworld countries where crop spoilage can consume as much as 50 percent of yields in some places. Aseptic processing has also been a key technology in the expansion of feeding and nutrition programs in the developing world and in providing stores of products available for transport to regions stricken with disaster, such as the 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean. Nelson is the Scholle Chair Professor of Food Processing in the Department of Food Sciences at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. ■

당신이팩포장된스프,우유또는주스를먹어본경험이있다면,2007년도세계식량상수상

에빛나는업적을이미알고있는것이다.선진국소비자들은무균(위생)식품가공기술덕분에팩주스를피크닉바구니에담아갈수있게되었다.한편이러한방법을통하여작물을보존하고,부패를방지하며,안전하고영양가높은식품의가용성을증대할수있게되었다.세계식량상표창장에의하면필립E.넬슨박사는“신선과일과채소의대규모저장및운송분야에서식품산업에변혁을야기한혁신적인핵심기술”을개발했다.무균식품가공을통하여주스및기타액체식품을대량으로팩포장하여세계전역으로운송할수있다.그자세한방식은다음과같다.식물또는동물제품이식품으로제조되면(예:과일을주스로만드는경우),넬슨의가공방법을바탕으로식품과팩포장을살균하고,식품을팩안에투입할수있다.그결과,냉장할필요없이쉽게운송이가능하며시장에출하되기전또는소비자가소비하기전까지상당기간동안보관이가능한안전하고안정적인상품이생산된다.

그러한과정에서식품은얇은파이프를통해운반되는데,병원체살균을위하여이파이프안에서식품을급속가열한후식품신선도유지를위하여급속냉각을실시한다.넬슨은인디애나퍼듀대학교교수로재직중일당시에이와같은혁신적연구에착수했다.이러한공정이이미개발된상태였지만,넬슨은대륙간운송에이용되는50만갤런컨테이너수준의대규모적용방안을찾아냈다. 넬슨의기법은작물의부패로인하여지역적으로수확량의최대50퍼센트에피해가발생하는일부개도국에혜택을안겨주었다.또한무균처리는개도국에서섭식및영양프로그램을확산시키고2004년의인도양쓰나미발생당시처럼재난발생지역으로운송가능한상품을제공하는과정에서주요기술로자리매김하였다. 넬슨은인디애나주웨스트라피엣소재퍼듀대학교식품과학부의식품가공분야석좌교수로재직중이다.■

Fresh From Farm to Plate / 신선한 식품을 농장에서 식탁까지

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Dr. Philip Nelson won the World Food Prize for his development of packaging methods thatallow safe and sanitary transport and storage of liquid foods and juices.

필립 넬슨 박사는 액체식품 및 주스의 안전하고 위생적인 운송.보관을 가능케 하는 포장방법 개발로 세계식

량상을 수상했다.

World Food Prize Laureate 2007 / 2007년도 세계식량상 수상자

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“The true sign of success is not whether we’re the source of perpetual aid that helps people scrape by, it’s whether we are partners in building

the capacity for transformational change.”President Obama in Ghana, 2009

Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack announced details of the U.S. Food Security Initiative on World Food Day in October 2009.

The goals are:•Reducehungersustainably,•Raisetheincomesoftheruralpoor,•Reducethenumberofchildrensufferingfromunder-nutrition.

Five key principles guide the initiative:•TheUnitedStateswillworkwithpartnercountriestocreateand implement plans.•Theinitiativewillinvestinthetoolsnecessarytosupportfarmers,their skills, and perseverance.•Theinitiativewillcoordinatecloselywithlocalandregionalefforts.•Theinitiativewillsupportthemultilateralinstitutionscombatingworld hunger.•Theinitiativewillbealong-termandaccountableU.S.commitment.

In fulfilling the initiative, scientists and experts at the U.S. Department of Agriculture will:•Applythemselvestoimprovingthenutritionalandproductivevalueof crops around the globe;•Helppartnersresolvetechnicalchallengesrelatedtoirrigation,crop improvement, pest eradication, and other problems;•Helpothernationstraintheirfutureagriculturalleaders.

U.S.officialsemphasizethatfoodsecurityisimportantinachievingeconomic, environmental, and national security. ■

“성공의진정한징후는다른이들이간신히생계를꾸려나갈수있도록영구적인지원의손길을내미는것이아니라,혁신적변화역량

구축의협력자로활동하는것이다.”오바마대통령,2009년가나

힐러리클린턴국무장관과톰빌색농무장관은2009년10월세계식량의날에미국식량안보구상의세부내역을발표했다.

그 목표는 다음과 같다:

•지속가능한기아완화•농촌빈곤인구의소득증대•영양실조아동감소

본 구상의 기본이 되는 5대 주요 원칙은 다음과 같다:

•미국은계획수립및이행을위하여협력국들과협력한다.•본구상을통하여농민들과그들의기술및불굴의의지에지원을제공 하는데필요한도구에투자한다.•본구상을통하여지방및지역차원의활동과긴밀한조율을실시한다.•본구상을통하여세계기아퇴치에힘쓰는다자간기관들을지원한다.•미국은본구상에장기적으로책임있는헌신을다한다.

본 구상의 이행에 있어서, 미 농무부의 과학자와 전문가들은 다음과 같은 조치를 취한다:

•세계전역에서작물의영양적–생산적가치를개선하는데전념한다.•협력대상자들이작물개선,해충박멸및기타문제와관련된기술적과제들을해결할수있도록돕는다.•여타국가의미래농업지도자교육을돕는다.

미국관리들은경제,환경및국가안보달성에있어서식량안보가중요한역할을담당함을강조하고있다.■

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The U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization reports that one in nearly every six people lacks adequate food to live an active and healthy life.

유엔식량농업기구의 보고에 따르면, 약 6명당 1명이 활동

적이고 건강한 생활을 하는데 필요한 적절한 식량이 부족

한 상태에 있다고 한다.

U.S. Food Policy Aims for“Transformational Change”

The Obama administration initiative to improve foo d security worldwide“혁신적 변화” 를 목표로 하는 미국의 식량정책

전세계 식량안보를 개선하기 위한 오바마 행정부의 구상

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Anthropologists have long believed that agriculture provided the seeds from which civilization grew. When early

humans realized how they might nurture the growth of food plants, rather than simply forage for their fruit, many gave up a nomadic life to tend the same land each year. Scholars of early human civilization believe that this settled lifestyle, and the cultivation of crops, led to a need to barter or sell the harvest, and so came markets, settlements, and towns. Agriculture has served as a force to build communities throughouthumanhistory—thesharedworkofthefields,theshared bounty and hardship, the community celebration of the harvest. In many countries, rural populations have dwindled as farming has become more mechanized and young people seek opportunities in the cities. The dominance of farming as a way of life has diminished in industrialized countries. World demographers calculate that recent years marked a turning point where more people live in cities than in the country. Still, a shared life on the land remains a bond for families and communities in many places. What they produce is the food, fiber,andfueloftheentirepopulation,nurturingandsustainingus all each day.■

인류학자들은농업이문명성장의토대를제공했다는오랜믿음을가지고있다.원시인들이단순히과일을찾아다니는

대신식용작물을재배하는방법을알아냈을때,많은이들이매년동일한토지를경작하고자유목민생활을포기했다.인간의초기문명을연구하는학자들은그와같은정착생활과작물재배는수확물의교환또는판매필요성을불러일으켰고,그로인하여시장,정착지및마을들이생겨났다고생각한다. 인류역사에있어서농업은지역사회구축의원동력으로작용해왔다.즉,공동으로밭일을하고,풍요로움과어려움을함께나누며,지역사회차원에서수확을축하하게된것이다. 농업기계화가진전되고젊은이들이도시에서의기회를찾아농촌을떠나감에따라,많은국가에서농촌거주인구가감소하고있다.선진국에서는생활양식으로서농업이지녔던우월적위상이축소되고있다.세계의인구통계학자들은최근몇년이도시거주인구가농촌거주인구를추월하는전환점이었다고평가한다.그럼에도불구하고,땅에서공유하는삶이가족과지역사회의결속력으로작용하는곳이여전히많다.이들은날마다우리에게영양분을공급하여우리를지탱시켜주는식량,식물섬유및연료를생산하고있다.■

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An Indian farmer goes to work in a paddy field near Gauhati, India.

한 인도 농부가 인도 가우하티 인근의 논에서 일을 하러 가고 있다.

Life on the Land땅에서의 삶

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This roof garden atop London’s Trafalgar Hotel is part of an effort to create new gardens across the city where citizens may grow food for themselves or their communities. The Capital Growth scheme has provided both financial support and coaching to create 100 gardens around the city.

런던 트라팔가 호텔의 이 옥상정원은 도시 전역

에서 시민들이 개인 또는 지역사회를 위하여 식

용작물을 재배할 수 있는 새로운 정원을 가꾸는

노력의 일환으로 조성되었다. 수도성장(Capital

Growth) 계획 하에서, 런던 전역에 100개의 정

원을 조성하기 위한 재정적 지원 및 코칭 서비스

가 제공되었다.

Farm workers carry cucumbers to market in Allahabad, India. Agriculture employs more than half of India’s population, although it comprises less than 20 percent of the economy.

인도 알라하바드의 농장 노동자

들이 오이를 시장으로 운반하고

있다. 농업이 인도경제에서 차지

하는 비율은 20 퍼센트 미만이지

만, 인도 인구의 절반 이상이 농

업에 종사하고 있다.

First lady Michelle Obama invited elementary school children to the White House in 2009 to help plant a vegetable garden. She also is leading a campaign to combat childhood obesity and to promote the health benefits of eating fresh foods.

2009년 영부인 미셸 오바마는 초등학생 어린이들을 백악

관으로 초대하여 채소밭에 채소를 심는 작업을 돕도록 했

다. 또한 그녀는 아동비만을 퇴치하고 신선식품 섭취의

건강상 유익을 널리 알리는 캠페인을 주도하고 있다.

Village women separate dust from rice grain, the most important crop of Bangladesh. About 45 percent of the population works in agriculture. Seasonal monsoons flood nearly a third of the country each year, frequently destroying crops and causing extensive damage to agricultural infrastructure.

마을여인들이 방글라데시에서 가장 중요한 작물인 미곡에서 겨를 분리하고 있다.

방글라데시 인구의 약 45퍼센트가 농업에 종사한다. 계절적 몬순기후로 인하여

매년 국토의 3분의 1가량이 침수되어 작물이 파괴되고 농업인프라에 광범위한 피

해가 발생하는 경우가 많다.

Women farmers share their lunch in a field in southern Jordan. Almost 50 percent of farm workers in many countries are women, and they play a vital role across the range of agricultural systems including production, processing, and marketing of farm products.

요르단 남부의 밭에서 여성농부들이 점심을 나누어먹고 있다. 다수의 국가에서 농장

노동자 중 여성의 비율이 50 퍼센트에 육박하고 있는데, 이들은 농축산물의 생산, 처

리 및 마케팅을 포함하는 농업 시스템에서 중추적 역할을 담당한다.

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Young men harvest squash on a farm in New Brunswick, Canada. Agriculture comprises only 2 percent of the Canadian economy, but its vast land expanses allow this North American country to be the world’s second largest producer of rapeseed, grown for animal feed; the vegetable oil, Canola; and biofuel.

젊은이들이 캐나다 뉴브런즈윅의 한 농장에서 스

쿼시(호박)를 수확하고 있다. 캐나다 경제에서 농

업이 차지하는 비율은 2퍼센트에 불과하지만, 북

미 대륙에 위치한 캐나다는 광대한 국토 덕분에 세

계 2위의 동물사료용 유채씨, 식물성 유지 카놀라

유 및 바이오 연료 생산국이 될 수 있었다.

Chinese farmers operate a reaping machine, harvesting wheat in Jiangsu province. China is the world’s biggest grain producer, and aims further to boost production to feed its population, approaching 1.4 billion, the largest in the world.

중국 강소성의 한 농부가 자동 수확기를 이용하여 밀을 수확하고

있다. 중국은 세계 최대의 곡물생산국으로서 세계최대규모인 14억

에 육박하는 인구에게 식량을 공급하기 위하여 생산을 더욱 증진하

고자 한다.

A family in Poland farms at the foothills of the Tatra Mountains. About 60 percent of the nation’s land is devoted to agriculture and the country is a significant exporter of bacon, ham, and frozen fruits and vegetables.

타트라 산맥의 기슭에 위치한 폴란드의 농장에서

한 가족이 노동을 하고 있다. 폴란드 토지의 약 60

퍼센트가 농업에 이용되고 있으며, 폴란드는 베이

컨, 햄, 냉동 과일 및 채소의 주요 수출국이다.

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A farmer and his wife survey their soybean crop in the U.S. state of Iowa. This couple owns one of more than 88,000 farms in the Midwestern state.

미국 아이오와 주의 한 농부와 그의 아내가 대두 밭을 살펴보고 있다. 이 부부

는 미국 중서부 아이오와 주에 소재한 88,000여 개 농장 중 하나를 소유하고

있다.

A farmer works in his cocoa plantation in Brazil’s Para state. Brazil is a major food supplier to international markets, with the agricultural and food sectors comprising 28 percent of the country’s gross domestic product.Economic and trade stability and regulatory reforms have encouragedagriculture and boosted the nation’s output in recent years. Brazil is an important producer of sugar, ethanol, beef, poultry meat, and coffee.

한 농부가 브라질 파라주의 코코아 플랜테이션에서 일하고 있다. 브라질은

국제시장의 주요 식량 공급국으로서, 농식품 부문이 브라질 국내총생산의

28 퍼센트를 차지하고 있다. 최근 수년간 경제 및 무역 안정과 규제개혁을

통하여 농업이 장려되고 생산량이 증대되었다. 브라질은 설탕, 에탄올, 소

고기, 가금류 고기 및 커피의 주요 생산국이다.

Farmers carry bundles of straw to market in Agartala, India. The straw is used as cattle feed in India. Indian farmers lead the world in production of lemons, limes, and other tropical fruits.

농부들이 인도 아가르탈라의 시장으로 짚단을 운반하고 있다. 인도에서는 밀짚을

소 사육용 사료로 사용한다. 인도 농민들은 레몬, 라임 및 기타 열대과일 생산에

있어서 세계를 선도하고 있다.

A shepherd milks sheep, a product that ranks fourth in Jordan’s overall agricultural output. Although agriculture remains economically important, its share of Jordanian gross national product has been in decline as the industrial and service sectors of the economy have expanded.

한 목동이 요르단 전체 농산물 중 4위 상품인 양젖을 짜고 있다. 농업은 여전

히 경제적 중요성을 지니고 있으나, 요르단 경제 중 산업 및 서비스 부문의 확

대에 따라 국민총생산에서 농업이 차지하는 비중이 감소하고 있다.

Diverse people meet in community gardens, such as this one in Roanoke, Virginia. Forty gardeners share a space in a working class neighborhood. Burundian refugee Shemezimana Ezekiel meets garden founder Mark Powell (center) and Judy Powell.

버지니아 주 로어노크의 이곳 정원과 같은 지역사회 정원에서 다양한 이들이 서로

만나고 있다. 이 노동자 계층 거주지에서 40명의 정원사들이 한 공간을 공유한다.

브룬디 난민인 셰메지마나 에제키엘이 정원 설립자인 마크 파월(중앙) 및 주디 파

월과 만나고 있다.

Life … Land / 삶과 땅…

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A Chinese woman in Guangxi province waters her vegetables, using water carried by buckets from the lake in the background. China is a major producer of a variety of vegetables such as carrots, turnips, eggplant, squash, and onions.

광서성에서 한 중국인 여성이 배경 속의 연못

에서 바가지로 퍼온 물을 채소에 뿌리고 있다.

중국은 당근, 순무, 가지, 스쿼시, 양파 등 다

양한 채소의 주요 생산국이다.

Life … Land / 삶과 땅…

A farmer from the U.S. state of Illinois handles soybean seeds in a bin attached to planting machinery that will sow multiple seed rows. This farmer grows corn and soybeans on his 525 hectares. Nearly 80 percent of the state’s area is agricultural land, divided into more than 75,000 farms. Marketing of soybeansaccounts for about one third of the state’s $9 billion annual agricultural production.

미국 일리노이 주의 한 농부가 여러 개의 열에 파종작업

을 할 식재작업기에 부착된 통 안의 대두종자를 처리하

고 있다. 이 농부는 525헥타르의 농지에서 옥수수와 대

두를 재배하고 있다. 일리노이 주 토지의 약 80퍼센트가

농경지로 75,000여 개의 농장으로 이루어져있다. 대두

판매는 90억 달러에 달하는 일리노이 주 연간 농업생산

량의 약 3분의 1을 차지한다.

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Norman Borlaug applied the latest technological and scientific advances to the age-old goal of feeding the world’s people and revolutionized food production. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) aims to continue his work and achieve equally transformative change for the health of global society. Roger Beachy is chief scientist and director of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture in the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Prior to his 2009 appointment, Beachy was founding president of the Donald Danforth Science Plant Center, which is dedicated to improving the human condition through plant science.

Theopportunitytotrulytransformascientificfieldoccursatbestoncea generation. The recently deceased Norman Borlaug seized one such opportunity. In a career spanning four decades, but especially

during the 1960s, Borlaug revolutionized production of wheat, rice, and maize — the staple crops that feed most of the world. The Nobel Peace Prize was only one among the many honors bestowed on Borlaug for his contributions to the “Green Revolution.” At his death in 2009, he was hailed by developing countries as one of America’s great heroes for his many contributions to global food security. The president and prime minister of India, to offer but one example, called Borlaug’s life and achievement “testimony to the far-reaching contribution thatoneman’stoweringintellect,persistence,andscientificvisioncanmake to human peace and progress.” Today, Borlaug’s insights inform an intenseefforttoharnessthelatestscientificadvancestotheoldestofgoals:assuring adequate, nutritious food for all the world’s citizens.

노먼볼로그는세계인에게식량을공급한다는오랜목표에최신기술과과학발전을적용하고,식량생산에변혁을야기했다.미농무부는세계보건을위하여그의작업을지속하며이와동일한수준의혁신적변화를달성하고자한다. 로저비치는미농무부국립식품농업연구소(NIFA)의핵심과학자이자소장이다.비치는2009년도에연구소소장으로임명되기전까지식물학을통해인류의상황을개선하는데헌신한도날드댄포드식물학센터의창립회장으로재직한바있다.

과학분야의진정한변화기회는기껏해야한세대에한번밖에찾아오지않는다.최근사망한노먼볼로그는그와같은한번의기회를포착했다.볼로그는40년간의경력을통하여특히1960년대에세계인구대부분

의주곡인밀,쌀및옥수수생산에혁명을일으켰다. 노벨평화상은“녹색혁명”에대한공로로볼로그가누렸던수많은영예중하나에불과했다.그가2009년도에사망했을때,개도국들은세계식량안보에대한수많은공로를인정하여그를미국의위대한영웅중한명으로칭송했다.일례로인도의대통령과수상은볼로그의인생과업적을가리켜“한사람의탁월한지성,인내와과학적비전이인류평화와발전에얼마나지대한영향을미칠수있는가를보여주는증거”라고말한바있다.[19페이지]오늘날,볼로그의통찰력은모든세계인들에게영양이풍부한적절한식량공급을보장한다는가장오랜목표를달성하기위하여최신의과학적발전을활용하려는적극적노력에영향을미치고있다.

볼로그의 연구

볼로그가멕시코에서행한초기연구는질병저항력을갖춘밀품종의개발과도입을목표로하였다.볼로그는부적절한자원,열악한장비및훈련된과학

The Borlaug Legacy: A New Paradigm forAgricultural Research

Roger Beachy

볼로그의 유산: 농업 연구의 새로운 패러다임 로저 비치

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Dr. Norman Borlaug (standing, left) introduced planting techniques to increase yields and feed greater numbers of people. He talks with other agricultural researchers in Mexico in 1983.

노먼 볼로그 박사(좌측에 서 있는 인물)는 수확량 증대를 통하여 보다 많은 이들에게 식량을 공급할 수 있는 식재 기법을 도입했다. 1983년

에 그가 멕시코의 농업 연구자들과 이야기를 나누고 있다.

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Borlaug ’s Work

Borlaug’s early work in Mexico aimed to develop and introduce disease-resistant wheat strains. It was so hampered by inadequate resources, poor equipment, and the lack of trained scientists that Borlaug thought seriously about leaving the project. His new idea — to shuttle wheat seeds to new locations where altitude and temperature differences would allow a second growing season — ran afoul of conventional botanical wisdom. But he persevered. Risking his career and reputation, he pursued the new double season regimen. He held fast to a tightly focused agenda, developing new strains with high potential for quick and tangible outcomes, scaled up his work to include many geographic areas and environments, and kept the end goal — reducing hunger by improving wheatyield—fixedfirmlyinmind. By 1963, 95 percent of Mexico’s wheat harvest derived from Borlaug’s improved varieties — and the harvest was six times higher than in 1944, whenhefirstbeganhisworkthere.Mexicohadnotonlybecomeself-sufficientinwheatproduction,itwasanetwheatexporter. Borlaug’s success in boosting Mexican yields repeated itself over six decadesofincrediblescientificadvances.Thesesavedhundredsofmillionsthroughout the developing world from starvation and malnutrition. His work touched small- and large-scale farmers alike. It ishard to imagine a staple crop anywhere in the world where Borlaug’s tools, techniques, or actual hands-on research have not led to substantial improvements in production, nutritional quality, or resilience of crops to pests, disease, or adverse climatic conditions. Borlaug’s sweeping transformation of global plant cultivation is truly alegacytoadmire.Butforthoseofuswhomanagescientificendeavors,he left another enduring legacy: He was not afraid to take risks. He focused on solving large-scale problems with similarly large-scale research, and he worked on projects where the payoff in food security was tangible and immediate. Borlaug proved that science and technology could improve the well-being of people across the globe. In his last years, he realized that future challenges demanded new tools, new strategies, and new intellect if science is to improve the human condition further. In the agriculturecommunity, we can put this legacy, and this insight, into action.

Adapting Borlaug ’s Legacy for a New Era

New challenges make it necessary that we again transform agriculture through science and new technologies. Our food production systems face many challenges that threaten our ability to provide a safe,adequate, and nutritious food supply. The U.N.’s Food and Agriculture Organization predicts that food production must double by 2050 to meet global demand, even as it faces new threats. Our food supply mustadequately address nutritional issues that range from obesity to malnutrition. Additionally, we need to develop processes and technologies that protect our food from microbial contamination. Even as demand for food grows, competition for the energy needed to produce it increases. The International Energy Outlook 2009, published by the U.S. Department of Energy, projects that total world consumption of marketed energy will increase by 44 percent from 2006 to 2030, most notably in China and India. New renewable energy sources must enter the production chain if we are to assure adequate food supply. Agriculture can play a key role in developing those energy sources. Agricultural science must respond to these pressures, both to ensure the sustainabilityoftheU.S.food,fuel,andfibersystemandtoaddresssomeof the world’s most intractable problems. In this spirit, Borlaug would have welcomed the National Academy of Sciences’ new report,A New Biology for the 21st Century, as the next great step in harnessing science to solve societal challenges. Its recommendations speak to values he held dear:

자의부재로너무도많은어려움을겪은나머지프로젝트를포기하는것을심각하게고려하기도했다.고도와기온차로인해2기작이가능한새로운장소로밀종자를운송하겠다는그의새로운착상은식물학적통념에배치되는것이었다. 그러나그는이에굴하지않았다.그는자신의경력과명성을손상시킬위험을무릅쓰고,새로운2기작농법을추진했다.이와같이철저한목적의식을지닌안건에매달린끝에그는결국신속하고유형적인성과를창출할가능성이높은신품종을개발해냈고,다수의지역과환경을포괄하여연구범위를확대하였으며,밀수확량향상을통한기아완화라는최종적목표를항상가슴깊이간직했다. 볼로그의개량종은1963년까지멕시코밀수확량의95퍼센트를차지하게되었다.이러한밀수확량은그가멕시코에서연구에착수한1944년에비해6배나증가한것이었다.멕시코는밀생산과관련하여자급자족을이루었을뿐아니라,밀의순수출국이되었다. 멕시코의수확량증가에있어서볼로그가거둔성공은60년에이르는놀라운과학적발전기간동안지속적으로반복되었다.이를바탕으로수억명에달하는개도국국민을굶주림과영양실조로부터구해낼수있었다.그의연구는소규모와대규모영농모두에대하여동일한영향을미쳤다.볼로그의도구,기법또는실제적인직접연구를통하여생산,영양품질또는병충해나기후악조건에대한작물회복력개선에상당한개선을달성하지못한주요곡물은세계어디에서도찾기가어렵다. 볼로그가불러일으킨세계식물재배의포괄적변혁은진정추앙받을만한유산이다.그러나과학적노력의관리를담당하는우리와같은이들에게그는또다른영속적유산을남겼다.그는위험을무릅쓰는것을두려워하지않았다.그는대규모연구로대규모문제를해결하는데집중했고,유형적이고즉각적인식량안보상의이익을가져오는프로젝트에참여했다. 볼로그는과학기술이전세계인의복지를개선할수있음을입증했다.그는말년에과학을통해인간이처한상황을좀더개선하기위해서는미래의과제

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The Agriculture Research Service of USDA is enhancing thephytonutrient content and longevity of tomatoes with geneticengineering techniques. This scientist is working at an agency laboratoryin Beltsville, Maryland.

미 농무부 농업연구소는 유전공학기법을 통하여 토마토의 식물영양소 함량과 수명

을 늘리고 있다. 이 과학자는 메릴랜드 주 벨트스빌의 한 실험실에서 연구를 수행하

고 있다.

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•Takingbold,risk-takingapproachestounderstandingfundamental questions in biology;•Tacklingcomplexscientificchallengeswithalaser-tightfocus on areas where the “new biology” can offer the most promise of transformative breakthroughs;•Scalingupresearcheffortsacrossdisciplinaryboundariestomatch the complexity and magnitude of 21st-century problems;•Ensuringthatourprogressinscienceismeasuredbytangible impacts on human health, food security, and environmental stewardship.

The New Biology report recognizes the magnitude of these challenges and of the research effort required to meet them. The report explains how future advances will rely upon a more fundamental understanding of plant life itself:The long-term future of agriculture depends on a deeper understanding of plant growth. Growth — or development — is the path from the genetic instructions stored in the genome to a fully formed organism. Surprisingly little is now known about this path in plants. A genomesequence provides both a list of parts and a resource for plant breeding methods, but does not give the information needed to understand how each gene contributes to the formation and behavior of individual plant cells, how the cells collaborate and communicate to form tissues(such as the vascular system, or the epidermis), and how the tissues function together to form the entire plant. The report recommends deploying new technologies to help understand how plants grow and thrive, including modeling and simulation tools to visualize growth and development at the cellular and molecular levels.Thegoal,thereportsays,isamoreefficientapproachtodevelopingplant varieties that can be grown sustainably under diverse local conditions. Developing these new tools will make possible new methods and techniques to address problems in health, energy, and environment as well as traditional agriculture. We take precisely this approach at the U.S. Department of Agriculture. We are committed to combating world hunger by developing new crop varieties that can grow and thrive under environmental stress. We will

해결에새로운도구,새로운전략및새로운지성이요구될것임을깨달았다.농업계에서는이러한유산과통찰력을실행에옮길수있다.

새로운 시대를 위한 볼로그의 유산 적용

새로운문제들로인하여과학과신기술을통해다시한번농업에변혁을일으켜야한다.우리의식량생산시스템은안전하고적절하며영양이풍부한식량의공급능력을위협하는여러가지문제에직면하고있다.유엔식량농업기구는식량생산이새로운위협에직면한가운데세계적수요를충족하기위해서는2050년까지식량생산을두배로늘려야할것으로내다보고있다.식량공급은비만에서영양실조에이르는다양한영양상의문제들을적절하게해결할수있어야한다.또한,우리는미생물오염으로부터식품을보호하는프로세스와기술을개발해야한다.

식량수요의증가에따라,식량생산에필요한에너지에대한경쟁도가중되고있다.미국에너지부가발행한「2009년도국제에너지전망(InternationalEnergyOutlook2009)」의예상에따르면,2006년부터2030년까지세계의시판에너지총소비량이44퍼센트증가할것이며,특히중국과인도에서그러한현상이두드러질것이라고한다.적절한식량공급을확보하기위해서는새로운재생에너지원의생산망이가동되어야한다.농업은이와같은에너지원개발에서중대한역할을담당할수있다. 농학은미국의식량,연료및섬유시스템의지속성을확보하고세계에서가장까다로운문제점들을해결하기위하여이와같은압력에대처해야한다.이러한맥락에서볼때,미국과학한림원(NAS)의새로운보고서인‘21세기를위한신생물학(ANewBiologyforthe21stCentury)’을볼로그가보았다면사회문제해결을위한과학활용의위대한다음단계라며환영했을것이다.이보고서에제시된권고는아래와같이볼로그가소중히여겼던가치들을논하고있다:

•생물학의근본적문제들을이해하기위한대담하고과감한접근방법을취한다;•“신생물학”을통한혁신적약진의가능성이가장큰분야에철저히초점을맞춤으로써복잡한과학적과제들을해결하고자노력한다;•21세기가당면한문제의복잡성과심각성에따라학문간의경계를가로지르는연구노력을제고한다;•과학적발전이인간의건강,식량안보및환경적책무에대한유형적영향에기반하여평가되도록한다.

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The National Institute for Food and Agriculture conducts research to achieve national objectives, such as improving childhood nutrition. These New York City students are eating in a school cafeteria where they are served nutritious, low fat, and locally grown food.

국립식품농업연구소는 아동의 영양상태 개선 등 국가적 목표 달성을 위한 연구를 실시하고 있다. 뉴욕시의 이 아동들은 이 지역에서 재배된

풍부한 영양의 저지방 음식을 제공하는 학교 식당에서 식사를 하고 있다.

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employ every means in the science toolkit to this end; we cannot afford to ignore any scientificfieldthatpromisesbreakthroughs toward global food security. We know that this research will yield collateral health, energy, and environmentalbenefits.Theadvances will help American farmers remain competitive in the global agricultural marketplace, even as we reduce the toll from starvation and malnutrition in other countries. Today’s challenges require more than new ideas and new tools. A new approach to how research is funded and managed, and its successes measured, is required. For USDA, that new approach is represented by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), launched bySecretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack in late 2009. In setting up NIFA, USDA turned to colleagues in other U.S. governmentscientificagenciesto identify “best practices” for managing federal grants. Among the lessons we learned and will implement:

•Greatertransparencyandaccountabilitywillinformourgrantmaking.•Weshallresolvemanyproblemsintoalimitedanddiscretesetofissues and tackle their root causes.•Insteadoftryingtogrowasmanynarrow,singleissueorsingle-focusresearch programs as we can, we shall identify and recruit the best minds — wherever they are — and make sure we retain their services and reward their work.

Now is the time carefully to assess and agree on broad but discrete challenges. By identifying these skillfully and deploying resources effectively, we can help solve large and previously intractable societal problems — climate change, food safety, child nutrition and obesity, food security at home and abroad, abundant and renewable energy — and hold the promise of doing so while preserving and improving our environment and generating wealth in rural America and the world. Norman Borlaug applied agricultural science and technology to the challenging issues of his day. NIFA aims to honor his legacy by securing equally transformative change. Working with partners in the United Statesandothernations,wecanbuildonrecentscientificdiscoveries—incredible advances in sequencing plant and animal genomes, for example. We have new and powerful tools — biotechnology, nanotechnology, and large-scale computer simulations — applicable to all types of agriculture. Agriculture is a science and must draw widely from many disciplines and many technologies, but our science portfolio needs to be tightly focused to leverage other resources and to prioritize its efforts. With this approach, we can match Norman Borlaug’s remarkable record of improving the health and well-being of our global society. ■

신생물학보고서는이와같은문제와그해결에필요한연구노력의심각성을인식하고있다.이보고서는식물자체에관한보다근본적인이해에따라어떻게미래의발전이결정될것인가를아래와같이설명한다.농업의장기적미래는식물생장에대한보다심도있는이해에따라결정된다.성장(또는개발)은완전한형태를지닌유기체의구성을위하여게놈에저장되는유전명령에서비롯된다.[21페이지]놀랍게도,현재식물의이와같은성장경로에관한정보는거의알려진것이없다.게놈서열은식물육종방법관련요소의목록과자원을제시하지만,개별식물세포의형성과행태에관한각유전자의기여방식,(혈관계또는표피등)조직을형성하기위한세포의협력과소통방식및전체식물을형성하기위한조직공동의기능방식을이해하는데필요한정보는제공하지않는다.이보고서는세포및분자차원에서성장과발전을시각화하는모델링및시뮬레이션도구등식물의성장과번성방식을이해하는데도움이되는신기술도입을권고하고있다.이보고서에의하면,이러한노력의목표는지역별로다양한환경하에서지속가능한재배가가능한식물품종의개발을위하여보다효율적인접근방식을개발하는것이다.이와같은새로운도구의개발을통하여전통적농업뿐만아니라건강,에너지및환경상의문제해결을위한새로운방안과기법을마련할수있을것이다.미농무부에서는정확하게이와같은접근방식을채택하고있다.우리는환경적스트레스하에서도성장과번성이가능한새로운작물품종개발을통하여세계의기아를퇴치하는데전념하고있다.우리는이러한목적을달성하기위하여모든과학적수단을동원할것이다.세계식량안보의획기적발전을약속하는과학분야라면어느것이든무시할수가없다.우리는이러한연구가부차적으로건강,에너지및환경상의유익을낳을것임을알고있다.그와같은발전은여타국가에서기아와영양실조로인한사망자수를감소시키는동시에,미국농민들이세계농업시장에서경쟁력을유지하는데기여할것이다.오늘날의당면과제해결에는새로운아이디어와도구그이

상의무언가가요구된다.연구의재원마련및관리와성과의평가에대한새로운접근방식이필요하다.미농무부에게있어서톰빌색농무장관이2009년도말에창설한국립식품농업연구소(NIFA)는그와같은새로운접근방식을대변하는것이다. 미농무부는NIFA설립당시에연방교부금관리와관련한“우수사례”를파악하기위하여미국정부의기타과학기관동료들에게도움을청했다.우리는다음과같은교훈을얻었으며,이를실행에옮길것이다.

•투명성및책임성확대가교부금조성에영향을미칠것이다.•다수의문제를별개의제한적그룹으로분류하여그근본원인을해결할것이다.•가능한많은제한적,단일정책적또는단일중점적연구프로그램을개발하려고노력하는대신,(소속기관을불문하고)최고의인재들을파악하고모집하여이들의지속적고용을확보하고업무에대한적절한보상을보장한다.

이제광범위하지만개별적인과제들을신중하게평가하고이에대한합의를도출할때가되었다.이러한과제들을능숙하게파악하고자원을효과적으로사용함으로써기후변화,식품안전,아동영양및비만,국내외식량안보,풍부한재생에너지등과거에해결하기힘들었던대규모의사회적문제들을해결하는데기여할수있고,미국과세계의농촌에서환경을보존하고개선하며부를창출하는동시에위와같은목표를달성할수있다는기대를높일수있다.노먼볼로그는당시의당면과제에농학과기술을적용했다.NIFA는이에상응하는혁신적변화를확보함으로써그가남긴유산을기리려고한다.우리는미국및기타국가의파트너들과협력함으로써식물및동물게놈시퀀싱의놀라운발전과같은최근의과학적발견을더욱발전시켜나아갈수있다.생명공학,나노기술,대규모컴퓨터시뮬레이션등각종농업에적용가능한새롭고강력한도구가우리에게있다.농업은과학이고다수의학문과기술로부터폭넓은지원을얻어야하겠지만,여타자원의활용과노력의우선순위설정을위하여우리의과학포트폴리오에철저한목적의식을유지할필요가있다.이와같은접근방식을통하여우리는국제사회의건강과복지개선이라는노먼볼로그의괄목할만한업적에비견되는성과를거둘수있을것이다.■

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Scientists with the USDA’s Agriculture Research Service examine different samples of alfalfa, genetically engineered for improved characteristics such as leaf retention and disease resistance.

미 농무부 농업연구소 소속 과학자들이 잎새 유지 및 내병

성 등의 특성이 개선된 유전자 조작 알팔파의 각종 샘플을

점검하고 있다.

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Meeting the world’s future food needs will test the capacity and ingenuity of agriculture

producers everywhere. The problem is one not merely of quantity, but of quality. More than 1 billion people lack adequate amounts of nutrient-rich foods such as meat, eggs, milk, and vegetables, according to a 2009 U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization estimate. “Hidden hunger” is how the Micronutrient Initiative, one of the advocacy groups seeking solutions to the problem, describes malnutrition. “When hidden hunger is widespread, it can trap families, communities and whole nations in cycles of ill health and poverty,” theorganization explains on its Web site. Childhooddeficienciesofkeyvitamins and nutrients that support proper growth can saddle youngsters with lifetime disabilities. Supplying all the world’s people today and in the future with abundant nutrient-rich foods is the most desirable, but the most difficult,solution.Otheranswersareto distribute nutrient supplements — vitamin pills—topopulations,ortoprovidefortifiedfoodstuffs like iodized salt and milk with added Vitamin D and calcium. These solutions received support in a United Call for Action from a coalition of many of the world’s major aid agencies in 2009, including the U.S. Agency for International Development and the U.N. Children’s Fund. Still another answer to malnutrition isbiofortification—creatingnewversionsofstaplefoodcropsthatcome out of the ground with higher nutrient content. HarvestPlus, one international agricultural research project, is pursuing this solution with efforts to boost the nutrient content of seven key staple crops grown in Asia and Africa. These crops are beans, cassava, maize, pearl millet, rice, sweet potato, and wheat. Sometimelaterthisyear,HarvestPlusaimstogetthefirstbiofortifiedcropintotheground.Astrainofbeanswithahigherthanaverage iron content has been bred for cultivation in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo where up to 50 percent of children can sufferfromaniron-deficientdiet. By 2011-2012, HarvestPlus aims to develop a strain of cassava that will triple the Vitamin A content of the starchy staple crop and provide about half of the recommended amount of the vitamin necessary for propervision.Thoughstillindevelopment,thebiofortifiedcassavaissettobeinthefieldsofNigeriaandtheDemocraticRepublicofCongoby 2011-2012. ■

세계도처에서미래의세계식량수요충족은농업생산자들의역량과재능에

대한시험대가될것이다.이는단순한양의문제가아니라질의문제이다.2009년도유엔식량농업기구추산에따르면,고기,달걀,우유,채소등영양이풍부한식품을적당량섭취하지못하는사람들이10억명이상에달한다고한다.기아에대한해결책을모색하는시민단체중하나인마이크로뉴트리언트이니셔티브는영양실조를“숨겨진기아”로표현하고있다.이기관은홈페이지에서“숨겨진기아가만연하는경우,가정,지역사회,더나아가국가전체를건강악화와빈곤이라는악순환으로몰아넣을수있다”고설명하고있다.아동에게적절한성장을뒷받침하는주요비타민및영양소가결핍될경우,평생의장애로고통받게될수있다.현재와장래에세계의모든이들에게영양소가풍부한식품을충분히공급하는것이가장바람직하겠지만,이는가장달성하기어려운해법이기도하다.기타해법은사람들에게비타민제재등의영양보충제를보급하거나,요드화소금과비타민D및칼슘강화우유등의강화식품을공급하는것이다.2009년에미국국제개발청및유엔아동기금등다수의세계주요구호기관으로구성된연합체의통합적행동요청

(UnifiedCallforAction)을통하여위와같은해법에지원이제공되었다.영양실조에대한또다른해법은양분함량이보다풍부한새로운품종의주식용작물을만들어내는생물영양강화(biofortification)이다. 국제농업연구프로젝트인하베스트플러스(HarvestPlus)는아시아및아프리카에서재배되는7개주요주식작물의양분함량을강화하려는노력을통하여이와같은해법을추진하고있다.콩,카사바,옥수수,진주조(pearlmillet),쌀,고구마및밀이바로그러한주요작물이다. 하베스트플러스는금년말경에최초의생물영양강화작물을파종하는것을목표로하고있다.아동의최대50퍼센트가철분부족식단으로인하여고통받을수있는르완다와콩고민주공화국에서는철분함량이평균치보다높은콩품종이경작용으로육종되고있다. 하베스트플러스는2011년내지2012년까지전분으로이루어진주곡인카사바와관련하여비타민A함량이3배로증대되어적절한시력유지에필요한비타민섭취권고량의절반가량을제공하는품종을개발하는것을목표로하고있다.생물영양강화카사바는아직까지개발단계에있지만2011년-2012년까지나이지리아와콩고민주공화국의들판에파종될예정이다.■

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In a HarvestPlus pilot project, Ugandan women grow a sweet potatovariety that is higher in Vitamin A content than the strains widley grown atpresent. The increased vitamin content of this food staple can help protectthe population from infection and blindness.

하베스트플러스 시범 프로젝트에서 우간다 여성들이 현재 일반적으로 재배

되는 품종들보다 비타민 A 함량이 더욱 풍부한 고구마 품종을 재배하고 있다.

이와 같은 주 식용작물의 비타민 함량 증가는 지역주민을 감염과 시력상실로

부터 보호하는데 기여할 수 있다.

Feeding the “Hidden Hunger”“숨겨진 기아”해소를 위한 식량 공급

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As nations hunt for ways to fulfill their population’s food needs in the future, the need to identify cleaner energy sources is also urgent. In the future, agriculture will likely meet some portion of energy production, and various nations are pursuing this potential today. Elisa Wood specializes in energy issues and her work is available at www.RealEnergyWriters.com.

One partial solution to our energy problems lies not intheoilfieldbutinthe

cornfield,asnationsincreasinglyreplace some petroleum needs with bioenergy — fuel made from plants. “Energy farming” increases demand and opens vast new markets for crops: for sugarcane in Brazil, for corn and soybeans in the United States, and for other grasses, seeds, and trees in other nations.

Cro p-Based Fuels in the United States

Many nations already use bioenergy to run cars and trucks, often in a mix with gasoline or diesel fuel. The two major forms of crop-based fuel used in the United States are ethanol from corn and biodiesel from soybeans. The market for these fuels is expected to grow. As U.S. liquid fuelneedsexpandoverthenext25years,bioenergywillhelpfillthegap, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Europe, Asia, and Central and South America also rely increasingly on this resource. Bioenergy holds special appeal because it is renewable — simply by growing agricultural crops. We cannot replenish petroleum, today’s leading source of most transportation fuel. Economists say that as petroleum supplies diminish, we can expect prices will rise. Expertspredict that bioenergy will serve as a 21st-century answer. “Biofuels play a very, very major role in displacing petroleum-based fuels,” says John Urbanchuk, a bioenergy specialist with LEGC Consulting,anexpertservicesconsultingfirmwithofficesworldwide.Indeed, if the United States replaced just 5 percent of today’s diesel withrenewable fuels, it could displace as much crude oil as it now imports from Iraq for diesel production, according to the National Biodiesel Board, which Urbanchuk advises. “Andthereareotherbenefitsaswell,”Urbanchukadds.“Biofuelsprovide market-based revenue for farmers, which is very important. If you can provide a marketbased return that reduces the amount of government support that is provided to agriculture, that money can beused elsewhere.” Cornfarmers,inparticular,arereapingbenefitsfromthebioenergyboom, because of a U.S. policy to increase the amount of ethanol in the gasoline mix. The nation added more than 34 billion kiloliters of ethanolto gasoline in 2008, using 3.2 billion bushels of corn. A federal

여러국가들이인구의미래식량수요충족방안을찾는가운데,청정에너지원의파악도시급하게요구되고있다.향후농업은에너지생산의일부를담당하게될것으로보이며,현재다양한국가들이그와같은가능성을모색하고있다. 엘리사우드는에너지문제전문가이며,www.RealEnergyWriters.com에서그녀의연구결과를찾아볼수있다.

각국이일부석유수요를바이오에너지(식물을원료로하는연료)로점차대체해나감에따

라,유전이아닌옥수수밭에서에너지문제에대한부분적해결방안의하나를찾을수있게되었다.“에너지경작(energyfarming)”은수요를증대시키며,브라질의사탕수수,미국의옥수수와대두,여타국가의기타식물,종자및나무등작물의광대한새시장을창출한다.

미국의 작물 기반 연료

많은나라들이이미승용차및트럭운행에바이오에너지를이용하고있는데,휘발유또는디젤연료와혼합하여이용하는경우가많다.미국에서이용되는작물기반연료의두가지주요형태는옥수수를원료로하는에탄올과대두를원료로하는바이오디젤이다. 이들연료시장은앞으로성장할것으로예상된다.미국에너지정보청(EIA)에따르면,향후25년간미국의액체연료수요가증가함에따라그로인한부족분을충당하는데바이오에너지가도움이될것이라고한다.유럽,아시아및중남미또한바이오에너지자원에대한의존도가높아지고있다. 바이오에너지는(단순한농작물재배를통하여)재생이가능하기때문에특히매력적이다.현재대부분의교통수단연료의주요공급원인석유는보충이불가능하다.경제학자들은석유공급감소에따라가격상승이예상된다고말한다.전문가들은바이오에너지가21세기의새로운해결방안으로부상할것이라고예측한다. 세계전역에진출한전문서비스컨설팅회사인LEGC컨설팅의바이오에너지전문가존어반척은“석유기반연료를대체하는데있어서바이오연료가대단히중요한역할을담당한다”고말한다.어반척이자문을제공하고있는국립바이오디젤위원회(NBB)에의하면,미국이현재의디젤연료중단5퍼센트만재생연료로대체해도미국이현재디젤생산을위하여이라크로부터수입하고있는만큼의원유를대체할수있다고한다.“이밖에도유익한점들이있다”고어반척은덧붙였다.“바이오연료는농민에게시장기반수입을제공하는데,이는매우중요한의미를지닌다.시장기반수익의제공으로농업에대한정부지원금을감축할수있다면,이금액을다른용도로사용할수있을것이다.” 휘발유혼합유에서에탄올의양을늘리려는미국정부의정책으로인하여,특히옥수수재배농민이바이오에너지붐을통한특수를누리고있다.미국은2008년도에32억부셸의옥수수를이용하여340억킬로리터가넘는에탄올을휘발유와혼합했다.연방규정에따라2022년까지에탄올생산이4배증가할것이다.제조업체들의사업확장에따라옥수수수요가증대될것이다.미농무부에의하면,에탄올생산은2018년까지미국옥수수이용용도의35퍼센트를점할것으로예상된다.

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In Brazil, sugarcane waste is used to produce ethanol, which is mixed withgasoline in a mandated formula for automobile fuel.

브라질에서는 사탕수수 폐기물이 에탄올 생산에 사용되는데, 에탄올은 규정

에 의한 조합원칙에 따라 휘발유와 혼합되어 자동차 연료로 사용된다.

Crops Will Provide 21st-Century EnergyElisa Wood

21세기 에너지 공급원으로 활용될 작물 엘리사 우드

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미국에서옥수수는에너지작물로이해된다.이는“우리가다른어떤작물보다도옥수수를재배하고가공하는데능하기때문이다”라고어반척은말한다.옥수수는미국에서가장널리생산되는사료용곡물이고,미국은보다효율적인옥수수재배방법을계속해서찾아내고있다.미국은작년에직전년도에비하여500만에이커(202만헥타르)가감소된토지에서132억부셸의옥수수를생산하여기록적인풍작을거두었다. 바이오디젤생산용주요작물인대두역시미국에서많이재배되고있다.미국은세계최대의대두생산국이자수출국으로서,29개주에서약40만명의농민이대두를재배하고있다.2009년에미국의혼합또는순수바이오디젤연료매출총액은170만킬로리터에달했다.1부셸의대두로1.4갤런(5.3리터)의대두기반바이오디젤을생산할수있기때문에,농민들이재생바이오디젤생산에공급한대두는2009년한해에만3억2,800만부셸에육박했다.

국제적 바이오 에너지 열풍

바이오연료와풍력은경제협력개발기구(OECD)30개회원국에서가장급속하게성장하는재생에너지자원으로부상할것으로예상된다.향후20년간인도와중국의바이오연료사용량은각각15퍼센트와10퍼센트씩증가할것으로예측된다.또한다양한남미국가에서바이오연료업계의성장이진행중이다. 그러나현재미국과브라질이선도적위상을점유하고있으며,앞으로도그러할것으로예상된다.미국과브라질은세계바이오에너지생산량의70퍼센트를차지하고있다.미국의에탄올생산량이더많음에도불구하고,브라질은종종세계최초의바이오연료경제를실현한국가로묘

mandate will quadruple ethanol production by 2022. As manufacturers expand, they will need more corn. By 2018 ethanol production will likely account for 35 percent of U.S. corn use, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Corn makes sense as an energy crop in the United States because “we grow corn, process corn better than anything else we do,” says Urbanchuk. Corn is the nation’s most widely produced feed grain, and theUnitedStateskeepsfindingmoreefficientwaystogrowit.Lastyear the United States produced 13.2 billion bushels, a record crop, on 5 million fewer acres (2.02 million hectares) than the previous year. Soybeans, the main crop for biodiesel, also are grown aplenty in the United States. The nation is the world’s largest producer and exporter of soybeans, with almost 400,000 farmers in 29 states growing them. U.S. sales of biodiesel fuels, blended or used in pure form, totaled 1.7million kiloliters for 2009. As one bushel of soybeans can produce 1.4 gallons (5.3 liters) of soy-based biodiesel, farmers supplied nearly 328 million bushels of soybeans to renewable biodiesel in 2009 alone.

International bioenergy drive

Biofuels and wind are expected to be the fastest growing renewable energy resources in the 30 countries making up the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Estimates are that India will expand biofuel use 15 percent over the next two decades, and China 10 percent. Biofuel industry growth also is under way in various South

Bioenergy is energy derived from recently living organisms. Bioenergy does not contribute to climate change because the carbon dioxide (CO2 ) it produces is derived from carbon that existed in the atmosphere in the form of another recently living thing. Fossil fuels, on the other hand, release into the atmosphere greenhouse gases that were previously encased within the earth. Biomass is the total mass of living matter within a given habitat, including commonly used fuels such as wood, but also a lot of items usually thought of as waste: agricultural waste, dung, municipal solid waste, industrial waste, and some crops that may be cultivated expressly for their use as fuels. Another attractive feature of biomass: It’s just about everywhere, not concentrated in a few countries. Biomass is easy to grow, collect, use, and replace without depleting natural resources, so bioenergy is not only renewable, but also sustainable. Ethanol, or ethyl alcohol as used in drinks and medicine, is currently the most widely used biofuel in the United States. About one-third of the U.S. corn crop is directed into ethanol production. This has led to a threefold increase in the amount of ethanol produced annually in the United States since 2003. About 34 billion kiloliters of ethanol were produced in the United States in 2009. The U.S. Department of Energy supports research into new and cost-effective methods of developing liquid transportation fuels from abundant biomass sources such as crop and forestry residues. ■

바이오에너지는최근까지생명이있었던유기체로부터추출된에너지이다. 바이오에너지가생성하는이산화탄소(CO2)는최근까지생명이있었던또다른유기체의형태로대기중에존재하던탄소에서비롯되기때문에,기후변화의원인이되지않는다.반면화석연료는과거에지구내부에갇혀있던온실가스를대기중에배출한다. 바이오매스는목재와같이흔히사용되는연료등특정서식지내생물의총질량인동시에,농업폐기물,분뇨,도시고형폐기물,산업폐기물등일반적으로폐기물로간주되는다수의품목과특별히연료용으로재배가능한일부작물을포함한다.바이오매스의또다른매력적특성은이것이소수의국가에집중되어있는것이아니라도처에존재한다는것이다.

바이오매스는천연자원의고갈을야기하지않고,용이하게재배,수집,사용및대체할수있다.그러므로바이오에너지는재생가능할뿐아니라지속가능하다. 에탄올,즉주류와약품에사용되는에틸알코올은현재미국에서가장널리사용되는바이오연료이다.미국옥수수수확량의약3분의1이에탄올생산에투입된다.이로써2003년이후미국내연간에탄올생산량이3배증가했다.2009년에는미국에서약340억킬로리터의에탄올이생산되었다. 미국에너지부는작물과삼림잔존물등풍부한바이오매스원으로부터액체교통연료를개발하기위한새로운비용효율적방법의연구를지원하고있다.■

Bioenergy: Available, Renewable, Sustainable가용성, 재생가능성 및 지속가능성을 갖춘 바이오 에너지

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Tanks filled with ethanol made from the adjacent fields of sugarcane are seen in this view of Brazil’s biofuel enterprise.

브라질의 바이오 연료 기업을 촬영한 이 사진에는 인근 사탕수수밭에서 생산

된 에탄올을 탑재한 탱크들이 보인다.

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사된다.브라질은막대한정부투자에힘입어30년간사탕수수를원료로하는에탄올생산을완성해왔다.브라질에는더이상순수휘발유로운행되는승용차가없다.브라질정부는모든차량에대하여에탄올함량이25퍼센트가량인혼합연료를사용할것을요구하고있다.브라질은2008년에약25,000킬로리터의에탄올을생산했고,그중약15퍼센트를수출했다.전세계에브라질만큼사탕수수재배에적합한기후와토양을갖춘지역은거의없다는점을고려할때,브라질의성공사례가재현될수있는가는논란의소지가있다. 개도국에서이미바이오연료가흔히사용되고있지만,가정에서의난방과조리를위한연료용으로는그렇지못한상황이다.바이오연료작물시장이개발되지않았기때문에,수익원으로기능하지못하고있다.그러나하버드대학교케네디스쿨벨퍼과학국제문제연구소의‘바이오연료의인증전략,산업개발및국제시장’연구에따르면,일부개도국이막대한양의바이오에너지개발잠재력을보유하고있다는점을고려할때이러한상황은바뀔수있다고한다. 바이오에너지는빈곤한농촌에새로운농산업의기반을제공할수있지만,실질적문제들은여전히남아있다.필수인프라건설을위한투자자와자본을유치하기위해서는안정적인정부가필요하다.바이오연료생산에는연료생산을위한정제공장,연료를이용할수있는차량,연료를시장으로운송하기위한운송시설이필요하다. 또한벨퍼연구소의보고서에따르면에탄올은배럴당60달러수준에서비용경쟁력을보유하는연료이나,바이오연료수출시장은“일련의상이하고때로는상충되는”정부정책목표에의해“무계획적으로형성”되고있는실정이다.예를들어,선진국이자국농민의이익을보호하기위해수입을제한하는경우,시장의신규진입이더욱어려워진다.그럼에도불구하고상기연구는수리남,가이아나,볼리비아,파라과이,콩고민주공화국및카메룬의사탕수수에탄올생산과수출가능성을예측하고있다.보고서에의하면,가장중요한것은국가가농업자원을에너지분야에투입하기에앞서서우선적으로식량안보를달성해야한다는것이다.미국에서조차바이오연료가식량공급에미치는영향에대한우려가존재하는것이사실이다.2007-2008년식품가격급등당시에지구정책연구소등의단체들은바이오연료를그주범으로지목했다.지구정책연구소는옥수수를연료용으로사용함에따라옥수수수요가증가했고,그로인해식품용옥수수의가격도상승했다고주장했다.당시미국의회예산국(CBO)

American countries. But the United States and Brazil are the leaders, and are expected to remain so. The two countries produce 70 percent of the world’s bioenergy. While the United States produces more ethanol, Brazil is often describedasthefirstbiofueleconomy.Backedby substantial government investment, Brazil for three decades has been perfectingproduction of ethanol from sugarcane. No cars in Brazil run on pure gasoline anymore. The government requires that all vehicles run on blended fuel of about one-quarter ethanol. Brazil produced about 25,000 kiloliters of ethanol in 2008, and exported about 15 percent. Whether Brazil’s success can be replicated remains a source of debate, given that few parts of the world have a climate and land mass so well suited for cultivating sugarcane. In developing nations, biofuels already are commonly used, but as sources of domestic heating and cooking. Markets for biofuel crops have not developed, so they are not a source of revenue. That could change, however, given that several developing nations offer vast untappedbioenergy potential, according to a study, Certification Strategies, Industrial Development and a Global Market for Biofuels, by the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University’s Kennedy School. While bioenergy could provide poor rural areas with a foundation for new agricultural industries, real challenges remain. Stable government is required to attract the investors and the capital to build thenecessaryinfrastructure.Biofuelproductionrequiresrefineriestomake the fuel, cars that can use the fuel, and transportation facilities to bring the fuel to market. Further, while ethanol is a cost competitive fuel, at about $60/barrel, the export market for biofuels “is being shaped haphazardly by a seriesofdifferentandsometimesconflicting”governmentpolicygoals,the Belfer Center report says. For example, when developed countries restrictimportstoprotecttheirownfarmers’profits,theymakeitmoredifficultfornewcomerstoenterthemarket.Stillthestudyseespotentialfor production and export of sugarcane ethanol in Suriname, Guyana, Bolivia, Paraguay, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Cameroon. Most important, a nation must achieve food security before it channels agriculture resources into energy, says the report. Indeed, even in the United States, worries exist about the impact of biofuels on the food supply. During the food price hikes of 2007-2008, biofuels were named as a major culprit by groups such as the Earth Policy Institute. The use of corn for fuel increased demand for the crop, the Institute asserted, driving up prices for food uses as well. In retrospect, the U.S. CongressionalBudgetOfficeconcludedthatthediversionofcorntoethanol production effected food prices only minimally, accounting for between 0.5 and 0.8 percentage points of the 5.1 percent increase in the price of food. Other factors, such as skyrocketed energy costs, played alargerroleinthefoodpricespike,accordingtothatoffice.Butitisimportant for bioenergy advocates to address the perception that biofuels mean higher food costs. Many point out that not all of the grass or bean goes toward fuel. Meal and other byproducts are extracted for livestock feed and other purposes.

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A Japan Airlines 747-300 takes on biofuel and traditional jet fuel in a 50-50 blend at Haneda Airport in Tokyo in 2009. JAL is one of several airlines that have tested biofuels in flight, but these alternatives have not been introduced widely in the industry.

2009년에 도쿄 하네다 공항에서 일본항공(JAL) 747-300기에 바이오 연료와 전통 제트 연료의 50 대 50 혼합연료

가 주유되고 있다. JAL은 비행 중 바이오 연료 시험을 실시한 몇몇 항공사 중 하나지만, 항공업계 전반에 이와 같은

대체연료가 광범위하게 도입되지 못한 상황이다.

eJournal USA 28

은옥수수를에탄올생산에전용한것이식품가격에미친영향은극히미미하여5.1퍼센트에달하는식품가격인상에서0.5~0.8%포인트를차지했을뿐이라는결론을내린바있다.의회예산국에따르면에너지비용급등을포함한기타요소가식품가격급등에서보다중요한역할을했다고한다.바이오에너지주창자들은바이오연료가식품비용의인상을의미한다는인식을반드시해소해야한다.많은이들이식물또는콩의전부가연료로사용되는것은아님을지적한다.가축사료와기타용도로사료곡물과기타부산물을추출한다.

다음 단계는 무엇인가?

옥수수및대두수요가견실한성장세를보일것으로예상되는가운데,현재다양한개발단계에있는기타작물들이바이오연료생산에이용되기위한경쟁을펼칠것이다.예를들어,아이다호대학교농업생명과학대학의연구자들은겨자씨,카놀라및유채씨의사용가능성이큰것으로예측하고있다.겨자씨는두가지용도로쓰일수있다.아이다호대학교의육종유전학교수인잭브라운은겨자씨유를바이오디젤및농지사용농약의자극적성분으로이용할수있다고말한다. 바이오연료가석유를전적으로대체할수는없을것으로보인다.그러나바이오연료를통해석유사용량이조금이라도감소된다면,그존재

What ’s next?

While corn and soybean demand is expected to remain solid, other crops now in various stages of development will compete for use in biofuel production. For example, researchers at the University of Idaho’sCollege of Agriculture and Life Sciences see strong possibilities for mustard seed, canola, and rapeseed. Mustard seed can serve a dual purpose: the oils can be made into biodiesel, and the pungent meal into a pesticide spread on farmland, says Jack Brown, professor of Breeding and Genetics at the University of Idaho. Biofuels are not expected to displace petroleum entirely. But even if they only reduce petroleum use by a small amount, analysts expect their presence to put downward pressure on prices. In the case of biodiesel,Brown urges the farm industry to replace all of its petroleum fuel needs with biodiesel products. Tractors and trucks should be run on farm-grown fuels, he says, not only to support the industry, but also to protect farmland from pollutants emitted by petroleum. This would haveasmallbutsignificantimpactonpetroleumuse—agriculturemakesup just over 1 percent of U.S. gross national product. “Even if biodiesel becameeverythingwewantittobe,itwouldstillproduceonly[a]small

Raw Materials of BiofuelsFirst Generation

(technologies fully commercialized)

바이오 연료의 원재료 1세대(완전상업화기술)

Raw Material (원재료) Use (용도)

Corn, sugarcane, molasses, and sorghum 옥수수,사탕수수,당밀및수수

Ethanol /에탄올

Soybeans and other vegetable oils, recycled grease, beef tallow 대두및기타식물성기름,재생기름,우지

Biodiesel /바이오디젤

Second Generation (emerging technologies) 2세대(신생기술)

Raw Material (원재료) Use (용도)

Agricultural residue, including corn stover, wheat andrice straw, manure, and bagasse (residue from sugarcaneand sorghum stalks)옥수수대,밀짚과볏짚,퇴비,당분제거후의찌꺼기(사탕수수와수수줄기잔류물)등의농업잔류물

Methane, cellulosic ethanol, power plant 메탄,섬유질성에탄올,발전소

Forest biomass, including logging residues, wood벌목잔류물,목재등의삼림바이오매스

Cellulosic ethanol and power plant 섬유질성에탄올및발전소

Urbanwoodywasteandlandfills도시의목질계폐기물과매립지

Methane, cellulosic ethanol, power 메탄,섬유질성에탄올,발전소

Herbaceous plants, including switchgrass, miscanthus, reedcanary grass, sweet sorghum, alfalfa 지팽이풀,억새풀,갈풀,단수수,알팔파등의초본식물

Cellulosic ethanol, power plant섬유질성에탄올,발전소

Short rotation woody crops, including willow, hybrid poplar, cottonwood pines, sycamore pines, eucalyptus버드나무,교잡종포플러나무,사시나무,플라타너스나무,유칼립투스나무등의단벌기(shortrotation)수목

Cellulosic ethanol, power plant 섬유질성에탄올,발전소

Information derived from The Economics of Biomass Feedstocks in the United States: A Review of the Literature, by

the Biomass Research and Development Board

정보출처:미국의바이오매스공급원에관한경제학:문헌조사,바이오매스연구개발원회

eJournal USA 29

quantity of the fuel we need in this country. That is why biodiesel should not be used by Mrs. McGuinty to take her kids to school or by a ritzy California star. It should be used in environmentally sensitive areas,” Brown says. Work also is underway to make biofuels from more exotic raw materials: algae, castor oil, coffee grinds, microbes, feather meal, salmon oil, tobacco, and other various grasses, seeds and trees. Hollywood stars publicize their use of biofuels made from restaurant greases left over from fast food frying. Such substances, though, have limited range because of their tendency to freeze, and can only be made available in small quantities. Meanwhile, the aviation industry is moving into biofuels. Boeing, the Mexican Airports and Auxiliary Services Agency, and Honeywell haveteameduptofindwaysofusingMexicancropsforbiofuel.IntheUnited States, the shipping company Fedex has pledged that a third of its fuel will come from bioenergy by 2030. Bioenergy also is being used in power production, mostly at small generating plants. One area ofpromiseistheco-firingofbioenergyandcoal.Thepowerplantusescoal part of the time, keeping costs low, and bioenergy the remainder to improvethepowerplant’senvironmentalprofile. Worldwide demand for biofuel is projected to grow 8.6 percent annually through 2030. Achieving this depends on government support sincebiofuels,likemostrenewableenergysources,stillrelyonfinancialincentives. In the United States, for example, a federal standard mandates an increase in the biofuel mix in gasoline to almost 145 million kiloliters by 2022. In addition, the Obama administration has committed $80 million to advanced biofuels research. Given this kind of support, coupled with the push for oil alternatives, bioenergy injects new vigor and livelihood to the very old business of farming. The agricultural industry, already responsible for products thatcreatefood,clothing,andmaterialforshelter,isnowfirmlyinthebusiness of providing another necessity: the energy to make it all work. ■

The opinions expressed in this interview do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. government.

만으로가격인하압력이발생할것이라고분석가들은예상한다.[26페이지]바이오디젤과관련하여,브라운교수는농장업계에석유연료수요일체를바이오디젤상품으로대체할것을촉구하고있다.그는업계에지원을제공하기위해서뿐만아니라석유가배출하는오염물질로부터농지를보호하기위해서도농장에서재배된연료로트랙터와트럭을가동해야한다고주장한다.이는석유사용에작지만의미있는영향을미칠것이다.(현재미국의국민총생산에서농업이차지하는비율은1퍼센트가조금넘는수준에불과하다.)“바이오디젤이우리가원하는모든특성을갖춘다할지라도,미국연료수요의극히일부분을생산하는데그칠것이다.그렇기때문에아이를등교시키는맥긴티부인이건화려한캘리포니아스타건바이오디젤을사용해서는안되는것이다.이는환경적으로민감한분야에서사용되어야한다”고브라운은말한다. 또한해조류,피마자유,분쇄커피,미생물,우모분(feathermeal),연어기름,담배,기타다양한식물,종자및나무등보다이채로운원재료로부터바이오연료를생산하기위한연구가진행중이다.할리우드스타들은패스트푸드튀김용기름찌꺼기로만든바이오연료의사용을홍보하고있다.그러나이와같은물질은얼어붙는성향으로인해사용범위가제한적이며,소량으로만이용이가능하다. 한편,항공업계가바이오연료를도입하고있다.보잉사,멕시코공항관리공단및하니웰사는바이오연료생산을목적으로멕시코작물을이용하는방안을모색하기위하여상호협력하고있다.미국의경우,운송회사인페덱스가2030년까지사용연료의3분의1을바이오에너지로대체할것을약속했다.또한전력생산,특히소형발전소에서바이오에너지가사용되고있다.한가지유망분야는바이오에너지와석탄의공동연소이다.발전소는일부가동시간중에는저비용을유지하기위하여석탄을사용하고,나머지시간중에는발전소의환경개선을위하여바이오에너지를사용한다. 전세계바이오연료수요는2030년까지매년8.6퍼센트증가할것으로예상된다.바이오연료는대부분의재생에너지원과마찬가지로여전히재정적인센티브에의존하고있기때문에,위와같은목표의달성여부는정부의지원에따라결정된다.예를들어,미국의경우연방기준에의하여2022년까지휘발유혼합유의바이오연료함량을거의1억4,500만킬로리터까지증대해야한다.또한오바마행정부는첨단바이오연료연구에8,000만달러의지원을약속했다. 석유대체연료의확보노력과더불어이와같은지원내용을고려할때,바이오에너지는농업이라는가장오랜역사를지닌산업에새로운활력과생기를불어넣고있다.이미식품,의류및주택의원료가되는생산물을담당하고있는농업은이제또다른생필품,즉모든것의운용기반이되는에너지의제공을확고한목표로하고있다.■

위에게재된의견은미국정부의견해나정책과는다를수있습니다.

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INERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL TRADESome examples of the foodstuffs important to international trade

국제농업무역국제무역에서중요한위치를차지하는식품의예

Leading countries in the export of major commodities indicated / 표시된 주요 상품의 주요 수출국

Argentina-Soybean Oil / 아르헨티나-대두유

Brazil-Chicken Meat / 브라질-닭고기

Canada-Wheat / 캐나다-밀

Costa Rica-Pineapples/ 코스타리카-파인애플

France-Wine / 프랑스-와인

Malaysia-Palm Oil / 말레이시아-야자유

Plilippines-Bananas / 필리핀-바나나

South Africa Oranges / 남아프리카 공화국-오렌지

Spain-Olive Oil / 스페인-올리브유

Tunisia-Dates / 튀니지-대추야자

Turkey-Dry Apricots / 터키-말린 살구

United States-Maize / 미국-옥수수

Data Source: U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization Illustration by Nicolle Rager Fuller자료출처: 유엔식량농업기구 일러스트레이션 – 니콜 로저 풀러

eJournal USA 31

Twenty-first-century agriculture is likely to build stronger links between farmers in rural areas and city dwellers in order to create market systems with greater efficiency and better technologies. C. Peter Timmer is a leading economist in the fields of agricultural and development economics. He has held professorships at Stanford, Cornell, and the University of California, San Diego. He is currently the Thomas D. Cabot Professor of Development Studies, emeritus, Harvard University.

The increasing globalization of agriculture and the resulting dominant roleofsupermarketsbenefitmanybutharmothers.Thosewhoinfluencethe21st-centuryglobalmarketplaceshouldseekto

allocate its burdens equitably, while preserving the real gains that afford millions a greater variety of healthful, more affordable sustenance. By its very nature, agriculture is mostly a local activity, its roots in the soil. Most of the world’s billion or more farmers live within walking distance of the crops they grow and eat. The co-evolution of human societiesandcultivatedspecieshasledtosuperbadaptationtospecificenvironments,andhascreatedhighlydiversifiedcroppingsystemsthatcan meet the wide nutritional needs of household members. Localized agriculture is still the norm for the vast majority of the world’s poor people. Economists have long viewed this dependence as a cause of poverty, not a historical accident. Agriculture limited to indigenous crops, locally available soil nutrients, and household labor, they argue, is a recipe for povertyandmalnutrition.Localfoodself-sufficiency,theyconclude,impoverishes individual households and the overall economy. Two

21세기농업은효율성과기술이향상된시장시스템창출을위하여농촌지역의농민과도시거주자간에보다강력한유대관계를구축할것으로예상된다. C.피터티머는농업및개발경제학분야의주요경제학자이다.그는스탠퍼드대학교,코넬대학교및캘리포니아대학교샌디에이고캠퍼스에서교수로재직한바있다.그는현재하버드대학교토마스D.카봇개발학명예교수이다.

농업국제화의확대와그로인하여슈퍼마켓이차지하고있는지배적위상은많은이들에게유익함을안겨주었으나,그와동시에피해도야기했다.21세기국제시장에영향력을발휘하는이들은수백만명에게건강에유익하며보다합리적인가격의자양물을더욱다양하게제공하는실질적유익을유지하는동시에,공정한부담배분을모색해야한다. 본질적으로농업은대개토양에뿌리를둔국지적활동이다.십억여명에달하는세계농민의대다수는자신이재배하여섭취하는작물의경작지로부터도보가능한거리에거주하고있다.인간사회와경작품종의공동진화는특정환경에대한탁월한적응력이라는결과를낳았고,가계구성원의광범위한영양수요를충족할수있는매우다양화된수확시스템을창출했다.국지적농업은세계의빈곤인구절대다수에게있어서여전히일반적관행으로자리잡고있다. 경제학자들은오랜기간동안이와같은의존성을역사적우연이아닌빈곤의원인으로평가해왔다.[30페이지]이들의주장에따르면,토종작물,국지적으로이용가능한토양영양분그리고가사노동에한정된농업은빈곤과영양실조를초래하기마련이라고한다.지역적식량자급은개별가구와경제전반에빈곤을초래한다는것이이들의결론이다.1979년에이러한통찰력을제공한공로로두사람에게노벨경제학상이수여되었는데,T.W.슐츠는농촌가구의빈곤극복을위한신기술필요성을강조했다는이유로,W.아서루이스는총체적경제개발을위한주요투입요소로서농업현대화의역할을강조했다는이유로

Agriculture in the Global MarketplaceC. Peter Timmer

국제시장에서의 농업 C. 피터 티머

© A

P Im

ages

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i sh/

Imag

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hina

A shopper chooses from a selection of imported foods at a Shanghai supermarket. Food imports to China are increasing, like many products from abroad.

상해 소재의 한 슈퍼마켓에서 한 소비자가 다양한 수입식품을 고르고 있다. 중국에서는 여러 외국제품과 마찬가지로 식품수입이 증대되고 있다.

eJournal USA 32

Nobel Prizes in Economics were awarded in 1979 for these insights: to T.W. Schultz for emphasizing the need for new technologies to overcome rural household poverty, and to W. Arthur Lewis, for his emphasis on the role of agricultural modernization as a crucial input to overall economic development.

Globalized Markets

Market interactions between farm and urban households are the key to solving both problems. However, markets bring not just access to better technology and greater efficiency,theyalsobringnew risks — that price fluctuationsmayoffsetfarmers’ hard work and leave them in debt. At the same time, dynamic urban economies offer farmers, and especially their children, the chance for a new life in the city. Expand markets to a global scale, and the opportunities, choices, and risks atthe farm and national levels all multiply. The globalization of markets is not new. Those of us who live in the United States have relied on global markets for centuries — they supply our coffee, tea, and spices, for example, and buy our surplus grain, tobacco, and vegetable oils. Other parts of the world have beenconnected similarly since the beginning of modern economic growth. Wheat prices in 18th-century England were tied directly to prices in the Baltic ports; rice prices in Calcutta and Bombay, even Paris, were linked to prices in Rangoon and Saigon. Long-distance trade in agricultural commoditiesbenefitspeopleonbothendsofthetransaction. Still, the modern round of globalization is broader and deeper than anything seen in the 18th or 19th centuries. Three revolutions have stimulated the rapid integration of commodity markets: •Therevolutioninagriculturaltechnologiesthatpermitshighly productive but specialized farming techniques; •Therevolutionincommunicationsandtransportationthatpermits buyers and sellers to connect quickly and at low cost across vast distances; •Therevolutioningloballivingstandardsthathasbroughtbillions of new consumers into a world of discretionary purchases. Modern globalization is the result of progress in supply, marketing, and demand. Driven by these forces, agricultural globalization shapes the diet ofconsumersandthepracticesoffarmproducers.Theformerbenefitfromthereadyandaffordableavailabilityofmorediversifiedfoodstuffs,a cornucopia far beyond what domestic agricultural production can provide. European consumers have daily access to fresh green beans from Kenya; American consumers enjoy fresh Peruvian asparagus in February. Low-cost transportation systems and falling trade barriers offer many consumers a market basket that draws from the entire world’s bounty and diversity. At the same time, globalization can incentivize individual famers tospecialize in a single crop even as national agricultural sectors on balancemaygrowmorediversified.Unlessagro-ecologicalconditions

수상자로선정되었다.

국제화된 시장

농장과도시가구간의시장상호작용은위의두가지문제를모두해결할수있는해법이다.그러나시장은기술개선과효율성증대를가능케하는동시에새로운위험을창출한다.즉,가격변동으로인하여농민의노고가무위로돌아가고빚만떠안게되는결과가초래될수있는것이다.이와동시에역동적도시경제는농민,특히그들의자녀에게새로운도시생활의기회를제공한다.시장을국제적규모로확대하면,농가와국가차원의기회,선택방안및위험이모두증가한다.

시장의세계화는결코새로운일이아니다.우리와같은미국거주자들은수세기동안국제시장에의존해왔다.예를들어,국제시장은미국에커피,차와향신료를공급하고미국의잉여곡물,담배및식물성기름을구매한다.현대경제의성장이시작된이후,세계의여타지역들이이와유사한방식으로상호연결되어왔다.18세기영국의밀가

격은발틱해항구의물가와직접적으로연계되었다.캘커타와봄베이,심지어파리의쌀값은랑군및사이공의물가와연계되었다.농산품의장거리교역은거래당사국국민에게이익을안겨준다.그러나현대적세계화는18세기나19세기에비해더욱광범위하고심도가있다.다음과같은세가지혁명이상품시장의급속한통합을촉진해왔다. •매우생산성이높고전문화된영농기법을활용할수있도록하는 농업기술혁명 •구매자와판매자가원거리에서도저렴한비용으로신속하게연결될수 있도록하는통신과교통혁명 •수십억명의새로운소비자들을자유재량에의한구매의세계로안내한 전세계생활수준혁명 현대적세계화는공급,마케팅및수요의발전을통하여이루어졌다.이러한요인에힘입은농업세계화는소비자의식생활과농산물생산자의관행을결정짓고있다.국내농업생산을통한생산물의수준을크게넘어서는다양화된식품이저렴한가격으로손쉽게제공되면서소비자들이이에따른이익을향유하고있다.유럽의소비자들은케냐에서생산된신선한껍질콩을매일접할수있고,미국의소비자들은2월에도신선한페루산아스파라거스를즐길수있다.저비용운송시스템과무역장벽붕괴는많은소비자들에게전세계의풍요로움과다양성을맛볼수있는장바구니를안겨준다. 이와동시에국가농업부문이전반적으로보다다양화될수있게된가운데에서도,세계화는농민개개인에게단일작물의전문적생산을장려하는역할을할수있다.한나라의전국적농업생태환경이거의동일한것이아니라면,농민은자원,토질또는기타여러요소를통하여특정작물재배에서경쟁우위를확보할것이다.[31페이지]이들은해당작물의재배를전문화함으로써농장자원을가장효율적으로이용할것이다.농업의상업화와식료품의국제무역으로인하여,이와같은한정적전문화는국가적차원의다양성확대와일관성을갖게된다.

슈퍼마켓의 역할

현대적슈퍼마켓은소비자들에게국제시장의다양한상품을제공한다.이들슈퍼마켓은수십억소비자들의구매력을집중시킴으로써매우다양한매력적식품을저렴한가격으로제공할수있다.그러나슈퍼마켓은농업부문에대하여효율적공급망관리방식도입이라는세계화로인해야기된압력을가중시키기도한다.이로인하여농업생산의구조,마케팅프로세스참여자,소비자들에게제공되는제품의성격과비용에막대

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Saudi farmers sell dates at a market on the outskirts of Riyadh. Saudi Arabia is the world’s third largest producer of dates, after Egypt and Iran, according to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization.

사우디아라비아의 농부들이 리야드 교외의 한 시장에서 대추야자를 판매하고 있다. 유엔식량

농업기구에 따르면 사우디아라비아는 이집트와 이란에 이어 세계 3위의 대추야자 생산국이다.

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are nearly identical throughout a country, farmers will — for reasons ofresources, soil quality, or a number of other factors — develop a competitive advantage in growing a particular kind of crop. They utilize their farm resources most efficientlybyspecializingingrowingthatcrop.Thisnarrow specialization is consistent with greater diversity at the national level because of the commercialization of agriculture and international trade in food commodities.

The Role of Supermarkets

Modern supermarkets afford consumers the bounty of an international marketplace. By focusing the purchasing power of billions of consumers, they can offer a wide variety of appealing foods at low prices. But supermarkets also amplify the globalization-driven pressure upon the farmsectortoadoptefficientsupply-chainmanagementpractices. The impact on the structure of farm production, on who participates in the marketing process, and on the nature and cost of products available to consumers is profound. Supermarkets and the transnational corporations (TNCs) thatcommonlyownthemalsofacefiercecompetition.TNCs such as Wal-Mart in the United States, Tesco in the United Kingdom, Carrefour in France, and Ahold in the Netherlandstrytoescapetheresultingsqueezeonprofitsby applying new information technologies to lower supply-chain costs andbyfleeingthehomemarketandmovingintocountrieswherefoodretailingremainscomparativelyinefficientandprofitmarginshigh.Most transnational corporations engaged in food marketing have done both. TNC-owned supermarkets increasingly dominate the global food supply chain. Backed by foreign direct investment, TNCs consolidate the food retailing industry in many countries and, some allege, extract high,evenmonopolyprofits.Butwhatdoesthismeanforconsumers?The answer is complicated. Technology that lowers transaction costs throughout the food supply chaincanenhancesupermarketprofitsevenascustomersreapthebenefitoflowerprices.Increasingly,informationtechnologyaffordssupermarket managers exquisite control over procurement, inventorylevels,andknowledgeofconsumercheckoutprofiles.Thistranslatesinto powerful competitive advantages in cost control, quality maintenance, and product tracking in case of defects or safety problems. Globalizedagricultureaffordsanumberofotherbenefits.IfFlorida,for instance, experiences a killing frost, American consumers do not lack for orange juice; Brazilian and other substitutes are readily available in the United States, and vice versa. Global production boosts global food security, and affords a partial insurance policy against the impact of climate change on crop production. But as the cost of information technology drops, determining the beneficiariesbecomeslessclear.Asmorecompetitorsadoptthelatesttechnology,competitionamongfoodretailersintensifies.Theresultinglowpricesbenefitconsumers.TheTNCsinturnrequireever-greaterefficiencyfromtheirsuppliers.Theconstantpressuretolowercostsinthe food aisle ultimately is transferred all the way back to the individual farmer.

Concerns about Equity

The increasing dominance of supermarkets generates real concerns about fairness and equity in the agricultural marketing system. As many transactions shift from open and transparent public markets to supermarketprocurementofficersrepresentingafewlargebuyers,food

한영향이발생한다. 슈퍼마켓과흔히슈퍼마켓을소유하는다국적기업(TNC)역시치열한경쟁에직면하고있다.미국의월마트,영국의테스코,프랑스의까르푸,네덜란드의아홀트같은다국적기업들은공급망비용절감을위하여새로운정보기술을적용하고국내시장에서탈피하여식품소매업이여전히상대적으로비효율적이며이익률이높은국가에진출함으로써이로인한이윤축소압박에서벗어나려고노력하고있다.식품판매를실시하는대부분의다국적기업이위의두가지방안모두를실행에옮겼다. 다국적기업소유의슈퍼마켓들이세계의식량공급망을점차지배해가고있다.다국적기업들은외국인직접투자를바탕으로많은국가에서식품소매업을통합하고있는데,이들이높은이윤을창출하거나심지어이윤을독점한다는주장이일각에서제기되고있다.그렇다면이러한상황은소비자들에게무엇을의미하는가?이에대한대답은복잡하다.식량공급망전반의거래비용을축소하는기술을통하여소비자가보다저렴한가격이라는혜택을누리는동시에슈퍼마켓의이윤을제고할수있다.정보기술은점차적으로슈퍼마켓관리자들에게조달및재고수준에대한세밀한통제권과소비자구매동향에대한지식을제공하고있다.이는하자또는안전문제발생시에,비용관리,품질유지및상품추적에있어서의강력한경쟁우위확보로이어지고있다. 농업의세계화는그밖에다양한혜택을안겨준다.예를들어플로리다주에서리로인한피해가발생하는경우에도미국소비자들은오렌지주스부족을겪지않는다.브라질과기타국가의대체품을미국에서쉽게구할수있으며,반대의경우역시마찬가지이다.국제적생산은국제적식량안보를강화하고,기후변화가작물생산에미치는영향에대하여부분적보험으로작용한다. 그러나정보기술비용의감소에따라,누가수혜자가될것인지가예전만큼명확하지않다.보다많은경쟁업체들이최신기술을채택하고있는가운데,식품소매업자간의경쟁이격화되고있다.이로인한가격인하는소비자들에게혜택을안겨준다.이러한상황에서다국적기업들은공급자들에게효율성을더욱향상시킬것을요구한다.식품판매와관련한지속적비용절감압력은결국농민개개인에게전가된다.

형평성에 관한 우려

슈퍼마켓의지배적위치강화로인하여농업마케팅시스템의공정성과형평성에관한실제적우려가발생하고있다.개방적이고투명한공개시장으로부터소수의대형구매자를대변하는슈퍼마켓조달담당자

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This farmer’s market in San Francisco gives local growers an outlet to sell their produce directly to consumers in competition with supermarkets.

샌프란시스코의 이 생산자 직거래 장터는 지역 농산물 생산자들에게 슈퍼마켓과의 경쟁 하에 소비자

들에게 직접 농산물을 판매할 수 있는 판로를 제공한다.

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producers are more easily excluded from the negotiations. Prices are squeezed ever lower. Farmers adapt, or they are pushed out of farming. But there is another side to this story. In a competitive environment, supermarkets must respond to customer preference. Some consumers care deeply about the environment. Others willingly pay somewhat higher prices to better sustain local farmers. TNCs manage some procurement contracts with these concerns in mind. Fears that a given TNC will establish monopoly control and market power in the developing world appear overstated: The success of one supermarket chainattractsothers.TheTNCscompete,fiercely,amongthemselves.The market for the food consumer’s dollar seems to be highly contestable, even when only a small handful of retailers survive the cost competition. Unquestionably, the growth of the TNC-owned supermarket poses risks to small farmers. Because of the high transactions costs, working with large numbers of small farmers is more expensive than doing business with a few large suppliers. Small famers easily can loseaccess to supermarket supply chains, and fall further into poverty. But with risk often comes opportunity. Some small farmers have gained profitableaccesstomodernsupplychains.SmallfarmersinCentralJava, Indonesia, now sell their specialized “black watermelons” not just to local consumers, but to consumers in Jakarta, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur as well. Poor countries that successfully integrate some small farmersintothesupermarketsupplychainwillbenefitgreatly. Globalized food supply chains are a two-edged sword. They afford consumers lower prices and greater food security. But countries can lose control of their own food production and trade, as foreign consumers and producers drive local prices. A new international trade regime mustbalance equitably these positives and negatives, especially so that the poorest countries — the least food secure — do not suffer. ■

The opinions expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. government.

의영역으로많은거래가이동함에따라,식품생산자들이협상과정에서더욱쉽게배제되고있다.가격은압박을통하여더욱저렴해진다.농민은이에순응하거나농업활동으로부터밀려나게된다. 그러나이상황에는또다른이면이있다.경쟁적환경에서슈퍼마켓은소비자선호도에대응해야한다.일부소비자들은환경에대하여깊은관심을지니고있다.반면또다른소비자들은지역농민들의농업활동유지를개선하기위하여다소높은가격을지불할의사가있다.다국적기업들은이러한관심사항을염두에두고일부구매계약을관리한다.특정다국적기업이개도국에서독점적통제와시장지배력을확보할것이라는우려는과장된것으로보인다.한슈퍼마켓체인이성공을거두는경우,여타체인들도사업에뛰어든다.다국적기업들은상호간에치열한경쟁을벌인다.식품소비자를대상으로하는시장은소수의소매업체만이비용경쟁에서살아남는등경쟁이극심한것으로보인다. 다국적기업이소유한슈퍼마켓의성장이영세농에게위협을가한다는것은의심의여지가없는사실이다.다수의영세농들과협력할경우높은거래비용으로인하여소수의대규모공급업체와사업을하는것보다많은비용이소요된다.영세농들은슈퍼마켓공급망에대한접근권을쉽게상실하고빈곤의나락으로떨어질수있다.그러나위험을감수하면기회가찾아오기마련이다.일부영세농은현대적공급망에대한수익성있는접근권을획득했다.인도네시아중부자바지방의영세농들은현재자신들이전문적으로생산하고있는“검은수박”을지역소비자뿐만아니라,자카르타,싱가포르및쿠알라룸프르의소비자들에게도판매하고있다.일부영세농을슈퍼마켓공급망으로통합하는데성공을거둔빈곤국가들은이로인해많은혜택을누릴것이다. 식량공급망의세계화는양날의칼이다.이는소비자들에게가격인하및식량안보강화를제공한다.그러나일부국가는해외소비자와생산자가국내가격을결정함에따라자국의식량생산과무역에관한통제권을잃게될수도있다.새로운국제무역체제는형평성있는방식으로이와같은긍정적측면과부정적측면의균형을도모해야한다.그럼으로써특히식량안보가가장취약한최빈곤국가들이고통을겪지않도록해야한다.■

위에게재된의견은미국정부의견해나정책과는다를수있습니다.

Top Crop Producers / 최대 작물 생산국 The nations that lead the world in producing various crops of interest are noted below, according to the

latest data available from the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization from the 2007 harvest. 2007년도수확량에근거하여유엔식량농업기구가제공한최신자료에의하면,

전세계에서다양한관심작물의생산을선도하는국가들은아래와같다.

Nation / 국가 Crop / 작물 Yield / 수확량

China Rice 187 million metric tons 중국 쌀 1억8,700만톤

China Wheat 109 million metric tons 중국 밀 1억900만톤

United States Maize 330 million metric tons 미국 옥수수 3억3,000만톤

France Barley 9.5 million metric tons 프랑스 보리 950만톤

Nigeria Cassava 43 million metric tons 나이지리아 카사바 4,300만톤

Brazil Sugarcane 550 million metric tons 브라질 사탕수수 5억5,000만톤

eJournal USA 35

About 6,000 years ago, according to archaeological evidence, prehistoric farmers in the Americas cross-bred corn plants to create a crop with desirable traits that originally occurred in only a few plants. Centuries later,a 19th-century Austrian priest, Gregor Johann Mendel, experimented with tensofthousandsofpeaplantsandidentifiedthelawsofcrossbreedingplants.Thesignificanceofhisworkwasonlyproperlyrecognizedinthe early 20th century when Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance became a touchstone for the new science of genetics. Today, most of the world’s major food crops are grown from hybrid strains. Genetic science has advanced with the emergence of biotechnologyandthecreationofgeneticallymodifiedorganisms(GMOs). Though thesetechnologies have been controversial, and adamantly opposed by some, many respected scientists assert that developing plants genetically capable of producing greater yields with less fertilizer and water is necessary to meet the food needs of the future. Regardless of how the controversy over genetic engineering is resolved, there is no question that humans have a long history in the manipulation of plant species, resulting in greater abundance and variety in the modern diet. ■

고고학적증거에따르면약6,000년전에아메리카대륙의선사시대농부들이원래소수의식물에서만찾아볼수있었던바람직한특질을지닌작물을개발하기위하여행운목의이종교배를실시했다고한다.그로부터수세기가지난후에19세기오스트리아성직자인그레고르요한멘델은수만개의작물완두콩을실험하여식물이종교배의법칙을발견했다.이연구가지니는중요성은멘델의유전법칙이유전학이라는새로운학문의시금석으로자리잡은20세기초가되어서야비로소제대로인정을받았다. 오늘날세계주요식용작물대부분이교잡종으로부터재배된다.생명공학의등장과유전자변형농산물(GMO)의생성에따라유전과학은발전을거듭하고있다.이러한기술은논란의대상이되어왔으며일각에서단호한반대에부딪혔지만,존경받는과학자다수가미래의식량수요충족을위하여유전적으로소량의비료와물사용으로다량의수확물생산이가능한식물을개발해야한다고주장하고있다. 유전자조작에관한논란이어떻게해결되는가와상관없이,인류에게식물품종조작의오랜역사가있다는데에는의문의여지가없다.그러한조작은현대적식생활의풍요로움과다양성을증진하는결과를낳았다.■

Nature + Science = New Crops자연 + 과학 = 새로운 작물

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All of the food types included in this edible still life have been produced through genetic engineering, the process of inserting genes from one organism into another, giving the second plant a desirable quality of the first. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reports the process is being used or tested on an increasing array of crops.

이 정물화에 포함된 각종 식품은 모두 유전자 조작을 통하여 생산되었

다. 유전자 조작은 한 유기체의 유전자를 다른 유기체에 이식함으로써

첫 번째 유기체의 바람직한 특질을 두 번째 식물에 발현시키는 과정이

다. 미 농무부는 이러한 과정의 이용 또는 시험 대상이 되는 작물이 점

차 증가하고 있다고 보고한다.

Pearl millet is a staple crop for people in the semi-arid tropics. The plants in this field in southern India have been genetically engineered to resist diseases that can kill an entire crop.

진주조(pearl millet)는 반건조 열대지방 거주자들의 주곡(主穀)이다.

인도 남부의 이 밭에서 자라고 있는 진주조는 작물 전체를 폐사시킬 수

있는 질병에 대한 저항력을 확보하기 위하여 유전자 조작을 거쳤다. © A

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The Galaxy peach, also known as the Bagel peach for its flat shape, is a variety developed over 10 years of testing by the U.S. Agriculture Research Service. The sweet taste of the fruit and abundant yield of the tree have made it popular for backyard gardeners.

평평한 모양으로 인하여 바젤 복숭아로도 알려진 갤럭시 복숭아는 미국 농업연구소가 10여 년에 걸친 시험을 통

하여 개발한 품종이다. 이 과일은 달콤한 맛과 풍부한 수확량 덕분에 텃밭을 가꾸는 이들에게 인기품종이 되었다.

A fruit grower in Virginia checks the blossoms of a pluot tree for frost damage after a late season freeze. The pluot is a fruit created through cross-breeding plums andapricots in a three-to-one ratio. The aprium is a genetically engineered fruit, also made through a mix of genetic material from plums and apricots, in a one-to-three ratio, creating a fruit that is subtly different in appearance and taste.

버지니아 주의 한 과수업자가 때늦은 한파 이후 서리로 인한 피

해를 확인하기 위하여 플루오트 꽃을 살펴보고 있다. 플루오트

는 자두와 살구를 3대 1의 비율로 이종 교배하여 만든 과일이

다. 애프리움 역시 자두와 살구의 유전물질을 1 대 3의 비율로

혼합하여 모양과 맛에 미묘한 차이가 있도록 만든 유전자 조작

과일이다.

Nectarines roll down a packing line in a California plant. The nectarine is a naturalmutant of the peach with the difference of only a single gene that results in a smoothskin. The peach is thought to have originated in China, but traders introduced it to theWest perhaps as long as 2,000 years ago.

캘리포니아의 한 공장에서 천도복숭아가 포장라인을 거치고 있다. 천도복숭아는 복숭아의 자

연변종으로, 껍질을 부드럽게 만드는 유전자 하나만 다른 것이다. 복숭아는 중국에서 유래되었

으나, 상인들이 약 2,000년 전에 서방에 소개한 것으로 추정된다.

Nature + Science / 자연 + 과학

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This test field in China’s Yunnan province is sown with different varieties of rice to determine which strain adapts most readily to environmental conditions particular to that region. Planting a strain that is well adapted, and thus more productive, can result in an improved yield, which makes a substantial difference in a farmer’s livelihood.

중국 운남성의 이 작물 시험장에는 해당 지역의 특정 환경

조건에 가장 쉽게 적응하는 품종을 파악하기 위하여 각종

벼품종이 파종되어 있다. 적응력이 강하여 높은 생산성을

창출하는 품종을 재배함으로써 수확량을 제고할 수 있는데,

이는 농민의 생계에 지대한 영향을 미친다.

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The Bribi Indians of Costa Rica haveadopted new agricultural methodsand varieties of disease resistant cropsdeveloped by researchers at the University of Costa Rica.

코스타리카의 브라이비 인디언들은 코스

타리카대학교의 연구자들이 개발한 새로

운 농업방식과 질병 저항력을 갖춘 작물

품종을 채택해왔다.

Plant physiologist Athanasios Theologisisolated and cloned the tomato’s ripeninggene. By manipulating this gene, Theologisand others created the Endless Summertomato, a variety that can be left on thevine long enough to develop full tasteand texture while still remaining ripewhen it arrives at the supermarket.

식물생리학자인 아타나시오스 텔로지스는 토

마토를 성숙시키는 유전자를 분리하여 복제

하였다. 텔로지스 등은 이 유전자를 조작함으

로써 슈퍼마켓에 도착했을 때 충분한 맛과 질

감을 낼 수 있을 때까지 계속 덩굴에서 숙성

될 수 있는 변종인 ‘끝없는 여름(Endless

Summer)’ 토마토를 개발했다.

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Rice sellers at a market in Kindia, Guinea, are selling Nerica, “new rice for Africa.” Researchers created the variety by crossbreeding an African rice variety with another variety that resulted in a more productive strain. The plant provides growers with greater yields to sell and thus increases their incomes.

기니 킨디아의 한 시장에서 쌀 상인들이 “아프리카의 새로운 쌀”이라는 의미의

네리카를 판매하고 있다. 연구자들은 한 아프리카 쌀 품종과 다른 품종을 이종교

배하여 보다 생산력이 강한 이 변종을 개발했다 네리카는 판매 가능한 수확량과

소득의 증대라는 혜택을 재배자들에게 안겨준다.

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수백년간의경험과기술개발을통하여오늘날의농민들은수천년전에채취생활을했던최초의인간들로부터자신들을차별화할수있게되

었지만,이들에게는아직까지한가지공통점이남아있다.그것은바로물이필요하다는것이다.지구담수의약70퍼센트가농업용으로소비되고있는데,일부국가에서는최대90퍼센트까지소비되기도한다.이는공업용수및가정용수의수준을크게넘어서는것이다. 안정적물공급은증가일로에있는세계인구의수요를충족하기위한농업생산량증대에있어서결정적요소로부상할것이다.당면과제는물한방울,한방울의효율성을증대하는것일것이다.유엔식량농업기구의추정에의하면,개도국에서관개시설을갖춘토지가2030년까지34퍼센트증가할것이나,관개방식개선으로식용작물생산에사용되는물의양은14퍼센트증가하는데머무를것이다. 그렇다면식용작물재배에필요한물의양은얼마인가?분명작물의종류에따라편차가크지만,일반적으로보통사람한명의1일소비식량에해당하는작물을재배하는데2,000내지5,000리터의물이필요하다.미국환경보호국(EPA)은각종식품생산을위한물필요량에대하여아래와같은추정치를제시하고있다.

Water Sustains All물은 모든 것을 지탱하는 힘

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A sunset lights crop irrigation in the Santa Rita Hills of California, the nation’s top agriculture producing state.

미국의 최대 농업생산주인 캘리포니아 주 산타리타힐스에서 작물관개시설이

저녁노을로 물들어 있다.

In Bali, contoured terraces retain the water used in the cultivation of rice, the world’s second most widely cultivated crop.

발리의 등고선식 계단경작지에 세계 2위의 재배 작물인 벼

농사에 사용되는 물이 보존되어 있다.

Centuries of experience and technological development separate today’sfarmerfromthefirstpeoplewhoscrapedacropfromthe

ground thousands of years ago, but one thing these farmers still share — the need for water. Agriculture consumes about 70 percent of the planet’s fresh water, up to 90 percent in some countries, surpassing industrial and domestic uses by far. Reliable water supplies will be a critical factor in increasing agricultural production to meet the needs of the world’s expanding population.Thechallengewillbetoextractgreaterefficiencyfromevery drop. Irrigated land in developing countries will increase by 34 percent by 2030, according to a U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization estimate, but the amount of water used to produce food crops will increase by only 14 percent because of improved irrigation practices.So how much water does it take to grow food? Obviously different crops have widely diverse needs, but generally, between 2,000 to 5,000 liters of water are required to grow the food that an average person consumes per day. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency offers these estimates of the water needed to produce a variety of foods:

Water (물) Food (식품)

15 liters Four liters of milk 15리터 우유 4리터

1,514 liters To raise one chicken 1,514리터 닭 1마리 사육

22.71 liters One serving of fried potatoes 22.71 리터 프라이드 포테이토 1인분

52.23 liters One orange 152.23리터 오렌지 1개

378.54 liters One watermelon 378.54리터 수박 1개

567.8 liters One loaf of bread 567.8리터 식빵 1덩어리

11.35 liters One tomato 11.35리터 토마토 1개

132.48 liters One serving of rice 132.48리터 밥 1공기

454.24 liters One egg 454.24리터 달걀 1개

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The international community is engaged in a concerted effort to safeguard the genetic wealth of the plant kingdom.

Seeds and plant samples — hundreds of thousands of different types — are being secured and stored so that they will not be lost to climate change, habitat

depletion, or other natural or man-made disasters. Preserving the discoveries of the future and the crops of today motivate the effort. Science has learned to modify the genetic code of plants, extracting a desired characteristic of one plant, and inserting it into another. This form of bioengineering is an accelerated version of the cross pollination that farmers have practiced for centuries. Today’s capabilities raise awareness that any plant, anywhere, may hold a biological secret that will someday aid humankind — a cure for disease, an enriched food, or other useful compound. “Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture provide the biological basis for world food security, and support the livelihoods of every person on Earth,” according to a U.N. conservation plan for plant genetic resources. The 1996 document puts the international community’s concern about and responsibility for plant diversificationonrecord.

International Efforts

An international agricultural research consortium supports 11 gene banks, safeguarding more than 650,000 genetic samples of crop, forage, shrubs, and trees and keeping them in the public domain. The Center for Global International Agriculture Research (CGIAR) is dedicated to “conserving these collections for the long term and to making the germplasm[acollectionofgeneticresourcesforanorganism]andassociated information available as global public goods.” CGIAR maintains these vast storehouses of seeds and plants for the benefitofallhumanity,accordingtoitsWebsite:“Seedcontributionshave helped lay the foundations of recovery by jumpstarting agricultural growthincountriesemergingfromconflictsuchasAfghanistan,Angola,Mozambique, and Somalia.” Areas stricken by natural disaster canretrieve precious seeds from the gene banks to revive plant life uniquely adaptedtotheirspecificclimateandconditions.

U.S. Efforts

The U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) maintains a network of gene banks to preserve genetic traits that can be used to combat emerging pests, pathogens, diseases, and other threats to the world’ssupplyoffoodandfiber. The NPGS collections include approximately 511,000 samples of seeds, tissues, and whole plants at more than 20 gene banks in the United States under the authority of the Agriculture Research Service (ARS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Many of the gene banksalso receive support from universities and state agricultural experiment stations. UsefultraitsidentifiedinthesampleshavehelpedinoculateU.S.crops from dangerous pathogens. A wheat plant collected in Turkey in 1948, for example, effectively resisted a fungus that threatened U.S. crops 15 years later. Its genetics are now incorporated into virtually everywheatvarietygrowninthePacificNorthwestregionoftheUnited

국제사회는식물왕국의풍부한유전자원을보호하기위하여협력을펼치고있다.

기후변화,서식지고갈또는기타자연재해나인재로인한손실을방지하기위하여현재(수십만종의)종자와식물샘플을확보하여저장하고있다.

이러한노력은오늘날의기존작물과미래의발견작물을보존한다는목표에따른것이다.과학지식의발달에따라,특정식물의바람직한특성을추출하여여타식물에주입하는방식으로식물의유전자코드의변경이이루어진다.이와같은생명공학은농부들이수백년간행해온교잡수분을급속화한형태라할수있다.오늘날의과학역량에비추어여하한곳의식물에(질병치료,강화식품또는기타유용한화합물등)언젠가인류에게도움이될생물학적비밀이숨어있을지모른다는인식이제고되고있다. 유엔식물유전자원보존계획에따르면“식량및농업용식물유전자원은세계식량안보의생물학적토대를제공하고지구상의모든이들의생계를지원한다”고한다.이1996년도문서는식물다양성에관한국제사회의관심과책임을제시하고있다.

국제적 노력

한국제농업연구컨소시엄은작물,마초,관목및나무유전자샘플65만여개를보호하고이를공유재산으로유지하며11개유전자은행을지원하고있다.국제농업연구자문단(CGIAR)는“이와같은수집품을장기적으로보존하고생식질[유기체의유전자원조합]및관련정보를국제적공공재로제공”하는데전력을다하고있다. CGIAR는전인류를위하여방대한종자및식물수집품을유지하고있는데,그홈페이지에따르면“종자기부는아프가니스탄,앙골라,모잠비크,소말리아등분쟁에서회복중인국가의농업성장을급속히활성화함으로써회복의토대를구축하는데기여해왔다”고한다.자연재해로고통받는지역들은각자의고유한기후와조건에맞는식물을소생시키기위하여유전자은행으로부터소중한종자를회수할수있다.

미국의 노력

미국국가식물생식질시스템(NPGS)은새로운해충,병원체,질병과세계의식량및섬유공급에대한기타위협을퇴치하는데활용가능한유전형질

The Legacy of Plant Life식물 유산

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Technicians at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center sort samples of wild maize seeds in Mexico. This center has shipped thousands of unique seed samples to the Svalbard Global Seed Vault for safe storage in the Arctic.

국제옥수수밀개량센터의 기술자들이 멕시코에서 야생 옥수수 종자 표본을 정리하고 있다. 이 센터는 수

천 개의 고유 종자 표본이 북극에서 안전하게 보관될 수 있도록 스발바르 국제종자저장고에 발송했다.

eJournal USA 40

States, according to ARS documents. A Russian wheat aphid spread to the United States in 1986, threatening the entire nation’s commercial wheat crop. ARS scientists began an urgent examination of NPGS grain stores and found hundreds of potentially resistant genes. A crash project developed a resistant strain, thus averting a crop crisis.

Seeds in the Deep Freeze

Inside the Arctic Circle, 1,000 kilometers north of mainland Norway, average temperatures are so low that electricity isn’t required to maintain freezing temperatures. There, dug into a mountainside, surrounded by permafrost and thick rock, the Svalbard Global Seed Vault holds hundreds of thousands of seed samples from all overthe world in frozen isolation until mishap or disaster requires their use to replenish seeds native to warmer climates. Built by the Kingdom of Norway with international cooperation and maintained by the Global Crop Diversity Trust, the Svalbard Vault is the world’sfinalinsurancepolicyforprotectingplantdiversity.Genebanksall over the world deposit duplicate samples of their stockpiles with Svalbard for safekeeping. The Svalbard vault insures that gene bankselsewhere have back-ups in case of unpredictable institutional failure — lost samples, neglectful management, or depleted funding. Since the Svalbard vault opened in 2008, the U.S. germplasm system has sent more than 20,000 plant samples to it for safekeeping; and the United States intends to send samples of its entire collection gradually over the next several years. The Global Crop Diversity Trust is a public-private partnership raising funds to support key crop collections. In keeping with international plant diversity agreements, the trust works to advance an efficientandsustainableglobalsystemforlong-termconservationofplant genetic resources. The diversity of plant life on Earth is so great that it eludes humankind’s attempts to quantify it all. Estimates of the number of known plant species range from approximately 300,000 to 400,000, but deep in remote forests, or high on mountain peaks, thousands more unknown species could be awaitingtheirfirstsighting by a scientist who recognizes their uniqueness.■

의보존을위하여유전자은행네트워크를유지하고있다. NPGS의수집물로는미농무부농업연구소(ARS)산하의미국내20여개유전자은행에보관된약511,000개의종자,조직및전체식물표본등이있다.또한이들유전자은행중다수가대학및주립농업시험장으로부터지원을받고있다. 이들표본을통하여파악된유용한형질들은미국의작물들을위험한병원체로부터보호하기위한접종활동에기여해왔다.예를들어,1948년에터키에서채집된밀작물은그로부터15년후에미국작물들을위협한균류에효과적으로저항력을발휘했다.ARS의문서에의하면,해당유전특성이이제미국의태평양연안북서부지역에서재배되는사실상의모든밀품종에반영되어있다. 1986년에러시아의밀진드기가미국으로확산되었는데,이는미국전역의상업적밀생산에위협을가했다.ARS의과학자들은NPGS곡물저장고에관한긴급조사에착수했고,잠재적저항력을지닌수백개의유전자를발견했다.미국은긴급프로젝트를통하여저항력이있는품종개발에성공했고,이를통해작물위기를피할수있었다.

종자의 급속 냉동

노르웨이본토로부터1,000킬로미터북쪽의북극권내부는평균기온이너무낮아서결빙온도를유지하는데전기가따로필요하지않다.그곳의영구동토층과바위들로둘러쌓인산비탈안쪽에는세계전역으로부터온수십만개의종자표본을격리하여냉동보관하는스발바르국제종자저장고가자리잡고있다.보다따뜻한기후에서자라나는토착종자를사고또는재난으로인하여보충해야할필요성이발생할때까지이저장고에보관한다. 노르웨이왕국이국제적협력을바탕으로건립하고세계작물다양성재단이유지하는스발바르저장고는식물다양성보호를위한세계의최종적보험장치라할수있다.세계전역의유전자은행들은보관종자의참고표본을스발바르에위탁하여보관한다.스발바르저장고는여타지역유전자은행들이표본분실,관리태만또는자금고갈등예상치못한제도적실패에대비하여예비종자를유지할수있도록해준다. 스발바르저장고가2008년에개소한이래로미국생식질시스템은2만여개의식물표본을스발바르저장고에발송하여보관시켰으며,미국은향후수년간식물수집물전체의표본을점진적으로발송할계획이다. 세계작물다양성재단은주요보관작물을지원하기위한기금을마련하

는민관협력단체이다.이재단은각종국제식물다양성협약에의거하여장기적식물유전자원보존을목적으로효율적이고지속가능한국제적시스템을발전시키기위한노력을펼치고있다. 지구상의식물은지극히다양하기때문에식물전부를정량화하려는인류의노력은결실을맺지못하고있다.지금까지알려진식물종의수는대략30만~40만개로추산되지만,외딴삼림지나높은산봉우리에서수천개의알려지지않은식물종이자신의고유함을인식한과학자에의하여최초로발견될수있을때까지이들의눈길을기다리고있을지도모른다.■

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(Clockwise from left) Project gardener Charles Fernandez works with plants at the U.S. Potato Genebank in Wisconsin; Cary Fowler, director of the Global Crop Diversity Fund, is inside the Svalbard Global Seed Vault; a technician checks the inventory at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in Ibadan, Nigeria.

(왼쪽부터 시계방향으로) 프로젝트 정원사인 찰스 페르난데스가 위스콘신 주 미국감자유

전자은행에서 식물을 다루고 있다; 세계작물다양성기금의 캐리 파울러 국장이 스발바르

국제종자저장고 내부를 둘러보고 있다; 한 기술자가 나이지리아 이바단의 국제열대농업연

구소(IITA)에서 재고를 파악하고 있다. Cou

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By the Numbers1.02 billion: People worldwide who are hungry and undernourished. 642 million of them live in Asia and thePacific,265millioninSub-SaharanAfrica.(FAO)

148 million: Children being raised on inadequate diets (unitedcalltoaction.org)

670,000: Child deaths annually traceable to Vitamin A deficiency.(unitedcalltoaction.org)

7 to 1: Ratio of dollars returned in increased wages and decreased disability to dollars spent on vitamin A fortification.(USAID)

28 to 1: Ratio for dollars spent on iodizing salt. (USAID)

84to1:Ratiofordollarsspentonironfortification.(USAID)

100 percent: Required food production increase to feed the Earth’s anticipated 2050 population of 9 billion. (FAO)

$5.5 billion: Amount the U.S. Government will spendtofightworldhungeroverthenexttwoyears.(Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack)

55 percent: Proportion of global food aid paid for by the U.S. government over the last 50 years. (Vilsack)

70 percent: Amount of global fresh water supply used in agriculture. (FAO)

2,000–5,000: Liters of water required to produce the food in average daily diet. (U.N.- Water)

300 percent: Proportion by which Mexican wheat production increased while Norman Borlaug worked there. (Rand Study)

25 percent: Increase in calories consumed by average person in the developing world following the Green Revolution. (Gordon Conway)

250 percent: Increase in grain production between 1950 and 1984. (Kindall and Pimentel)

400 percent: Increase in yield over local varieties of weed-resistant and drought-tolerant sorghum hybrid plants developed by 2009 World Food Prize laureate Gebisa Ejeta. (World Food Prize)

300percent:TheincreaseinfishproductioninBangladesh using aquaculture techniques developed by Blue Revolution founder, M. Vijaya Gupta. (World Food Prize)

통계 자료

10억2,000만:전세계적으로기아와영양실조를겪고있는이들의수.이중6억4,200만명이아태지역에거주하고있고,2억6,500만명은사하라남부아프리카에거주하고있다.(식량농업기구)

1억4,800백만:부적절한식단으로양육되고있는아동의수(unitedcalltoaction.org)

670,000:비타민A결핍에기인하는연간아동사망자수(unitedcalltoaction.org)

7대1:임금인상및장애감소를통해회수한달러화와비타민A강화에지출한달러화의비율.(미국국제개발청)

28대1:소금요드화에지출한달러화비율(미국국제개발청)

84대1:철분강화에지출한달러화비율(미국국제개발청)

100퍼센트:2050년예상세계인구90억명에게식량을공급하는데필요한식량생산증가율.(식량농업기구)

55억달러:향후2년간세계기아퇴치를위한미국정부의지출예정금액(톰빌색농무장관)

55퍼센트:지난50년간미국정부가지급한세계식량원조금의비율(톰빌색농무장관)

70퍼센트:전세계담수공급량중농업에사용된담수의양(식량농업기구)

2,000–5,000:1일평균식단의식품생산에필요한물리터량(유엔워터)

300퍼센트:노먼볼로그의멕시코연구당시멕시코의밀생산량증가율(랜드연구)

25퍼센트:녹색혁명이후개도국일반인소비칼로리의증가율(고든콘웨이)

250퍼센트:1950년부터1984년까지의곡물생산증가율(킨달및피멘텔)

400퍼센트:2009년도세계식량상수상자게비사에제타가개발한잡초에저항력이있고가뭄에내성이있는수수교잡종식물에의한수확량증가율(세계식량상)

300퍼센트:청색혁명의창시자M.비자야굽타가개발한수산양식기법을통한방글라데시어류생산량증가율(세계식량상)

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추가 자료서적,기사및웹사이트

서적 및 보고서

Agricultural Biodiversity in FAO. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2008.http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/i0112e/i0112e00.htm

Briscoe, John, et. al. Water and Agriculture: Implications for Development and Growth. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2009.http://csis.org/publication/water-and-agriculture

Energy-Water Nexus: Many Uncertainties Remain about National and Regional Effects of Increased Biofuel Production on Water Resources. Washington,DC:GovernmentAccountabilityOffice,2009.http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d10116.pdf

Federoff, Nina, et. al. “Radically Rethinking Agriculture for the 21st Century.” Science, vol. 327, no. 5967 (12 February 2010): pp. 833 — 834.http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/327/5967/833

Hausmann, Ricardo and Rodrigo Wagner. Certification Strategies, Industrial Development and a Global Market for Biofuels. Cambridge, MA: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University’s Kennedy School, January 13, 2010.http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/19856/ certification_strategies_industrial_development_and_a_ global_market_for_biofuels.html

International Energy Outlook 2009. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, 2009.http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/

McFadden, Steven. Community Farms in the 21st Century: Poised for Another Wave of Growth? Kutztown, PA: Rodale Press, 2007.http://newfarm.rodaleinstitute.org/features/0104/csa-history/part1.shtml

A New Biology for the 21st Century: Ensuring the United States Leads the Biology Revolution. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 2009.http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12764#toc

Pardey, Philip G. and Julian M. Alston. U.S. Agricultural Research in a Global Food Security Setting. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2010.http://csis.org/publication/us-agricultural-research-global-foodsecurity-setting

Quinn, Kenneth M. “Dr. Norman E. Borlaug: 20th-Century Lessons for the 21st-Century World”http://www.worldfoodprize.org/borlaug/borlaug-history.htm

Timmer, C. Peter. “Do Supermarkets Change the Food Policy Agenda?” World Development, vol. 37, no. 11. (November 2009): pp. 1812-1819.

Additional ResourcesA selection of books, articles, and Web sites

Articles and Reports

Agricultural Biodiversity in FAO. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2008.http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/i0112e/i0112e00.htm

Briscoe, John, et. al. Water and Agriculture: Implications for Development and Growth. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2009.http://csis.org/publication/water-and-agriculture

Energy-Water Nexus: Many Uncertainties Remain about National and Regional Effects of Increased Biofuel Production on Water Resources. Washington,DC:GovernmentAccountabilityOffice,2009.http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d10116.pdf

Federoff, Nina, et. al. “Radically Rethinking Agriculture for the 21st Century.” Science, vol. 327, no. 5967 (12 February 2010): pp. 833 — 834.http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/327/5967/833

Hausmann, Ricardo and Rodrigo Wagner. Certification Strategies, Industrial Development and a Global Market for Biofuels. Cambridge, MA: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University’s Kennedy School, January 13, 2010.http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/19856/ certification_strategies_industrial_development_and_a_ global_market_for_biofuels.html

International Energy Outlook 2009. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, 2009.http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/

McFadden, Steven. Community Farms in the 21st Century: Poised for Another Wave of Growth? Kutztown, PA: Rodale Press, 2007.http://newfarm.rodaleinstitute.org/features/0104/csa-history/part1.shtml

A New Biology for the 21st Century: Ensuring the United States Leads the Biology Revolution. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 2009.http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12764#toc

Pardey, Philip G. and Julian M. Alston. U.S. Agricultural Research in a Global Food Security Setting. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2010.http://csis.org/publication/us-agricultural-research-global-foodsecurity-setting

Quinn, Kenneth M. “Dr. Norman E. Borlaug: 20th-Century Lessons for the 21st-Century World”http://www.worldfoodprize.org/borlaug/borlaug-history.htm

Timmer, C. Peter. “Do Supermarkets Change the Food Policy Agenda?” World Development, vol. 37, no. 11. (November 2009): pp. 1812-1819.

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Von Braun, Joachim. The Poorest and Hungry. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2009.http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/oc63.pdf

Web Sites

AgNIC: The Agriculture Network Information Centerhttp://www.agnic.org

The Center for Global International Agriculture Research (CGIAR)http://www.cgiar.org/

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nationshttp://www.fao.org/

Global Information and Early Warning System (GIEWS): On Food and Agriculturehttp://www.fao.org/giews/english/index.htm

International Food Policy Research Institutehttp://www.ifpri.org/

Millennium Villages Projecthttp://www.millenniumvillages.org/

National Institute of Food and Agriculturehttp://www.csrees.usda.gov/

Responding to World Hungerhttp://www.america.gov/food_security.html

Svalbard Global Seed Vaulthttp://www.croptrust.org/main/arctic.php?itemid=211

U.S. Agency for International Development Food Securityhttp://www.usaid.gov/our_work/agriculture/food_security.htm

U.S. Department of Agriculture Global Food Securityhttp://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/GlobalFoodSecurity/

U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Securityhttp://www.fns.usda.gov/fsec/

U.S. Department of State Global Hunger and Food Securityhttp://www.state.gov/s/globalfoodsecurity/index.htm

U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS)http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/

World Agricultural Forumwww.worldagforum.org

Von Braun, Joachim. The Poorest and Hungry. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2009.http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/oc63.pdf

웹사이트

AgNIC: 농업 네트워크 정보센터(The Agriculture Network Information Center)

http://www.agnic.org

국제농업연구자문단(CGIAR)

http://www.cgiar.org/

유엔식량농업기구(FAO)

http://www.fao.org/

세계식량정보 및 조기경보시스템(GIEWS): 식량 및 농업

http://www.fao.org/giews/english/index.htm

세계식량정책연구소(IFPRI)

http://www.ifpri.org/

밀레니엄 빌리지 프로젝트(MVP)

http://www.millenniumvillages.org/

국립식품농업연구소(NIFA)

http://www.csrees.usda.gov/

세계 기아문제에 대응(Responding to World Hunger)

http://www.america.gov/food_security.html

스발바르 국제종자저장고(Svalbard Global Seed Vault)

http://www.croptrust.org/main/arctic.php?itemid=211

미국국제개발청(USAID) 식량안보

http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/agriculture/food_security.htm

미 농무부 글로벌 식량안보

http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/GlobalFoodSecurity/

미 농무부 식량안보

http://www.fns.usda.gov/fsec/

미 국무부 글로벌 기아 및 식량안보

http://www.state.gov/s/globalfoodsecurity/index.htm

미 국가식물생식질시스템(NPGS)

http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/

세계농업포럼(World Agricultural Forum)

www.worldagforum.org

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필모그래피

Sustainable Table: What’s on Your Plate? (2006년)상영시간:52분감독:미샤헤지스내용:식탁에어떤음식이올라왔으며그음식의출처는?그음식이환경과신체에미치는영향은?이영화는많은농경법의지속가능성에대한질문을제시하고몇가지답을추구하려고한다.

먹거리 주식회사(Food Inc.) (2008년)상영시간:94분감독:로버트케너내용:이영화는선진국의대규모식품가공을살펴보고가공방법들이소비자건강이나환경의개선에도움이되지않는다고주장한다.

Diverseeds: Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (2009년)상영시간:51분감독:마커스쉬미트,오스트리아내용:대규모농업생산자들은농작물생산에바람직한유전자조작품종들을채택했다.이로써,영화제작자가향후전세계개발니즈를충족시키는데중요하다고주장하는유전적다양성의폭이좁아졌다.

킹콘(King Corn) (2009년)상영시간:88분감독:애런울프내용:미국동부의절친한친구들이자신들이먹는음식이어디에서오는것인지를알기위해중서부의농산물재배지로이사한다.그들은옥수수작물을재배하고그작물이식품가공시스템에서어떤과정을거치는지추적하려고한다.

Farm!(2008년)상영시간:(목록없음)감독:크리스틴매스터슨내용:조지아주에서지속가능한유기농농법으로농사를짓는신세대농부들에관한다큐멘터리

In Organic We Trust(2010년)상영시간:82분감독:킵패스터내용:이영화는유기농자급자족농업시스템을지향하는방식과유기농식품산업을살펴본다.

미국무부는위에열거된자료의콘텐츠나제공여부와관련해서어떠한책임도지지않습니다.링크된웹사이트들은2010년3월현재서비스를제공하고있습니다.

Filmography

Sustainable Table: What’s on Your Plate? (2006)Running time: 52 minutesDirector: Mischa HedgesSummary: What’s on your plate, and where does it come from? What areitseffectsontheenvironmentandyourbody?Thisfilmpresentsquestions about the sustainability of many agricultural practices, and attempts to pursue some answers.

Food Inc. (2008)Running time: 94 minutesDirector: Robert KennerSummary:Thefilmexamineslarge-scalefoodprocessinginthedeveloped world, arguing that its methods do not promote good health for consumers or the environment.

Diverseeds: Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (2009)Running time: 51 minutesDirector: Markus Schmidt, AustriaSummary: Large agricultural producers have adopted a few plant varieties with genetically engineered qualities desirable for crop production. This practice has narrowed genetic diversity, which, the filmmakerargues,isvitaltomeetingtheworld’sfuturedevelopmentneeds.

King Corn (2009)Running time: 88 minutesDirector: Aaron WoolfSummary: Best friends from the eastern United States move to the agricultural producing regions of the Midwest to learn where their food comes from. They grow a corn crop and attempt to follow it through the food processing system.

Farm! (2008)Running time: (not listed)Director: Christine MastersonSummary: This documentary is about a new generation of organic and sustainable farmers in the state of Georgia.

In Organic We Trust (2010)Running time: 82 minutesDirector: Kip PastorSummary:Thisfilmexaminestheorganicfoodindustryandthepathstowards an organic, self-sustaining agriculture system.

The U.S. Department of State assumes no responsibility for the content and availability of the resources listed above. All Internet links were active as of March 2010.

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Public Affairs SectionU.S. Embassy Seoul

Contact Information:American Center Korea

10 Namyoung-dong, Yongsan-guSeoul 140-160

Phone: (02) 397-4605Fax: (02) 795-3606

E-mail: AmericanCenterKorea@state.govWeb Site: http://seoul.usembassy.gov