2/14/2018’ hair%removal%for% people%with …users.wpi.edu/~mbarsoum/docs/thesis.pdfalternative...

2/14/2018

Hair Removal for People with Cerebral Palsy

Mary Barsoum

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................. 4

Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 5

Literature Review ................................................................................................................. 6 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 6 Understanding Cerebral Palsy ........................................................................................................ 6 Physical Limitations and Abilities of Cerebral Palsy ...................................................................... 8 Current Shaving Techniques used by People with Cerebral Palsy ................................................. 8 Current Products in the Market ..................................................................................................... 9 Alternative Options for Hair Removal ......................................................................................... 11 The Logistics of Hair Removal Cream .......................................................................................... 13

Plan ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Engineering Problem: ..................................................................................................................... 15 Engineering Goal: ........................................................................................................................... 15 Engineering Plan: ........................................................................................................................... 15

Part 1: Design criteria was established .............................................................................................. 15 Part 2: Preliminary testing ................................................................................................................. 15 Part 3: Testing prototypes ................................................................................................................. 16

Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 17 Part 1 – Preliminary Data ............................................................................................................. 19

Test 1 – Does the lotion leak out of the hole? .................................................................................... 19 Test 2 – How much force is needed to dispense the lotion? .............................................................. 19

Part 2 – The Prototypes ................................................................................................................ 20 Test 1 – Force .................................................................................................................................... 20 Test 2 – Effectiveness ........................................................................................................................ 21 Test 3 – Efficiency ............................................................................................................................. 21

Results .................................................................................................................................. 22

Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 25 Scoring Matrix .............................................................................................................................. 25 Sources Error ................................................................................................................................ 25 Future Extensions ......................................................................................................................... 26

Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 27

References ............................................................................................................................ 28

Appendix .............................................................................................................................. 30 Limitations .................................................................................................................................... 30 Assumptions .................................................................................................................................. 30 Photos of Setup .............................................................................................................................. 31 Raw data ....................................................................................................................................... 33

V2 Data .............................................................................................................................................. 33 V3 data ............................................................................................................................................... 36

Sketch of Preliminary Data Device .................................................................................................. 39 V1 Sketches .................................................................................................................................... 40

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V1 Armrest ......................................................................................................................................... 40 V1 Plunger ......................................................................................................................................... 41 V1 Base .............................................................................................................................................. 42

V2 Sketches .................................................................................................................................... 43 V2 Armrest ......................................................................................................................................... 43 V2 Plunger ......................................................................................................................................... 44 V2 Base .............................................................................................................................................. 45

V3 Sketches .................................................................................................................................... 46 V3 Armrest ......................................................................................................................................... 46 V3 Plunger ......................................................................................................................................... 47 V3 Base .............................................................................................................................................. 48

Sample Binary Photos ................................................................................................................... 49 Sample Data from Effectiveness Test .............................................................................................. 51 Notes ............................................................................................................................................. 71

The biomechanics of blade shaving ................................................................................................... 71 Safety razors ...................................................................................................................................... 73 Method of sequentially molding a razor cap ..................................................................................... 74 Liftware .............................................................................................................................................. 75 Gillette Treo ....................................................................................................................................... 76 Email from Mary Ellen Curran ........................................................................................................... 77 Disorders of the Nervous System ...................................................................................................... 78 Spastic Cerebral Palsy ........................................................................................................................ 79 Muscular Dystrophy .......................................................................................................................... 80 Cerebral Palsy – Britannica ................................................................................................................ 81 Cerebral Palsy – Gale ......................................................................................................................... 82 The Pros and Cons of Laser Hair Removal ......................................................................................... 83 WrightStuff.Biz .................................................................................................................................. 84 Aditi Dugar ......................................................................................................................................... 85 Gripeez Built-‐Up Grip with Men’s Safety Razor ................................................................................. 86 Gillette Treo – Reviews ...................................................................................................................... 87 Maggard Razors ................................................................................................................................. 88 Nair .................................................................................................................................................... 89 Pros and Cons of Hair Removal Creams ............................................................................................. 90 Dangers of Nair Hair Removal ........................................................................................................... 91 Safety Razor System .......................................................................................................................... 92 Threading Hair Removal 101 ............................................................................................................. 93 Waxing Hair Removal 101 .................................................................................................................. 94

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Acknowledgments

There are many people that I would like to thank for helping me with this project. First off, I

would like to thank Mr. Brunner for not only teaching me how to use the CAD software,

Onshape, but for also teaching me the engineering process and how to think like an engineer for

this project. I would also like to thank both of my parents for the constant support that they have

given me throughout this project. Even through my frustrations they always knew how to calm

me down. My project required many hours of testing that were not the most exciting. Having

others to help me test and keep a conversation going made the time go by faster. So for that, I

would like to thank David Barsoum, Tommy Ghally, and Anya Logan. Although I did an

engineering project, I did not know anything about engineering prior to this project. I would like

to thank Marissa Langille for the emotional and intellectual support throughout this entire

project. Finally, I would like to thank Madame Wildfong for dealing with me during my times of

distress and talking sense into me when nobody else could. She always knew what to say.

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Abstract

People with Cerebral Palsy (CP) often have difficulty independently removing unwanted hair.

CP is a non-progressive brain disease that affects voluntary movements like moving an arm, or

gripping a razor. The goal of this project was to create a device to increase independence in this

area. Because of the dangers associated with using a razor, hair removal cream was identified a s

a safer option for people with muscle and motion impairments. The ideal device dispenses

enough hair removal cream to cover the shin and effectively remove leg hair without the need of

a strong force. Multiple prototypes were designed, printed, and tested. Testing was done with

lotion with a similar consistency to hair removal cream. The testing procedure determined the

effectiveness of the device by measuring the surface area of the lotion dispensed, the force

needed to operate the device, and the efficiency of the device by measuring how much of the

initial lotion put into the device is dispensed from the device. The results suggest that the device

can effectively be used to remove leg hair.

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Literature Review

Introduction

Many people, both men and women decide to take part in hair removal. Hair removal has

become prominent in many daily routines. One of the more popular methods of hair removal is

shaving. However, there are people who may not be able to shave by themselves for multiple

reasons: lack of muscle strength may make it difficult for someone to grip a razor; limited

mobility in the shoulder, elbow, wrist, or individual fingers may make it difficult when shaving

alone because it may be straining to move to certain positions to shave. These symptoms are

commonly experienced by people with Cerebral Palsy (CP). Razors are mostly made for people

without any muscular or mobility disabilities. Finding a razor that is compatible with certain

disabilities can be very challenging.

Understanding Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral Palsy is a non-progressive brain disease (the disease does not get worse over

time) that causes muscle weakness and obstructed mobility. CP is caused by damage to the

cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia in the brain. These two parts of the brain control the skeletal

muscles of the body which produce voluntary movements. Examples of skeletal muscles can be

seen in Figure 1. Damage to the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia most often occurs during

the beginning of a child’s life: prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal. Possible sources of damage

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include premature births, traumatic births, asphyxiation during birth, and any other traumatic

physical events that occur after the child is born (Polzin, 2015).

CP can be affect different limbs. There are four different types of CP; Spastic, Athetoid,

Ataxic, and mixed. Spastic CP is categorized by muscle stiffness of a specific muscle or a group

of voluntary muscles. Thus, causing the patient to have a permanent flexion, or bend, at their

elbow or wrist. Athetoid CP affects mostly the face and neck. It can cause involuntary spasms of

the face and neck, sometimes making it a challenge to speak. Symptoms of Athetoid CP include

athetosis, which is a squirming movement. Ataxic CP affects the fine movements and precise

coordination. People who have Ataxic CP may not be able to perform tiny and delicate

movements. Finally, someone who is classified as having Mixed CP may show multiple

symptoms of different types of CP (Cerebral palsy, 2017).

Figure 1. Diagram of skeletal muscles in the human (East Tennessee State University, 2001)

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Physical Limitations and Abilities of Cerebral Palsy

Each of the type CP, pinpoints different muscles that can be affected. For example, someone may

have Spastic CP in both of their legs. This condition would be referred to as Spastic Diplegia

(Polzin, 2015). Because of the phenotypic diversity associated with CP, not every patient shares

the same symptoms. Every patient who has CP has his or her own set of limitations. Examples of

limitations include, lack of movement in the legs, permanent flexion, a bend, in the elbow or

wrist, lack of control of individual fingers, impaired speech, etc. (Cerebral Palsy Alliance, n.d).

For example, a flexion in the elbow and wrist make it very difficult to shave legs; when shaving

legs, the motion includes an extension of the arm and wrist which will then bend as the razor

moves up the leg. With the current razor designs, this motion must be repeated to not miss and

spots and get the optimum shave. Also, lack of control of individual fingers make it difficult to

shave because the patient may not be able to hold the razor steadily or at all. Additionally, a

person with CP may also have a weak trunk which can prohibit them from sitting up right

(Curran, M. E. 2017). Shaving legs often requires the person to bend down. So, people with CP

risk falling if they try and bend over and shave their legs.

Current Shaving Techniques used by People with Cerebral Palsy

Currently, people with Cerebral Palsy remove their hair, both facial and legs, in multiple

different ways. Because it is difficult to find shaving options that meet their physical needs,

many people with CP use an electric razor when removing facial hair (Patrick Shaving). This is

because the blades are not out in the open, making it safe if they happen to lose their grip or

shake while shaving. Another way that people with CP shave is using a two-handed grip on a

standard manual razor, such as Gillette or Venus (Friant, M.). This position provides stability to

the person shaving. While one hand is producing the shaving motions, the other hand stabilizes

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the hand holding the razor to limit squirming and shaking of the razor and prevent cuts or nicks.

Although both of the previous examples work for removing facial hair, some people also like to

remove leg hair. Some adaptive a razor handle extensions allow users used to reach towards the

bottom of the body without having to bend over. Besides shaving themselves, people with CP

may have a care giver who shaves for them using a special razor that is made to shave others.

The problem with current shaving techniques used by people with CP is the lack of safety,

comfort, and in some cases, independence. There are no products designed specifically for

people with CP or symptoms similar to CP (see table. 1). Therefore, people with CP must rely on

products that do not necessarily conform to their needs.

Current Products in the Market

Table 1. Current products on the market

Name of Product

Manufacturing Details

Features Reviews Current Cost

Gillette Treo

(Lakin, D.)

Made to shave someone else. Dimensions of the product are currently unavailable

1. Shave gel is built into the handle 2. Has a blade OverCap (a plastic cover to protect the user and the blade while being transported) 3. Can be held like a pencil or paintbrush 4. Uses disposable cartridges

Very positive reviews

Not currently available because it is being tested. However, a sample may be requested if a form is filled out

Gripeez Built-‐Up Grip

(Gripeez built-‐up)

The grip is aimed to reduce the amount of muscle needed from the user

1. Can be placed on a razor

Positive reviews

~$15.00

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Maggard Razors Thick Stainless Steel Handle Safety Razor

(Maggard razors)

Assembled razor weight: 129 g Handle length: 3” Assembled length: 3.38” Handle weight: 98 g Handle diameter: 0.64”

N/A Very highly rated (5 stars)

~$22.95-‐$34.95

Electric Razor Strap by WrightStuff.Biz

(Daily living aids)

Measures: 0.5”x 4”x 6”

1. Secure grip 2. Conforms to hand 3. Helps with weak hands 4. Thumb loops 5. Velcro straps 6. Fits razors

N/A ~$32.95

Razor Extension Handle by WrightStuff.Biz

(Daily living aids)

Material: Plastic Length: 19” Weight: 0.25 lb.

1. Velcro straps 2. Works with both electric and non-‐electric razors 3. Has a bend to reach hard places 4. Can hold an object with up to a 2” diameter

N/A ~$35.95

Weight Razor Cuff by WrightStuff.Biz

(Daily living aids)

Weight: 1.5 lb. 1. Holds disposable razor 2. Strap is made to fit over hand 3. Thumb Loops 4. Weights are used to balance shaky hands

N/A ~$26.95

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Alternative Options for Hair Removal

Besides shaving, there are many other ways to remove hair such as waxing, laser hair

removal, threading, and hair remover cream. Each method has its own benefits and limitations.

These other options, are analyzed in Table 2. Many of these options may not work for people

with CP. For example, if any of these methods cause pain, depending on person, someone with

CP may not be able to express their pain because they may not be able to show physical

symptoms of pain. Although, many of these methods can be done in the comfort of one’s home,

someone with CP may not have the mobility needed to do it themselves and would therefore

need a professional. Waxing requires a stable hand to apply the wax in the right area. It also

requires the user to quickly rip keep paper to remove the hair out properly. People with CP may

not have the stability, muscle, or mobility to do this themselves. Threading poses an even greater

challenge because it requires precision as well and a good grip on the thread itself. Besides the

point that threading is not a good form of hair removal for legs, because of the large surface area,

threading may be difficult for people with CP depending on what type of CP that they exhibit.

Hair removal cream needs to be spread on and wiped off thoroughly. If the cream is on the skin

for too long, skin irritation may occur. Some CP does not allow for full mobility. Therefore, hair

removal cream may be difficult for some people with CP to apply to certain parts of their body.

For example, bending is required to apply hair removal cream to the legs, and people with CP

may have a difficult time bending, depending on their symptoms.

Table 2. Different types of hair removal

Type of Hair Removal

How it Works Pros Cons

Waxing (Torres, N.)

Melted wax is spread over the area where the hair is to be removed. A paper is

1. It can be done quickly

1. The hair will have need to grown enough before being

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then placed on the wax and is pulled off, ripping the hair out.

2. A professional is not necessarily needed 3. Sometimes, waxing can cause permanent hair removal or slowed growth of the hair due to damage of the hair follicle caused by waxing

waxed to actually see results 2. Results may not last a long time (couple of weeks) 3. Skin irritation can occur if done improperly

Laser (Cruel, J.)

The laser will target the hair follicles based on the pigment. The laser will then burn the root of the hair follicle.

1. Reduces hair growth 2. Every part of the body is eligible for laser hair removal 3. The pain reduces each treatment

1. The process takes a long time because multiple treatments are needed. 2. The treatments cost a lot of money (between $200-‐$400) 3. Laser hair removal is not as safe with darker colored skin tones because there is little contrast between the hair color and the skin color. This proves difficult for the laser to tell what is hair is what is not. 4. If done improperly, the skin can be burned or scarred.

Threading (Torres, N.)

A thread is twisted very tightly around the hair, then lifts the hair from the hair follicle

1. Very sanitary because only the thread is used to remove the hair 2. Very precise 3. No chemicals needed 4. Very fast 5. May stun hair growth enough for it

1. If done improperly, the hairs may break instead of being pulled out of the follicle completely 2. Skilled technicians may be hard to find 3. If the hair is not long enough, it cannot be threaded

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to become permanent

4. Not the best approach for big areas. Usually done on the face 5. May create cuts if skin is soft 6. Could cause pain for some

Hair Remover Cream (Pros and cons of hair removal creams)

Hair is made out of the protein keratin. Most hair removal creams use thioglycolic acid (TGA) to break down keratin so that the hair can be wiped away from the follicle

1. No previous experience required 3. Does not take a long time (10 minutes max) 4. Does not cost a lot of money 5. Does not necessarily cause pain 5. Can be used on most parts of the body

1. Does not last a long time 2. Can smell bad 3. Should not be used on the face or any sensitive areas 4. Different types of cream are needed for each part of the body 5. Can cause allergic reactions

The Logistics of Hair Removal Cream

Although hair removal cream may be difficult for people with CP to apply, it does not require

fine motor skills. Hair removal cream also decreases the danger of hair removal compared to an

open blade or hot wax. The following information is based on the well known hair removal

cream, Nair. The first step in using Nair, is to test the cream on a small part of the skin to see if

any allergic reaction or irritation occurs. If no reaction or irritation is present, the next step is to

apply a generous amount of the cream onto the area where the hair is to be removed. The layer

should be even and should cover all the hair. Rubbing the the cream can irritate the skin.

Although hair can usually be wiped away after three minutes, If the user has thick or coarse hair,

the cream may need to stay on the leg for up to ten minutes. The hair and cream are easily wiped

away with a wet washcloth. After all the hair and cream are wiped away, the skin is washed with

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lukewarm water to remove any residue. The entire process does not take more than 10-15

minutes (Nair™ lotion with aloe & lanolin.).

It is easy to cause skin irritation using hair removal cream. Allergies to the cream would

be detected in the very first step. However, many other steps in the process may cause skin

irritation such as, applying the cream, letting the cream sit too long on the area, wiping the hair

away, and finally, patting the area dry. For someone with full mobility, these risks may not seem

so major. To someone with CP though, the possible risks are a lot more probable due to their

lack of physical stability, muscle strength, and mobility. Some possible side effects of using

products like Nair include, skin irritation, in the form of rashes, chemical burns from the

chemicals in Nair, and allergic reactions in the form of rashes, hives, and swelling. (Sherwood,

C. 2017, July 18).

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Plan

Engineering Problem:

People with Cerebral Palsy, and other muscle-and-motion problems, cannot hold a razor or

produce the motion of shaving independently.

Engineering Goal:

The goal for this project is to engineer a device that people with Cerebral Palsy can use to safely

remove leg hair with hair removal cream, requires minimal force to operate, and dispenses enough

cream to create a layer of cream on the shin.

Engineering Plan:

Overall, the engineering process was broken up into three parts.

Part 1: Design criteria was established

It was decided that the final device will not need assistance so that the client can

use their independence. The device should also be effective. In order for hair removal

cream to work properly, there must be a thick layer of cream covering the entire area of

which the hair is to be removed. Otherwise, the hair removal cream will be very

ineffective. Finally, through the whole entire process, safety was a main concern and was

thought of in every step.

Part 2: Preliminary testing

Preliminary testing was used to decide the hole size that would be used for the

device. The optimal hole size does not leak lotion when not being used, and requires

minimal force to dispense the lotion. The two stipulations for the hole size were

measured with two different tests, one for each stipulation. To test the different hole

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sizes, an apparatus was made for each hole size. The first test measured whether or not

lotion leaked from the hole when the hole was standing still. If the hole size passed the

first test (lotion did not leak from the hole), then the hole went on to the second test,

which measured the amount of force needed to dispense the lotion from the hole. Based

on the results from the second test, the hole size that was used for the device, was

decided.

Part 3: Testing prototypes

The final part of the project composed of testing multiple different prototypes of

the device. Each new prototype focused on the results from the previous prototype and

making the results of the new prototype better. Better results included increasing the

effectiveness of the device by increasing the surface area that the lotion was applied to.

Also, if it was found that there was less force needed to operate the device, this was

considered to be better as well. Finally, it was considered better if more lotion was

dispensed than the old prototype. Each time that the device was tested, the amount of

lotion that was put into the device was calculated. The closer the mass of the dispensed

lotion the to mass of the lotion put into the device before testing, the better the results.

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Methodology Table 3. List of materials used

Item Quantity Part of Project Supplier

MakerBot 3D Printer 1 Part 1, Part 2 Mass Academy/Morse Institute Library

600 g Scale 1 Part 2 – Test 1, 3 Mass Academy

Vaseline N/A Part 1

Household

Q-tips N/A Part 1

Sharpie 1 Part 1, Part 2

X-ACTO Knife 1 Part 1

Pitcher 1 Part 2 – Test 1

Cup/Bowl 1 Part 2 – Test 1

Tape N/A Part 2 – Test 2

Knife 1 Part 2

Tablespoon 1 Part 2

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Wooden Dowels (0.3 cm x 15.2 cm) 4 Part 1

A.C. Moore Glass Cylinder (23 cm x 8 cm diam.) 1 Part 2 – Test 2

Foam Block (12.5 cm x 12.5 cm x

12.5 cm) 1 Part 1

Black Construction

Paper (29.59 cm x 27.94 cm)

20 sheets Part 2 – Test 2 Staples

Lotion – Au Lait The Scottish Fine Soaps Company

~ Half a bottle Part 1 Marshalls

Lotion – Pear and Sandalwood

April Bath & Shower ~6 bottles Part 2 The Dollar Store

O-Ring (1 1/16” x 7/8” x

3/32”) 1 Part 1 – Test 2 Home Depot

Bathroom Scale 1 Part 1 – Test 2 Neighbor

CAD OnShape N/A Part 1, Part 2

N/A Image J - Fiji N/A Part 2 – Test 2

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Part 1 – Preliminary Data

Holes are a major part to the design of the device. To find the right hole size for the device, there

were two tests done on nine different hole sizes. Before running the tests an apparatus was made

to test different hole sizes. Essentially, the apparatus is a box, with a single hole on base of the

box. There were nine boxes, each with a different size hole ranging from 0.15 cm diameter hole,

to a 0.95 cm diameter hole going up by 0.10 cm. Each box also had a plunger which was

designed to be able to push the content in the box through the hole. The plunger had an O-Ring

on it in an attempt to stop any leaking of contents through the gap between the plunger and the

walls of the box. This apparatus was designed using a CAD software.

Test 1 – Does the lotion leak out of the hole?

The first test was used to figure out of the lotion would leak out of the hole. To find out

this information another apparatus was made using a foam block. Using an X-ACTO knife, a

crevice was made in the block for the box to rest in, but still have ample room below it. The hole

on the bottom of the box was covered with tape. 3 squirts (a squirt of lotion was when the

plunger of the lotion was pushed all the way down) of lotion were put into the box, and then the

tape was removed. A timer was set for 30 seconds. After 30 seconds, the box was taken out of

the apparatus. If there was lotion extruding from the hole, the hole size was marked with a

“Yes.” Otherwise, the box was marked with a “No” and moved on to the second test. This test

was performed five times for each hole size.

Test 2 – How much force is needed to dispense the lotion?

The second test measured the max force needed to dispense the lotion through the hole.

The Apparatus was placed on a bathroom scale, along with the box in the apparatus and 4 squirts

of lotion in the box. The scale was then zeroed. Using two fingers, the plunger was pushed all the

Barsoum 20

way down in the box, dispending the lotion through the hole. The largest number on the scale

was recorded. This test was performed 10 times for each hole size.

Part 2 – The Prototypes

Test 1 – Force

For people with Cerebral Palsy, depending on their condition, they may not be able to apply a

great amount of force. It was important to create a device that required minimal force. To test for

the amount of force needed for the device, two tablespoons of lotion were put into the base of the

device. The base was then weighed. After the base with the lotion was weight, both the armrest

and the plunger were placed into the device properly. A heavy bowl was placed on top of the

armrest and water was poured into the bowl using a pitcher. Because of the weight of the water,

the plunger was pushed down to the bottom of the device. Once the plunger was pushed all the

way down, the cup with the water was weighed in grams. This test was performed 30 times.

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 =𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠

100 ∗ 9.8

Figure 2. Order of process

Barsoum 21

Test 2 – Effectiveness

To effectively move the hair using hair removal cream, the cream must cover the whole

area where the hair will be removed. To measure how effective that the device is, a piece of

black paper (11.3 cm x 15.3 cm) was taped onto a glass cylinder. Two tablespoons of lotion were

put into the base of the device. The device was then placed around the cylinder. To provide

stability, the device could either be taped to the cylinder or held against the device with an extra

set of hands. The plunger and the arm rest were then placed into the device. The device was then

used on the cylinder, with the cylinder acting as a leg. After the plunger was pushed all the way

down (refer to force test) and the lotion was dispensed onto the paper, a picture of the paper was

taken. Using Image J, the paper with the lotion on it was analyzed to find the area in pixels of the

lotion.

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 =𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟 ∗ 100

Test 3 – Efficiency

It is important to know how much of the lotion being put into the device is being

dispensed. To measure this, the device was weighed by itself, then two tablespoons of lotion

were put into the base of the device and was weighed again. After the plunger was pushed all the

way to the bottom (refer to the force test), the excess lotion on the outside of the physical device

was scraped off. A final weight of the device was then taken. This test was performed 30 times.

𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐿𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =𝐿𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑑𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∗ 100

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Results Each of the three prototypes underwent three tests which measured force needed to operate the

device, effectiveness, and efficiency. Force was recorded in grams using a scale. However, the

results show force in terms of Newtons. Effectiveness was calculated by the area that the

dispensed lotion covered the black paper. Using the Image J Fiji Software, the area of the lotion

was calculated in pixels. The percentage of pixels of lotion dispensed compared to the pixel area

of the black paper represented effectiveness. Efficiency was presented as the percent of the

amount of lotion dispensed from the device compared to the amount of lotion that was initially

put into the device.

Table 4. – Comparison of summary data points between V2 and V3. Note: V1 could not be used to gather data

Barsoum 23

Figure 4. Comparison between the dispensed lotion of V2 (left) and V3 (right)

Figure 3. Comparison between the results of the force test for V2 and V3

Barsoum 24

Figure 5. Comparison between the results of the effectiveness test for V2 and V3

Figure 6. Comparison between the results of the efficiency test for V2 and V3

Barsoum 25

Analysis

Scoring Matrix

Table 5. Scoring matrix of three prototypes showing that V3 is the best prototype. Was calculated using 0.1, 0.4, and 0.1 of each of the averages for the three tests, force, effectiveness, and efficiency, respectively

Sources Error

Throughout the project, there were many sources of error that made testing difficult and may

have skewed results. Because the devices from Part 1 and Part 2 were 3D printed, they were

liable to uneven printing, which could have affected the ability of the plunger to be pushed down

to the bottom of the device. Also, for each test, in both parts 1 and 2, specific quantities of lotion

were measured. Imprecise measuring of lotion may have resulted in different data for the

apparatus and the device.

Specific to the test measuring effectiveness, when the photos the lotion dispensed onto the black

construction paper were taken, there were some shadows in the photo. The shadows were

recognized by the Image J Software and caused inaccurate shading when the “binary” affect was

Barsoum 26

applied to the photo. There were not only issues with the shadows, but also with the grains from

the construction paper. In some cases, Image J identified the grains of the black construction

paper as part of the lotion dispensed onto the paper. In an attempt to solve these problems, a

freehand of the area where the lotion was actually dispensed was drawn. Although the freehand

selections were drawn with care, this is a probable cause for skewed data.

Finally, during testing, there were multiple data points that were collected and they could have

easily been typed into the wrong place in the Excel sheet. This may provide cause for 107% and

108% as seen in trial 5 and trial 33 of the V3 efficiency test.

Future Extensions

The problem identified in the project was that people with Cerebral Palsy cannot remove

unwanted hair independently. The device designed does not solve this problem because the

device cannot be used independently. If there was more time allotted for this project, the next

step would be to make the device freestanding so that the user would no longer need assistance

from others. The plunger should also have an up and down motion so that the user will not have

to reset the plunger before every use. This could be done by implementing springs into the

design. With the current device, in order to wipe off the hair removal cream and the hair, the user

would have to step into the shower and rinse both the cream and the hair off. To make the device

usable in areas other than a shower, a wiper could be implemented to wipe the cream and the hair

off. However, the challenge in making a wiper entails avoiding the irritation that may arise if the

hair removal cream is rubbed into the skin.

Barsoum 27

Conclusion

The Scoring Matrix (Table 5.) provides the conclusion that V3 meets the design criteria more so

than V1 and V2. Looking deeper into the data collected, only V2 and V3 could be compared

because V1 could not be used to collect data. Looking at the summary points (Table. 4), the

STDEV and %RSD decreased from V2 to V3 in all three tests. Meaning, that the data collected

from V3 was more precise and produced more reliable results than V2. The average also

increased from V2 to V3 in all three tests. In terms of effectiveness and efficiency, it is a positive

thing that the average went up because that means that V3 is more effective and efficient than

V2. However, it is seen as a negative attribute that the average for the force test went up in V3

because this means that the device needs more force to operate it. It was expected that the force

needed to operate V3 would be greater than V2 because of the physical design of the device.

Overall, the device met the goal in terms of force, effectiveness, and efficiency. It also met the

design criteria in terms of safety because none of the prototypes created cause pain, harm, or

inflict wounds onto the user. Although the goals were met, the final design criteria of the device

being freestanding, was not met and therefore the user cannot use the device independently

because it would have to be held according the the current design.

Barsoum 28

References

Cerebral palsy. Britannica Academic, Retrieved

from http://academic.eb.com.ezproxy.wpi.edu/levels/collegiate/article/cerebral-palsy/22137

Cruel, J. (2017, June 1,). The pros and cons of laser hair removal. Retrieved

from https://www.self.com/story/the-pros-cons-of-laser-hair-re

Curran, M. E. (2017). In Barsoum M. (Ed.), Questions about mobility and muscle weakness

Daily living aids. Retrieved from https://www.wrightstuff.biz/

Dugar, A.OverCap product design. Retrieved from http://aditidugar.com/overcap/

Friant, M. (Producer), & . (2017, October 25,). Shaving my facial hair routine!! living with

cerebral palsy! [Video/DVD]

Gillette treo. Retrieved from https://gillette.com/en-us/handlewithcare

Gripeez built-up grip with mens safety razor. Retrieved from https://www.amazon.com/Gripeez-

Built-Up-Grip-Safety-Razor/dp/B006X4G984

Lakin, D., & HighYa Staff. (2017, October 20,). About gillette TREO. Retrieved

from https://www.highya.com/gillette-treo-reviews

Maggard razors MR3 thick stainless steel handle safety razor. Retrieved

from https://www.maggardrazors.com/product/maggard-razors-mr3-thick-handle-chrome-

safety-razor/

Nair™ lotion with aloe & lanolin.

Barsoum 29

Patrick shaving himself . (2012, May 21,).[Video/DVD]

Pros and cons of hair removal creams (depilatories) (). Retrieved

from https://hairfreelife.com/hair-removal-cream-pros-and-cons/

Reeves, A. G., & Valenstein, E. (1981). Disorders of the nervous system. Chicago [u.a.]: Year

Book Medical.

Scott, P. J. (2015). Cerebral palsy. Gale: Science in Context, Retrieved from

libraries.state.ma.us/login?gwurl=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/WJQQAI457119160/S

CIC?u=mlin_c_worpoly&xid=cb72c7d9. Accessed 5 Nov. 2017.

Sherwood, C. (2017, July 18,). Dangers of nair hair removal. Retrieved

from https://www.livestrong.com/article/80270-dangers-nair-hair-removal/

Shurtleff, J. M., & Lee, A. C. (2007). In Shurtleff J. M., Lee A. C. and The Gillette

Company(Eds.), Safety razor system

Spastic cerebral palsy. Retrieved from https://www.cerebralpalsy.org.au/what-is-cerebral-

palsy/types-of-cerebral-palsy/spastic-cerebral-palsy/

Torres, N. (2017a, September 8,). Threading hair removal 101. Retrieved

from https://www.liveabout.com/threading-hair-removal-101-1717114

Torres, N. (2017b, July 14,). Waxing hair removal 101. Retrieved

from https://www.liveabout.com/waxing-hair-removal-101-1717166

Barsoum 30

Appendix

Limitations

1. There was limited access to 3D printers, therefore limiting the amount of iterations and prototypes of the

device that could have been made.

2. There was a time limit, hindering any further iterations of the device.

3. Lotion had to be used rather than a hair removal cream due to a budget limit.

4. Due to the weather and holidays during the time of the project, there was a limit with time to discuss with

teachers as well as other pertinent people to the project.

Assumptions

1. The data collected during testing with the prototypes is viable and can be used to draw conclusions

concerning the performance of the device.

2. The scale used for the force test gives accurate readings.

3. The black paper used for the effectiveness test was assumed to have no lotion on it prior to each trial.

4. Part 1 - each squirt of lotion contained the same amount of lotion.

Barsoum 31

Photos of Setup

Figure 7. Photo of setup, Part 1. Photo credits, Anya Logan

Barsoum 32

Figure 8. Photo of setup, Part 2

Barsoum 33

Raw data V2 Data

Table 6. Raw data for V2 force test

Barsoum 34

Table 7. Raw data for V2 effectiveness test

Barsoum 35

Table 8. Raw

data for V2 efficiency test

Barsoum 36

V3 data Table 9. Raw data for V3 force test

Barsoum 37

Table 10. Raw data for V3 effectiveness test

Barsoum 38

Table 11. Raw data for V3 efficiency test

Barsoum 39

Sketch of Preliminary Data Device

Figure 9. Sketch of device used to gather preliminary data

Barsoum 40

V1 Sketches V1 Armrest

Figure 10. Sketch of V1 armrest

Barsoum 41

V1 Plunger

Figure 11. Sketch of V1 Plunger

Barsoum 42

V1 Base

Figure 12. Sketch of V1 base

Barsoum 43



Barsoum 44

V2 Plunger

Figure14. Sketch of V2 plunger

Barsoum 45

V2 Base


Barsoum 46



Barsoum 47

V3 Plunger

Figure 17. Sketch of V2 plunger

Barsoum 48

V3 Base


Barsoum 49

Sample Binary Photos

Figure 19. Binary photo of V2 trial 24

Barsoum 50

Figure 9. Binary photo of trial 14 from V3

Barsoum 51

Sample Data from Effectiveness Test Table 12. Sample of raw data from trial 24 of V2

Area Perim. 1 51 41.698 2 74 46.184 3 383 177.38 4 5 10.485 5 1 2.828 6 2 5.657 7 2 5.657 8 4 8.485 9 51 43.698 10 6 8.485 11 184 68.083 12 2 4.828 13 1 2.828 14 167 61.012 15 811970 8860.699 16 3 6.828 17 2 4.828 18 47 38.87 19 2235 291.647 20 3 6.243 21 1199 247.706 22 6 9.071 23 2 4.243 24 12 15.314 25 7 9.071 26 3 5.657 27 12 13.899 28 5 7.657 29 1265 195.421 30 3 5.657 31 13 20.971 32 2 4.243 33 1 2.828 34 2 4.828 35 1 2.828

Barsoum 52

36 2 4.828 37 71 66.669 38 1 2.828 39 5 7.657 40 1 2.828 41 1 2.828 42 6 9.071 43 2 4.828 44 1 2.828 45 2 4.243 46 6 11.314 47 19 17.556 48 4 7.657 49 1 2.828 50 2 4.828 51 5 10.485 52 3 6.243 53 2 4.243 54 2 4.243 55 1 2.828 56 1 2.828 57 3 5.657 58 4 5.657 59 2 4.243 60 1 2.828 61 3 6.243 62 2 4.828 63 1 2.828 64 1 2.828 65 1 2.828 66 2 5.657 67 1 2.828 68 1 2.828 69 32 29.213 70 3 5.657 71 2 4.828 72 1 2.828 73 1 2.828 74 1 2.828

Barsoum 53

75 1 2.828 76 4 7.071 77 1 2.828 78 2 4.243 79 1 2.828 80 2 5.657 81 1 2.828 82 2 4.828 83 1 2.828 84 5 8.485 85 2 5.657 86 1 2.828 87 3 6.828 88 4 7.071 89 1 2.828 90 1 2.828 91 2 4.828 92 3 5.657 93 1 2.828 94 2 4.243 95 2 4.243 96 2 5.657 97 2 4.828 98 1 2.828 99 2 4.243 100 2 4.243 101 1 2.828 102 1 2.828 103 2 5.657 104 2 4.828 105 1 2.828 106 1 2.828 107 1 2.828 108 3 5.657 109 1 2.828 110 2 4.243 111 5 8.485 112 1 2.828 113 4 5.657

Barsoum 54

114 1 2.828 115 2 4.243 116 3 7.071 117 1 2.828 118 2 4.243 119 1 2.828 120 2 4.243 121 1 2.828 122 1 2.828 123 1 2.828 124 1 2.828 125 2 5.657 126 1 2.828 127 2 4.828 128 8 15.314 129 1 2.828 130 1 2.828 131 6 10.485 132 3 5.657 133 7 14.142 134 5 10.485 135 1 2.828 136 3 5.657 137 2 4.828 138 1 2.828 139 3 5.657 140 2 5.657 141 3 5.657 142 1 2.828 143 3807 448.642 144 3 6.243 145 2 4.828 146 3 6.243 147 4 7.657 148 1 2.828 149 4 7.657 150 1 2.828 151 1 2.828 152 2 5.657

Barsoum 55

153 5 7.071 154 5 7.657 155 1 2.828 156 1 2.828 157 2 4.828 158 1 2.828 159 1 2.828 160 2 4.828 161 1 2.828 162 1 2.828 163 1 2.828 164 2 4.243 165 2 4.243 166 1 2.828 167 1 2.828 168 2 4.243 169 2 4.243 170 1 2.828 171 1 2.828 172 7 9.657 173 1 2.828 174 1 2.828 175 1 2.828 176 2 4.828 177 1 2.828 178 2 4.828 179 2 4.243 180 2 4.828 181 8 14.728 182 3 6.243 183 1 2.828 184 2 4.828 185 2 4.243 186 6 7.657 187 1 2.828 188 12 17.556 189 1 2.828 190 1 2.828 191 1 2.828

Barsoum 56

192 1 2.828 193 7 11.314 194 3 6.243 195 2 4.828 196 1 2.828 197 1 2.828 198 1 2.828 199 3 5.657 200 2 4.828 201 1 2.828 202 1 2.828 203 2 4.828 204 4 9.899 205 1 2.828 206 1 2.828 207 3 6.828 208 1 2.828 209 2 4.243 210 1 2.828 211 1 2.828 212 1 2.828 213 2 4.243 214 3 7.071 215 1 2.828 216 1 2.828 217 1 2.828 218 1 2.828 219 1 2.828 220 14 20.385 221 4 7.657 222 2 4.828 223 1 2.828 224 1 2.828 225 4 8.485 226 1 2.828 227 1 2.828 228 2 4.828 229 1 2.828 230 1 2.828

Barsoum 57

231 1 2.828 232 1 2.828 233 6 9.899 234 5 10.485 235 1 2.828 236 1 2.828 237 1 2.828 238 1 2.828 239 1 2.828 240 3 5.657 241 1 2.828 242 1 2.828 243 2 5.657 244 1 2.828 245 1 2.828 246 2 4.243 247 1 2.828 248 3 6.828 249 3 7.071 250 1 2.828 251 1 2.828 252 2 4.828 253 3 5.657 254 5 11.314 255 17 25.799 256 2 4.243 257 2 4.243 258 3 5.657 259 1 2.828 260 27 26.142 261 3 6.828 262 17 18.971 263 3 5.657 264 6 8.485 265 5 9.657 266 1 2.828 267 1 2.828 268 1 2.828 269 4 5.657

Barsoum 58

270 1 2.828 271 3 7.071 272 9 10.485 273 1 2.828 274 1 2.828 275 1 2.828 276 4 7.071 277 1 2.828 278 1 2.828 279 1 2.828 280 1 2.828 281 1 2.828 282 1 2.828 283 1 2.828 284 1 2.828 285 1 2.828 286 1 2.828 287 1 2.828 288 4 8.485 289 5 9.071 290 1 2.828 291 3 5.657 292 3 5.657 293 1 2.828 294 4 7.657 295 1 2.828 296 2 4.828 297 1 2.828 298 1 2.828 299 1 2.828 300 5 14.142 301 2 4.243 302 14 19.556 303 3 5.657 304 4 7.657 305 1 2.828 306 1 2.828 307 3 7.657 308 3 5.657

Barsoum 59

309 5 9.657 310 1 2.828 311 2 4.828 312 1 2.828 313 1 2.828 314 1 2.828 315 9 16.142 316 1 2.828 317 2 4.828 318 1 2.828 319 1 2.828 320 1 2.828 321 1 2.828 322 1 2.828 323 1 2.828 324 2 4.828 325 1 2.828 326 1 2.828 327 1 2.828 328 2 4.828 329 1 2.828 330 2 4.243 331 6 11.899 332 1 2.828 333 2 4.828 334 1 2.828 335 1 2.828 336 1 2.828 337 1 2.828 338 1 2.828 339 2 4.828 340 3 5.657 341 1 2.828 342 1 2.828 343 1 2.828 344 1 2.828 345 10 13.899 346 1 2.828 347 2 4.243

Barsoum 60

348 2 4.243 349 4 8.485 350 4 7.071 351 9 13.314 352 2 4.828 353 15 25.799 354 5 7.071 355 2 5.657 356 1 2.828 357 1 2.828 358 2 4.243 359 1 2.828 360 3 6.828 361 2 4.243 362 1 2.828 363 1 2.828 364 1 2.828 365 2 4.828 366 6 7.657 367 2 4.243 368 3 6.243 369 3 6.243 370 1 2.828 371 1 2.828 372 4 5.657 373 2 4.243 374 7 12.485 375 4 7.071 376 2 4.828 377 1 2.828 378 2 4.828 379 1 2.828 380 1 2.828 381 2 4.828 382 2 4.828 383 2 4.243 384 2 4.243 385 1 2.828 386 1 2.828

Barsoum 61

387 1 2.828 388 1 2.828 389 1 2.828 390 5 7.657 391 5 7.657 392 1 2.828 393 1 2.828 394 3 6.243 395 1 2.828 396 1 2.828 397 1 2.828 398 3 5.657 399 3 5.657 400 1 2.828 401 1 2.828 402 1 2.828 403 1 2.828 404 4 5.657 405 1 2.828 406 1 2.828 407 1 2.828 408 1 2.828 409 3 8.485 410 1 2.828 411 1 2.828 412 3 7.657 413 1 2.828 414 5 7.657 415 2 4.243 416 2 4.243 417 4 7.657 418 5 9.657 419 3 6.243 420 1 2.828 421 1 2.828 422 2 4.828 423 1 2.828 424 1 2.828 425 1 2.828

Barsoum 62

426 1 2.828 427 1 2.828 428 3 7.657 429 1 2.828 430 7 9.657 431 2 4.828 432 1 2.828 433 1 2.828 434 2 4.243 435 1 2.828 436 1 2.828 437 2 4.243 438 1 2.828 439 2 4.243 440 1 2.828 441 1 2.828 442 1 2.828 443 3 7.657 444 1 2.828 445 1 2.828 446 5 9.071 447 1 2.828 448 1 2.828 449 3 7.071 450 1 2.828 451 1 2.828 Total 822610

Barsoum 63

Table 13. Sample of raw data from trial 14 of V3

Area Perim. 1 1 2.828 2 10 12.485 3 65 34.627 4 4178 345.588 5 2057 214.007 6 2987 251.179 7 1988 214.25 8 1 2.828 9 5703 519.186 10 1937 207.865 11 2452 229.421 12 2187 242.492 13 23 19.899 14 1 2.828 15 9 14.485 16 1 2.828 17 45 30.142 18 1 2.828 19 1 2.828 20 1 2.828 21 27 24.971 22 1 2.828 23 1 2.828 24 1 2.828 25 18 20.485 26 96 37.556 27 41 30.971 28 38 29.314 29 30 25.899 30 7950 655.294 31 7912 770.548 32 2087 232.936 33 24 24.142 34 25 26.142 35 1 2.828 36 1828 202.007

Barsoum 64

37 2214 267.019 38 1 2.828 39 2236 244.836 40 1410 208.208 41 5 9.657 42 133 53.456 43 37 29.556 44 1 2.828 45 1 2.828 46 138 62.042 47 1 2.828 48 77 35.799 49 2 4.828 50 1 2.828 51 1 2.828 52 41 30.142 53 2 4.828 54 103 43.456 55 2 5.657 56 1 2.828 57 1 2.828 58 30 28.142 59 3 6.828 60 718222 17872.73 61 1 2.828 62 2 4.243 63 2 4.828 64 2576 244.25 65 2251 258.735 66 24 23.314 67 264 73.941 68 1 2.828 69 65 55.698 70 36 27.314 71 28 25.314 72 32 25.314 73 5 10.828 74 2 4.828 75 78 36.971

Barsoum 65

76 4216 390.818 77 1 2.828 78 2 4.828 79 1 2.828 80 2 4.243 81 1 2.828 82 158 48.385 83 15 18.485 84 28 25.314 85 1 2.828 86 1 2.828 87 14 19.314 88 31 25.899 89 7 9.657 90 1 2.828 91 6 9.657 92 2 4.243 93 2 4.828 94 2 4.243 95 1 2.828 96 1 2.828 97 1 2.828 98 18 20.485 99 1 2.828 100 3 7.071 101 27 26.142 102 2 4.243 103 3 5.657 104 2 4.243 105 1 2.828 106 1 2.828 107 2 4.243 108 1 2.828 109 1 2.828 110 1 2.828 111 2 4.828 112 1 2.828 113 1 2.828 114 1 2.828

Barsoum 66

115 2 4.243 116 2 4.243 117 1 2.828 118 1 2.828 119 20 23.314 120 1 2.828 121 3 5.657 122 2 4.243 123 1 2.828 124 1 2.828 125 118 51.799 126 2 4.828 127 1 2.828 128 4 7.657 129 1 2.828 130 1 2.828 131 2 5.657 132 1 2.828 133 24 26.627 134 1 2.828 135 2 4.828 136 1 2.828 137 1 2.828 138 1 2.828 139 1 2.828 140 1 2.828 141 1 2.828 142 1 2.828 143 1 2.828 144 1 2.828 145 1 2.828 146 47 30.142 147 42 28.971 148 100 53.456 149 33 25.314 150 19 20.485 151 2 4.243 152 20 19.314 153 1 2.828

Barsoum 67

154 1 2.828 155 19 21.314 156 1 2.828 157 1 2.828 158 1 2.828 159 3 6.828 160 3 7.657 161 2 4.828 162 1 2.828 163 1 2.828 164 9 13.899 165 53 30.728 166 2 4.243 167 2 4.828 168 2 4.828 169 43 29.556 170 1 2.828 171 4 5.657 172 1 2.828 173 3 7.071 174 4 7.657 175 1 2.828 176 12 15.657 177 2 4.243 178 37 24.142 179 250 83.598 180 1 2.828 181 89 43.556 182 87 37.799 183 30 21.899 184 15 18.485 185 2 4.243 186 1 2.828 187 9 13.314 188 117 51.799 189 12 14.485 190 1 2.828 191 2 4.828 192 110 49.113

Barsoum 68

193 1 2.828 194 1 2.828 195 134 42.385 196 1 2.828 197 4 7.071 198 1 2.828 199 70 34.971 200 188 59.456 201 2 4.243 202 86 36.971 203 1 2.828 204 2 4.243 205 261 62.527 206 1 2.828 207 1 2.828 208 132 48.284 209 2 4.243 210 328 101.255 211 1 2.828 212 27 28.971 213 2 4.828 214 27 21.314 215 130 52.627 216 92 38.971 217 52 29.314 218 2 4.828 219 83 37.799 220 99 40.385 221 49 27.556 222 3 6.243 223 4 7.071 224 1 2.828 225 28 23.899 226 1 2.828 227 1 2.828 228 71 32.971 229 123 48.87 230 19 25.556 231 2 4.828

Barsoum 69

232 3 6.243 233 1 2.828 234 85 36.971 235 93 38.385 236 1 2.828 237 475 99.497 238 3 6.243 239 1 2.828 240 21 25.899 241 81 34.728 242 203 73.598 243 1 2.828 244 2 4.243 245 1 2.828 246 1 2.828 247 1 2.828 248 736 220.551 249 47 30.728 250 1 2.828 251 32 27.314 252 1 2.828 253 1 2.828 254 1 2.828 255 4 5.657 256 15 25.899 257 19 22.485 258 146 68.184 259 1 2.828 260 43 29.314 261 8 15.657 262 1 2.828 263 1 2.828 264 10 13.657 265 1 2.828 266 5 9.657 267 8 12.485 268 2 5.657 269 1 2.828 270 1 2.828

Barsoum 70

271 1 2.828 272 8 13.657 273 5 8.485 274 8 11.657 275 2 4.828 276 1 2.828 277 339 80.912 278 18 17.899 279 10 14.485 280 4 8.828 281 5 7.657 282 1 2.828 283 8 13.314 284 1 2.828 285 9 13.657 286 14 21.657 287 1 2.828 288 5 7.657 289 4 7.657

Total 784255

Barsoum 71

Notes

Source Title

The biomechanics of blade shaving

Source Citation

Cowley, K. and Vanoosthuyze, K. (2016), The biomechanics of blade shaving. Int J Cosmet Sci, 38: 17–23. doi:10.1111/ics.12330

Source Found By

WPI Summon: “razors” and “shaving”

Source Type

Journal Article

Keywords

Beard, Biomechanical Phenomenon, blade, friction, Hair Removal/adverse effects/instrumentation, humans, irritation, male, razor, shaving, Skin

Summary

**Focused on beard shaving. How skin irritation is caused concerning the forces in blade shaving as well as the engineering of the physical razor and the process of shaving.

Reason for Interest

Wanted general information about how razors work

Notes

Three forces in shaving: 1. Perpendicular to skin – for loading the razor 2. Parallel to skin – for dragging the razor 3. Cutting the hairs

Majority of razors can pivot forwards and backwards to spread load evenly on skin. There is a ratio between the number of blades and the space between the blades. Less space between blades=less load on each blade and less skin irritation from blades. Bigger cartridge=more skin irritation. The skin stretches up to 20% when shaving. This can cause irritation. Lubricating elements (shaving gel, lubricating strip, etc.) can cause less drag/irritation by reducing friction. Lubricating strip is usually placed after the blades. Wet shaving (when hair is hydrated) causes less irritation (force to cut beard is 40% less). Skin irritation can be measured using laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI).

Questions

Barsoum 72

Pre-‐ConditioningPhase (for lubrication)

•7 days•shave wit Gillette Fusion ProGlide Razor•Use GilletteSeries gel

During Testing

• 16 people shaved with a 2-‐blade razor for 1 week and 5-‐blade razor for another week

• The people would arrive and get acclimated with the temperaite of the room for 15 min (before shave) and get measurements taken with LSCI

•Measurements were taken 10 min post shave again

•Measurements were taken on the right side of the neck

Questionnaire

•Questions about the shaving experience • 5 Point Scale, Poor to Excellent,used for key attributes:

• Being comfortablewhile shaving

•Gliding smoothly over your skin

•Not leaving you with nicks and cuts

• 10 point scale, Not at all to extremely, used for attributes relating directly to skin soreness:• Visibly Red• Sore• Burning

Results

•Most preferred the 5-‐Blade razor

• There is a connection between blood flow (measured by LSCI) and the consumer ratings for the razors

Barsoum 73

Source Title

Safety razors

Source Citation

Patent #: US6941659B2 Original/Current Assignee: Gillette Co LLC Grant Date: 2005-09-13

Source Found By

Google Patents: “Lubricating strip”

Source Type

Patent

Keywords

Safety razor, Lubricating strip, Guard, Razor, elastomeric strip, backstop

Summary

Focused on the components of a razor head and lubrication. Backstop.

Reason for Interest

Wanted to learn more about the Lubricating strip

Notes

The thicker the lubrication, the less friction there is between the skin and the blades. Direct relation.

Questions

What is a guard? I’m confused on the diagrams. What is an elastomeric strip? What is a backstop?

Barsoum 74

Source Title

Method of sequentially molding a razor cap

Source Citation

Patent #: US4778640A Original/Current Assignee: Warner-Lambert Co LLC Grant Date: 2005-09-13

Source Found By

Google Patents: “Lubricating strip polyethylene oxide”

Source Type

Patent

Keywords

Lubricating strip, polyethylene oxide, razor

Summary

Focused on the lubricating strip and its chemical make up and how to attach the strip to the razor

Reason for Interest

Wanted to learn more about the Lubricating strip and its chemical components

Notes

The strip is made separately then attached to the head. “The strip is attached either by the use of acrylate adhesives or by mechanical means.” Made of polyethylene oxide and polystyrene. High temperatures need to be reached to mold the strip and the razor cap.

Questions

Confused on the two different ways that the strip is attached.

Barsoum 75

Source Title

Liftware

Source Citation

https://www.liftware.com/steady/

Source Found By

Googling “utensils for Parkinson’s”

Source Type

Website/company

Keywords

Parkinson’s, utensils

Summary

Utensils were made that include stabilizing technology so that Parkinson’s patients can eat without the food falling off of the utensil.

Reason for Interest

Wanted to learn the technology used in helpful Parkinson’s inventions.

Notes

The stabilizing technology was created using Arduinos. I am looking more into the mechanical aspects of things. Because there is no mechanical inventions for Parkinson’s, and my project is dangerous because it concerns blades, I think that I will stay away from the Parkinson’s aspect of things.

Questions

Barsoum 76

Source Title

Gillette Treo

Source Citation

https://gillette.com/en-us/handlewithcare

Source Found By

Googling “Gillette Treo”

Source Type

Website/company

Keywords

Gillette, Treo, assisted shaving

Summary

Gillette recently made a razor that allows someone to shave someone else

Reason for Interest

My project is essentially creating a razor for people with muscle or motion disabilities. I wanted to see what else was out there in terms of shaving with a disability or assisted shaving.

Notes

I tried to look up the patent for Gillette Treo but couldn’t find it. So, I don’t know the type of technology that Gillette used for this razor.

Questions

Barsoum 77

Source Title

Email from Mary Ellen Curran

Source Citation

Mary Ellen Curran

Source Found By

Emailing Mary Ellen Curran

Source Type

Email

Keywords

Shoulder motion, trunk strength, balance, cerebral palsy, stroke, muscular dystrophy, tone, spasticity, apraxia

Summary

Mrs. Curran has the knowledge of a physical therapist and was therefore able to provide information about muscles and body movement important to shaving

Reason for Interest

Before I design the component to the razor, I want to be able to understand the motion involved and disabilities that people may encounter that make it difficult for them to shave. This will allow me to focus on one problem and invent a razor attachment to help solve that problem.

Notes

There was a lot of information in that email which gave me many ideas to look up. I want to look at shoulder movement as well as impaired mobility caused by a stroke and Cerebral Palsy.

Questions

Barsoum 78

Source Title

Disorders of the Nervous System

Source Citation

Reeves, A. G., & Valenstein, E. (1981). Disorders of the nervous system. Chicago [u.a.]: Year Book Medical.

Source Found By

Googling “low vs. high tone muscle”

Source Type

(online?) textbook

Keywords

Motor system, muscle tone, reflexes, gait

Summary

Talks all about how to test for muscle strength, reflexes, muscle tone, and multiple different disorders that affect muscles.

Reason for Interest

I needed to learn more about muscles and how how they work. I also wanted to learn where what disorders or illnesses affect muscles

Notes

-Person might not have enough strength to sit up right -there can be muscle damage through neurons - “Spasticity is an increased in muscle tone that is detected during passive movement of the limbs.” -Cerebellar Disease “This means that the patient has difficulty recovering from being pushed backward or from a backward-leaning position even though they may have no active or forced retropulsion at rest.”

Questions

I am still confused on what muscle tone is. What exactly is muscle tone?

Barsoum 79

Source Title

Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Source Citation

https://www.cerebralpalsy.org.au/what-is-cerebral-palsy/types-of-cerebral-palsy/spastic-cerebral-palsy/ Cerebral Palsy Alliance

Source Found By

Googling “Cerebral Palsy Muscles”

Source Type

Article

Keywords

Cerebral Palsy, muscles, Spastic

Summary

Talks about what muscles are like when affected by Cerebral palsy. Talks about mobility limits in Cerebral Palsy.

Reason for Interest

Cerebral Palsy is one of the diseases that I was told to look into.

Notes

-‐ Cerebral Palsy causes muscle stiffness -‐ Spasticity is not being able to control a group of muscles or an individual muscle -‐ Can cause a flexion(bent) elbow or wrist -‐ Can make the hand into a fist (not allowing for individual finger use)

Questions

Barsoum 80

Source Title

Muscular Dystrophy

Source Citation

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Muscular-Dystrophy-Information-Page National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

Source Found By

Googling “muscle dystrophy”

Source Type

Article

Keywords

Muscular dystrophy

Summary

Talks about what muscular dystrophy is and what can happen to muscles over time. Also talks about the more popular versions of muscular dystrophy.

Reason for Interest

Muscle dystrophy is one of the diseases that I was told to look into.

Notes

-‐ There are over 30 genetic muscular dystrophy diseases -‐ Causes progressive weakness of the muscles that control body movement

Questions

Barsoum 81

Source Title

Cerebral Palsy – Britannica

Source Citation

Cerebral palsy. (2017). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://academic.eb.com.ezproxy.wpi.edu/levels/collegiate/article/cerebral-palsy/22137

Source Found By

WPI Summon – “Cerebral palsy”

Source Type

Article

Keywords

Cerebral palsy

Summary

-‐ Definition of CP -‐ The types of CP -‐

Reason for Interest

Wanted to know more about CP. How it is caused and what it affects. Also, did not know there there we multiple types of CP.

Notes

Types of CP -‐ Spastic = “severe paralysis of voluntary movements” -‐ Athetoid = “there are slow, involuntary spasms of the face, neck” -‐ Ataxic = rare, lack of coordination. Difficulty with find movements (shaving) -‐ Mixed = when symptoms of more than one type of CP are present

Vocab words -‐ Hemiplegia = affects one side of the body -‐ Diplegia = affects both sides of the body -‐ Paraplegia = both legs are affected

Causes of CP -‐ Damage to the cerebral cortex -‐ Damage to the basal ganglia

** can happen during pregnancy or before birth for multiple reasons Questions

Barsoum 82

Source Title

Cerebral Palsy – Gale

Source Citation

Polzin, Scott J., et al. "Cerebral palsy." The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, edited by Jacqueline L. Longe, 5th ed., Gale, 2015. Science in Context, libraries.state.ma.us/login?gwurl=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/WJQQAI457119160/SCIC?u=mlin_c_worpoly&xid=cb72c7d9. Accessed 5 Nov. 2017.

Source Found By

WPI Summon – “Cerebral palsy”

Source Type

Article

Keywords

Cerebral palsy

Summary

-‐ Definition of CP -‐ Demographics of CP -‐ Types of CP -‐ Risk factors -‐ Causes/ symptoms

Reason for Interest

Wanted to know more about CP. How it is caused and what it affects. Also, did not know there there we multiple types of CP.

Notes

-‐ Palsy = paralysis -‐ Voluntary movement is controlled by skeletal muscles which is controlled by the

cerebral cortex -‐ CP is static (non-progressive) – CP will not worsen the brain over time -‐ Tight muscles that contract = spastic -‐ Involuntary squirming = athetosis -‐ Hard time with voluntary movement = dyskinesia -‐ Difficulty with coordination and balancing = ataxia -‐ Muscles weakness has a range of mild – partial paralysis

Risk factors -‐ Multiple birth pregnancies ( twins 4X more likely to develop CP. Triplets 18X

more likely to develop CP) -‐ Premature births

Causes and Symptoms -‐ Prenatal =during pregnancy

*maternal – fetal infections may cause CP (when the mother contracts and illness than can affect the baby)* *blood vessel bursts in baby’s brain*

-‐ Perinatal = during birth *some cases of CP are caused by traumatic births* *birth asphyxia*

-‐ Postnatal = after birth *physical trauma or anything that can damage the brain after birth*

Addressing CP -‐ Type movement + what limbs are affected

Ex. Spastic diplegia = tight muscles in both legs

Barsoum 83

Source Title

The Pros and Cons of Laser Hair Removal

Source Citation

Cruel, J. (2017, June 1,). The pros and cons of laser hair removal. Retrieved from https://www.self.com/story/the-pros-cons-of-laser-hair-re

Source Found By

Googling pros and cons of laser hair removal

Source Type

Article

Keywords

Laser Hair Removal

Summary

The Cosmetology website goes over how laser hair removal works and its pros and cons

Reason for Interest

Wanted to learn more about laser hair removal specifically, to rule it out as an option for the device

Notes

How it works: The laser will target the hair follicles based on the pigment. The laser will then burn the root of the hair follicle. Pros: 1. Reduces hair growth 2. Every part of the body is eligible for laser hair removal 3. The pain reduces each treatment Cons: 1. The process takes a long time because multiple treatments are needed. 2. The treatments cost a lot of money (between $200-$400) 3. Laser hair removal is not as safe with darker colored skin tones because there is little contrast between the hair color and the skin color. This proves difficult for the laser to tell what is hair is what is not. 4. If done improperly, the skin can be burned or scarred

Questions

Barsoum 84

Source Title

WrightStuff.Biz

Source Citation

Daily living aids. Retrieved from https://www.wrightstuff.biz/

Source Found By

Suggested by Mary Ellen Curran

Source Type

Website that sells products

Keywords

Disabilities, Daily Living Aids

Summary

The website has multiple products that aid people with disabilities to continue their daily routines

Reason for Interest

Wanted to look specifically at what was out there for shaving and hair removal to get some ideas

Notes

Products: -‐ Electric Razor Strap

Price: ~$32.95 1. Secure grip 2. Conforms to hand 3. Helps with weak hands 4. Thumb loops 5. Velcro straps 6. Fits razors

-‐ Razor extension handle Price: ~$35.95

1. Velcro straps 2. Works with both electric and non-electric razors 3. Has a bend to reach hard places 4. Can hold an object with up to a 2” diameter

-‐ Weight razor cuff Price: ~$26.95

1. Holds disposable razor 2. Strap is made to fit over hand 3. Thumb Loops 4. Weights are used to balance shaky hands

Questions

Barsoum 85

Source Title

Aditi Dugar

Source Citation

Dugar, A.OverCap product design. Retrieved from http://aditidugar.com/overcap/

Source Found By

Google OverCap

Source Type

Personal product website

Keywords

OverCap

Summary

Describes what an OverCap is and the design

Reason for Interest

Some products, such as the Gillette Treo, described using an OverCap. Wanted to understand what and OverCap is and why it is important

Notes

An OverCap is a plastic covering to protect the blades while the razor is being transported

Questions

Barsoum 86

Source Title

Gripeez Built-‐Up Grip with Men’s Safety Razor

Source Citation

Gripeez built-up grip with mens safety razor. Retrieved from https://www.amazon.com/Gripeez-Built-Up-Grip-Safety-Razor/dp/B006X4G984

Source Found By

Googling devices to help people shave

Source Type

Amazon

Keywords

Shaving, razor, disabilities

Summary

A product on Amazon

Reason for Interest

Wanted to look at products out in the market to help people with disabilities remove their hair

Notes

The grip is aimed to reduce the amount of muscle needed from the user The grip can be used on almost any razor Positive Reviews Price: ~$15.00

Questions

Barsoum 87

Source Title

Gillette Treo – Reviews

Source Citation

Lakin, D., & HighYa Staff. (2017, October 20,). About gillette TREO. Retrieved from https://www.highya.com/gillette-treo-reviews

Source Found By

Googling Gillette Treo

Source Type

Website

Keywords

Gillette Treo, Gillette Treo Reviews

Summary

Gives details on how the razor works features of the razor, and reviews on the razor

Reason for Interest

The Gillette Website did not give much information on the Treo. Wanted to find more information on the razor itself

Notes

Made to shave someone else. Dimensions of the product are currently unavailable Features 1. Shave gel is built into the handle 2. Has a blade OverCap (a plastic cover to protect the user and the blade while being transported) 3. Can be held like a pencil or paintbrush Overall positive reviews. No set price yet.

Questions

Barsoum 88

Source Title

Maggard Razors

Source Citation

Maggard razors MR3 thick stainless steel handle safety razor. Retrieved from https://www.maggardrazors.com/product/maggard-razors-mr3-thick-handle-chrome-safety-razor/

Source Found By

Googling hair removal devices to aid people with disabilities

Source Type

Product Website

Keywords

Razors, hair removal, razors for disabilities

Summary

Gives details on Maggard razors

Reason for Interest

Wanted to Look at the Product out on the market

Notes

Assembled razor weight: 129 g Handle length: 3” Assembled length: 3.38” Handle weight: 98 g Handle diameter: 0.64” Highly rated Price: ~$22.95-$34.95

Questions

Barsoum 89

Source Title

Nair

Source Citation

Nair™ lotion with aloe & lanolin.

Source Found By

Googling Nair

Source Type

Product Website

Keywords

Nair, Hair Remover Cream

Summary

Gives details on Nair

Reason for Interest

Wanted to focus on a specific brand of Hair Removal Cream

Notes

-‐ Test small area with lotion to see if reaction occurs -‐ Put a thick layer of the cream on the area where the hair is to be removed -‐ Let sit for 3-10 min -‐ After correct time has allotted, take a wet cloth and remove the cream and the hair

*** DO NOT RUB - can cause ski irritation and allergic reactions The lotion may need to stay on the area different amounts of time based on how coarse the hair is

Questions

Barsoum 90

Source Title

Pros and Cons of Hair Removal Creams

Source Citation

Pros and cons of hair removal creams (depilatories) (). Retrieved from https://hairfreelife.com/hair-removal-cream-pros-and-cons/

Source Found By

Googling Pros and cons of hair removal creams

Source Type

Article

Keywords

Hair Remover Cream, Hair Removal Cream, Pros and cons of Hair Remover Cream

Summary

Describes how hair removal cream works and its pros and cons

Reason for Interest

Wanted to learn more about hair removal cream and why it should or shouldn’t be a viable option for the device that I want to create

Notes

Hair is made out of the protein keratin. Most hair removal creams use thioglycolic acid (TGA) to break down keratin so that the hair can be wiped away from the follicle Pros: 1. No previous experience required 3. Does not take a long time (10 minutes max) 4. Does not cost a lot of money 5. Does not necessarily cause pain 5. Can be used on most parts of the body Cons: 1. Does not last a long time 2. Can smell bad 3. Should not be used on the face or any sensitive areas 4. Different types of cream are needed for each part of the body 5. Can cause allergic reactions

Questions

Barsoum 91

Source Title

Dangers of Nair Hair Removal

Source Citation

Sherwood, C. (2017, July 18,). Dangers of nair hair removal. Retrieved from https://www.livestrong.com/article/80270-dangers-nair-hair-removal/

Source Found By

Googling Pros and cons of hair removal creams

Source Type

Article

Keywords

Hair Remover Cream, Hair Removal Cream, Pros and cons of Hair Remover Cream, dangers of Hair Remover Cream

Summary

Describes the dangers of hair removal cream

Reason for Interest

Wanted to look more into the cons of hair removal cream because I decided to go with hair removal cream. Information for disclaimer

Notes

Allergies can be caused Skin irritation Rashes Chemical burns Hives Swelling

Questions

Barsoum 92

Source Title

Safety Razor System

Source Citation

Shurtleff, J. M., & Lee, A. C. (2007). In Shurtleff J. M., Lee A. C. and The Gillette Company(Eds.), Safety razor system-

Source Found By

Googling Razor OverCap

Source Type

Patent

Keywords

Gillette, Razor OverCap, Disposable Razors

Summary

Explains disposable Razors and OverCaps

Reason for Interest

Wanted to Understand OverCaps

Notes

OverCap Protects the Blade

Questions

Barsoum 93

Source Title

Threading Hair Removal 101

Source Citation

Torres, N. (2017a, September 8,). Threading hair removal 101. Retrieved from https://www.liveabout.com/threading-hair-removal-101-1717114

Source Found By

Googling pros and cons of Threading

Source Type

Article

Keywords

Threading, Hair Removal

Summary

Explains how threading works and the pros and cons of threading

Reason for Interest

Wanted to understand threading and think of it as an option for my project

Notes

A thread is twisted very tightly around the hair, then lifts the hair from the hair follicle Pros: 1. Very sanitary because only the thread is used to remove the hair 2. Very precise 3. No chemicals needed 4. Very fast 5. May stun hair growth enough for it to become permanent Cons: 1. If done improperly, the hairs may break instead of being pulled out of the follicle completely 2. Skilled technicians may be hard to find 3. If the hair is not long enough, it cannot be threaded 4. Not the best approach for big areas. Usually done on the face 5. May create cuts if skin is soft 6. Could cause pain for some

Questions

Barsoum 94

Source Title

Waxing Hair Removal 101

Source Citation

Torres, N. (2017b, July 14,). Waxing hair removal 101. Retrieved from https://www.liveabout.com/waxing-hair-removal-101-1717166

Source Found By

Googling pros and cons of waxing

Source Type

Article

Keywords

Waxing, Hair Removal

Summary

Explains how waxing works and the pros and cons of waxing

Reason for Interest

Wanted to understand waxing and think of it as an option for my project

Notes

Melted wax is spread over the area where the hair is to be removed. A paper is then placed on the wax and is pulled off, ripping the hair out. Pros: 1. It can be done quickly 2. A professional is not necessarily needed 3. Sometimes, waxing can cause permanent hair removal or slowed growth of the hair due to damage of the hair follicle caused by waxing Cons: 1. The hair will have need to grown enough before being waxed to actually see results 2. Results may not last a long time (couple of weeks) 3. Skin irritation can occur if done improperly

Questions

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