210 communities part 1

8/13/2019 210 Communities Part 1

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/210-communities-part-1 1/15

ECOLOGY

Theoretical Life Zones

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“it is quite credible that thepresence of a felineanimal in large numbers ina district might determine,through the interventionfirst of mice and then ofbees, the frequency ofcertain flowers in thatdistrict!” (Darwin 1859)

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Photo from Wikipedia

“If turf which has long been

mown… be let to grow, the mostvigorous plants gradually kill theless vigorous… thus out of 20species growing on a little plot ofmown turf (3 feet by 4 feet) ninespecies perished from the otherspecies being allowed to grow upfreely…” (Darwin 1859)

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Niche representedby a 2-dimensionalarea

Species A



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No overlap of niches.So coexistence ispossible

Species A Species B

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Interspecificcompetition occurs where theniches overlap

Species CSpecies B

Species C

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Evolution bynatural selectiontowards separateniches

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Specialisation into two separate niches

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Species A Species D

Very heavy competition leads tocompetitive exclusionOne species must go



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commensalism

predation competition

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– Commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is unharmed

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Human

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Organism is not affectedCommensalism

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Hornwormcaterpillar

Parasitism

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Viceroy maleedible



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yellow jacket

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Mullerian mimicry



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Coral snakeis poisonous

King snake is not

Red on yellow, poison fellow; red onblack, safe from attack

210 communities part 1

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