2020 Industry Report:Sesame SeedNovember 2020

Market Intelligence Team

Written by

Sesame Seed Market: The Queen of Oilseeds

2

Production & Export

Recent Developments

• SesameSeedproductioniscurrentlyledbySudan,Myanmar,India,Nigeria,andTanzania.In2018,theproductionsharewasdividedintotworegions:59.4%inAfricaand37.5%inAsia.

• Asaregion,Africahasquicklyrisenasthetopproducerandexporter,overcomingIndia.Indiahasseenunfavorableweatherconditionsinrecentyears,andAfricancountrieshaveofferedsesameseedsatmoreattractiveprices.

• Africahasconsideredsesameseedsasamajorsourceforearningforeignexchange.Growth inproductionwithincountriessuchasTanzaniaandEthiopiahasnearlybeenexponential.

• ChinaandJapansource themost fromAfricancountries.Chinahaschanged itspositionasamajorexportingcountrytoamajor importingcountry,representing36%ofworldimportsofsesameseedsin2019.

• Theonsetofthecoronavirusisexpectedtoconstraindemandforsesameseedsinmajorimportingmarkets.Nigeriaisexpectedtoseesomereductioninproduction.SomeregionsinTanzaniahavereportedseeingpricefalls inJunewithlimitedmarketaccess,buthavereportedajumprecentlyastheseasoncomestoaclose.Indiahasalsoreportedpricefallsaswell inAprilwithcoronavirusrestrictions.

• Globalpricesforsesameseedsarestill low,withproducershopingthatmajormarkets,suchasChinawillreopen.

Contents

Part I - Product Information ·············································································· 5

1.1 Sesame Seed Varieties

1.2 Grades

1.3 End Usages for Sesame Seeds

1.4 Sesame Seed Processing (dehulling)

Part II - Trade Regulations ················································································· 11

2.1 The European Union

2.2 Japan

Part III - Global Market Dynamics ···································································· 13

3.1 Production

-SesameSeedProductioninAfrica

3.2 Export

3.3 Import

3.4 Consumption

3.5 Global Price Trends in Recent Years

Part IV - Country Profile ······················································································ 17

4.1 India

4.2 Sudan

4.3 Nigeria

4.4 Ethiopia

4.5 Tanzania

Part V - Sources ····································································································21

Part I

Product Information - Sesame Seeds, whether or not broken (HS:120740)

1.1 Sesame Seed Varieties

1.2 Grades

1.3 End Usages for Sesame Seeds

1.4 Sesame Seed Processing (dehulling)rs

Part. I 5

Product Information - Sesame Seeds, whether or not broken (HS:120740)

Sesamumseeds,orsesameseeds,havebeenavaluablecommodity intheLatinAmerican,Asian,andAfricancountries,particularlyinAfrica,wheremostoftheproductionisconcentrated.Itcanbeusedindiverseways,fromextractingitsoilstomakesesameseedoil,orinconfectioneryproductsandmeals.ItisrarelygrownintheWesternregionsoftheUnitedStatesorEurope,asitismoreclimaticallyfavorableinthedrytropics.Asmostoftheproductionisdonewithindevelopingcountries, theproducersaremainlysmall-holder farmerswith littlemechanizationintegratedintotheproductionprocess.

Sesame Seed Varieties

Export Value of Sesame Seeds 2001-2019

Sesameseedsaresortedaccordingtocolor,whichareasfollows:

White (main)Food grade sesame used in thebaking industry,which uses 98-100%whitest-gradeseeds,mostlyforaestheticpurposes

Graph 1.Source:ITCTradeMap.

Part. I

6

Product Information - Sesame Seeds

Black (main)Usages innon-dairymilkpowdersandotherpremiummarkets

Brown/mixedOil-grade sesame,where brownseedscouldbeupgradedtotheFoodGradethroughthebleachingprocess

LightersesameseedvarietiesaremuchmorepopularintheWesternandMiddleEasternmarkets,wheretheyareconsideredtobehigherquality.Ontheotherhand,paleandblackvarietiesarevaluedintheFarEastcountries.Thewhitevariety,whichisusedinthehulled,ornaturalform,willusuallycommandahigherpriceinthemarketsduetoitsconsistencyandappearance.Ithasawhite/goldcolorthatisattractivefordecorativepurposes in foods.Mixedseeds,whichhaveayellowtodarkbrowncolorandareinconsistentinsizes,willbecrushedandthenutilizedforoilproduction.Blacksesameseeds,anothermainsesamevariety,aresmaller insizethantheWhitevarietyandarewidelyimportedtoChinaandJapan.

Compared toWhitesesameseeds,Blacksesameseedshavebeenfoundtobring45%moreinreturnsin2018,asblacksesameseedshavehigherproductioncostsandlowersupplyquantity.Theyarealsousedinmoreversatileapplicationscomparedtowhitesesameseedswhichareprimarilyusedforedibleuses.

Table 2.Source:MarketIntelligenceReport: AlternativeMarkets forNigerianSesameExports

Table 1.Source:Gradesof IndianSesameSeedsunderAGMARK

Part. I Product Information - Sesame Seeds

7

Gradesofsesameseedsdifferonbasisofcountry, inwhichmajorproducerIndiahasdesignateditsownstandardsunderAGMARK:

Grades of Indian Sesame Seeds under AGMARK

Grade Designa-tion

Characteristics

Foreign Matter (% by weight, maximum)

Immature, Shriveled, and dead seeds (% by weight, maximum)

Damaged & discolored seeds (% by weight, maximum)

Total impu-rities (total column 2-4), % by weight, maximum

Admixture of other varieties/types (% by weight, maximum)

Moisture content (% by weight, maximum)

Special 0.5 1.0 Nil 1.5 5.0 5.0

Good 1.0 2.0 1.0 3.0 10.0 6.0

General 2.0 3.0 2.0 5.0 15.0 7.0

Commercialgradingofsesameseedsisusuallybasedonthefollowingfactors:purity(thepercentageofnon-sesameinsideabatch),moisturecontent,and theFFA (theoil rancidity).The following table is theJapanesespecification forsesameseeds foroilproduction,whichgenerallyreflectsthecommercialgradingstandardsofothercountriesaswell.

Japanese Specifications for Sesame Seeds for Oil Production, 2010

Measure Specification

Normal Condition Good sesame flavor and nearly clear

Color Characteristic sesame color

Moisture (water) and foreign material Below 0.25% (refined below 0.1%)

Specific gravity (25-degree centigrade) 0.914-0.921

Refractive index (25 centigrade) 1.471-1.474

Acid Value Below 4.0 (refined below 0.2)

Saponification number 186-195

Iodine value 103-118

Unsaponifiable matter Below 2.5% (refined below 2.0%)

Formoreinformationregardingthespecificationsofthegrades,refertothe linkhere:http://apeda.in/agriexchange/Market%20Profile/MOA/Product/Sesame.pdf

Grades

Part. I Product Information - Sesame Seeds, whether or not broken (HS:120740)

8

Note:Thisend-usagedoesnotreflectthetradeHScodeoftheabove,whichisnon-processed.

End Usages for Sesame Seeds

Input Products Description and Uses

Seeds Confection-ary

Fried sweets may be bound together with sugar syrup to give sweetmeats

Seeds Biscuits The whole seeds can be baked into biscuits.

(Hulled) Seeds Bakery Popular in northern Europe either in-corporated into bread or as decorative toppings. May be used hulled or whole

Seeds. Some-times roasted

Oil Particularly used in oriental cuisine. The flavor is quite strong and rarely com-patible with traditional Western-style cooking but also used as a salad oil

Oil Medicinal treatment

Ulcers and burns

Oil Margarine Once an important use, now other cheaper vegetable oils are available

Oil Aerosol Reported use as a synergist for pyre-thrum sprays

Low-Grade Oil Various Soaps, paints, lubricants, and illumi-nants. Local uses, of no importance in international trade

Hulled Seeds Tahini A paste of sesame seeds which is used as an ingredient in eastern Mediterra-nean and Middle Eastern foods

Tahini Dips & Spreads

Various ingredients, such as chickpeas or eggplants, are added to tahini to make dips and spreads such as hum-mus

End Usages for Sesame Seeds

Part. I Product Information - Sesame Seeds

9

Input Products Description and Uses

Tahini Halva A sweet made from tahini and sugar with other added flavorings

Cake Animal Feed Protein-rich useful supplement

Cake from Hulled Seeds

Ingredient Used in some Indian cooking. Also as a snack such as in the Nigerian Kulikuli

Dehullingortheremovaloftheskinofsesameseedsaredoneforvariouspurposes,suchasforoilextractionorforthecreationofsesameseedpastesliketahini,whichisusedfrequentlyintheEasternMediterraneanandMiddleEasterncuisines.Dehullingcanbedonemanuallybyrubbingtheskinoffthewetseed,mechanicallybyusingprocessestoimitatethemanualprocess,orbyusingalkalitreatments.Asthedehullingprocessrequireswettingtheseed,thisalsomeansthattheseedsneedtobe

Table 3.Source:ChemonicsInternationalInc.

Sesame Seed Processing (dehulling)

Part II

Trade Regulations

2.1 The European Union

2.2 Japan

Part. II 11

Trade Regulations

The European Union

Japan

AsstatedfromCBI,themaintwofactorswhichdetermineentrytotheEUmarketaretraceabilityandhygiene.Salmonellacontamination isaprimaryriskthathasbeendamagingthereputationofsesameseedsfromexportingcountries,whichhasresultedintheEUtighteningregulationsforsesameproductscomingfromcertainnations,suchasIndia.Extracareshouldbeallocatedtoensurethatthesesameseedsdonotgooverthemaximumallowedpesticideresidue levels,whileorganicsesameseedsarenotallowedtohaveanytracesatall.

Someadditional foodsafetyrequirements,suchasGoodAgriculturalPractices (GAP)andQualityManagementSystems (QMS),mayberequestedbybuyers inorder toassesstheproductionandhandlingprocess. As sesame seeds are commonly directed to the foodmanufacturingindustry,intheEU,itisimportanttohavecertificationsforfoodsafetymanagementsystems, includingtheISO22000,theBritishRetailConsortium(BRC),andtheInternationalFeaturedStandards(IFS):Food.

Quality-wise,therequirementswilldependheavilyontheend-usageofthesesameseeds,whichincludesthefollowingfactors:taste,odor,oilcontent,puritylevel,uniformity,andwhetheritishulledornatural.Buyersmayeachhavedifferentrequirements,and it iscritical tomeettheseneedsinordertobeacompetitiveproductinthemarket.

Japanallowsimportsofsesameseedscontainingnotracesofpesticidesor insecticides,whichhasdeterredcountries fromexporting to thecountry. IndiahashaddifficultyexportingsesameseedstoJapanasIndia’ssesameseedproductshaveahistoryofcontainingpesticideresidues.

Part III

Global Market Dynamics

3.1 Production

3.2 Exports

3.3 Imports

3.4 Consumption

3.5 Global Price Trends in Recent Years

Part. II 13

Global Market Dynamics

AccordingtoanevaluationfromMordorIntelligence,theglobalsesameseedmarketisprojectedtohaveUSD7.24billioninconsumptionvalueby2024comparedtotheUSD6.56billionin2018,carryingaCAGRof1.7%.Themarketconsistsmostlyofdevelopingcountries,specificallyinAfrica,whichhasrapidlyexpandeditsproductioninlinewiththerisingdemandfromEastAsia,namelyChina,Japan,andSouthKorea.Thesupplyofsesameseedsandsesameoilhasnotbeenabletomatchthegrowthofdemand,asthereareonlyafewmajorsuppliers,whileChinahasfalleninproduction.High-endbuyingcountries,suchasJapan,hadexpectedcompetitionwithinprocurementforsesameseedsinthefollowingyears,althoughthecurrentpandemicmayhavetemporarilyhaltedthegrowthoftheindustry.

Production (ProductionlevelsindicatedmightnotreflectthetradeHScode:120740,asitisbasedontheFAOSTAT.)

WorldproductionforsesameseedsiscurrentlyledbySudan,Myanmar,India,Nigeria,andTanzania.Sudanhasrecordedexceedinglyhighlevelsofproductionwith981KMT,whileMyanmarproduced768.85KMT,rankingasthesecond-largestproducer in2018.Asreflectedinthelistofhigh-producingcountries,productionsharehasbeenpredominantlydividedintotworegions:59.4%Africa,and37.5%Asiain2018.FromtheFAOSTAT,anaverageofproductiondatafrom1994-2018indicatedthatthetopproducershavebeenprimarilyIndia,Myanmar,andChina,whichhaschangedovertheyearsasaresultofAfricancountriesbecomingmoreprominentinthesesameindustry.Multiplegovernmentinitiatives,investment in training farmers,aswellasenhancementofharvest,andpost-harvestpracticesweremajor factors in theriseofsesameproductioninAfrica.

Sesame Seed Production in AfricaAsahighlyself-reliantandlow-costcrop,sesameseedshavepropagatedinAfricancountriesasamain foreignexchangeearner,onlysecondtoothermajorcashcropssuchascoffeeandcotton.ProductionfromAfricamainlystreamlinestoChinawheretherawseedsareprocessed.SudanandTanzaniaholdoneofthehighestacreagesofsesameseedsintheworld,andalthoughitsyieldiscomparativelylowerthanthoseofMyanmarandChina,Africancountrieshaveincreasedproductiononlyinaspanofafewyears,especially inSudanandNigeriaasthecountriesbecomelessreliantonoilasitssourceofexports.

Part. III

14

Global Market Dynamics

Export

Import

Production quantity of sesame seeds in top producing countries

Thetopexporters forsesameseedsareSudan, India,Ethiopia,andNigeria.SudanandIndiahavesimilarsharesinworldexports,withSudancomprising19.7%andIndia17.2%in2019.Theworldexportedvalueforsesameseedsfromthepastdecadeincreasedfrom2010-14andthendeclinedthereafter.Itwitnessedaslightincreasefrom2018-19,owedtocountrieslikeTanzania,Niger,Mozambique,andMyanmar.

Chinaheavily importssesameseedsfromAfricancountries,and it isevidentasSudan,Niger,Ethiopia,andTanzaniaareitstopcountriesforsourcing.Additionally,China’simportsrepresent36%oftheworldimportsofsesameseedsin2019,andmorethan95%ofimportshaveoriginatedfromAfrica.Thesecountries’haveaclosepartnershipwithChina.Ethiopia, forexample,usesforeigncurrencyearnedbysesameseedexportstopaybacktheirloansforconstructiondonebyChina.

AfterChina,thehighest importershavebeenJapan,Turkey, India,andKorea,with9%,8%,5.8%,and4.3%sharesinworldimportsrespectivelyin2019.Japanisconsideredahigh-endmarketformanysesameseed

Part. II

15

Global Market Dynamics

Consumption

Global Price Trends in Recent Years

suppliersand,since2012,hasslowlyphasedoutitsrelianceonimportsfromParaguayduetoprice increasesfromproductioncuts,turningtoCentralAmericaandAfricainstead.Indiasawthemostgrowthinsesameseedimportswitha51%increaseinvaluebetween2015-19,and,morerecently,a193%growth invaluebetween2018-19. India, likeChina,importsheavilyfromAfrica.

Tanzania isknowntohavethehighestglobalconsumptionofsesameseedsbasedonmetrictonnes(MT),holdinga21%sharewhileChinaandSudanwasat19%and9%, respectively,accordingtodatafromIndexBoxin2016.Myanmar, India,Ethiopia,andNigeriaeachheld6%.Between2007-16,Tanzaniaindicatedthehighestlevelsofgrowthwithinsesameseedconsumption, increasingbymorethan32.5%,whileChinaremainedat9.1%.Thegrowthwasattributedtotheincreaseinsesameoilproduction.Intermsofpercapitaconsumption,Tanzanialedagainwith30.8kgperyear,followedbySudanwith17.6kgperyearandMyanmarwith10.1kgperyearin2016.

Sesameseedpricesgloballyhavereachedoneof thehighestpointsin2014,owingtoChina’sswitchfromprioritizingexportstoprioritizingimportsinstead.FormanyChinesefarmers,growingsesameseedsisaverytediousprocessthatrequiresagreatdealofmanualwork,andmanyhaveoptedtogrowvegetablesinstead.Domesticdemandforsesameoilhasalsoclimbedaswell,whichresultedinChinalookingforcountriestosourcetherawmaterialfrom.Duringtheperiod,India,amajorproducer,hashadpoorharvestsaswell,drivingthepricestoincreaseevenfurther.

Ingeneral,sesameseedsarefoundtohavea25-30%pricevolatilityannuallyduetofluctuationsinsupplies.Thus,pricesaredependentonthesuppliesofmajorproducersand importers,specifically IndiaandChina.Forexample,because Indiahasbeenhitbystrongmonsoonsandunnaturalweatherconditions,suppliershavestarted lookingforalternativesources,andAfricancountrieswereanattractiveoptionduetotheirlowpricepoints.

Part IV

Country Profile

4.1 India

4.2 Sudan

4.3 Nigeria

4.4 Ethiopia

4.5 Tanzania

Part. IV 17

Country Profile

India Major varieties for Export:WhiteandBlackvarietiesMajor Producing Regions:Gujarat,WestBengal,Karnataka,Rajasthan,MadhyaPradesh,Maharashtra,TamilNandu,andAndhraPradesh

Production and Export Trends Indiahas indicatedageneralgrowth inproductionforsesameseeds,althoughithasnotbeenconsistentovertheyears.Productionpeakedin2010at893KMT,withproductionin2018at746KMT.Withinthepast15-16years,theareaofsesameseedproductionhasincreasedby1.05timesinsize,1.4timesinproductionvolume,and1.3timesinyieldaccordingtotheIndianOilseedsandProduceExportPromotionCouncil(IOPEPC).Productionandyield,however,havebeenmorestatic inrecentyears.Indiansesameseedcropshave recently facedunfavorableweatherconditionsthathaveyettofullyrecovertopreviouslevels.

IndiaexportsthemostsesameseedstotheUnitedStates,witha7.7%shareinIndia'sexports.OthermajorexportdestinationsincludeKorea(6.5%),Vietnam(5.6%),andRussia(5.2%).India,unliketherapidlygrowingsesame industriesofotherAfricancountries,hassegmented theirsesameseedexportstomultiplechannels. Indiahasbeenattemptingtopenetratethehigh-endmarketslikeJapan,buthassofarprovedtobeunsuccessfulasbuyersareapprehensiveaboutthequalityof theproducts,especiallyduetoJapaneseregulationsthatdonotallowanytracesofpesticidesorinsecticides.

Inmorerecentevents,coronavirus-relatedlockdownhasdisruptedtrade,andpriceshavefallenbynearly19%inGujaratinApril,fromINR13,673perquintal thepreviousyear to INR11,113perquintal.Thisseason’sharvests,whicharrivedinmid-May,havealsoprovedtobebetterthanthelast,addingtothepricedecrease.

Part. IV

18

Country Profile

Production and Export Trends Major varieties: White,Brown,andMixedvarietiesMajor Producing Regions:KordofanState,KassalaState

Since2012,asidefromtheslightdecreaseinproductionin2015,Sudanwitnessedanincreaseintheareaharvestedaswellasinproduction.Itreached981Kin2018,nearly5timesthevolumefrom2012,accordingtotheFAOstatistics.

SudanhasconsistentlymaintaineditspositionasatopexporteramongotherAfricancountriesthanksto its largeproductionscale.Recently,however,Sudanhasclimbedthewatchlistoffoodinsecurity.Thecountryreached(Level3+-Crisis inanalyzedpopulation),accordingto theIntegratedFoodSecurityPhaseClassification(IPC),asaresultofinflationwhichhasshotupcostsofstaplefoods.Sudanhasalsosufferedfromthecoronavirusrestrictions,whichhascausedlaborshortagesanddisruptedsupplychains.

Main Varieties for Export:WhiteandLightBrownvarietiesMajor Producing Regions:Jigawa,Kano,Katsina,Nassarawa,Benue,andTaraba

White(FoodGrade)seedsaregrownnearthetownsofKeffi,Lafia,andDomaintheNasarawaandTarabastate,aswellasMakurdiintheBenuestate.

Production and Export Trends Nigeriahaswitnessedimmensegrowthintheareaharvestedforsesameseedsinashortperiodoftimeand,consequently,inyieldsaswellsince2011.In2011,theareaharvestedforsesameseedsrecorded191.5Kha,whichthen increasedtonearly500Kha in2012.Productionhasalsogrownfrom229KMTto995KMTduringthesameperiod,anincreaseofnearly334%.LikeSudan,Nigeriahasbeenreducingitsdependencyonoilandfocusingonagriculturalcommodities.Nigeria’s largestcustomerisJapan,whereNigeriafacesnotariffsinitsexports.Thecountrytookup23.2%ofNigeria’sexports in2019.JapancouldbeNigeria’smostfavorablemarket in theFarEast,asChinaharnessesa5%tariffonimportsandKoreawithanimmense630%tariff.Inrecentyears,duetothe increaseddemandforsushiandhummus,

Sudan

Nigeria

Part. IV

19

Country Profile

Nigeriahasenjoyeda40%increaseinsesameseedoutputduringthe2017-18seasoncomparedtothepreviousyear,accordingtoBloomberg.Farmers inNigeriahaveseena reduction inproductiondue to thecoronaviruslockdown.SesameseedfarmsinNigeriaareprimarilylocatedintheNorthernregions,wheretherehavebeencasesofterroristattacks.Somefarmershadtofleetheir landsandhavebeenunabletoreturntotendtotheircrops.

Main Varieties for Export:Humera(FragrantWhite),Wollega(oil-rich),Fumera(sweet,usedthemostforbreadandconfectionery,afatcontentof50%)Major Producing Regions: WesternpartsofTigray,Welega

Production and Export TrendsSince2002,Ethiopiahasgraduallyincreaseditsareaandproductionforsesameseeds,reachingpeakproductionof327.74KMTin2010.Afteradecreasefrom2010-12,productionhasrisenagaintonearpeaklevels,with301KMTin2018.ChinaholdsamassiveshareinEthiopia’sexports,withnearly54%in2019,andanexportedvalueofUSD178.4million.

Ethiopiahasquicklyrisenasoneofthetopproducersforsesameseeds,thanksinpartduetoalargedemandfromChina,butalsoduetomultiplegovernment incentives.AccordingtoBloomberg, landforprocessinghasbeenprovidedfor free,and importandexportdutieshavebeenwaivedfortheproductionofpulses,oilseeds,andspices.TheEthiopianagriculture investmentenvironmenthasbeengood, specifically inoilseeds,spice,andpulses,withthegovernmentcommittingtoputtingin80%ofbankloansintotheindustry.In2008,EthiopiaalsoestablishedtheEthiopianCommodityExchange(ECX)withthegoalofcreatingfairtradewithcommoditiessuchascoffeeandsesameseeds.TheonsetofthecoronavirusisexpectedtohindermanyofthestridesmadeinEthiopiato improvethesesameseedsector,withshortages inseasonal labor,anduncertaintiesindemand,farmersarenotlikelytocultivateasmuchsesameseedsastheyhaveinpreviousyears.

Ethiopia

Part. IV

20

Country Profile

Production and Export Trends Productionforsesameseeds inTanzania, likeotherAfricancountries,hasgrownathighratesovertheyears.Thecombinationofthesmallboostinthepricesandthecomparablylowerproductionandoperation-relatedcostsforsesameseedshavedrivenfarmerstoswitchovertothecrop.Fromaround2010,therehasbeenaspikeinproduction,whichreacheditspeakin2015of1.17millionMT,whichhassinceleveledoffto561KMT.Comparedtoothercountries,productioninTanzaniaisseentobeatnearlyexponential levels;atonepoint, itbecamethenumberoneproducerintheworld.

LikeotherAfricancountries,TanzaniaexportsthemosttoChina,whichheldan87.2%shareofTanzania’sexportsin2019.TheexportedvaluetoChina,however,hasreacheditshighestpointin2013-14andhassincedecreased,thenslightlyincreasedin2018toUSD70.58million.

PricesofsesameseedsdecreasedaccordingtotherecentauctionsinJune.OntheTanzaniaMercantileExchange(TMX),priceshoveredaroundTZS1900andTZS2500perkg,wheninthepreviousyear,priceswerearoundTZS3000perkg.InJuly,however,asTanzaniaapproachedtheendofitsseason,pricesincreasedrapidly,whichisthoughttobeasaresultofbuyerspurchasingthecommoditybybulkandwaitingtoselluntilglobalpricesaremorefavorable.

Tanzania

Part. V 21

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ITCTradeMap.HS:120740.

FAOSTAT.SesameSeeds.

CQUniversityAustralia.“MarketAnalysisofSesameSeed.”

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ChinaChamberofCommerceofImportandExportofFoodstuffs,NativeProduceandAnimalBy-products(CFNA).

“ChinaSesameSeedMarketOutlook.”

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marketshare?”