1 (80)

RESULTS

'

1 (81)

RESULTS

SIZES OF MAJOR POOLS AND FLUXES OF CARBON CYCLE IN INDIA4.1

An attempt was made to synthesize data from various sources

to arrive at a preliminary estimate of major pools and fluxes of

carbon cycle for India's landmass (ca. 1985). In order to esti¬

mate biospheric pools from ecosystem areas, representative eco¬

system specific global values of C pools and fluxes from Ajtay et

al. (19/9) were used. The ecosystem area estimates were based on

a number of sources including recent RS-based forest inventory.

The areal extent of ecosystems and the source on which they were

based is indicated

The terrestrial biospheric pool carbon

in Dadhwal and Nayak (1993) and section 3.2.

considered here (phyto¬

mass, litter and soil organic carbon) was of the order 33.5-40.2

PgC (Table 4.1). In this,

and standing phytomass (8.4-11.0 Pgc)

components, whereas litter contributed only 0.53-0.96 Pgc.

case of phytomass, the major contribution (7.7-9. 6 PgC)

forests, while in case of soil, cropland accounted for 14.18

the soil organic carbon (24.6-28.3 PgC)

were the two dominant

In

was from

PgC,

which was higher than other ecosystems because of it had laraest

areal extent.

The fluxes between biospheric components for land

litterfall) were also estimated from ecosystem

carbon transfer rates adopted by Ajtay,

(NPP,

areas and the

et al. (1979). The

largest flux was NPP of land and was estimated between

PgCa-1 where,1.32-1.60

estimated average NPP for forest (7.25-S.47 tc/ha)

Grazingwas higher than the NPP of cropland (4.03-4.22 tC/ha).

land NPP was estimated to be 3.07-6.72 tC/ha. Litterfall was

65

1 (82)

Table 4.1 Major pools and fluxes of carbon in India (ca. 1985) as estimated from ecosystem

areas* and global averages of ecosystem specific C pools and fluxesÿ

Ecosystem Area

( lOÿm2 ) (10l2gCa“l )

Soil C

(10l2gC)

Living phytomass Litterfall

(1012gCa-1)

Litter

(10l2gC)

NPP

<10l2gC)

642.0Forest 465.2-543.9 5986.7-6223.57726.6-9597.1 387.4-411.1363.1-421.7

Agriculture 1689.5 14181.0680.4-712.2 64.2- 67.8240.3- 306.4 344.8-360.7

Grazing &otherwasteland 454.3 139.3-305.4 376.7-1012.0 71.9-478.5 4214.2-7672.5101.1-206.3

182.1Barren 0.45 2.76

Urban &Built up 180.0 2,03 16.20 1.22 1.22 45

Wetlands &Inland waterbodies 72.5 34.03 61.35 1.35 6.25 150

3220.5 1321.4-1597.9 8423.9-10995.9 811.6-991.2 531.1-964.8 24576.9-28272.9

* Ecosystem areas from Dadhwal and Nayak (1993)

#'C pools and fluxes from Ajtay et a_l. (1979)

66

1 (83)

estimated to lie between 0.812-0.991 PgCa-1. Under the condition

of steady state of litter pool,

equal C02 release to atmosphere.

it should decompose to provide

4.2 ESTIMATION OF CROP RELATED PARAMETERS

4.2.1 CROP-WISE HARVEST INDEX OR ECONOMIC YIELD TO CROP BIOMASS

RATIOS.

In order to obtain crop biomass or NPP estimates from crop

yields and/or production data, appropriate economic yield to crop

biomass ratios are needed. The harvest index (HI) concept, as

used here, considers both belowground and aboveground biomass.

However, it was not possible to obtain information of litterfall

in many crops and in those cases HI would underestimate NPP and

crop biomass. In.case of annual crops estimated NPP and biomassp

are same, while for perennials the definition of HI adopted here

is the ratio of economic yield to NPP. A survey of literature for

field experiments conducted in India, reporting crop yield and

biomass data was carried out.

A complete crop-wise listing of 105 Indian and 13 foreign

references used for obtaining average HI value is given in

The results are summarized in Table 4.2, whereAppendix II.conversion factors (CF) i.e. inverse of average HI for 38 crop

and separately for HYV and old cultivars for five crops

and maize) are summarized. A large

species

(wheat, rice, jowar, bajra,

range in HI from 0.076 to 0.619 can be observed. As a group, root

while oilseeds crops have lower HI.and tuber crops have high HI,

related to the energy requirement for convertingThis being

carbohydrate primary photosynthates to oil (Penning do Vries,

67

1 (84)

1983). While the information on crop groups like cereals, pulses,

sugar and starch crops, root and tuber crops

there is a lack of

vegetables and condiments &

As HYV {High Yielding Varieties) attain higher yields due

to better partitioning of the dry matter to economic part, their

estimated conversion factors are lower than for old cultivars.

oilseeds, fibres,

and plantation crops could be obtained,

studies in India related to fruits,

spices.

relating economicTable 4.2 Estimated conversion factors for

yield to annual net primary production

CFCROPVariety CF CFCROPCROP

FRUITSBananaPapayaCashewnutMangoCitrusGuavaApplePineappleGrapes

OILSEEDSGroundnutSesameRape&MustardSafflowerNigerSunflowerSoybeanCastorLinseed

CEREALSWheat 2.073.12

4.354.444.85

13.155.463.783.503.18

2.954.652.713.422.953.285.294.387.872.824. 206.90

HYVNAOLDNARice HYVNAOLD

1.92BarleyJowar NAHYV

NAOLDNABa jra

Maize

HYVNAOLD

HYVCONDIMENTS & SPICES

Black pepper NAChilliesTurmericCorianderCardamomGarlicGinger

ROOT CROPSTapiocaPotatoSweet potato

OLD1.941.411.61

RagiSmall Millets 4.98 2.70

NANAPULSES

Gram NAVEGETABLESGuarseedOnionCabbageTomatoCauliflower

2.766.02

Other pulses 3.78

1.72NATurNA1.53

1.651.90 DRUGS, DYES & NARCOTICS

TobaccoIndigoOpium

PLANTATION CROPS

Arecanut -TeaCoffeeCoconutRubberCocoa

2.33NANANA5.98

1.691.904.67

NAFIBRESCottonJuteMestaSannhemp

3.834.71 SUGAR

Sugarcane 3.81NANANA

NA : Not available

63

1 (85)

flow in Indian agroecosystem byPrevious study on energy

Mitchell (1979) estimated net primary production based on HI of

sources. The HI valuesonly 12 crops obtained from only 7

presented here can be considered more appropriate for national

level NPP estimation. These HI when compared with those reported

by Sharp et al. (1975) for USA showed lower economic production

except in case of soybean and Lieth and Aselmann (1983) for

Germany, except in case of tobacco.

4.2.2 ESTIMATION OF STATE-LEVEL LENGTH OF GROWING PERIOD

For each crop a mean duration for which it grows was

obtained from literature search. This is given in Table

(Section 3.4). The state-wise crop area were used for estimating

an aggregated length of growing period for the years 1975-76 and

1985-86 for the states of India. These are summarized in Table

4.5 and Figures 22 & 23. The mean figure for various states for

1975-76 was 0.4673 and for 1985-86 was 0.4992. 16 states in 1975-

76 and 15 states in 1985-86 had higher value than mean figure.

3.1

The three states with highest LGP were Kerala, Lakshadweep and

Andaman Nicobar Islands, while Rajasthan, Gujarat, Nagaland and

at the bottom of this scale. In theDadra Nagar Haveli were

intervening period estimated LGP showed considerable positive

Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Tripura, Uttarchange for Kerala,

West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Diu & Daman andPradesh,

Pondicherry.

for Gujarat, Manipur and Dadra Nagar Haveli. This could be due to

lower rainfall in these states in 1985-86 in comparison to 1975-

Also a few cases of decrease in LGP were observed

1 signifies multiple cropping or

Low number signifies single

76. A number close to

preponderance of perennial crops.

69

1 (86)

related to low rainfall ancThe low number is alsocropping.

under developed irrigation potential.

RELATION WITHCROP MPP AND ITSSECULAR CffANGES IN4.3

TECIINOLOGICA , CHANCES

factorsconversionIn order to estimate the NPP of crops,

(inverse of harvest index) are needed.

temporal behaviour of crop NPP during the

1989-90. Many new and HYV cultivars

to studyhere the aim was

Aperiod

which have higV £ÿ r >>

tioning of biomass to economic part have been

The average HI for e

of HI of old and HYV cul

releasee

7ed by farmers in this period. J fsfI

/3Jobtained as weighted mean

ratio of HYV to traditional cultivar yielrweights are

under these two categories. Although HI values

were available, a comparison of area sown under these

f or

underGSA showed that 91-94 percent of total

accounted by them. Changes in

1990 are plotted in Figure 11.

3r03

yearly crop NPP between

that NPP has increasedthe resultsclear fromIt is

2.4 times increase inconsiderably during this period. There is

2.88 tcha-1) from 2.65 t DM/ha in 1950-51 to 6.39NPP (1.19 to

t DM/ha in 1989-90, A linear regression of crop NPP against year

(Figure 12) is :

= -156.366 + 0.0814 Y-;

( R2 = 0.9344, N

• = Net Primary Productivity (t DM/ha) in year j,

j = Year (1951,

NPP-s 1l

40, SEE 0.25 )

where, NPPÿ

, 1990)Y -4

70

1 (87)

ESTIMATED NPP & TOTAL CROP BIOMASSPRODUCTION IN INDIA, 1951-1990

NPP (t/ha) TOTAL CROP BIOMASS (Mt)7.0 950

s- NPP (t/ha)

TOTAL BIOMASS (Mt)

6.5-j- 850

6.0 -

L 7505.5 -

B

- 6505.0 -

4.5 -- 550

4.0 -

u 4503.5 ~

- 3503.0 -

2.5 250rTT7 I

1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991

YEARFigure 11

1 (88)

GROWTH IN CROP NPP IN INDIA (1951-1990)

NPP (t/ha)

6 -

5 -

4-

3 -

2 1 TTIT

1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991

YEAR1951

Figure 12

72

1 (89)

The estimated crop NPP also shows significant year-to-year

the rainfall occurs in monsoon (June tovariability. In India,

September) and a substantial part of agricultural production is

determined by rainfall. A comparison of Figure 12 with rainfall

index given by Parthasarthy et aJL- (1988) clearly shows that

years of low NPP in comparison to trend (viz., 1966-67,

1974-75, 1979-80, 1982-83) also correspond to drought years

(i.e., rainfall less than 80 percent of long term average).

1972-73,

The increased crop NPP could be related to improvements in

agricultural technology particularly :

Increase in the irrigated crop proportion defined as

irrigated area as percent of net sown area (IRF),

cropping intensity (Cl) (ratio of gross sown

to net sown area), which is related to availability of

irrigation,

(iii) Increase in the inputs of N - fertilizer application per

net sown area (NFA), and

(i)

Increase in(ii)

the fertilizer inputs of NPK - fertilizer

application per net sown area (TFA) .(iv) Increase in

The estimated parameters of simple linear regression between

independent variates (year, cropping intensity,

irrigated percent, N-application and NPK-application) are given

in Table 4.3. The NPP which is a dependent variate had a overall

of 4.13 tDM/yr (40 observations) and a standard deviation of

0.973 (CV 23.56). The linear regression explains more than 91

percent of the variation in NPP in all the cases. The correlation

coefficients among these variates are shown in Table 4.4.

NPP and five

mean

All

73

• *

1 (90)

coefficients are highly significant at l per cent level. The

values of slope of linear regression of NPP with Cl and irrigated

proportion are highly significant (probability of error, P <

0.001).Table 4.3 Parameters of simple linear regression between crop NPP

and indicators of technology change (1951-1990)

Independentvariate

Parameters of linear regression with NPP

Mean Std.dev. R2X100 Int. Slope SEE/Y x 100

Year 1970.00 11.54 93,44 -156.37 0.0814 6,19

Cl (%)

IRF (%)

118.41 4.98 94.54 -18.37 0.1899 5.64

22.92 4.96 92.37 -0.20 0.1886 6,68

NFA (kg/ha) 15.19 15.50

TFA (kg/ha) 22.68 23.67

92.08 3.21 0.0602 6.80

91.74 3.23 0.0393 6.94

Std. dev. : Standard deviation, Cl : Cropping intensity, IRF :

Irrigation fraction, NFA : N-Fertiliser Application/NSA, TFA :

Total Fertilizer Application/NSA, Int : Intercept, SEE : Standard

Error of Y estimate, Y : Mean of dependent variate

Table 4.4 Coefficients of correlation among NPP, Cl, IRF, NFA

and TFA for India

IRF NFACl TFA

0.961 0.9590.972 0.958NPP

0.976 0.969 0.965Cl

0.977 0.973IRF

0.999NFA

{All correlations are significant at 1% level)

(See Table 4.3 for abbreviations)

74

*

*

1 (91)

equations between NPP and IKF and NPP andLinear reqression

CI are as:

NPP (t/ha) = -0.1977 + 0.1886 IRFj

(R2 = 0.9237, N = 40, SEE = 0.2757)

= -18.3673 + 0.18997 Clj

(R2 = 0.9454, N = 40,

NPP (t/ha)

SEE = 0.233)

line is shown inThe scatter plot and fitted regression

for relation between NPP and IRF and in Figure 14 forFigure 13

NPP and CI.

were significantly correlated,

irrigation increased cropping intensity has been observed in mosu

The two independent variates used here, IRF and Cl

generally with spread ofas

parts of India.

Bivariate plots of NPP and NFA and NPP and TFA showed the

relationship between them to be non-linear (figure 15 and 16). A

negative exponential equation was then fitted, it has the forin.

-cNFA

-cTFA

)NPP = a (1 - be

)beNPP = a (1

close similarity to Mitscherlich equation

to study crop yield response to

The estimated coefficients obtaining by

This form bears

is generally

fertiliser application.

simple least square regression to the linearized version

of above equations as :

usedwhich

fitting

In (1- NPP/a) = In b - cNFA

In (1- NPP/a) = In b - cTFA

are:

75

*

1 (92)

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NPP & IRRIGATED

FRACTION, INDIA, 1951-1990

NPP (t/ha)7

3

6 -3

3

I

5 - 9

li a

m3

4 H

ai

9

3 - a

mm

2i

17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33IRRIGATED FRACTION (%)

Figure 13

76

1 (93)

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CROPPING INTENSITY

& CROP NPP, INDIA, 1951-1990

.r.

*

NPP (t/ha)7

3

6 - I

a3

a

5 -a

a

aI

a i

4 - i

'ia

""HI

aa

a i

a LJ

3 - a

a9

I

2 T

110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128CROPPING INTENSITY (%)

Figure 14

77

1 (94)

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN N-FERTILIZERCONSUMPTION & CROP NPP, INDIA, 1951-1990'

‘

NPP (t/ha)7

6 J

1 0 3

15 J

a

*4 - a3

3

9

*

3 -99

2 I i I II Ttl

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28

N-CONSUMPTION (kg/ha)32 36 40 44 48 52

Figure 15

V

78

1 (95)

RELATION OF N & NPK FERTILIZERCONSUMPTION WITH CROP NPP, 1951-1990

NPP (t/ha)

++6 -

5 ~

• + ”h

+4 - +* 4" *

*' +3 -

N-CONSUMPTION

“h NPK-CONSUMPTION

2 T

4030 5020 60100 70 80

CONSUMPTION (kg/ha)Figure 16

79

1 (96)

0.5928 + 0.02044 NFA

(R2 = 0.9340, N = 40, SEE = 0.2598)

0.5789 + 0.01458 TFA

(R2 = 0.9336, N = 40, SEE = 0.2606)

In (1- NPP/7.57)

In (1- NPP/7.35)

A linear regression of crop NPP with N-consumption and with

NPK-consumption showed higher standard error

percent) than estimated by non-linear equations (6.29 and 6.31

percent) . The latter also explained higher percent of variation

in crop NPP. The parameter 'a' which is the asymptotic maximum

value of NPP lies in the range 7.35-7.57 t DM/ha/yr.

(6.80 and 6.94

The estimated regression lines are shown in Figure 16 and

they clearly show that to obtain further similar increase in crop

the N and NPK fertilizer application requirement would be

The four technology variables are themselves also

making it difficult to separate the effects of

from another by the regression approach.

NPP,

still higher.

correlated. Thus,

one

CROP NPP AND FACTORSSPATIAL/REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN

CONTROLLING THESE DIFFERENCES

4.4

Using state-wise crop statistics for the years 1975-76 and

estimated for different states to study

The spatial pattern of NPP is

1985-86, crop NPP was

spatial/regional differences.

expected to be determined by climatic characteristics (rainfall,

crops grown, cultural practicessolar radiation),temperature,

(HYV area proportion, irrigated proportion, cropping intensity c*

The totalsoil characteristics, etc.application) ,fertilizer

area of the crops

in roost of the states/union territories except Kerala,

considered account almost 90 percent of the GSA

Sikkim,

30

1 (97)

Daman, which cover 55-90 percent of, Delhi and Goa, Diu,Tripura

GSA. The major characteristics of agroecosystem in various states

Cl, NFA, TFA, LGP and estimated crop NPP areas indicated by IRF,

given in Table 4.5 and the variation in all these parameters in

terms of range, mean, standard deviation and CV is summarized in

characterizeTable 4.6. An additional parameter used to

agroecosystem differences amongst state is length of growing

The observed range of Cl wasperiod (LGP see section 4.2.2).

100.88 in Nagaland (1975-76) and 100.69 in Gujarat (1985-86) at

lower end to 195.16 in Pondicherry (1975-76) and 171.82 in Punjab

(1985-86) at higher end. The IRF varied from 5.56 (1975-76) and

83.87 (1975-76) in4.0 (1985-86) in Dadra Nagar Haveli to

Pondicherry and 87.92 (1985-86) in Punjab. The range of N-

application per NSA was 0.62 kg/ha (1975-76) in Nagaland and 0.//

kg/ha (1985-86) in Mizoram to 74.19 kg/ha (1975-76) and 285.71

kg/ha (1985-86) in Pondicherry for the years 1975-76 and 1985-86,

respectively. The state-wise estimated crop NPP varied in 1975-76

from 2.66 t/ha (M.P.) to 14.44 t/ha (Pondicherry) and in 1985-86

from 2.45 t/ha (Rajasthan) to 20.44 t/ha (Pondicherry).

wise values of crop NPP for 1985-86 are shown in Figure 17.

State-

The

found in Pondicherry where major part of the

covered with perennial crops. During regression

highest NPP was

cropped area was

analysis, Andaman Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh and Lakshadweep for

were not taken into account1985-86 and also Sikkim for 1975-76,

due to lack of complete information.

table indicates that highest CV among states is

fertilizer application variables (NFA, TFA) and

by cropping intensity.

The summary

exhibited by

fittedThe scatter plot andleast

81

1 (98)

Table 4.5 State-wise estimated crop NPP, LGP and cultural factors (Irrigation fraction,

ping intensity and N - fertilizer application) for the years 1975-76 and 1985-86

crop-

SNo State/U.T. Crop NPP( t/ha )

LGP NFA(kg/ha )

LGP ClIRF(%> <%)

1976 1986 1976 1986 1976 19861976 1986 1976 19861 2 11 123 1094 5 6 7 8

1 Andhra Pradesh 0.4069 0.4166 30,76 33,93 115,99.116,04 28-71 54.56 4.25 4.84

2 Assam 3.44 4.19 5.560.4871 0.6077 22.00 21.14 122.19 140.21 1.38

3 Bihar 0.4845 0.5007 32.59 36.47 133.26 136.60 13.38 45.64 4.17 4.95

4 Gujarat 0.3655 0.3547 14.64 23.61 105.59 100.69 11.15 29.79 3.40 2.92

5 Haryana 0.5048 0.5234 48.40 61.89 150.41 155.02 23.81 82.04 7.40 9.49

6 Himachal Pradesh 0.5572 0.5650 16.13 16.47 165.59 167.07 11.11 30.53 6.54 6.35

7 Jammu & Kashmir 0.4628 0.4871 43.52 42.35 133.00 140.71 12.68 34.02 4.92 6.30

8 Karnataka 0,3912 0.4063 13.18 16.47 107.71 109.58 13.24 29.07 3.70 4.49

9 Kerala 0.9379 0.9607 10.42 13.51 136.18 130.81 14.80 27.29 7.52 6.61

10 Madhya Pradesh 0.3952 0.3978

0.3759 0.3979

9.64 15.39 114.11 118.56 3,98 13.04 2.66 2.96

11' Maharashtra 9.87 10.34 107.68 112.93 9.45 22.58 3.42 3.62

( Contd. )

82

1 (99)

21 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

12 Manipur 0.6005 0.5235 46.43 53.57 150.00 131.43 7.14 27.86 7.74 7.02

13 Meghalaya

Nagaland

Orissa

0.4495 0.4549 24.71 25.91 116.67 109.84 6.90 8.29 3.58 4,67

14 0.3756 0.4099 32.74 27.72 100.88 107.07 0.62 0.98 3.48 3.1615 0.4696 0.5364 16.54 26.46 126.01 146.43 5.87 13.77 3.90 5.37

16 Punjab

Rajasthan

Sikkim

0.5246 0.6094 75.06 87.92 150.43 171.81 58.75 187.56 9.59 14.2317 0.3514 0.3616 16.86 19,97 113.51 116.53 4.22 10.33 2.70 2.4418 0.0000 0.6435 00.00 16.84 000.00 141.05 0.00 6.53 0.00 4,84

19 Tamil Nadu 0.4475 0.4682 42.83 43.88 120.80 119.65

158.75 165.23

34.66 66.48 7.24 8.9320 Tripura 0.6249 0.6826 12.50 11.33 0.83 13.67 5.66 6.4421 Uttar Pradesh 0.4738 0.5181 46.12 57.28 147.48 147.78 22.64 85.97 7.78 10.2622 West Bengal 0-4822

0.8153

Arunachal PradeshO.4208

0.5682 24.07 35.78

0.00 00.00

20.00 18.64

128.67 149.54

103.13 104.88

113.04 126.27

13.90 48.10 4.94

00.00

6.9823 ANI 0.8287

1.46 3.53 2.6324 0.4633

00.00 0.85 3.15 5.9325 DNH 0.3828 0.3748 5.56 4.00

62.65 83.93

105.56 104.00

144.58 144.64

00.00 9.60

43.37 120.53

3.04 4.7026 Delhi 0.4726 0.47965.90 8.85

( Contd.)

83

1 (100)

21 3 4 5 6 7 98 10 11 12

27 Goa, Diu & Daman 0.5617 0.5937 6.02 8.78 104.51 106.76 20.30 22.30 5.49 6.43

28 Mizoram 0.4250 0.4423 12.31 12.31 104.62 109.23 00.00

83.87 85.71 195.16 164.29 74.19 285.71 14.44 20.44

0.00 00.00 100.00 100.00 00.00

0.77 3.81 2.7029 Pondicherry

30 Lakshadweep

0.6557 0.6900

1.0000 0.0000 0.00 5.44 6.62

NSA = Net Sown Area, GA - Geographical area, NIA = Net Irrigated Area, GSA

= Net Primary Productivity, LGP

= Dadra Nagar Haveli.

- Gross Sown Area,NF = Nitrogen Fertilizer Application,

Period, ANI

NPP

= Andaman Nicobar Island, DNH

- Length of Growing

84

1 (101)

a

STATE-WISE CROP NPP (t/ha) IN INDIA, 1985-86

. A,\

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4 *_,i -ft

ft ft # P

ft-afIp

4 *44Ift

P *4P

1ri

p

ft"ft"4

1H.

+ ** 4.84Jft

p * r

* 4ft

AP» «ÿ. ./ _ÿ p

ija

p

4

4.49 rKA yGO a

i * *a

K

"ft ** fta

p ft »

*'pL#

ft aBi

»*ft

20,44 »' * *t a - , *J‘ * '

I

PO8

8.93fi a

ft

t* r

T

6.8V-. TN4 ft

*ft

KE p

r

“ #44

*.a4

PÿI

17i

Figure

85 I

t

/ft

*

1 (102)

andstandard deviationmeantable for range,

different states of India4.6 SummaryTable

CV for

CV(%)Std. Dev.MeanRangeParameter Period

47.7582.5585.3614.442.661975-76NPP57.2663.7126.4820.442.451985-86

17.56422.589100.88 - 195.16 128.611975-76Cl

15.98421.063100.69 - 171.81 131.781985-86

71.43420.62183.87 28.875.561975-76IRF

72.31023.54087.92 32.564.001985-86

110.96617.96374.19 16.190.621975-76NFA

134.35361.4800.77 - 285.71 45.761985-86

116.768125.80 23.33 27.2430.971975-76TFA

144.967528.57 71.49 103.6401.361985-86

CV = Coefficient of Variation

regression line is shown in Figure 18 for relationship between

crop NPP and IRF and Figure 19 for relationship between crop NPP

and Cl. Between 1975-76 and 1985-86, the inter-state differences

in all the parameters including crop NPP increased except for

The proportional increase for fertilizercropping intensity.

application variations (NFA,TFA) was the highest as mean value

increased nearly three-fold (Figure 20 and 21). Increase in Cl by

1 percent increased crop NPP by 95 kg/ha in 1975-7 6 and 117 kg/ha

in 1985-86 (Table 4.8). A similar increase in IRF increased crop

NPP by 95 kg/ha in 1975-76 and 126 kg/ha in 1985-86. Application

of 1 kg/ha of N, P and K fertilizer increased 7.9 kg/ha NPP in

1975-76 which decreased to 3.3 kg/ha in 1985-86. Whereas, appli¬

cation of only N - fertilizer increased 11.5 kg/ha of NPP in

86

1 (103)

STATE-WISE RELATiIRRIGATED FRACTION .-v-i,'

Mk .

}QP Xjp *3j 1J “

NPP (t/ha)

20- —” 1986-86

H- 1975-76

- POOLED.16-

H~ a

12 -

a

4=--ta

8 - + .s---Vit

* ++ +~hm

. +t4 -

0-

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90IRRIGATED FRACTION (%)

Figure IS

87

1 (104)

STATE-WISE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CROPPINGINTENSITY AND CROP NPP

NPP (t/ha)

20 ~1985-86

1975-76

16 J POOLED

12 -

+____*ÿ"

8 --h+

+.+ +4- +JF + +-h4-If . *+-

0 T i I I I

100 110 120 130 140 150 160

CROPPING INTENSITY (%)170 180 190 200

Figure 1888

1 (105)

STATE-WISE RELATIONSHIP BETWEENN-CONSUMPTION AND CROP NPP

NPP (t/ha)

A*

20 •

16*

4~ r**r*

12

r

,'4-«*ÿ

8 -4*

4-1985-86*ft

+4 w -4- 1975ÿ79

POOLED

0 T—r "T-T T l T T T T

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

N-CONSUMPTION (kg/ha)Figure 20

STATE-WISE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

NPK-CONSUMPTION AND CROP NPP

NPP (t/ha)

Pjf

J

20 -f*

j1

£

A

16 - f

-K' m

*

12 -

*

4' •v m

8 - + *. 4-'4’ -ÿ*>

1985-86

-+- 1975-76

F

I-k 4- ’44.

ft-

POOLED

T-1- r_!T0 "T

350 400 450 500 550200 250 300

NPK-CONSUMPTION (kg/ha)0 50 100 150

21Figure

89

1 (106)

1975-76 and 5.6 kg/ha in 1985-86. Crop NPP and LGP showed

poor correlation (Figure 22 and 23).

Simple correlation coefficient between the four cultural

factors, LGP and crop NPP and among the cultural factors are

given in Table 4.7. Most of the correlations were significant at

1 per cent level except when otherwise indicated. These factors

are themselves also correlated since under irrigated conditions,

Cl increases and the technological inputs including N-fertilizer

application are higher on irrigated lands than unirrigated

(Dhawan, 1988). Crop NPP had highest correlation with fertilizer

applications and was followed by Cl (1975-76) and IRE (1985-86).

Multiple regression parameters and coefficients for predicting

crop NPP using all three variables as independent and subsets of

two variables as independent were estimated (Table 4.9). The

partial F of irrigated fraction was not significant in presence

of NF. This could be due to high positive correlation between

these variables. The best regression for forecasting NPP for

cultural factors for 1975-76 was :

NPP (t/ha) = -4.113 + 0.071NF + 0.064CI

(0.014) (0.0114)

(R2 = 0.857, N = 24, SEE = 1.051)

and for 1985-86 was :

NPP (t/ha) = -0.927 + 0.049NF + 0.393CI

(0.005) (0.0132)

(R2 = 0.901, N = 28, SEE = 1.235)

90

1 (107)

STATE-WISE LENGTH OF GROWING PERIOD(LGP) AND CROP NPP, INDIA, 1975-76

N (t/ha)

20 -

16 -

*

12 -

8 - »9

9

am

.:i

9

4 H a9n3 *

0 -| IIi

0.70.60.5 0.80.3 0.4 0.9 1

LGPFigure 22

1 (108)

STATE-WISE LENGTH OF GROWING PERIOD

(LGP) AND CROP NPP, INDIA, 1985-86

NPP (t/ha)i

3

m

< I

12 ~

3

3

3

8 ~

9939

9

39 3

4 - .«

0 1 I

0.5 0.6 0.70.3 0.4 0.8 0.9 1

LGPFigure 23

92

1 (109)

Table 4.7 Coefficients of correlation among NPP, CIf IRF, NFA,

TFA and LGP

(All correlations

otherwise)

Parameter

are significant at 1% except when indicatec

Period Cl IRF NFA TFA LGP

NPP 1975-76 0.842 0.765 0.801 0.832 0.400**

1985-86 0.664 0.798 0.931 0.925 0.336**

Cl 1975-76 0.663 0.555 0.550 0.203ns

1985-86 0.558 0.545 0.487 0.407**

IRF 1975-76 0.815 0.734 0.168ns

1985-86 0.848 0.759 0.135ns

NFA 1975-76 0.975 0. 224ns

1985-86 0.982 0.192ns

TFA 1975-76 0.310ns

1985-86 0.233ns

Significance level : ** -5%, ns = not significant

Table 4.8 Parameters of linear regression between culture

factors and state-wise crop NPP

R2 Intercept SlopeParameter Period SEE SEE/Y ( % )

Cl 1975-76 0.709 6.906 0.095 1.434 26.754

1985-86 0.440 -8.930 0.117 2.881 44.460

IRF 1975-76 0.585 2.618 0.095 1.713 31.959

1985-86 0.636 2.388 0.126 2.324 35.864

NFA 1975-76 0.642 3.506 0.115 1.627 30.354

3.9111985-86 0.866 0.056 1.409 21.744

TFA 1975-76 0.691 3.546 0.079 1.510 28.172

1985-86 0.855 4.115 0.033 1.467 22.639

(For abbreviations see Table 4.5)

93

1 (110)

Table 4.9 Parameters of linear and multiple regression between NPP and LGP, Cl, IRF, NFA, TFA

R2SNo. Data set Independentvariate ( s )

( s .e. ) b2 ( s.e. ) b3 ( s.e )SEE a

1975-76 LGP1985-86 LGP

1 0.1600.113

2.3703.630

2.0701.550

6.280(2.770)

9.120(4.920)**

AAA

2 1975-76 Cl1985-86 ClPooled Cl

0.7090.4400.519

1.4342.8812.294

6.906-8.930-7.992

0.095(0.012)

0,117(0.026)

0.107(0.014)

3 1975-76 IRF1985-86 IRFPooled IRF

0.5850.6360.609

1.7132.3242.069

2.6182.3882.426

0.095(0.016 )

0.126(0.019)0.114(0.013 )

4 1975-761985-86Pooled

NFANFANFA

0.6420.8660,744

1.6271. 4091.690

3.5063.9114.162

0.115(0,018)0.056(0.004 )

0.058(0,005)

5 1975-761985-86Pooled

TFATFATFA

0.6910,855

0.735

1.5101.4671.721

3.5464.1154.335

0.079(0.011)0.033(0.003)0.034(0.003)

0.071(0.014)0,049(0.005)0.046( 0.004 )

6 1975-761985-86Pooled

Cl, NFACl, NFACl, NFA

0,857

0.9010 .868

1.0511.2351.227

-4.113-0.927-3.266

0.064 ( 0 .0114 )

0.039(0.0132)****0 .0596 { 0.009 )

7 1975-761935-86Pooled

Cl, IRF, NFA 0.857Cl, IRF, NFA 0.902Cl, IRF, NFA 0.871

1.0771.2571- 226

-4.130-0.940-3.018

0.065(0.013)0.04(0.014 ) ** * *0.055(0.009)

-0 * n?}n( ni 8l95)ns £*072(0.021)0.01( 0.019 ) ns 0.051(0.007)0.0129(0.0125)* 0.042(0.005)

A A * A *

Significance level ; A A A A * = 0.005, * * * * 0.010, * * * = 0.05, A A = 0.10, * = 0.40

94

1 (111)

AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND ITS PARTITIONING4.5

annual total cropthe above conversion factors,Using

biomass produced These results(Figure 11) .

from atmosphere to crops

1950-51 to 406.95 TgC in 1989-90.

was estimated

hasindicate that flux of carbon

increased from 142.55 TgC in

This biomass was partitioned into three compartments,

economic biomass , aboveground and belowground residues at harvest

biomass )

also gives crop group-wise

Cereals contribute maximum to the total biomass i.e.,

viz.,

is(root economic part is included in economic

summarized in Table 4.10, which

summary.

about 50 percent of the total biomass, then sugar crops about: 20

followed by pulses and oilseeds, while the

In 1950-51,

22 percent and

rest of crop groups make only minor contributions.

the 142.55 TgC of crop biomass pool was partitioned in three

are

compartments of economic biomass, aboveground and belowground

28.27, 63.02 and 8.71 percent, respectively. Anresidues as

improved partitioning to economic biomass changed these values to

59.93 and 8.45 percent, respectively in 1989-90. The large31.62,

fraction in economic biomass is due to HYV cultivars.

4.6 CONSUMER BIOMASS CARBON POOL

carbon pool and consumer carbon flux to humans in

estimated by Dadhwal et al. (1993) for the period 1951-

The updated values are given here.

Consumer

India was

1986.

Human Biomass and Carbon

livestock (including poultry) are the main

agroecosystem. India with only 2.20 percent of

Human and

consumers m

95

1 (112)

Estimated total crop biomass and its partitioning (1950-51 & 1989-90)Table 4.10

(Tg)

BEGROUND RESIDUES CARBONECONOMIC YLD ABGROUND RESIDUESTOTAL BIOMASS

CROP GROUP1951 199019901951199019511951 19901951 1990

72.0112.61

7.502.44

26.900.88

202.5719.5026.959.00

104.974.470.271.86

37.705.126.674.53

11.631.480 .090.42

13.473.351.861.232.980.29

274.2027.0937.5210.46

160.412.330.121.88

109.4217.239.952.76

41.110.51

160.03 450.1528.0216.66

CerealsPulsesOilseedsFibresSugar cropsRoot & TuberVegetablesFruitsCondiments

& SpicesDrugs,Dyes

& NarcoticsPlantation

CropsFodder

37.14 138.257.444.851.42

15.691.15

11.1215.71

5.0161.226.120.401.84

43.3359.9020.005.41

59.78 233.261.95 9.93

0.614.14 3.720.845.498.27 1.94

1.710.480.320.090.50 2.011.07 3.81 0.48 1.47

0.25 0.530.530.250.140.55 1.18 0.51 0.070.24

6.0916.00

1.933.56

,1.996.97

0.381.54

1.7613.17

4.9030.23

2,290.79

6.711.78

4.4315.50

13.5335.56#

Total 190.11 524.64301.65 875.39 73.98 135.74 393.9285.27 276.78 26.26

Corr .Total * 316.78 904.33 89.55 285.93 199.65 541.98 27.58 76.42 142.55 406.91

ABGROUND : ABOVE GROUND, BEGROUND : BELOW GROUND, 1951 : 1950-51, 1990 : 1989-90

* Corrected for sown area of crops for which conversion factors were not available

# Pertains to 1988-89

96

1 (113)

global terrestrial area of 149.3 x 10ÿ

percent of global human (1989) and 4.83 percent of global

livestock (average for 1984-86) population( WRI, 1990). Thus,

relatively more significant role will be played by consumers in

the carbon cycle in India.

sq. km. supports 15.75

Human population of India was 361 million in 1951, increased

to 843.9 million in 1991 (Figure 5). This increase has been

accompanied by change in age distribution (Figure 6), with larger

fraction of the population in the younger age groups. The infor¬

mation of age-weight relationship shows human bioma

with the increase in age upto 20-24 years and then gradually

decreases, as population is highest in this age group. The infor¬

mation of age-wise population,

increasesss

age dependent live weight and

moisture fraction was used to estimate the human dry biomass

4*

between 1951 and 1991 at ten year's intervals and results

shown in Table 4.11.

are

Table 4.11 Estimated human biomass and carbon

YEAR AGE DISTRIBUTION(Million)

BIOMASS(Tg)

CARBON(Tg)

>45 TOTAL15-45<15 TOTAL TOTAL

59.8 361.1135.3 166.21951 5.428 2.443

65.5 439.2180.5 193.21961 6.346 2.856

230.9 234.6 82.6 548.21971 r7.875 3.544

263.1 287.6 114.6 685.21981 9.902 4.456

N A 843.9N A1991 N A 12.196* 5.488*

N A : Not availableIi

* Assuming same per capita average biomass as in 1981.i '

97

1 (114)

biomass carbon pool increased from 2.443 TgC in 1951

Assuming the age distribution of 1981 for

population of 843.9 millions for which detailed tables are

not available as yet, estimated size of pool for 1991 is 5.488

TgC. The increase in pool represents a net annual sink of 41.3

GgCa-1 during 1951 to 1961, which increased to 91.2 GgCa 1 during

1971-1981, while it was 67.1 GgCa-1 for 1951-1981 period. A

decrease in per capita C pool from 6.765 kgC in 1951 to 6.465 kgC

in 1971 occurred mainly due to increase in proportion of

population under 15 years from 37.5 percent in 1951 to 42.1

percent in 1971. In 1981, due to decrease in proportion of under

15 years population to 38.4 percent, the per capita pool

increased to 6.503 kgC.

Human

to 4.456 TgC in 1981.

1991

Livestock and Poultry Biomass and Carbon

Livestock and poultry population has increased from 292.8

millions and 73.5 millions in 1951 to 451.3 millions and 350

millions in 1990, respectively (Figure 8). This increase is not

distributed equally among the various livestock. Mean live weight

of livestock adopted in this study and many previous studies is

given in Appendix 3 . Livestock biomass for various categories

estimated for 1982 only. Assuming the proportionate values of

1982, biomass was estimated for other years for which break-up

for various categories was not available. During the period 1951-

1990 the livestock biomass C pool increased by 50 percent from

4.715 TgC to 7.047 TgC (Table 4.12).

was

In comparison, the poultry

biomass C pool which was very small at 13 GgC in 1951, increased

by 385 percent to 63 GgC in 1990. The livestock C pool is bigger

93

1 (115)

between the two has narrowed in thethan human, although the gap

study period.

livestock biomass and carbonTable 4.12 Estimated

POPULATION DRY BIOMASS CARBONYEAR

(Tg)(Million) (Tg)

4.715Livestock 1951 10.477292.8

5.79612.8801972 353.3

6.85215.226419.61982

7.04715.6611990 451.3

Poultry 0.0130.0281951 73.5

0.0250.0551972 138.5

0.0370.0831982 207.7

0.0630.1401990 350.0

4.7 CARBON FLUX DUE TO USE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS

The animal products are used in various forms such as meat,

milk for food, wool and leather for short-term storage pools;m

dung for fuel/non commercial energy source. Here the flow of C

from livestock to humans in the form of food and clothing/storage

products was estimated.

C - flux from livestock to short term storage pool in the

form of wool increased from 5.95 GgC in 1950-51 to 9.14 GgC in

1989-90 (Table 4.13). Other fluxes of C from livestock are those

associated with human consumption. The carbon flux to humans from

consumer biomass in the form of meat, milk and eggs was estimated

for the period 1951-1990 (Table 4.13). The C flux of human

99

1 (116)

consumption products from livestock and poultry increased from

1.203 TgC in 1951 to 3.736 TgC in 1990.

increase in edible C flux in

livestock c pool. Thus,

This represents 3.11 fold

comparison to 1.5 fold increase in

humans now appropriate a larger

proportion of c flux through livestock in comparison to 1951.

Table 4.13 Estimated biomass and carbon in animal products

PRODUCT YEAR UNIT PRODUCTION BIOMASS CARBON

Milk 1951 (Tg) 17.00 2.55 1.15

1990 (Tg) 51.45 7.72 3.47

Wool 1951 (Gg) 14.00 11.90 5.95

( Clean) 1990 (Gg) 21.50 18.27 9.14

Meat 1951 (Gg) 514.00 96.22 43.30

1989 (Gg) 1584.00 296.52 133.44

Eggs* 1951 (Tg) 0.101 0.026 0.012

1990 (Tg) 1.111 0.289 0.130

* 1 Egg = 0.055 kg

4.8 FISH BIOMASS AND CARBON

Total fish catch in India has increased from 9.28 Mt in the

decade 1951-60 to 28.608 Mt during 1981-90. The inland fish catch

is growing faster than average catch rate and contributed 40.5

percent during 1981-90 to the total fish catch in comparison to

28.4 percent in the period 1951-60 (Table 4.14).

and fish products are exported also. Of the total fish-catch a

part is used to feed the livestock in the form of fishmeal.

Carbon flux from inland aquatic NPP and marine NPP to humans show

The marine fish

from 71 GgC in 1950-51 to 326 GgC in4.6 fold increase i.e.,

100

1 (117)

\0 { >11

while C flux to livestock show 9.05 fold increase.1989-90,

Table 4.14 Estimated decadal totals of marine and inland fish

and carbon between 1951 and 1990

1981-901951-60 1971-80DECADEMmf* ** **

Fish catch (106t)

Marine

1961-70

17.02313.6566.644 8.323

Inland

Total

Fish drv biomass (106t)

Marine

11.5852.635 7.9514.963

28.60821.6079.279 13 .286

3.4052.7311.329 1,665

Inland 2.3171,5900.527 0,993

Total 5.7224.3211.856 2.658

6Carbon 10 t

Marine 1.365 1.7030.8320.665

0.795 1.1580.4960.263Inland

1.328 2.160 2.8610.928Total

4.9 EXPORT/IMPORT

Indian agroecosystem is studied alongwith humanWhen

it is important to consider the agricultural products

not consumed in India and also import of agricultural

produced in other ecosystems outside India,

consumers

which are

products which

but consumed in India.

are

export/import of foodgrains and majorA study of

agricultural products at five year intervals during the period

1961 and 1990, converted to dry biomass and carbon values is

India is a major exporter of tea, coffee,given in Table 4.15.

101

1 (118)

Table 4.15 Quantity of export /import of agricultural products (dry biomass) from India(Gg)

1981 19861971 19761961 1966 1990

FOODGRAINSExport 452.036.37 742.77 413.3030.83 44.8741.30

(203.42) (185.98)(2.87) (13.87) (18.58) (20.19) (334.25)

3484,71 7212.15 3054.12 6781.56Import 20.46 707.92280.86

(9.21)(1568.12) (3245.47) (1374.35) (3051.70) (318.56)(126.39)

FIBRESExport 759.81 1136.46 724.47540.33 258.54 309.69691.92

(341.91) (511.41) (243.15) (311.36) (326.01) (116.34) (139.36)

Import 314.34 148.80 130.20 53.01 13.02 28.55 26.23

(141.45) (66.96) (58.89) (23.85) (5.86) (12.85) (11.80)

OTHER AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSExport 801.38 1447.17 1409.04 1370.26 1375.10 1243.41 3220.12

(360.62) (651.23) (634.07) (616,62)

231.57

(618.79) (559.53) (1449.06)

Import 245.52 250.17 138.57 872.34 2.05 324.76(104.21) (110.48) (112.57) (62.36) (392.55) (0.92) (146.14)

( Contd. )

102

1 (119)

19861976 19811961 1966 1971 1990

ANIMAL PRODUCTSExport 11.83 21.3940.68 38.7638.92 41.78

< 9.62 ><18.86) (18.03) (17.57) <5.32)(19.12)

51.14 19.9037.39 95.18Import 54.6378.15 154.39

<9.95)(24.53)(25.33) (43.87)(17.14) (35.19) (70.59)

FISH (Fresh & simply preserved)5.70 37.474.204.20Export 3.90 15.609.00

(2.10) (18.73)(2.85) (7.80) (2.10)(1.95) (4.50)

Import

TOTAL

1979.57 3980.581613.94 2657.28 2041.45 2161.41 2858.37Export

(919.42) (973.54) (1286.47) (891.01) (1793.13)(727.12) (1196.49)

4068.01 7684.62 7027.77 1261.39 102.21 1078.813588.89Import

(1830.91) (3458.10) (1616.11) (3163.24) (568.66) (46.50) (486.45)

1596.98 1877.36 2901.77NET EXPORT

(717.81) (844.51) (1306.68)

2454.07 5027.34 1547.44 4866.36NET IMPORT

(1103.79) (2261.61) (696.69) (2189.70)

Agric:Agricultural, Figures in parentheses indicate carbon content.

103

1 (120)

fresh and preserved fish etc.spices, oilseeds,cotton, jute,

Amongst the important agricultural commodities imported in India

milk and milk preparations, wool, etc. Itare foodgrains, oil,

shows that for the period 1961 (1.103 TgC) to 1976 (2.19 TgC)

tothere was net biomass as well as carbon import especially due

The export/import data shows large year to

A trend in decreasing foodgrain

foodgrain imports.

year variability (Figure 10).

import, fibre export/import can be seen. Thus, during the period

1981 (0.7 TgC) to 1990 (1.31 TgC), India was a net exporter of

carbon from the agroecosystem to other nations.

would be a net importer of carbon as there are large imports for

energy uses in the form of petroleum (crude and products) and for

However, India

forest products, news prints, etc.

4.10 USES OF AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS/CARBON

The partitioning of crop biomass to major compartments for

Thisfor 1951 and 1990 is summarized in Table 4.10.crop groups

crop biomass serves the following purposes (i) food for humans,

(ii) feed/fodder for livestock, (iii) incorporated into

medium storage pools related to (human activity as cloths, other

thatching material for shelter, rubber products, etc.,

short to

fibres,

(iv) burnt as fuel, ( v) burnt as crop residues in the field, (vi)

(vii) stored as food product orsoil additives,incorporated

traded (exports), (viii) as belowground residues decompose in

as

situ.

biomass produced from agricultural crops amounted to

1951 and 406.95 TgC in 1990. Out of which 40.3 TgC

128.67 TgC (1990) of economic pool was available

Total

142.55 TgC in

(1951) and

104

1 (121)

Only a small portion (1-2

consumed by livestock,

mainly for consumption by human.

percent) of grain production in India is

in contrast to world average of 38 percent {WRJ, 1992).which is,

Whereas, 8.25 TgC (1951) and 20.99 TgC (1990) was available for

fodder crops, foodgrains,

which decreased by

livestock consumption mainly from

vegetable wastes, bagasse, etc.,

20.5 percent in 1951 to 16.3 percent in 1990.

consumption increased from 57.5 percent to 59.2 percent during

the same period.

oilcake,

Whereas, human

About 4 percent of economic pool was used as

0.654 TgC (1951) and 2.05 TgC (1990) of economic

etc. ) and 6.63

seed. Whereas,

coir, rubber,pool go into storage pool (fibres,

TgC (1951) and 24.68 TgC (1990) had other uses,

detailed estimation of total carbon flux to humans for

losses, wastes,

etc. The

food is described later.

1951 and 34.39While root biomass, estimated as 12.4 TgC in

the field after harvest (except

matter content of the

TgC in 1990, which was left in

root and tuber crops) adds to the organic

carbon in thereleasesafter decomposition

unestimated amount would have been contributed to

whichsoil,

atmosphere. An

soil organic pool by root death in this period.

after harvesting the crop wasleftEstimated crop residues,

and 243.89 TgC (1990). Assuming 10 percent crop89.8 TgC (1951)

biomass from

the fertility of soil.

biomass estimated

150.94 TgC (1990)

thatching 2.73 TgC

(1951) and 36.14 TgC (1990)

cereals and pulses was left on farm, which added to

theSinha & Hegde (1987) ratios,Using

available for fodder was 58.06 TgC (1951) and

fuel 10.87 TgC (1951) and 38.68 TgC (1990),

(1951) and 6.87 TgC (1990), manure 12.51 TgC

other uses 5.67 TgC (1951) and 11. 26

105

1 (122)

from aboveground residues 60-65 percent

available for livestock consumption as fodder.

Although, these values were underestimated as fodder was also

available to livestock from other ecosystems.

TgC (1990). Hence,

biomass was

4,11 ESTIMATED TOTAL HUMAN CONSUMPTION FROM CROP BIOMASS,

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS AND FISH

The human food intake from crop dry biomass amounted to

25.05 TgC in 1951 and 76.05 TgC in 1990, while 1.21 TgC (1951)

and 3.73 TgC (1990) from livestock products and 0.07 TgC (1951)

and 0.326 TgC (1990) from fish (Table 4.16) also were consumed by

humans. Thus, the total flux to humans increased from 26.33 TgC

in 1951 to 80.11 TgC in 1990. The relative contribution of

various products from livestock and poultry to human food is

consistent with the vegetarian status of human population in

India, as milk and milk products constituted 89.6 percent of C

flux in 1951 which was reduced to 85.5 percent in 1990. The flux

of C of animal origin to humans would be higher than values

reported here, due to contribution from hunting. However,

reliable statistics for this source were not available and was

not estimated. This flux must have decreased in recent past due

to reduction in forest cover and conservation legislations.

The population of India has increased from 361.1 million in

1951 to 843.9 million in 1991. The estimated per capita human

consumption was 198 gC/day in 1951 and 260 gC/day in 1990. There

is two fold increase in population even though,

consumption has increased by 31.3 percent,

production and livestock products.

per capita

due to increased crop

106

1 (123)

Table 4.16 Estimated total human consumption from crop biomass, livestock products and fish(Tg)

CROP GROUP ECO.PRODUCTION NET IMPORTS HUMAN FOOD(DRY) REMARKS

199019511951 1990 1951 1990

12.5 % seed, feed, wastes, etc.

1% (1951) & 2% (1990) Livestock5 % seed loss, 40 % oil, 60 %

cake

45.36 136.38+4.8 +0.317Foodgrains 50.82

Ed.oilseedsOil

170.62

4.751.80

15.903.86

•* •* * ** * *•*2.660.72Neg +0.292

Fibres5% seed loss, 30% of cotton seed

used for oil extraction, .Of the total cane production 40%

diverted to jaggery making of

which 9% is j50% to sugaris sugar, 27 % bagasse, 2.7%molasses; & 10% to cane juice ofwhich is 50% juice & 50% bagasse.

3.920.34

222.6389.058.01

111.3212.2422.2611.13

SeedOil

Sugarcane

1.01 « ••* * •0.18

19.80* * ** « »

5,1157.0522.822.05

28.523.145.702.85

JM •*jaggery, 50% bagasse;making of which 11-sJ * * *

SM •* *

S * •4

CJ 4*4

JU •44

Fruits &Vegetables 25% transport and other losses.7.243.54+0.00932.1414.89 * 4 *

Condiments& Spices 10% seed and other losses.1.440.421.84 -0.037 -0.1120.54

Drugs, Dyes& Narcotics

Tobacco 20% for chewing.0.0920.0590.57 -0.046 -0.0710.36

0.0940.0210.21 -0.003 -0.1160.02 •44

Coffee( Contd. )

107

1 (124)

CTg )

PRODUCT ECO. PRODUCTION NET IMPORTS HUMAN FOOD ( DRY ) REMARKS

1951 1990 1951 1990 19901951

3852,00* 9283.00*Drinking 179.10* 464.15*Pith

Coconut 5 % for drinking, 60 % consumedfresh, 40 % for oil.

* * • * * *

* * ** #ÿ

0.8370.5030 .335

2,171.30 +0.0090.87 ...

CopraOil

0.3520.080

0.9110.208

* * ** *

* *

Sub-total I 55.67 169.005

Milk 17.00 51.45 +0.021 2.57 7.72 t t ** •

0.096 0.297 22 % bone.Meat 0.514 1.58 * * *

0.2890.0260.101Egg 1.11 # * ** * *

8.3062.692Sub-total II

0.142 0.652 5 % (1951) & 10 % (1990) asfish meal.-0.0370.75 3.68Fish * * *

0.142 0.652Sub-total III

58.500 177.962Grand Total

Eco.- Economic, JM - Jaggery making , J - Jaggery, SM Sugar making,Million number,*

CJ - Cane juice, JU - Juice, Neg. - Negligible.S - Sugar,

108

1 (125)

TO ATMOSPHERE DUE TO FOSSIL FUEL BURNING AND CEMENT4.12 C FLUX

PRODUCTION

and cementemissions by fossil fuel burning

manufacture were estimated from mid 19th to the present century.

Production of coal has increased by 5.7 times during last 4 0

years and coal accounts almost 60 percent of fossil fuel burning

in India. Natural gas flared also showed tremendous increase of

115.5 times during last 30 years. The estimated C release due to

industrial and other human activities is rising rapidly as it was

23.18, 39.23, 60.48, 93.21 and 172.69 TgC in 1951, 1961, 1971,

1981 and 1990, respectively. Cumulative C release values for

coal, lignite, petroleum, natural gas and cement are given in

Carbon

Table 4.17.

Table 4.17 Cumulative C — release from fossil fuels and cement

Period Cumulative Carbon(Tg)

1860-1990Coal 2623.02

Lignite 1951-1990 40.26

1925-1990Petroleum 659.36

1960-1990 58.13Natural gas

1914-1990 88.47Cement

The growth rates for coal, lignite, petroleum,

39.79, 9.44, 30.25 and 8.76,

natural gas

respectively

8.79, 4.99,

are given in Table

4.18. As compared to global growth rates (Table 4.19), growth

rates for India were higher, still the per capita C release

and cement were 4.59,

during the period 1951-70, which increased to 5.68,

respectively during 1971-90,13.89 and 6.15,

was

109

1 (126)

Table 4.18 Flux of C, growth rates and cumulative C - release in India by fossil fuels

andcement production, 1950-51 to 1989-90

Flux ( TgC )

1950-51 1970-71 1989-90

Annual growth rate(%) Cumulative C ( Tg )

1951-70 1971-90 1951-901951-70 1971-90

Coal 20.03 41.78 115.04 4.59 5.68 616.03 1394.92 2010.95

Lignite

Petroleum

00.01 00.94 3.54 39.79 33.948.79 6.32 40.26

2.84 15.07 39.49 9.44 4 .99 133.67 480.19 613.86

Natural gas* 0.08

Cement

00.72 8.74 30.25 13.89 53.964.16 58.12

0.30 1.97 5.87 8.76 6.15 20.60 65.09 85.69

*1961-1970

Table 4.19 Global estimates of CO2 emission from fossil fuel burning

Annual growth rate<%)Flux (TgC)

1950-51 1970-71 1988-89 1951-70 1971-89

Cumulative C (Tg)

1951-70 1971-89 1951-89

Solid fuels 1137.01 1570.96 2391.92 1.69 2.55 26973.80 36708.24 63682.04

478.98 1945.96 2418.94Liquid fuels

Gas fuels

0.47 19574.50 42980.90 62555.407.29

138.92 641.92 1001.91 8.26 2.05 6302.67 15303.22 21605.90

19.92 84.06 152.02 3.107.29 919.49 2230.89 3150.38Cement

110

1 (127)

lower in India (Figure 24 and 3).

The contribution of India to the global anthropogenic C

release increased during the period 1971-90 (1.91 percent)

compared to the period 1951-70 (1.51 percent) (Table 4.20 and

Figure 25), where solid fuels contributed maximum, followed by

cement, liquid fuels and minimum by gas fuels, but during 1971-90

Contributionperiod its growth rate was higher than other fuels.

of coal to C flux was higher, but it decreased from 86 percent in

consumption of other fuels1950-51 to 67 percent in 1989-90,

have increased with time.

as

Table 4.20 Contribution of India to the global anthorpogenic C-

release

(%)

1971-901951-70

3.5692.307Solid fuels

1.0250.683Liquid fuels

Gas fuels 0.2960.096

2.6552.240Cement

1.9081.507Total

AGRICULTURAL CARBON STORAGE POOL4.13

of agroecosystem products (such as cotton,

coir, wool) which enter into

lifetimes were considered (Table 4.21).

estimating the increase in pool size is given

Except for natural rubber, the pool sizes in

independent of assumption of 1951 pool size (case 1=0

A large number

sannhemp, rubber,jute, mesta,.9

storage pools of various

The procedure for

in Section 3.13'

t1990 were

L

111V

\ >.

f LW

1 (128)

C-RELEASE DUE TO FOSSIL FUEL BURNING ANDCEMENT PRODUCTION IN INDIA, 1860-1990

Mt C200100 = e

4

10 E

3

2

/1 E 1

/

0.1 d1 GAS

2 GAS+LIGNITE

3 GAS+L.IG+CEMENT

4 GAS+LIG+CEM+PETROLEUM

5 GAS+LIG+CEM+PET+COAL

I

0.01 E /

0.001 T f T TT I T T T I T

I8601870188018901900 1910 19201930194019601960 1970 19801990

YEARFigure 24

112

1 (129)

CONTRIBUTION OF INDIA TO GLOBALANTHROPOGENIC C-RELEASE

PERCENT4

i 1951-70

i i 1

. . 1971-90I :i

I-3

i!I

;

.— <: ir-

mi s i[ m: .: :2I !':

ifjpljmrnMM:

.

§5p

M.'-.T:--5- r

P|igjfcs

mm

r>\>K-

|P

1: t

r®! :: /

1 :

Hi•: :r * >>:]

-JtSreS '

IT; ;E. ;

;

*p®WH§m

ipitis I* :

JH;:

:-.-

0ÿ 21:; I !

SOLID FUELS LIQUID FUELS GAS FUELS CEMENT PROD. TOTAL

Figure 25

113

1 (130)

case 2 = steady state value at 1950 production rate) (Figure 26).

the C - sink strength depends on the initial pool sizeHowever,

assumption with higher sink strengths being obtained for case 1.

The analysis of four major crop products which entered the

short/mid term storage pool indicated the total C pool of 6.985

TgC, this compares with 0.175 TgC being annually transferred to

the pool. The total C sink strengths as obtained for case 2,

which gives lower estimates for the two periods 1951-70 and 1971-

90 was 0.136 and 0.120 TgCa-1, The actual value may lie between

0.093 to 0.140 TgC. Of the total C, the contribution of four

products is 31, 54, 7.8 and 7.2 percent for cotton, other fibres,

natural rubber and coir, respectively. Global C storage pool size

in 1990 was 55.67 TgC (Figure 27). Thus, the global flux of C

during the period 1971-1990 was 0.917 TgCa which was under

Indian values, as all the storageestimated as compared to

products were not considered here.

Agricultural storage pool (Plant products)

Pool size (TgC)

Table 4.21

Flux (TgCa -1)Case

1990 1950-1970 1970-199019701950

0.0410.0342.291.480.80MCotton

1.1-1.7 1.8-2.60.6-0.9L,H

0.092 0.0392.68 3.460.85Jute+Mesta M

2.2-3.1 2.8-4.00.6-1.0L,H+Sannhemp

0.003 0.0060.500,380.31MCoir

0.4-0.60.3-0.50.2-0.4L,H

0.0340.0070.890.210.08MNatural

0.6-1.10.1-0.3L,H 0.04-0.1

2.031.6-2. 4

Rubber

0.136 0.1204.753.8-5.5

7.145.6-8.3

MTotalL,H

114

1 (131)

PRODUCTION AND STORAGE OF AGRICULTURALPLANT PRODUCTS IN INDIA, 1951-1990

Mt C9

1

PRODUCTION

LOW STORAGE

MED STORAGE

Q- HIG STORAGE

8 -

7 -r-1

6i v

\

5 - \|

M-+vi v4"

f"

4 -i {.ÿ

II-L"

5:1'- f

3 - _ÿ

--

2 -r5

JZ.

1 ~

£

0 T i TT r-

1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976

YEAR.— indicates Initial value at 1950 o

Figure 26

1981 1986 1991

115

1 (132)

GLOBAL AGRICULTURAL C-STORAGE POOL

1961-1990

Mt C80

PRODUCTION-70 i

f- LOW STORAGE lri

%r- MED STORAGE1

60 - l

Ix i • P

1s- HIG STORAGE ii

xI/Si/750 -1 '1

V'I ' 1X I X

[

1 4

i ii- 1 I I tI I

40 - ii

l/ T IJ r

1 iIM' <X

''Iz.[X

V|\7TS i\ y / a'I 'i a

1 NNja I

30 ta I1 Ix III

| i1r .

20 -

10 - A

A-

l0 -r :TT T T Ti

i r r i LI iI I rli1m

1976

YEAR1981 19861971 199119661961

Figure 27

116

jf-