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SKRIPSI
AZIZA RATNA SARIp
UJI AKTIVITAS SENYAWA DALAM TANAMAN BERPOTENSI SEBAGAI OBAT
BATUK DENGAN METODE IN SILICO (Pada tanaman Glycyrhiza glabra Radix dan
Zingiber officinale Rhizoma)
PROGRAM STUDI FARMASI
FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2018
ii
Lembar Pengesahan
UJI AKTIVITAS SENYAWA DALAM TANAMAN BERPOTENSI SEBAGAI OBAT BATUK DENGAN
METODE IN SILICO (Pada tanaman Glycyrhiza glabra Radix dan Zingiber officinale
Rhizoma)
SKRIPSI
Dibuat untuk memenuhi syarat mencapai gelar Sarjana Farmasi pada Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang 2018
Oleh :
AZIZA RATNA SARI NIM : 201410410311018
Disetujui Oleh :
iii
Lembar Pengujian
UJI AKTIVITAS SENYAWA DALAM TANAMAN BERPOTENSI SEBAGAI OBAT BATUK DENGAN
METODE IN SILICO (Pada tanaman Glycyrhiza glabra Radix dan Zingiber officinale
Rhizoma)
SKRIPSI
Telah diuji dan dipertahankan di depan tim penguji pada tanggal
28 Mei 2018
Oleh:
AZIZA RATNA SARI
NIM : 201410410311018
Disetujui Oleh :
iv
KATA PENGANTAR
Alhamdulillah puji syukur kehadirat Allah Subhanallahu Wa Ta’ala yang
senantiasa memberikan rahmat, hidayah, serta karunia-Nya. Hanya kepada-Nya
lah kita memohon pertolongan dan memohon ampunan. Dan kepada-Nya lah
tempat berlindung dari kejahatan jiwa dan keburukan perbuatan. Sholawat serta
salam tak lupa mari kita haturkan kepada junjungan kita nabi Muhammad SAW,
semoga kita semua mendapat syafa’atnya di yaumul kiyamah nanti.
Penelitian tugas akhir ini berjudul “Uji Aktivitas Senyawa dalam
Tanaman Berpotensi sebagai Obat Batuk dengan Metode in Silico (Pada
tanaman Glycyrhiza glabra Radix dan Zingiber officinale Rhizoma) ”, diajukan
untuk memenuhi persyaratan Pendidikan Sarjana Farmasi Fakultas Ilmu
Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
Pada kesempatan ini, penulis ingin menyampaikan terimakasih kepada :
1. Faqih Ruhyanudin, M. Kep., Sp. Kep.MB, selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu
Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang atas ilmu dan
bimbingannya selama di Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan UMM.
2. Hj. Dian Ermawati, S.Farm., Apt., M.Farm., selaku Ketua Program Studi
Farmasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang atas ilmu dan bimbingannya
selama di Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan UMM.
3. Sovia Aprina Basuki, S. Farm., M. Si., Apt., selaku dosen pembimbing 1
dan Engrid Juni Astuti, M.Farm., Apt. Selaku dosen pembimbing 2, yang
telah memberikan bimbingan dalam penyusunan skripsi dengan penuh
v
kesabaran dan kebaikan hati sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan
penelitian ini dengan baik.
4. Hj. Dian Ermawati, S.Farm., Apt., M.Farm., selaku dosen penguji 1 dan
Dra. Uswatun Chasanah, Apt., M.Kes, selaku dosen penguji 2, yang telah
memberikan masukan dalam perbaikan skripsi ini serta ilmu yang sangat
berharga.
5. Biro Skripsi Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang yang telah membantu
dalam segala persyaratan skripsi dan Seluruh Staf TU yang telah
membantu dalam menyediakan segala keperluan untuk kelancaran proses
skripsi.
6. Ika Ratna Hidayati, S. Farm., M. Farm., Apt. selaku dosen wali yang telah
sabar membimbing dan memberi dorongan moril selama menyelesaikan
program pendidikan sarjana Farmasi.
7. Seluruh Dosen dan Staf pengajar Farmasi UMM yang telah mendidik dan
mengajarkan ilmu pengetahuan selama penulis menempuh pendidikan
sarjana Farmasi di Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
8. Keluarga besar, kedua orang tua, Bapak Syed Aziz dan Ibu Niswati Diana
Sari, Ibu mertua Rohati, Bapak mertua Alm. Suryadi serta kakak Azizka
Junaidah Sari, kakak ipar Bang Ryno Melja, Mbak Lely Mayasari, Mbak
Novi Sintia Sari, dan adik Arjun Indila Aprianda yang telah memberikan
kepercayaan, dukungan, semangat, kasih sayang, pengorbanan, serta doa
sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi tepat waktu dan menjadi
Sarjana Farmasi.
vi
9. Tidak lupa pula kepada keluarga kecil tercintaku, Suamiku Anton
Kurniawan dan Anakku Khanza Azzahra Humayrah yang selalu
memberikan kasih sayang dan support untuk menyelesaikan skripsi tepat
waktu.
10. M. Artabah Muchlisin, M.Farm, yang telah bersedia meluangkan waktu
untuk memberikan ilmu dan membantu dalam kelancaran skripsi..
11. Seluruh Tim skripsi in silico, Devi Sesyarani, Gita A. F., Hanan
Rumaisah, Hestining Puspaweni, Masrurotul Muflihah dan Muftia
Mu’alimin termakasih atas kerjasama, dukungan, kesabaran, dan
kebersamaan dalamsetiap suka dan duka selama mengerjakan skripsi.
12. Para sahabat Afina Naufal dan Windy Risqe A.P yang telah memberi
semangat, dukungan, kasih sayang dan terimakasih untuk 4 tahun yang
berharga bersama dalam suka dan duka.
13. Serta semua pihak dari dalam maupun luar yang telah membantu sehingga
terselesaikannya skripsi ini.
Dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini tentunya tidak lepas dari keterbatasan
penulis. Oleh karena itu, penulis sangat mengharapkan saran dan masukan yang
membangun sehingga nantinya dapat memberikan hasil yang terbaik.
Wassalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.
Malang, 28 Mei 2018
Penulis
xi
DAFTAR ISI LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .......................................................................... ii
LEMBAR PENGUJI .................................................................................... iii
KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................. iv
RINGKASAN ................................................................................................ vii
ABSTRAK .................................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................. xi
DAFTAR TABEL ......................................................................................... xiv
DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................... xv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ................................................................................. xvi
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................. 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ............................................................................. 3
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................... 4
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................. 4
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ................................................................... 5
2.1 Reseptor ............................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Asam Amino ....................................................................................... 7
2.2 Farmakodinamika Obat ....................................................................... 9
2.2.1 Mekanisme Kerja Obat ........................................................................ 9
2.2.2 Jenis Ikatan Obat dan Reseptor ........................................................... 10
2.2.3 Teori Interaksi Obat-Reseptor .............................................................. 12
2.3 Batuk ................................................................................................... 14
2.3.1 Definisi Batuk ...................................................................................... 14
2.3.2 Etiologi Batuk ..................................................................................... 14
2.3.3 Patofisiologi Batuk ............................................................................. 15
2.3.4 Klasifikasi Batuk ............................................................................... 16
2.4 Obat Batuk ............................................................................................ 17
2.5 Pemanfaatan Tanaman Untuk Obat Batuk ........................................... 24
2.6 Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Tanaman ............................................... 28
2.7 Tinjauan Tentang Metode Uji In Silico ............................................. 29
2.7.1 Definisi Metode In Silico ..................................................................... 29
xii
2.7.2 Perangkat Lunak Dalam Uji in Silico ................................................... 29
2.7.3 Jenis Metode in Silico .......................................................................... 31
2.7.4 Database Pendukung Perangkat Lunak Uji in Silico ........................... 33
BAB III KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL ...................................................... 36
3.1 Kerangka Konseptual Penelitian ......................................................... 36
BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN .............................................................. 38
4.1 Jenis Penelitian ..................................................................................... 38
4.2 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ............................................................. 38
4.3 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian .................................................................. 38
4.3.1 Alat Penelitian .................................................................................... 38
4.3.2 Bahan Penelitian ................................................................................. 38
4.4 Kriteria Inklusi dan Eksklusi .............................................................. 39
4.4.1 Kriteria Inklusi .................................................................................... 39
4.4.2 Kriteria Eksklusi .................................................................................. 39
4.5 Prosedur Penelitian .............................................................................. 40
4.5.1 Preparasi Senyawa ................................................................................ 40
4.5.2 Pemisahan Ligan dengan Reseptor ................................................... 41
4.5.3 Preparasi Makromolekul Dan Ligan .................................................. 41
4.5.4 Validasi Reseptor dan Obat .................................................................. 42
4.5.5 Docking Ligan Senyawa Pembanding dan Senyawa Uji .................... 43
4.5.6 Visualisasi Reseptor Obat dan Senyawa Tanaman .............................. 44
4.5.7 Uji Statistik Anova ............................................................................... 44
BAB V HASIL PENELITIAN ................................................................... 45
5.1 Hasil Validasi Ligan Asli Dengan Reseptor ..................................... 45
5.2 Hasil Pengukuran Energi Afinitas Ligan-Reseptor . ........................... 46
5.3 Visualisasi Hasil Docking Ligan-Reseptor ......................................... 67
5.4 Hasil Visualisasi Gugus Farmakofor .............................................. 176
5.5 Hasil Uji Statistika .......................................................................... 214
BAB VI PEMBAHASAN .......................................................................... 220
BAB VII KESIMPULAN ............................................................................. 232
7.1 Kesimpulan ...................................................................................... 232
7.2 Saran .................................................................................................. 232
xiii
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .................................................................................... 233
LAMPIRAN ................................................................................................ 243
xiv
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel Halaman
Tabel II.1 Reseptor Obat ............................................................................. 6
Tabel II.2 Pengelompokan Asam Amino Berdasarkan Sifat Kelarutan ...... 8
Tabel II.3 Pengelompokan Asam Amino Berdasakan Gugus R .................. 8
Tabel IV.1 Tabel Reseptor Obat Batuk ........................................................ 41
Tabel V.1 Hasil Validasi Reseptor dan Obat ............................................... 45
Tabel V.2 Hasil Docking Reseptor dan Senyawa Tanaman Zingiberis
Rhizome .................................................................................... 46
Tabel V.3 Hasil Docking Reseptor dan Senyawa Tanaman Glycyrrhiza
Radix ...................................................................................... 47
Tabel V.4 Hasil Visualisasi Jenis Ikatan dan Residu Asam Amino Reseptor
Obat dan Senyawa Pada Tanaman Zingiberis rhizome ............. 67
Tabel V.5 Hasil Visualisasi Jenis Ikatan dan Residu Asam Amino Reseptor
Obat dan Senyawa Pada Tanaman Glycyrrhiza radix ............... 101
Tabel V.6 Hasil Visualisasi Gugus Farmakofor Pada Tanaman Zingiberis
rhizome ...................................................................................... 176
Tabel V.7 Hasil Visualisasi Gugus Farmakofor Pada Tanaman Glycyrrhiza
Glabra ...................................................................................... 190
Tabel V.8 Hasil Uji Statistika Pada Tanaman Zingiberis rhizome ............. 214
Tabel V.9 Hasil Uji Statistika Pada Tanaman Glycyrrhiza glabra ............ 215
xv
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar Halaman
Gambar 2.1 Macam Asam Amino Yang Terdapat Pada Protein .................. 8
Gambar 2.2 Patofisiologi Batuk ................................................................. 15
Gambar 2.3 Struktur Dextromethorpan ..................................................... 17
Gambar 2.4 Struktur Codeine ...................................................................... 18
Gambar 2.5 Struktur Benzonatate ............................................................... 18
Gambar 2.6 Struktur Guaiphenesin ........................................................... 19
Gambar 2.7 Struktur Bromhexine ............................................................... 20
Gambar 2.8 Struktur Ambroxol ................................................................. 21
Gambar 2.9 Struktur Dipenhydramine dan Chlorpheniramine .................... 21
Gambar 2.10 Struktur Salbutamol ................................................................. 22
Gambar 2.11 Rhizoma Zingiber officinale .................................................... 24
Gambar 2.12 Tanaman Glycyrrhiza glabra .................................................. 26
Gambar 2.13 Logo Protein Data Bank .......................................................... 33
Gambar 2.14 Logo Pubchem ........................................................................ 34
Gambar 2.15 Logo Drugbank ...................................................................... 34
Gambar 3.1 Kerangka Konseptual Penelitian ............................................ 36
xvi
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran Halaman
1. Biodata Mahasiswa ..................................................................................... 243
2. Surat Pernyataan ......................................................................................... 244
3. Surat Tugas ................................................................................................ 245
4. Form Plagiasi ............................................................................................. 246
4. Daftar Senyawa Tanaman ........................................................................... 247
5. Data Statistika Energi Afinitas Ligan Pembanding dan Ligan Uji ........... 266
6. Visualisasi Senyawa dan Reseptor .............................................................. 281
233
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