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Logistics Logistics andand

Multi-ModalMulti-Modal Transport Transport (複合運輸 )

鍾添泉

LogisticsLogistics andand Multi-ModalMulti-Modal TransportTransport

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採用資料來源Logistics

and Multi-Modal Transport

Seamanship International Ltd.Livingston, United Kingdom

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LogisticsLogistics andand Multi-ModalMulti-Modal TransportTransport

Logistics is the management of the flow of resources between the point of origin and the point of destination in order to meet some requirements, for example, of customers or corporations. The resources managed in logistics can include physical items, such as food, materials, equipment, liquids, and staff, as well as abstract items, such as information, particles, and energy. The logistics of physical items usually involves the integration of information flow, material handling, production, packaging, inventory, transportation, warehousing, and often security.

The complexity of logistics can be modeled, analyzed, visualized, and optimized by dedicated simulation software. The minimization of the use of resources and time are common motives.

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INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTION

Thoroughly understand the importance of distribution in international trade and how basic distribution structures meet international and national needs. Thoroughly understand the use of the word ‘logistics’ when applied to commercial distribution and understand the role of logistics in the provision of distribution services. Be aware of the evolution of the global economy in the last quarter of the 20th century arising from unitisation and intermodal transport development. Thoroughly understand the supply chain concept and how the different transport modes may be combined. Understand the importance of modal interfaces and the basic function of ports, airports, inland depots, railheads etc. Be aware of the basic intermodal systems – road/rail/sea; sea/air; road/air; road/ rail. Understand the importance of inventory control in operating systems.

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PHYSICAL OPERATION Thoroughly understand the characteristics of the main types of primary vehicles and equipment used: ships, trucks, trains, and aircraft. Understand the main variant types of special equipment and facilities used to enhance through transport including swap bodies, double stacks, trailer types, container types. Understand the structural needs and layout of modal interfaces and terminals; depots, warehouses and cargo handling equipment.

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TRADE ROUTES

Thoroughly understand the relative importance of main trade routes including the main container shipping routes and rail routes and land bridges. Understand the relationship between commodities, value, and transit time and transport mode. Understand the economic political and environmental factors arising in respect of road/rail/barge competition and the role of short sea shipping. Understand the role of air freight its advantages and limitations. Understand the role of road haulage and the difference between international, domestic trunk and local delivery. Thoroughly understand the way in which both the transport and logistics of the distribution of many specialist businesses are closely tailored to their needs. Be aware of and be able to give examples of the arrangements made in some representative businesses. e.g. hanging garments, bonded goods, perishables, cars, directories etc.

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THE PRACTIONERS Thoroughly understand the various types of operators involved in multimodal transportation and the type of service structure they offer (e.g Liner operators, NVOC`s, freight contractors and forwarders, parcel/courier services, railroads, international truckers and airlines.) Be aware of the growing service overlap and competition among the operators. Understand the advantages and disadvantages of public versus private sector ownership; single company versus networks; joint services versus alliances. Understand the options of internal service provision or outsourcing, the advantages and disadvantages.

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THROUGH TRANSPORT PRICING Thoroughly understand the nature of price competition between transport modes. (Sea versus road/rail versus air.) Understand price measurements – tonne/kilometre, and cost/transit time benefit. Understand the relationship between price and demand. Be aware of the importance of revenue and cash flow. Understand different pricing strategies, contribution or volume (market share) led. Understand the calculation of through transport pricing, the component price/cost components and the concept of price transparency. Understand how price discrimination is used. Understand the use of distribution and carrier service contracts.

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INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

Thoroughly understand the use of the word ‘inventory’ in the context of ‘the goods’ and the importance of inventory management including the need to control inventory costs. Understand the concepts of ‘just in time’ delivery, the advantages and disadvantages against warehoused stock. Thoroughly understand the role of supply chain management in optimising inventory. Understand the use of consolidation and distribution centres; central warehousing versus direct retail delivery. Be aware of typical supply chain and distribution management systems. Understand how distribution networks are established and used.

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SALE CONTRACTS AND DOCUMENTATION Understand methods of payment in the sale of goods. Thoroughly understand the impact of Documentary Credits and ICC Uniform Custom and Practice on transport documentation. Understand the different types of contracts in the sale of goods including INCOTERMS. Thoroughly understand the paramount importance of bills of lading in through transport, their function and their role in international trade. Understand the effect of Bill of Lading legislation – UK Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 or equivalent national legislation. Understand the concept of ‘clean’ and ‘dirty’ B/Ls. Understand the use of letters of indemnity, their misuse and the avoidance of fraud. Thoroughly understand the different types of B/L including Ocean, Through, Combined Transport and understand the major and usual clauses including Clause Paramount, Himalaya, identity of carrier and protection clauses. Understand the importance of endorsements on the back of B/Ls Thoroughly understand the difference between Bills of Lading, waybills and consignment notes and the effect of these on the handover of cargo to receivers. Understand other transport documentation including Booking notes, Shipping notes, Manifests, Dangerous cargo declarations.

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CONVENTIONS RELATING TO MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT Thoroughly understand the practical impact of Hague/Hague-Visby & Hamburg Rules and the differences between them. Understand the rules for combined transport including UNCTAD/ ICC. Understand the application of surface transport rules - CMR, CIM, TIR. Be aware of the Warsaw Convention and Hague Protocol for air transport Thoroughly understand the principles of IMO regulations concerning dangerous and polluting cargoes including the class structure. Understand the application of European Agreement concerning the Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) or similar legislation elsewhere. Be aware of the conventions covering the movement of dangerous goods by air.

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REGULATION

Thoroughly understand the impact of national and international regulations including licensing, customs, health, veterinary controls and other restrictions on the movement of goods. Be aware how these regulations are imposed and enforced in specific jurisdictions and be able to illustrate this by example. Be aware of the use of Port Community Computer Information systems. Understand the concept of Custom’s Unions, free trade areas and the role of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Be aware of some major free trade areas. Be aware of statutory competition control including Federal Maritime Commission (USA) and Competition Directorate (EU)

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SALES AND MARKETING

Thoroughly understand the difference between marketing and sales and the importance of both in the multimodal transport field. Understand the use of market research and how this can be used in applying marketing techniques. Be aware of different types of sales systems and understand the role of field sales and call centres. Understand how customer service levels can be measured and how this relates to the use of quality assurance. Understand the role of quality management including quality assurance (ISO 9000). Be aware of the concept of Total Quality Management (TQM) and the use of benchmarking. 4 Thoroughly understand the importance of the role of e-commerce in multimodal transport and in meeting customers perceived needs for supply chain information and transparency.

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CONTENTS

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2 . PHYSICAL MULTI-MODAL OPERATIONS

2.1 Sea Transport Vessels and Equipment 2.2 Ship Sizes, Tonnages and Other Terms 2.3 Ro-Ro 2.4 Future Vessel Developments

2.4.1 Fast Ferries and the 'Fastship' Concept 2.4.2 Economy of Scale

2.5 Road Transport Vehicles and Equipment 2.6 Road Transport Weights and Measurements 2.7 Rail Transport Vehicles and Equipment 2.7.1 Rail Equipment (Rolling Stock) 2.8 Air Transport

2.8.1 Current Cargo Aircraft 2.9 Ports, Terminals and Depots

2.9.1 Choosing the Port 2.9.2 Terminal Operations

2.10 Full Container Loads (FCL) 2.10.1 Trunking

2.10.2 Inland Haulage - Carrier Haulage 2.11 Less than Container Loads (LCL) 2.12 Inland Container Depots

2.12.1 Location of Inland Container Depots 2.12.2 Customs Facilitation and Simplification

2.13 Summary

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3. THE INTER·RELATIONSHIP OF TRANSPORT MODE, TRADE ROUTES AND CARGOES

3.1 Introduction3.2 General Cargo3.3 Unpacked Motor Vehicles3.4 Dangerous Goods3.5 Special Goods3.6 LCL and Break bulk Cargo3.7 Multi-Modal Trade Routes3.8 Trade Growth

3.8.1 Trade Routes Today3.8.2 Service Options - Sea3.8.3 Service Options - Air3.8.4 Service Options - Inland

3.9 Factors Affecting Mode and Route Choices 3.9.1 The Relationship Between Cargo Transit Time and Route 3.9.2 Commodity and Value 3.9.3 Environmental, Economic and Political Factors Affecting Modal Choice

3.10 Tailoring Solutions to Needs 3.11 Hypermarkets, Supermarkets and Department Stores

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4. OPERATORS OF MULTI-MODAL TRANSPORT AND LOGISTIC SERVICES (I)

4.1 Introduction 4.2 Vessel Operators 4.3 Types of Vessel Operators 4.4 Airlines 4.5 Road Transport 4.6 Other Providers of Through Transport Services

4.6.1 Non-Vessel Operating Carrier (NVOC) 4.6.2 Groupage Operators and Consolidators 4.6.3 Express Parcel/Courier Services 4.6.4 The Role of the Freight Forwarder

4.7 Other Services Provided by Through Transport Operators 4.8 Through Transport Terminology 4.9 Outsourcing Logistics Management

4.9.1 In House Logistics Management 4.9.2 Outsourcing

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4.10 Corporate Structures in Multi-modal Transport 4.10.1 Public v Private Sector Ownership 4.10.2 Commercial Co-operation 4.10.3 Agency Representation 4.10.4 Joint Services, Consortia and Alliances

4.11 Global Services 4.11.1 International Logistics Providers

4.12 Computer Applications in Multi-modal Transport 4.12.1 Advantages of Computerisation in Freight Transport

4.13 Systems Required by a Through Transport Operator 4.13.1 Export System 4.13.2 Import System 4.13.3 Equipment Inventory and Control System 4.13.4 Ship Planning/Bay Plan Systems 4.13.5 Sales Systems 4.13.6 Financial Systems 4.13.7 Other Systems

4. OPERATORS OF MULTI-MODAL TRANSPORT AND LOGISTIC SERVICES (II)

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5. THROUGH TRANSPORT PRICING (I)

5.1 Tariffs and Freight Rates 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2 Transport 5.1.3 The Freight Rates5.1.4 Freight Volume 5.1.5 Operating Costs 5.1.6 Surcharges 5.1.7 Formal Tariffs 5.1.8 Commodity Tariffs 5.1.9 Government Influence 5.1.10 Adjustment Factors and Other Surcharges5.1.11 Special Freight Rates 5.1.12 Rebates

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5. THROUGH TRANSPORT PRICING (II)

5.2 Modern Freight Tariffs and Pricing 5.2.1 Pricing Strategy 5.2.2 Physical Pricing Factors 5.2.3 Geographical Factors 5.2.4 Commercial Factors5.2.5 Stability of Freight Rates

5.3 Additional Charges 5.3.1 Break-bulk Sea Cargo5.3.2 Container Cargo 5.3.3 Air Freight and Express Parcel 5.3.4 International Road and Rail Transport

5.4 Creating Through Transport Prices

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6. INVENTORY MANAGEMENT AND THE SUPPLY CHAIN (I)

6.1 What is 'Inventory'? 6.1.1 Just in Time Delivery (JIT) 6.1.2 Elements of Supply Chain Analysis 6.1.3 Security 6.1.4 Identification

6.2 Integrated Supply Chain Inventory Management 6.2.1 Key Performance Indicators (KPI) 6.2.2 Transport, Storage and Distribution6.2.3 Distribution Network 6.2.4 Supply Chain Vulnerability and Risk Assessment6.2.5 Warehouse Operation 6.2.6 The Overall View

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6. INVENTORY MANAGEMENT AND THE SUPPLY CHAIN (II)

6.3 Equipment Inventory 6.3.1 Fleet Provision 6.3.2 Management Structure 6.3.3 Numbers of Routes and Locations

6.4 Determining the Fleet Size 6.5 Owning Versus Leasing

6.5.1 Owning 6.5.2 Leasing

6.6 Meeting the Demand for Containers 6.7 Tracking the Container Fleet 6.8 Case Studies

6.8.1 Pharmaceutical Industry 6.8.2 Building Construction 6.8.3 Environmentally Effective Beer

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7. SALE CONTRACTS AND DOCUMENTATION (I) 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Sale Contract

7.2.1 The Exchange of Goods 7.2.2 The Transfer of Funds from Country to Country 7.2.3 Methods of Payment in International Trade 7.2.4 Bills of Exchange 7.2.5 Documentary Credits

7.3 Who are the 'Merchants'? 7.4 International Contracts of Sale - Incoterms

7.4.1 CIF - (Cost, Insurance and Freight) and CFR (Cost and Freight) 7.5 The Bill of Lading

7.5.1 The UK Bill of Lading Act 1855 and UK Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 7.5.2 The Use of the Bill of Lading in Container Trades 7.5.3 The Bill of Lading as a 'Receipt for Goods Shipped' 7.5.4 'Clean' and 'Dirty' (claused) Bills of Lading 7.5.5 As Evidence of a Contract 7.5.6 As a Document of Title

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7 .SALE CONTRACTS AND DOCUMENTATION (II)

7.6 Bill of Lading Clauses 7.6.1 The Printed Clauses - The evidence of the contract'

7.7 Other Forms of Bill of Lading 7.8 Waybills (sea and air) 7.9 Road and Rail Consignment Notes 7.10 Identity of Carrier 7.11 Other Documents

7.11.1 Shipping/Export Consignment Note 7.11.2 Export Shipping Instruction 7.11.3 Cargo and Freight Manifests 7.11.4 Delivery Note 7.11.5 Letters of Indemnity (Appendix 7)

7.12 Liability and Insurance 125 7.12.1 Liability of the Operator for Loss or Damage to Cargo 7.12.2 Cargo Insurance

7.13 'Paperless Trading' 7.13.1 E-commerce or E-business Solutions

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8. CONVENTIONS RELATING TO MULTI-MODAL TRANSPORT

8.1 Introduction 8.2 Cargo Liability Conventions

8.2.1 International Conventions Relating to Bills of Lading 8.2.2 Hague Nisby Rules (1968 and 1979 protocols) 8.2.3 Hamburg Rules (The United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea 1978) (Appendix 9)

8.3 Conventions Governing Combined Transport by Sea 8.4 Multi-modal Transport Under the Terms of A Bill of Lading 8.5 Through Transport Operation by Land 8.6 COTIF (Convention on Rail Transport) and CIM 8.7 Through Transport Involving Air Movement 8.8 Conventions Relating to Dangerous Goods 8.9 Customs Conventions

8.9.1 Transportes Internationale Routiers (TIR) 8.9.2 International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC) 8.9.3 Carriage of Perishable Goods - the ATP Convention

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9. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS (I) 9.1 Introduction 9.2 National and International Restrictions on the Movement of Goods

9.2.1 World Trade Organisation (WTO) 9.2.2 Customs Duties and Free Trade Areas 9.2.3 Application of Customs Tariffs 9.2.4 Customs Documentation 9.2.5 Licensing 9.2.6 Customs Status of Equipment Used in Service 9.2.7 Fiscal Rules 9.2.8 Port and Airports 9.2.9 Health, Veterinary and Agricultural Regulations

9.3 Statutory Competition Control 9.3.1 Competition Law 9.3.2 USA 9.3.3 European Union Competition Law 9.3.4 Abuse of a Dominant Position 9.3.5 Inland Charges 9.3.6 Service Contracts 9.3.7 Competition Regulation in Other Modes

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9. STATUTORY REGULATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS (II) 9.4 Regulation of Operators 9.5 Operator Organisations

9.5.1 Shipowner Organisations 9.5.2 International Air Transport Association (lATA) 9.5.3 User Organisations

9.6 Anti-Terrorist and Illegal Immigrant Legislation 9.6.1 Immigration Controls 9.6.2 Terrorism 9.6.3 Port and Airport Security 9.6.4 ISPS Code (lnternational Ship and Port Facilities Security Code)

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10. MARKETING, SALES AND DEVELOPMENT (I)10.1 Marketing v Sales

10.1.1 Marketing Activity 10.1.2 The Sales Force 10.1.3 Public Relations and Advertising

10.2 E-Commerce and B2B 10.2.1 The World-Wide Web 10.2.2 Electronic Freight Markets 10.2.3 Transport Auctions

10.3 Market Information and Market Research 10.4 Quality Management

10.4.1 ISO 9000 Quality Assurance (QA)10.4.2 Measuring Non-conformance 10.4.3 Total Quality Management (TQM) and Benchmarking

10.5 Corporate Development 10.5.1 Introduction 10.5.2 Service Planning 10.5.3 Equipment Utilisation 10.5.4 Owning v. Leasing Equipment

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10. MARKETING, SALES AND DEVELOPMENT (II)10.6 Containers and Inland Transport

10.6.1 Provision and Operation of Containers10.6.2 Inland Transport

10.7 Management and Control 10.7.1 Local Control 10.7.2 Central Management

10.8 Forecasting the Volume of Business and Revenue10.8.1 Evaluating the Market 10.8.2 Revenue to be Earned 10.8.3 Entering a Competitive Market 10.9 Financial Evaluation of Services10.9.1 Forecasting Financial Results 10.9.2 Evaluating Investment

10.10 Summary

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自我測驗：解釋下列複合運輸相關名詞1. Unitisation

2. Containerisation

3. Multi-Modalism

4. The Components of Multi-modal Infrastructure

5. Logistics and Supply Chain Management

6. Modal Interfaces

7. Basic Intermodal Systems

8. Just in Time Delivery (JIT)

9. Hague Nisby Rules

10.Hamburg Rules

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課程自我評量試題一、選擇題

1.[ A ] 在複合運輸中，對於 "Containerisation"一詞之下列敘述，何者為真：A. 貨櫃化 B. 貨櫃船 C. 棧板貨 D.箱裝貨

2. [ B ] 對於 "Multi-Modal Transport"一詞之下列敘述，何者為真：A. 智慧型運輸 B. 複合運輸 C. 海陸聯運 D. 海空聯運

3. [ C ] 對於“ Just in Time Delivery (JIT)"一詞之下列敘述，何者為真：A. 準時送達 B. 及時送達 C. 即時送達 D.提早送達

4. [ D ] 國際間貨物運輸中對於運送人之責任限制公約條款 ( 提單條款 ) ，下列敘述，何者為「假」：A.Hague Rules, 1924 B. Hague /Visby Rules, 1968/1979 C. Hamburg Rules, 1978 D. COLREGS, 1972

5. [A ] 複合運輸中提示的全球最主要的長程貿易運輸航路，下列敘述，何者為「假 」：•Far East/Australasia B. Trans Pacific C. North Atlantic D. Europe/Far East

二、簡答題請列示複合運輸中所提到的實體運送相互間應考慮的介面質 (Modal Interfaces)1.貨物轉運的儲運機具2.人力與裝卸機具3.合適的儲存場地4.貨物的保全措施5.運輸文件與證明6.海關與檢疫機構配置7.在線上的載具連結8.交貨時間安排9.各種運輸模式所需的相關文件