2015 hsc physics
TRANSCRIPT
2015 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Physics
1100
General Instructions
•Readingtime–5minutes
•Workingtime–3hours
•Writeusingblackpen
•Drawdiagramsusingpencil
•Board-approvedcalculatorsmaybeused
•Adatasheet,formulaesheetsandPeriodicTableareprovidedatthebackofthispaper
Total marks – 100
Section I Pages2–28
75 marks
Thissectionhastwoparts,PartAandPartB
PartA–20marks
•AttemptQuestions1–20
•Allowabout35minutesforthispart
PartB–55marks
•AttemptQuestions21–30
•Allowabout1hourand40minutesforthispart
Section II Pages29–39
25 marks
•AttemptONEquestionfromQuestions31–35
•Allowabout45minutesforthissection
–2–
Section I75 marks
Part A – 20 marksAttempt Questions 1–20Allow about 35 minutes for this part
Usethemultiple-choiceanswersheetforQuestions1–20.
1 Thecomponentsofagalvanometerareshown.
Scale
SpringPointer
N S
Soft iron coreCurrent-carrying coil
Whatisthepurposeofthespringinthegalvanometer?
(A) Toensureauniformforceonthecoil
(B) Tocompletethecircuitthroughthecoil
(C) Tocounteractthemotoreffectonthecoil
(D) Toincreasethemagneticfluxthroughthecoil
–3–
2 Thediagramshowsanapparatusthatcanbeusedtoinvestigatepropertiesofcrystals.
X-ray tube
Collimator
Crystal
X-ray
Detector
Usingthisapparatus,whatsignificantinformationwasdeterminedaboutcrystalsbytheBraggs?
(A) HowwellcrystalsreflectX-rays
(B) Howtheatomsincrystalsarearranged
(C) Whethercrystalsexhibitthepropertyofsuperconductivity
(D) Whethertheelectricalresistanceofcrystalsisincreasedbyimpurities
3 Thediagramshowsatypeofcathoderaytube.
WhichofthefollowingstatementsCANNOTbeinferredfromobservationsmadewhenusingtheapparatusshown?
(A) Cathoderayspossessenergy.
(B) Cathoderayspossessmomentum.
(C) Cathoderaystravelinstraightlines.
(D) Cathoderayscannotpassthroughmetals.
–4–
4 Aprojectileislaunchedfromaclifftop.Thedotsshowthepositionoftheprojectileatequaltimeintervals.
Assumingnegligibleairresistance,whichdiagrambestshowsthepathoftheprojectile?
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
5 Whydoestheelectricalresistanceofametalincreaseastemperatureincreases?
(A) Latticevibrationsincrease,scatteringmoreelectrons.
(B) Electronspairup,increasingtheirinteractionswiththecrystallattice.
(C) Fewerelectronsarefreetomove,astheyfilltheholesintheconductionband.
(D) Electronsmovemorefreelythroughthemetal,unimpededbythecrystallattice.
6 Whichofthefollowingisatruestatementaboutscientifictheories,suchasEinstein’stheoryofspecialrelativity?
(A) Theyarevalidbutunreliableideas.
(B) Theyareusefulinmakingpredictions.
(C) Theyareconceptsthatlackanexperimentalbasis.
(D) Theyareideasthatcan’tbeaccepteduntiltheyhavebeentested.
–5–
7 Acurrent-carryingwireisplacedperpendiculartoamagneticfield.
Whichgraphcorrectlyshowstherelationshipbetweenmagneticfieldstrength(B)andcurrent(I )iftheforceistoremainconstant?
I
B
(A)
I
B
(B)
I
B
(C)
I
B
(D)
8 Inwhichofthefollowingsituationsdoesthemagneticfieldexertthegreatestforceontheproton( ),giventhatallofthefieldsareofequalmagnitude?
(A) B
v = 0
(B) B
v = 60 m s–1
(C) B
v = 40 m s–1
(D) Bv = 50 m s–1
45°
–6–
9 P, Q and R are straight, current-carrying conductors. They all carry currents of thesamemagnitude(I ).ConductorsPandQarefixedinplace.ThemagnitudeoftheforcebetweenconductorsQandRisFnewtons.
P
10 mm 10 mm
III
RQ
WhatisthenetforceonconductorRwhenitisinthepositionshown?
F(A) newtonstotheleft
2
F(B) newtonstotheright
2
3F(C) newtonstotheleft
2
3F(D) newtonstotheright
2
– 7 –
10 Which of the following represents a doped semiconductor?
(A) Si Si Si Si
Si Si Si Si
Si P Si Si
Si Si Si Si
(B Si C Si C
C Si C Si
Si C Si C
C Si C Si
)
(C) Si Si Si
Si Ge Si
Si Si Si
(D) Si Si Si
Si C Si
Si Si Si
11 Which of the following diagrams correctly represents the force(s) acting on a satellite in a stable circular orbit around Earth?
Fg = gravitational force Fp = propulsive force
Fc = centripetal force Fr = reaction force
(A)Fp
Fg
(B)Fc
FpFg
(C)
Fr
Fc
(D)Fg
–8–
12 AsimpleACgeneratorwasconnected toacathode rayoscilloscopeand thecoilwasrotatedataconstantrate.Theoutputisshownonthisgraph.
Voltage
Time0
1
–1
Voltage(A)
Time
Voltage(B)
Time
0
1
–1
0
1
–1
Voltage(D)
Time0
1
–1
Voltage(C)
Time0
1
–1
Which of the following graphs best represents the output if the rate of rotation isdecreasedtohalfoftheoriginalvalue?
(A) Voltage
Time
Voltage(B)
Time
0
1
–1
0
1
–1
Voltage(D)
Time0
1
–1
Voltage(C)
Time0
1
–1
Voltage
Time0
1
–1
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13 Thefollowingdiagramrepresentsthebandstructureoffourmaterials.
NOTTO SCALE
0.67eV
Ge
1.11eV
Si
1.43eV
GaAs
9eV
SiO2
Which material would absorb a photon of wavelength 8.60×10−7m, causing anelectrontojustjumpthebandgap?
(A) Ge
(B) Si
(C) GaAs
(D) SiO2
14 Apassengerisplayingbilliardsonatrainthatistravellingforwardsonaleveltrack.Theballtakesthepathshownwhenhitbythecue.
Initial positionof ball
Path of ballCue
Motion of cue
Frontof train
Later position of ball
Whatcanbeinferredaboutthemotionofthetrain?
(A) Itisturningleft.
(B) Itisspeedingup.
(C) Itisturningright.
(D) Itisslowingdown.
–10–
15 A circular loop of wire is stationary in a magnetic field. The sides are then pushedtogethertochangetheshape,asshowninthediagram.
Before After
Astheloopiscompressed,acurrentisinduced.
Whichrowofthetableshowsthedirectionofthecurrentandexplainswhyitisinduced?
Current direction Why the current is induced
(A) Clockwise Changeinmagneticflux
(B) Anticlockwise Changeinmagneticflux
(C) Clockwise Changeinmagneticfluxdensity
(D) Anticlockwise Changeinmagneticfluxdensity
16 Astronautstravelatavelocityof0.9ctoAlphaCentauri.Newtonianphysicspredictsthatthisjourneywouldtake4.86years.
Howmanyyearswillthejourneytakeintheframeofreferenceoftheastronauts?
(A) 0.923
(B) 1.54
(C) 2.12
(D) 11.1
–11–
17 Which rowof the table correctly shows ideas thatPlanck andEinstein contributed toquantumtheory?
Planck Einstein
(A) Hotobjectsemitradiationindiscreteamounts.
Lightconsistsofpacketsofenergywithspecificvalues.
(B) Planck’sconstantdeterminestheenergyofphotons.
Objectsemitenergythatincreasesexponentiallywithfrequency.
(C) Noenergyislostfromblackbodyradiators.
Energyisabsorbedifthebandgapislessthanthephotonenergy.
(D) Theenergyofphotonsdecreasesasthewavelengthincreases.
Photonshaveenergyproportionaltotheirfrequency.
18 Thediagramshowsanidealtransformer.
V
Iron core
G
Whentheswitchisclosed,thepointeronthegalvanometerdeflects.
Howcouldthesizeofthedeflectionbeincreased?
(A) Decreasethenumberofprimarycoils
(B) Decreasethenumberofsecondarycoils
(C) Replacetheironcorewithacoppercore
(D) Placearesistorinserieswiththegalvanometer
–12–
19 AnastronautworkingoutsideaspacecraftinorbitaroundEarthisnotattachedtoit.
WhydoestheastronautNOTdriftawayfromthespacecraft?
(A) Theforceofgravityactingontheastronautandspacecraftisnegligible.
(B) ThespacecraftandtheastronautareinorbitaroundtheSunwiththeEarth.
(C) Theforcesduetogravityactingonboththeastronautandthespacecraftarethesame.
(D) Theaccelerationsoftheastronautandthespacecraftareinverselyproportionaltotheirrespectivemasses.
20 Aprojectilewaslaunchedfromtheground.Ithadarangeof70metresandwasintheairfor3.5seconds.
Atwhatangletothehorizontalwasitlaunched?
(A) 30°
(B) 40°
(C) 50°
(D) 60°
©2015BoardofStudies,TeachingandEducationalStandardsNSW
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Centre Number
Student Number
–13–
43933103511101 15330
2015 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Physics
Section I (continued)
Part B – 55 marksAttempt Questions 21–30Allow about 1 hour and 40 minutes for this part
Answer the questions in the spacesprovided. These spaces provideguidance for the expected length ofresponse.
Showallrelevantworkinginquestionsinvolvingcalculations.
Extra writing space is provided onpages27and28.Ifyouusethisspace,clearly indicate which question youareanswering.
Write your Centre Number andStudent Number at the top of thispage.
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2381310356
Question 21 (4marks)
Aprojectileisfiredhorizontallyfromaplatform.
Heightof platform
Projectile
Distance travelled from base of platform
NOT TOSCALE
Landing positionof projectile
Measurementsofthedistancetravelledbytheprojectilefromthebaseoftheplatformaremadeforarangeofinitialvelocities.
Initial velocity of projectile (ms–1)
Distance travelled from base of platform (m)
1.4 1.0
2.3 1.7
3.1 2.2
3.9 2.3
4.2 3.0
Question 21 continues on page 15
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Question21(continued)
(a) Graphthedataonthegridprovidedanddrawthelineofbestfit. 2
0 1 2Initial velocity (m s−1)
Dis
tanc
e tr
avel
led
from
bas
e of
pla
tfor
m (
m)
3 4 50
1
2
3
(b) Calculatetheheightoftheplatform.
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4873310354
Question 22 (5marks)
ThediagramrepresentsasimpleDCmotor.Acurrentof1.0AflowsthroughasquareloopABCDwith5cmsidesinamagneticfieldof0.01T.
Axis of rotationPowersupply
1.0 A A B
D C
N
S
(a) DeterminetheforceactingonsectionABandtheforceactingonsectionBCduetothemagneticfield,whentheloopisinthepositionshown.
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(b) Howisthedirectionofthetorquemaintainedasthelooprotates360°fromthepositionshown?
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7471310351
Question 23 (5 marks)
(a) Outline a procedure that could be used to model electrical conduction in a semiconductor.
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(b) Explain a limitation of the model outlined in part (a).
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9964310350
Question 24 (7marks)
Apartofacathoderayoscilloscopewasrepresentedonawebsiteasshown.
e−
e−
e−
Heatingfilament
Cathode
5000 V
2 cm
Anode
e–
Deflection plates
Electronsleavethecathodeandareacceleratedtowardstheanode.
(a) Explainwhytherepresentationofthepathoftheelectronbetweenthedeflectionplatesisinaccurate.
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5638310354
Question 24 (continued)
(b) Calculate the force on an electron due to the electric field between the cathode and the anode.
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(c) Calculate the velocity of an electron as it reaches the anode.
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9657310359
Question 25 (6marks)
(a) OutlinetheconversionofelectricalenergybydevicesinthehomeintoTWOotherformsofenergy.
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(b) Thediagramshowsalabelonatransformerusedinanappliance. 3
Input: 240 V AC 5.0 AOutput: 2 kV AC 1.0 A
Explainwhytheinformationprovidedonthelabelisnotcorrect.Supportyouranswerwithcalculations.
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6157310351
Question 26 (6 marks)
Consider the following two models used to calculate the work done when a 300 kg satellite is taken from Earth’s surface to an altitude of 200 km.
You may assume that the calculations are correct.
Model X Model Y
Data: −2g = 9.8 m s Data: 10−11G = 6.67 × N m2 kg−2
m = 300 kg = 6.38 × 106 mrEarth
Dh = 200 km = 6.58 × 106 mrorbit
1024M = 6.0 × kg
W = Fs m = 300 kg
= mgDh W = D EP
= 3 × 102 × 9.8 × 2.0 × 105
= 5.9 × 108 J ΔEp = E − Ep final p initial
GMm ⎛ GMm ⎞= − −
r ⎝⎜ ⎠⎟orbit r Earth
= −1.824 ×1010 − −1.881×1010( )= 5.7 ×108 J
(a) What assumptions are made about Earth’s gravitational field in models X and Y that lead to the different results shown?
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(b) Why do models X and Y produce results that, although different, are close in value?
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1086310357
Question26(continued)
(c) Calculatetheorbitalvelocityofthesatelliteinacircularorbitatthealtitudeof200km.
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6784310357
Question 27 (6 marks)
In 1865, James Clerk Maxwell developed the theory of electromagnetism. This theory explained the nature of light. It also predicted the existence of other electromagnetic waves.
How did Hertz test and validate Maxwell’s theory?
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7927310357
Question 28 (5marks)
A copper plate is attached to a lightweight trolley. The trolley moves at an initialvelocity,v,towardsastrongmagnetfixedtoasupport.
5
A
v
B
Strong magnet
Trolley
Copper plate
C D
Support
Thedashedlineonthegraphshowsthevelocityofthetrolleywhenthemagnetisnotpresent.
Ontheaxes,sketchthegraphofthevelocityofthetrolleyasittravelsfromAtoD underthemagnet,andjustifyyourgraph.
v
Position of the front of the trolley
Velocityof
trolley
A B C D0
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9403310358
Question 29 (5 marks)
In the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), protons travel in a circular path at a speed greater than 0.9999 c.
(a) What are the advantages of using superconductors to produce the magnetic fields used to guide protons around the LHC?
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(b) Discuss the application of special relativity to the protons in the LHC.
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8246310352
Question 30 (6marks)
ThefollowingisatimelinefortheCassinispaceprobemissiontoSaturn. 6
Earth
Launch15/10/1997
Venus
Slingshot26/4/1998
Venus
Slingshot24/6/1999
Earth
Slingshot18/8/1999
Jupiter
Slingshot30/12/2000
Saturn
Orbit1/7/2004
ExplainhowNewton’sLawsofMotionandUniversalGravitationwereappliedtotheCassinimission.
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9248310355
Section I Part B extra writing space
If you use this space, clearly indicate which question you are answering.
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–28– © 2015 Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW
8455310354
Section I Part B extra writing space
If you use this space, clearly indicate which question you are answering.
–29–1102
2015 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Physics
Section II
25 marksAttempt ONE question from Questions 31–35Allow about 45 minutes for this section
Answerparts(a)–(e)ofonequestionintheSectionIIWritingBooklet.Extrawritingbookletsareavailable.
Showallrelevantworkinginthequestionsinvolvingcalculations.
Pages
Question31 Geophysics.............................................................................30–31
Question32 MedicalPhysics.....................................................................32–33
Question33 Astrophysics...........................................................................34–35
Question34 FromQuantatoQuarks..........................................................36–37
Question35 TheAgeofSilicon.................................................................38–39
–30–
Question 31 — Geophysics (25marks)
Answerparts(a),(b)and(c)ofthequestiononpages2–4oftheSectionIIWritingBooklet.Starteachpartofthequestiononanewpage.
(a) Thetableshowsmeasurementstakenbyastudenttodeterminethedensityoftwotypesofrocks.
Rock sample Initial volume of water (mL)
Volume after adding rock sample (mL)
Mass (g)
granite 150 185 92.4
basalt 150 190 119.0
(i) Quantitativelycomparethedensitiesofgraniteandbasalt. 2
(ii) Describephysicalpropertiesoftheserocks,otherthandensity,thatcanbestudied.
3
(b) (i) Describealong-termchangeinEarth’smagneticfield.
2
(ii) AccountforchangesinEarth’smagneticfield. 3
(c) OnemethodofstudyingEarthusestwosatellitesinthesameorbitasshown. 4
S1
S2220 km
NOT TOSCALE
Orbit
460 km
Microwave signals transmitted between the satellites are used to accuratelymeasurechangesintheirseparation.
ExplainwhatcanbededucedaboutEarthbyusingthesesatellites.
Question 31 continues on page 31
–31–
Question31(continued)
Answer parts (d) and (e) of the question on pages 6–8 of the Section II WritingBooklet.Starteachpartofthequestiononanewpage.
(d) Usethefollowinginformationaboutearthquakewavestoanswerparts(i)and(ii).
5
10
15
5
10
15
Spee
d (k
m/s
)
Depth (km)2000 3000 4000 5000
Density (×
103 kg m
–3)
Density
DensityP wave
P wave
CrustMantleOuter coreInner core
3000 km
2200 km
O
Key P wave path O Focus
(i) What is the relationship between density and P wave speed betweendepthsof3500kmand4500km?
2
(ii) Account for thepathsof thePwavesproducedatO, as shown in theseconddiagram.
3
(e) Assess the impactofapplicationsof remotesensingonsociety.SupportyouranswerusingTHREEexamples.
6
End of Question 31
–32–
Question 32 — Medical Physics (25marks)
Answerparts(a),(b)and(c)ofthequestiononpages2–4oftheSectionIIWritingBooklet.Starteachpartofthequestiononanewpage.
(a) (i) Describehowultrasoundcanbeused todistinguishbetweendifferenttypesoftissueinthebody.
2
(ii) Use data from the table below to calculate the acoustic impedance ofbone andhencedetermine the ratio of reflected to initial intensity forultrasoundstrikingamuscle–boneboundary.
3
Material Density(r)
kgm–3Acoustic Velocity (v)
ms–1Acoustic Impedance (Z)
×106kgm–2s–1
MuscleLiverBrainBone
1075 1050 1025 1910
1590157015404080
1.71 1.65 1.58
(b) Afterapatienthadbeentreatedforlungcancer,notumoursweredetectedinanX-rayimageofthelungs.
Thedoctorhasnowrecommendedthatthepatienthaveawhole-bodyPETscan.
(i) OutlineTWOdifferencesbetweenthemethodusedtoproduceanX-rayimageandthemethodusedtoproduceaPETscan.
2
(ii) Justifythedoctor’srecommendationtousethewhole-bodyPETscan. 3
(c) Describehowthestructureofanendoscopeenablesittobeusedtodetectthepresence of a tumour in the stomach wall and to collect a tissue sample foranalysis.
4
Question 32 continues on page 33
–33–
Question32(continued)
Answer parts (d) and (e) of the question on pages 6–8 of the Section II WritingBooklet.Starteachpartofthequestiononanewpage.
(d) (i) Howdoesamagneticresonanceimage(MRI)scandistinguishbetweengreyandwhitematterinthebrain?
2
(ii) HowistheprocessofresonanceusedintheproductionofanMRIscan? 3
(e) Assesstheimpactofadvancesinunderstandingofwavesonthedevelopmentofimagingtechnologies.SupportyouranswerusingTHREEexamples.
6
End of Question 32
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Question 33 — Astrophysics (25 marks)
Answer parts (a), (b) and (c) of the question on pages 2–4 of the Section II Writing Booklet. Start each part of the question on a new page.
(a) (i) The star Canopus has an absolute magnitude of –5.51. Its distance from Earth is 95.9 pc.
Calculate its apparent magnitude.
2
(ii) Outline TWO methods of determining distances to stars. 3
(b) The light curves of two binary systems are shown.
Time
5
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
Rel
ativ
e br
ight
ness
0.5
1
0.75
0.25
0 0
Rel
ativ
e br
ight
ness
Time
(i) Explain why many binary star systems do not produce the types of light curves shown.
2
(ii) Account for the different shapes of the light curves shown in the graphs. 3
(c) Explain how emission spectra and absorption spectra are produced by specific types of celestial objects.
Question 33 continues on page 35
4
–35–
Question33(continued)
Answer parts (d) and (e) of the question on pages 6–8 of the Section II WritingBooklet.Starteachpartofthequestiononanewpage.
(d) ThepositionoftheSun,starWandstarZareshownontheH-Rdiagram.
O10−4
10−2
1
102
104
B A
Spectral type
Lum
inos
ity (
sola
r un
its)
F G K M
W Z
Sun
ThecurvesA andB show intensityversus frequency for starW and theSun,measuredfromthesamedistance.
Inte
nsity
Frequency
A
B
(i) Identifywhichcurve(AorB)representsstarWandjustifyyourchoice. 2
(ii) AccountfordifferencesbetweenstarsWandZthatcanbededucedfromtheH-Rdiagram.
3
(e) Assess the impact of the development of space-based telescopes on theunderstandingofcelestialobjects.
6
End of Question 33
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Question 34 — From Quanta to Quarks (25marks)
Answerparts(a),(b)and(c)ofthequestiononpages2–4oftheSectionIIWritingBooklet.Starteachpartofthequestiononanewpage.
(a) Polonium-218isanunstableisotopethatcandecaytoeitherlead-214byalphadecay,orastatine-218bybetadecay.
(i) How could a Wilson Cloud Chamber, or similar device, be used todistinguishbetweenalphadecayandbetadecay?
2
(ii) The mass of a polonium-218 nucleus is 218.00897u, the mass of a lead-214 nucleus is 213.99981u, and the mass of an alpha particle is4.00260u.
Calculatetheenergyreleasedbythisalphadecay.
3
(b) Aninstrumentusesabeamofneutronswithawavelengthof0.2nmtostudythestructureofnewmaterials.
(i) Calculatethespeedoftheneutrons.
2
(ii) Explainwhythisbeamofneutronsisusefulindeterminingthestructureofmaterials.
3
(c) Explainwhy the spectroscopewas important in thedevelopmentof theBohrmodeloftheatom.
4
Question 34 continues on page 37
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Question34(continued)
Answer parts (d) and (e) of the question on pages 6–8 of the Section II WritingBooklet.Starteachpartofthequestiononanewpage.
(d) In1927,DavissonandGermerreportedtheresultsofanexperimentinwhichtheyfiredelectronsatacrystalofnickelandobservedhowtheelectronswerescattered.
(i) Statetheirconclusion,withreferencetotheresultstheyobtained. 2
(ii) Explain the significance of this experiment to the Rutherford-Bohrmodeloftheatom.
3
(e) AssesstheimpactofTHREEadvancesinknowledgeaboutparticlesandforcesontheunderstandingoftheatomicnucleus.
6
End of Question 34
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Question 35 — The Age of Silicon (25marks)
Answerparts(a),(b)and(c)ofthequestiononpages2–4oftheSectionIIWritingBooklet.Starteachpartofthequestiononanewpage.
(a) Thediagramshowsalogiccircuitwithtwoinputs.
AC
B
(i) Constructatruthtableforthislogiccircuit. 2
(ii) A studentmeasured the inputs andoutput fromanunknowngate andobtainedthefollowingreadings.
3
0.2V4.5V
4.0V
Isitvalidtosubstitutethisgateforthelogiccircuit?Justifyyouranswer.
(b) The diagram shows a circuit incorporating a positive temperature coefficientthermistor.
Relay
1–20 kW
10 kWthermistor
9 V
(i) Calculate the range of possible voltages across the diode when thethermistorhasaresistanceof10kW.
2
(ii) Explainanapplicationforthiscircuit. 3
(c) Explainhowamplifiersandfeedbackloopsareusedincontrolsystems.Supportyouranswerwithadiagram.
4
Question 35 continues on page 39
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Question35(continued)
Answer parts (d) and (e) of the question on pages 6–8 of the Section II WritingBooklet.Starteachpartofthequestiononanewpage.
(d) (i) Explain ONE advantage of integrated circuits compared to circuitsconstructedfromindividualcomponents.
2
(ii) Between 1970 and 2015 the number of transistors that an integratedcircuitcouldcontaindoubledeverytwoyears.
Explainwhythistrendisunlikelytocontinueintothefuture.
3
(e) Assess the impact on society of applications of transducers other thanthermistors.Useoneinputandoneoutputtransducertosupportyouranswer.
6
End of paper
BLANK PAGE
© 2015 Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW
–40–
–41–1103
2015 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Physics
DATA SHEET
k 0
2
–42–
FORMULAE SHEET
lv l0 1v2
c2
tvt0
1v2
c2
mv
m0
1v2
c2
–43–
FORMULAE SHEET
Ir
I0
Z2 Z1
2
Z2 Z1
2
M m 5 logd
10
IAIB
100mB mA 5
1R
1
nf2
1
ni2
–44–