2009 hsc physics

8/2/2019 2009 Hsc Physics

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2009-hsc-physics 1/38



1

Section I75 marks

Part A – 15 marksAttempt Questions 1–15

Allow about 30 minutes for this part

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet for Questions 1–15.

A fast-moving space probe passes close to a planet.

During its journey, how does the gravitational field of the planet affect the speed anddirection of the probe?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Speed DirectionRemains constant Remains constant

Remains constant Changes

Changes Changes

Changes Remains constant

2 A satellite is moving in a circular orbit of radius 7.0 ×106 m around Earth.

If the speed of the satellite is 8.1 ×103

m s–1

, what is its centripetal acceleration?

(A) 9.4 m s –2

(B) 9.8 m s –2

–2(C) 5.6 ×1025 m s–2(D) 3.9 ×1032 m s

3 A satellite is moved from a geostationary orbit to a higher orbit.

Which statement about the orbit change is correct?

(A) During the move the gravitational potential energy decreases.

(B) The change in gravitational potential energy is independent of the mass of thesatellite.

(C) The work done is the difference between the gravitational potential energy of thehigher orbit and that of the geostationary orbit.

(D) The work done is the energy required to move the satellite, which is in the

gravitational field, from a very large distance away, to the higher orbit.

– 2 –



4 A device launches two identical balls ( x and y) simultaneously in a horizontal directionfrom the same height. The results are shown.

NOT

TOSCALE

x y

Launch device

Which statement correctly describes what happens?

(A) x hits the ground before y as it is closer to the launch site.

(B) y hits the ground before x as it has a higher launch velocity.

(C) x and y hit the ground simultaneously with the same velocity.

(D) x and y hit the ground simultaneously with different velocities.

5 During a lunar eclipse, Earth moves between the Sun and the Moon.

NOTTO

SCALE

Sun Earth Moon

What happens to the force exerted by the Sun on the Moon?

(A) It increases.

(B) It decreases.

(C) It remains unchanged.

(D) It depends on the closeness of Earth to the Moon.

– 3 –



6 Which of the following would increase the output of a simple DC generator?

(A) Increasing the rotation speed of the rotor

(B) Reducing the number of windings in the coil

(C) Using slip rings instead of a split ring commutator(D) Wrapping the windings around a laminated, aluminium core

7 A type of car speedometer consists of a rotating bar magnet which produces eddycurrents in a copper disc. A model of this is shown.

N SS Bar ma gnet SIDEVIEW

Copper disc

Axle

As the magnet begins to rotate, in which direction does the disc move?

(A) Toward the magnet

(B) Away from the magnet

(C) Rotates in the same direction as the magnet

(D) Rotates in the opposite direction to the magnet

8 What is an essential requirement for the operation of a step-down transformer?

(A) A laminated iron core

(B) A non-conducting core

(C) A magnetic interaction between the primary and secondary coils

(D) An electrical connection between the primary and secondary coils

– 4 –



9 A thin solid conductor with sides PQRS is moving at constant velocity v, at right anglesto a uniform magnetic field B, directed into the page as shown.

B

QP R

S

v

Which side of the conductor has the greatest concentration of electrons?

(A) P(B) Q

(C) R

(D) S

10 Which option best identifies why germanium was replaced by silicon in thesemiconductor industry?

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Germanium SiliconRemains a useful semiconductorat higher temperatures Less abundant

Less abundant Remains a useful semiconductorat higher temperatures

Remains a useful semiconductorat higher temperatures More abundant

More abundant Remains a useful semiconductorat higher temperatures

– 5 –



11 The diagram shows a DC motor with a constant current flowing to the rotor.

A

B

N S

Which pair of graphs best describes the behaviour of the force F on wire AB, and thetorque τ on the rotor as functions of time t ?

(A) F τ

0 0 t t

τ(B) F

0 0t t

(C) F τ

0 0t t

(D) F τ

0 0 t t

– 6 –



12 Which of the following diagrams best represents the energy bands in p–type and n–typesemiconductors?

p–type n–type

(A) Cond uction bandValence band

Valence bandCond uction band

(B) Cond uction band Valence band

Valence band Cond uction band

(C) Cond uction band Cond uction banddonorlevel accepto r

levelValence band Valence band

(D) Cond uction band Cond uction banddonor

acceptor levellevel

Valence band Valence band

13 Why does superconductivity occur in certain materials at low temperatures?

(A) At low temperatures there are no lattice vibrations.(B) Some pairs of electrons experience net attraction at low temperatures.

(C) The materials are alloys and alloys lose all resistance at low temperatures.

(D) At low temperatures the materials become magnetic and this reduces the scatteringof electron pairs.

– 7 –



14 Blue light is found to cause photoelectric emission from a sodium surface but not from aplatinum surface.

Which of the following best accounts for this difference?

(A) Platinum does not absorb photons.(B) Platinum has more electrons than sodium.

(C) More energy is needed to remove an electron from a platinum surface.

(D) The intensity of the blue light is not high enough to remove electrons from theplatinum surface.

15 The diagram shows two parallel plates with opposite charges. P , Q and R representdistances from the positive plate.

+P

Q

R −

Which of the following graphs describes the electric field strength, E , between the plates?

(A) E

P Q R

(B) E

Distance DistanceP Q R

(C) E (D) E

Distance DistanceP Q R RP Q

– 8 –

© Board of Studies NSW 2009



Centre Number

2 0 0 9 H I G H E R S C H O O L C E RT I F I C AT E E X A M I N AT I O N

Physics

Section I (continued)

Part B – 60 marksAttempt Questions 16–27Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part

Answer the questions in the spaces provided.

Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Student Number

Question 16 (3 marks)

NASA recently landed a space probe on an asteroid found between the orbits of Earthand Mars. The 500 kg space probe had a weight of 2.5 N when it landed on theasteroid.

(a) What would be the weight of this space probe on the surface of Earth? 1

2

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

(b) Before landing on the asteroid, the space probe was placed in an orbit withradius 50 km. The orbital period was 5.9 ×104 s.

What was the mass of the asteroid?

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

434 – 9 –



2

3


(a) Using labelled diagrams, show how a first-hand investigation could be performedto distinguish between an inertial and a non-inertial frame of reference.

(b) Explain how inertial and non-inertial frames of reference relate to the principleof relativity.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

– 10 –




Centre Number


Physics

Section I – Part B (continued)

Student Number


The nearest galaxy to ours is the Large Magellanic Cloud, with its centre located1.70 ×105 light years from Earth. Assume you are in a spacecraft travelling at a speedof 0.99999 c toward the Large Magellanic Cloud.

(a) In your frame of reference, what is the distance between Earth and the Large

Magellanic Cloud?

2

2

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

(b) In your frame of reference, how long will it take you to travel from Earth to theLarge Magellanic Cloud?

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

435a – 11 –




An electron is emitted from a mineral sample, and travels through aperture A into a–1spectrometer at an angle of 60° with a speed of 6.0 ×106 m s .

− 100 VNOT

10 cm TOe–

SCALE0VA D

apert ure detector

60°

sample

(a) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the force experienced by the electron 3

3

inside the spectrometer.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

(b) The electron experiences constant acceleration and eventually strikes thedetector, D.

What is the time taken for the electron to travel from A to D?

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

– 12 –




Centre Number


Physics


Student Number


Draw a table to summarise the energy transformations and transfers for three householdappliances. Each appliance must have a different type of useful energy output. Includethe name of the appliance, its use and the transformation/transfer of energy involved.

435b – 13 –

4




A rectangular wire loop is connected to a DC power supply. Side X of the loop isplaced next to a magnet. The loop is free to rotate about a pivot.

North

pivot

30 cm30 cm 30 cm30 cm

− +

X Y 2 0 c m20 cm

NOTTO

SCALE

When the power is switched on, a current of 20 A is supplied to the loop. To preventrotation, a mass of 40 g can be attached to either side X or side Y of the loop.

(a) On which side of the loop should the mass be attached to prevent rotation?

...............................................................................................................................

1

2

3

(b) Calculate the torque provided by the 40 g mass.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

(c) Calculate the magnetic field strength around side X.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

– 14 –




Centre Number


Physics


Student Number


How did the invention of the transistor transform the way communication occurs inAustralia? In your answer, refer to the technology that the transistor replaced.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

436a – 15 –

4




Two identical wires, W 1 and W 2, each 2.5 m in length, are positioned as shown. Theycarry identical currents in the direction indicated.

W1

W2

NOTTO

SCALE

(a) Identify the direction of the force which W 2 experiences as a result of the currentin W1.

...............................................................................................................................

1

2

3

(b) Calculate the current in each wire, given that the two wires experience a forceof 6.9 ×10–4 N.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

(c) A third wire, W 3, carrying a smaller current, is now placed as shown.

W1 W2 W3

5 cm5 cm

5 cm5 cm 8 cm8 cm

NOTTO

SCALE

Explain qualitatively the forces on W 2 as a result of the currents in W 1 and W 3.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

– 16 –




An experiment was conducted to investigate the flexibility* and strength** of different types of rubber bands, all with the same initial length. A mass was attachedto each band and the extension was measured. Masses were gradually increased, and

the extensions measured until each band broke. The photograph was taken during theexperiment. The results are summarised in the graph.

E x

t e n s

i o n

( m )

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

00 1 2

Mass (kg)3

Band E

Band F

Band G

Band H

* Flexibility:** Strength:

The more flexible the rubber band, the greater its extension for a given mass.The stronger the rubber band, the more mass it is able to hold before breaking

(a) Which rubber band is the most flexible? Justify your answer with reference tothe graph.

2

2

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

(b) Identify the strongest rubber band and state the mass range in which theextension appears to be directly proportional to the attached mass.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

– 17 –



BLANK PAGE

– 18 –




6


In the distribution of electricity, the overall energy losses between the power plant and users can easily be between 8% and 15%, which suggests that there is still some roomto improve efficiency.

Analyse this statement. In your analysis, you must refer to existing sources of energyloss, and a possible new technology to minimise such loss.

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

– 20 –




Centre Number


Physics


Student Number


In an experiment to investigate the photoelectric effect, light is shone onto a silversurface and the resulting maximum electron kinetic energy is measured and recorded.

Light wavelength (nm) Electron kinetic energy (eV)

250 0.25215 1.08

187 1.90

167 2.73

150 3.56

(a) Determine the frequency of the highest energy photons used in the experiment.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

2

1(b) What effect would changing the intensity of the light have on the measuredelectron kinetic energy?

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

Question 27 continues on page 22

437 – 21 –



4

Question 27 (continued)

(c) With reference to the photoelectric effect, and the semiconductors shown in thediagram, explain the operation of a solar cell.

Loadn–type silicon

p–type silicon

Light

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

End of Question 27

– 22 –





Physics

Section II

25 marksAttempt ONE question from Questions 28–32Allow about 45 minutes for this section

Answer the question in a writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available.

Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations.

Pages

Question 28 Geophysics ........................................................................... 24–25

Question 29 Medical Physics ................................................................... 26–27

Question 30 Astrophysics ......................................................................... 28–29

Question 31 From Quanta to Quarks ....................................................... 30–31

Question 32 The Age of Silicon ............................................................... 32–33

438 – 23 –



Question 28 — Geophysics (25 marks)

(a) Radiation is used to obtain information about a surface from a distance.

(i) Use a labelled diagram and text to outline a first-hand investigation todemonstrate the relationship between the nature of a surface and theradiation reflected.

2

2

2

2

2

3

(ii) How would the results demonstrate the relationship between the natureof the surface and the radiation reflected?

(iii) Use a specific example to show how radiation can be used to provideinformation about Earth from a distance.

(b) A pendulum was used to determine the acceleration due to gravity, g, at the baseof a mountain. The period, T , was 2.00 s, and the length of the string, l, was1.00 m.

(i) Calculate g, using the formula,

T = 2π

(ii) Calculate the radius of Earth using this value of g.

(iii) The pendulum was moved to a different location where there are nomountains. The same value of T was obtained.

Explain this observation.


.lg

– 24 –




(c) Seismograms from three different geophysical stations showing the records of asmall earthquake somewhere in California are shown. Time is marked on eachseismogram by offsets in the records. The interval between the offsets is

1 minute.

(i) Explain the features of the graphs and what information can be deduced.

(ii) Describe how seismic methods are used in the search for oil and gas.

(d) Name THREE geophysical techniques, and explain how each of these providesevidence to support the claim that Earth is dynamic.

End of Question 28

Lick Observatory

Palo Alto

San Francisco

1 minute

© Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences

3

3

6

– 25 –



Question 29 — Medical Physics (25 marks)

(a) (i) In X-ray images, the small intestine is not normally visible. 2

4

1

1

4

Explain how the use of a contrast medium, for example a barium meal,

allows the small intestine to be seen.

(ii) Using text and a labelled diagram, explain how X-rays are produced formedical imaging.

(b) (i) Given the velocity of sound in blood is 1.53 ×103 m s–1 , and blood has adensity of 1.05 ×103 kg m –3, calculate the acoustic impedance of blood.

(ii) Ultrasound can pass from blood into a variety of materials. What happensto the incident pulse when it passes into materials of increasing acousticimpedance?

(iii) Explain how a piezoelectric crystal can be used as a producer andreceiver of ultrasound waves.


– 26 –




(c) (i) “Have a CAT scan – live longer!” 4

3

6

Can the claim made in this statement be justified? In your answer referto the properties and uses of CAT scans.

(ii) In this PET image a chemical tracer has been used to measure glucosemetabolism in a patient.

Awaiting Copyright

Explain how this image has been produced, including the physicsinvolved.

(d) Describe the sequence of events and associated processes of physics by whichan image is produced using magnetic resonance imaging.

End of Question 29

– 27 –



Question 30 — Astrophysics (25 marks)

(a) (i) Distinguish between the terms resolution and sensitivity as used in 2

4

2

2

3

astrophysics.

(ii) Interferometry and active optics are techniques that can be used toimprove the resolution and/or sensitivity of ground based telescopes.

Explain why only one of these techniques is useful in improving theresolution and sensitivity of radio telescopes.

(b) (i) Describe the modelling process used in a computer simulation whichdraws a light curve for an eclipsing binary star system.

(ii) Two stars in a visual binary system have an orbital period of 2.1 ×108 sand are determined to be 7.2 ×108 km apart.

Calculate the combined mass of the stars.

(iii) The spectra below show absorption lines for a variable pair of spectroscopic binary stars at two different times, Time 1 and Time 2.Each spectrum contains the absorption lines from both stars.

Time 1

Violet

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Red

Time 2

Violet Red

Explain why there are differences in the spectra.


– 28 –




(c) (i) A star was found to have a visual magnitude (V) of 2.9 and a photographicmagnitude (B) of 4.6.

Will the star be more blue or more red in colour?

1

2

3

6

(ii) How can the colour index (B–V) of a star be measured in an observatory?

(d) Describe the advantages of using photoelectric technologies over photographicmethods in photometry.

(e) A possible evolutionary path of a star is shown on the Hertsprung-Russell (H-R)diagram.

+ 15 10 − 4

+ 10

+ 5

0

− 5

10 − 2

1

10 2

10 4

− 10

A b s o l u t e m a g n i t u

d e

L u m i n o s i t y

O B A F G K M

Spectral t ype

Describe the sequence of events and the associated physical processes a starundergoes in moving from to to .

End of Question 30

– 29 –



Question 31 — From Quanta to Quarks (25 marks)

(a) Marsden and Geiger conducted an experiment in which they fired alpha particlesat a thin gold foil. Most of the particles passed straight through.

(i) Describe how Rutherford’s model of the atom explained these results. 2

4

2

3

2

(ii) Describe TWO problems associated with Rutherford’s model and howthese were explained by Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom.

(b) (i) Describe de Broglie’s proposal that a particle can exhibit both wave andparticle properties.

(ii) Explain how Davi s son and Germer were able to confirm de Broglie’sproposal.

(iii) Calculate the velocity of an electron that has a wavelength of 3.33 ×10–10 m.


– 30 –




(c) (i) Define mass defect . 1

2

3

6

(ii) The energy required to separate all the nucleons within a nucleus is the

binding energy. The average binding energy per nucleon is a measure of the stability of a nucleus.

The graph shows how average binding energy per nucleon varies withmass number.

Avera gebindin g ener gy

per n ucleon(J)

8 × 10− 13

16 × 10− 13

Use the graph to compare the stability of a nucleus of mass number 200with a nucleus of mass number 50.

Mass n umber

2000 100

(d) In 1920, Rutherford suggested the existence of an undiscovered nuclear particle.Explain how Chadwick confirmed Rutherford’s prediction using conservationlaws.

(e) Theories and experiments not only help increase our understanding but alsogenerate new questions.

Use the standard model of matter to support this statement.

End of Question 31

– 31 –



Question 32 — The Age of Silicon (25 marks)

(a) The following circuit diagram shows the internal design of a 2-bit analogue todigital converter.

+

−

+

−

+

−

D20.5 k Ω

+ 5.0 V

1.0 k Ω

1.0 k Ω

0.5 k Ω

O1

O0

D1

D0

Vin

Vt

Section: A B C

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Identify the function of section A of the circuit.

Calculate the voltage V t.

Are the amplifiers in section B used in an open loop or closed loopconfiguration? Justify your answer.

Construct a truth table showing the outputs O 1 and O 0 for each of thepossible input states of D 0, D1 and D 2.

1

2

1

2


– 32 –




(b) (i) Compare the function of input and output transducers. 2

5

2

4

6

(ii) An electronic system monitors conditions in a glasshouse. The system

measures sunlight intensity, temperature, and controls an electricwatering pump.

Copy this table into your writing booklet and complete the table for thissystem.

Sun ligh t Tem per a t ure Pum p

Type of transd ucer

Input or o utput

transd ucer

O B E C O M P L E

T E D

O B E C O M P L E

T E D

B O O K L E T

B O O K L E T

T T A B L E

I N YABLE T TO BE COM

PLETED

BOOKLET

Outline of operation

A B L E

I N Y O U R O U RIN YOUR W R I T I N

G W R I T I N

GWRITING

(c) Outline the differences between digital and analogue signals using the operationof a music CD player as an example.

(d) Analyse how the development of the integrated circuit has affected energyconsumption.

(e) The advancement of silicon-based integrated circuit technology has resulted inprogressive miniaturisation and a doubling of circuit performance roughly every18 months. It is expected that physics limitations will soon halt this progress,requiring a reconceptualisation of the way integrated circuits are constructed.

If this reconceptualisation cannot be realised, what would be the likely impacton society?

End of paper

– 33 –



BLANK PAGE

– 34 –





Physics

DATA SHEET

Charge on electron, qe

Mass of electron, me

Mass of neutron, mn

Mass of proton, m p

Speed of sound in air

–1.602 × 10–19 C

9.109 × 10–31 kg

1.675 × 10–27 kg

1.673 × 10–27 kg

340 m s –1

Earth’s gravitational acceleration, g 9.8 m s –2

Speed of light, c 3.00 × 108 m s –1

Magnetic force constant, k ≡

μ

π 0

22.0 × 10–7 N A–2

Universal gravitational constant, G 6.67 × 10–11 N m 2 kg–2

Mass of Earth 6.0 × 1024 kg

Planck constant, h 6.626 × 10–34 J s

Rydberg constant, R (hydrogen) 1.097 × 107 m–1

Atomic mass unit, u

1 eV

1.661 × 10–27 kg

931.5 MeV / c 2

1.602 × 10–19 J

Density of water, ρ 1.00 × 103 kg m –3

Specific heat capacity of water 4.18 × 103

J kg–1

K–1

439 – 35 –



FORMULAE SHEET

v = f λ

1 I 2d

v sin i1 =v sin r 2

F E = q

V R =

I

P = VI

Energy = VI t t

m m E = −G 1 2

p r

F = mg

2 2v = u x x

v = +u at

v 2 = u 2 +2a Δ y y y y

Δ x = u t u x

1 2 y u t +Δ = a t y y2

3r GM =T 2 4π 2

r Δvav = t Δ F = Gm m1 2

d 2

aav = vt

ΔΔ therefore aav = v u

t −

E = mc 2

F Σ =maalv == l0 −1

v

c

2

2

F = mv2

E k =

r

mv212

t v =−t

v

c

0

12

2

W = Fs m =m0

v2

1 − v p = mv 2c

Impulse = Ft

– 36 –



F I I 1 2= k l d

F = BIl sin θ

τ = Fd

τ = nBIA cos θ

V n p p=V s ns

F = qqvB sin θ

V E =

d

E = h f

c = f λ

Z = ρ v

I Z − Z 2

r 2 1= 2 I 0 Z 2 + Z 11

FORMULAE SHEET

– 37 –

d = 1 p

M = m − 5logd 10

5 I (m − m ) A B A= 100 I B

2 344π r m +m =1 2 2GT

1 1 1= R − 2 2 λ n f ni

hλ = mv

V A = out

0 V iin

V out = − R f

V Rin i



9 F 1 9 . 0 0

F l u o r i n e

1 7 C l

3 5 . 4 5

C h l o r i n e

3 5 B r

7 9 . 9 0

B r o m

i n e

5 3 I 1 2 6 . 9

I o d i n e

8 5 A t

[ 2 1 0 . 0 ]

A s t a t i n e

7 N 1 4 . 0 1

N i t r o g e n

1 5 P 3 0 . 9 7

P h o s p h o r u s

3 3 A s

7 4 . 9 2

A r s e n i c

5 1 S b 1 2 1 . 8

A n t i m o n y

8 3 B i

2 0 9 . 0

B i s m u t h

5 B 1 0 . 8 1

B o r o n

1 3 A l

2 6 . 9 8

A l u m i n i u m

3 1 G a

6 9 . 7 2

G a l l i u m

4 9 I n 1 1 4 . 8

I n d i u m 8 1 T

l 2 0 4 . 4

T h a l l i u m

1 0 7 B h

[ 2 6 4 ]

B o h r i u m

1 0 8 H s

[ 2 7 7 ]

H a s s i u m

1 0 9

M t

[ 2 6 8 ]

M e i t n e r i u m

1 1 0 D s

[ 2 7 1 ]

D a r m s t a d t i u m

1 1 1 R g

[ 2 7 2 ]

R o e n t g e n i u m

8 8 R a

[2 2 6 ]

R a d i u m

8 9 – 1 0 3

A c t i n o i d s

1 0 4 R f

[ 2 6 1 ]

R u t h e r f o r d i u m

1 0 5 D b

[ 2 6 2 ]

D u b n i u m

1 0 6 S g

[ 2 6 6 ]

S e a b o r g i u m

S y m b o l o f e l e m e n t

N a m e o f e l e m e n t

P E R I O D I C T A B L E O F T H E E L E M E N T S

K E Y

2 H e

4 . 0 0 3

H e l i u m

4 B e

9 . 0 1 2

Be r y l l i u m

A t o m i c N u m

b e r

A t o m i c W e i g h t

7 9 A u

1 9 7 . 0

G o l d

6 C 1 2 . 0 1

C a r b o n

8 O 1 6 . 0 0

O x y g e n

1 0 N e

2 0 . 1 8

N e o n

1 2

M

g

2 4 . 3 1

ag n e s i u m

1 4 S i 2 8 . 0 9

S i l i c o n

1 6 S 3 2 . 0 7

S u l f u r

1 8 A r

3 9 . 9 5

A r g o n

2 0 C a

4 0 . 0 8

Ca l c i u m

2 1 S c 4 4 . 9 6

S c a n d i u m

2 2 T i 4 7 . 8 7

T i t a n i u m

2 3 V 5 0 . 9 4

V a n a d i u m

2 4 C r

5 2 . 0 0

C h r o m i u m

2 5 M n

5 4 . 9 4

M a n g a n e s e

2 6 F e 5 5 . 8 5

I r o n

2 7 C o

5 8 . 9 3

C o b a l t

2 8 N i

5 8 . 6 9

N i c k e l

2 9 C u

6 3 . 5 5

C o p p e r

3 0 Z n

6 5 . 4 1

Z i n c

3 2 G e

7 2 . 6 4

G e r m a n i u m

3 4 S e

7 8 . 9 6

S e l e n i u m

3 6 K r

8 3 . 8 0

K r y p t o n

3 8 S r

8 7 . 6 2

Str o n t i u m

3 9 Y 8 8 . 9 1

Y t t r i u m

4 0 Z r

9 1 . 2 2

Z i r c o n i u m

4 1 N b

9 2 . 9 1

N i o b i u m

4 2 M o

9 5 . 9 4

M o l y b d e n u m

4 3 T c

[ 9 7 . 9 1 ]

T e c h n e t i u m

4 4 R u

1 0 1 . 1

R u t h e n i u m

4 5 R h

1 0 2 . 9

R h o d i u m

4 6 P d 1 0 6 . 4

P a l l a d i u m

4 7 A g

1 0 7 . 9

S i l v e r

4 8 C d

1 1 2 . 4

C a d m

i u m

5 0 S n 1 1 8 . 7

T i n

5 2 T e

1 2 7 . 6

T e l l u r i u m

5 4 X e

1 3 1 . 3

X e n o n

5 6 B a

1 3 7 . 3

B a r i u m

5 7 – 7 1

L a n t h a n o i d s

7 2 H f

1 7 8 . 5

H a f n i u m

7 3 T a 1 8 0 . 9

T a n t a l u m

7 4 W 1 8 3 . 8

T u n g s t e n

7 5 R e

1 8 6 . 2

R h e n i u m

7 6 O s

1 9 0 . 2

O s m

i u m

7 7 I r

1 9 2 . 2

I r i d i u m

7 8 P t 1 9 5 . 1

P l a t i n u m

7 9 A u

1 9 7 . 0

G o l d

8 0 H g

2 0 0 . 6

M e r c u r y

8 2 P b 2 0 7 . 2

L e a d

8 4 P o

[ 2 0 9 . 0 ]

P o l o n i u m

8 6 R n

[ 2 2 2 . 0 ]

R a d o n

L a n t h a n o i d s

5 7 L a

1 3 8 . 9

L a n t h a n u m

5 8 C e

1 4 0 . 1

C e r i u m

5 9 P r 1 4 0 . 9

P r a s e o d y m i u m

6 0 N d

1 4 4 . 2

N e o d y m

i u m

6 1 P m

[ 1 4 5 ]

P r o m e t h i u m

6 2 S m

1 5 0 . 4

S a m a r i u m

6 3 E u

1 5 2 . 0

E u r o p i u m

6 4 G d

1 5 7 . 3

G a d o l i n i u m

6 5 T b

1 5 8 . 9

T e r b i u m

6 6 D y

1 6 2 . 5

D y s p r o s i u m

6 7 H o

1 6 4 . 9

H o l m

i u m

6 8 E r

1 6 7 . 3

E r b i u m

6 9 T m

1 6 8 . 9

T h u l i u m

7 0 Y b

1 7 3 . 0

Y t t e r b i u m

7 1 L u

1 7 5 . 0

L u t e t i u m

A c t i n o i d s

8 9 A c

[ 2 2 7 ]

A c t i n i u m

9 0 T h

2 3 2 . 0

T h o r i u m

9 1 P a 2 3 1 . 0

P r o t a c t i n i u m

9 2 U 2 3 8 . 0

U r a n i u m

9 3 N p

[ 2 3 7 ]

N e p t u n i u m

9 4 P u [ 2 4 4 ]

P l u t o n i u m

9 5

A

m

[ 2 4 3 ]

A m e r i c i u m

9 6 C m

[ 2 4 7 ]

C u r i u m

9 7 B k

[ 2 4 7 ]

B e r k e l i u m

9 8 C f

[ 2 5 1 ]

C a l i f o r n i u m

9 9 E s

[ 2 5 2 ]

E i n s t e i n i u m

1 0 0 F m

[ 2 5 7 ]

F e r m i u m

1 0 1 M d

[ 2 5 8 ]

M e n d e l e v i u m

1 0 2 N o

[ 2 5 9 ]

N o b e l i u m

1 0 3 L r

[ 2 6 2 ]

L a w r e n c i u m

F o r e l e m e n t s

t h a t h a v e n o s t a b l e o r

l o n g - l i v e d n u c l i d e s ,

t h e m a s s n u m

b e r o f t h e n u c l i d e w

i t h t h e l o n g e s t c o n f i r m e d h a

l f - l i f e i s l i s t e d b e t w e e n s q u a r e

b r a c k e t s .

T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n i o n o f P u r e a n d

A p p l i e d

C h e m i s t r y P e r i o d i c T a b l e o f t h e

E l e m e n t s

( O c t o b e r 2 0 0 5 v e r s i o n )

i s t h e p r i n c i p a l s o u r c e o f d a t a .

S o m e

d a t a m a y

h a v e b e e n m o d i f i e d .

2009 hsc physics

Documents