20140221 bicycle network planning and policy in japan · oct. 2011 circular notice (npa) apr. 2012...
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Bicycle Network Planning and Policy in Japan
2014.02.21 TSU Seminar
Tokyo Institute of TechnologyMio SUZUKI
Kei MIYANOUE
• 8.4 million bicycles in Tokyo.• Modal share of bicycle is 10%, and 18% of
rail users access to the station by bike.
Source：Tokyo Metropolitan AreaPerson Trip Survey (2008)
Modal sharein commutingin Tokyo 23 Ward
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BACKGROUND –SITUATION IN JAPAN
Modal share in Paris
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Cyclists are permitted to ride bicycleson sidewalks in Japan since 1970s.
5
during…
□ The Rate of Fatalities in Traffic Accidents (International Comparison)
Source: IRTAD
The Rate of Fatal Accidents of Bicycles and Pedestrians is Higher in Japan Than in US and EU Countries. Many traffic accidents occur during bicycling
Japan Society of Traffic EngineersHandbook (2008)
Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department (2008)Each dot is showing the point of accident.
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□ State of Provision of Bicycling Facilities
Bicycle traveling space separated from automobiles (approx. 80,000km) Other bicycle traveling space (approx. 1.1 million km)
Source: MLITT and National Police Agency documents
* Length is road length as of April 1, 2008
Based on traffic regulations Based on traffic regulations
Not separated
pedestrians
Not separated from
pedestrians
Approx. 77,000 km Approx. 77,000 km
自転車歩行者道
With sidewalk Without sidewalk
Approx. 2,900km Approx. 2,900km Approx. 93,000 km Approx. 93,000 km Approx. 1 million km Approx. 1 million km
Provision example
Provision example Provision example Provision example
Provision of Segregated Bicycling Facilities
Based on structure
Sidewalk
Curbstone line etc.
Bicycle path
Carriage-way
Regulation sign (parts of sidewalks traveled by normal
automobiles)
Bicycle-pedestrian path
Sidewalk bicycle lane（Bicycle only zone）
Carriage-way
Bicycling space separated from automobilesApprox. 80,000 km
Curbstone line etc.
Bicycle-pedestrian path
Carriage-way
Shoulder Sidewalk Carriage-
way Shoulder
Carriageway outside line
(roadside zone)
Roadside zone
Carriage-way
Separation from pedestrians
Bicycling space separated from pedestrians and automobiles
Approx. 2,900 km8
□ Change of the Road Structure Ordinance
1958Bicycles are designed premised on travel on carriageways or slow lanes (part travelled by bicycles or carts,
etc.).
1970
1993
2001
Year Content of the provisions
*1. When unavoidable because of topographical conditions etc., can be reduced to 1.5m*2. When unavoidable because of topographical conditions etc., can be reduced to 2.5m
Definitions of bicycle only paths, bicycle paths, bicycle-pedestrian only paths, and bicycle-pedestrian paths
Developed as necessary(Roads with high automobile traffic volume and low pedestrian traffic)
1982
Developed Principle(Roads with high bicycle and automobile traffic volumes)
Bicycle TracksDeveloped as necessary(Roads with high bicycle and automobile traffic volumes)
Bicycle-pedestrian paths
Developed Principle(Roads with high automobile traffic)
Road with heavy pedestrian traffic: Min. 4.0mOther roads: Min. 3.0m
Bicycle-pedestrian only paths
Bicycle only paths
[Width]Min. 2.0m
【幅員】2.0m以上
[Width]Min. 2.0m
[Width]Min. 2.0m
[Width]Min. 2.0m
↓Min. 3.0m
[Width]Min. 2.0m
↓Min. 3.0m
[Width]Min. 3.0m
↓Min. 4.0m
[Width]Min. 2.0m
↓
Developed as necessary→Relaxation of installation conditions
(Roads with high bicycle traffic volume)
Developed as necessary→Relaxation of installation conditions
(Roads with high automobile traffic volume)
Min. 2.0m *1
Bicycle only paths
[Width]Min. 2.0m
Min. 3.0m *2
Bicycle only paths
Min. 2.0m *1
Priv
ate
land
side
Sidewalk Bicycle pathCurbstone
line etc.
Shoulder Carriageway
Min. 2.0m *1
Bicycle-pedestrian only paths
Bicycle-pedestrian only paths
Min. 3.0m *2
Min. 4.0m
Bicycle-pedestrian only paths
Min. 2.0m *1
Priv
ate
land
side
Curbstone line etc.
Bicycle-pedestrian path Shoulder Carriageway
Curbstone line etc. Private
land side
Min. 4.0m(Min. 3.0m)
Bicycle-pedestrian path Shoulder Carriageway
Source: MLIT Document
We have no provision for development of bicycle lanes on the Road Structure Ordinance.
Trend of Policies for bicycle traffic
Nov. 2006 Recommendations for Promotion to Cycling Safety(MLITT)
Oct. 2007 Guidebook of Environment for Bicycle Usage (MLITT)2008 Pilot Program for 98 Districts
Jul. 2009 Amendment of the Road Traffic ActOct. 2011 Circular Notice (NPA)Apr. 2012 Recommendations for Development of Safe and
Comfortable Bicycle Facilities Network (NPA and MLITT)
Nov. 2012 Guideline for Development of Safe and Comfortable Bicycle Facilities Network (NPA and MLITT)
Jun. 2013 Amendment of the Road Traffic Act10
□ 98 Model Districts (2008-2009)Ebetsu-CitySapporo-City
Tomakomai-CityHakodate-City
Aomori-City
Noshiro-City
Akita-City
Niigata-City（３）
Ojiya-City
Nagano-City
Matsuyama-City
Toyama-CityKanazawa-City
Fukui-CityTsuruga-City
Tottori-CityYonago-City
Matsue-CityIzumo-City
Syunan-City
Shimonoseki-City
Fukutsu-City
Nagasaki-City
Kumamoto-City
Kagoshima-City
Miyazaki-City
Hyuga-City
Fukuoka-CitySaga-City
Oita-City
Kure-City
Fukuyama-City Saijyo-City
Kochi-City（２）
Utazu-Cho
Takamatsu-City
Matsumoto-City
〈Kinki Area〉Amagasaki-City Kusatsu-CityNishinomiya-City Otsu-CityKoube-City Kyoto-CityNara-City Fukuchiyama-CityKashihara-City Kyotanabe-CityWakayama-City（２） Sakai-City
Tsu-City〈AichiGifu〉Nagoya-City（２）Toyota-CityToyohashi-Chi Gifu-City Ogaki-City
Shizuoka-City
〈Kanto Area〉Annaka-City Utsunomiya-City（２） Mito-City Kumagaya-City Saitama-City Tsukuba-City Kofu-City（２） Misato-City Kashiwa-City Mitaka-City Musashino-City Chiba-City Sagamihara-City Shibuya-Ward Koutou-Ward Chigasaki-City Kawasaki-City Yokohama-City（２）
Numazu-City
Morioka-City
Hanamaki-CityYamagata-City
Sendai-city
Ishinomaki-City
Fukushima-City
Aizuwakamatsu-City
Koriyama-City
Naha-City
* The are designated in all 47 prefectures of Japan.
* the value in ( ) is a the number of model districts in the same city, town or village.
Tokushima-City（２）
Kitakyusyu-City（２）
Okayama-City（２）
Source: MLITT document
Sidewalk shared with Pedestrians
Bicycle Lane
Cycle Track
Sidewalk with marking or sign for bikes
Sidewalk without marking or sign for bikes
Source) Nagano City
Trend of Policies for bicycle traffic
Nov. 2006 Recommendations for Promotion to Cycling Safety(MLITT)
Oct. 2007 Guidebook of Environment for Bicycle Usage (MLITT)2008 Pilot Program for 98 Districts
Jul. 2009 Amendment of the Road Traffic ActOct. 2011 Circular Notice (NPA)Apr. 2012 Recommendations for Development of Safe and
Comfortable Bicycle Facilities Network (NPA and MLITT)
Nov. 2012 Guideline for Development of Safe and Comfortable Bicycle Facilities Network (NPA and MLITT)
Jun. 2013 Amendment of the Road Traffic Act
Guideline for Development of Safe and Comfortable Bicycle Facilities Network
Procedure of Developing Bicycle Network Plan
Guideline for Development of Safe and Comfortable Bicycle Facilities Network
connecting the landmarks the accident often occurs recommended for bicycle riders forecasted to be used by bike users
bicycle facilities were already developed connect the above roads
Guideline for Development of Safe and Comfortable Bicycle Facilities Network
Miyazaki City
(Two-ways cycle track)Sidewalk shared with pedestrians
Not recommended…
Typical Dangerous Occasion on Cycling in JapanCross Traffic Intersection Accident
intersection72.7%
Cross Traffic Intersection
accidents38.3%location and type
ofbicycle accident1)
non-signalized 47.5%
non-intersection
25%
others2%
Building
Sidewalk
Bicycle and Car is coming into the intersection from different directions
Typical Dangerous Occasion on Cycling in JapanCross Traffic Intersection Accident
main road
sidewalk
building
Car drivers look at the right side when coming into the intersection to merge the main traffic stream.
↓↓↓↓↓Car drivers cannot recognize bicycle riders who is coming into the intersection from left side of car drivers.
Bicycle riders have priority to pass through on the intersection.
↓↓↓↓↓Bicycle riders keep constant speed and do not care about car driver’s coming up into the intersection
Experimental DataCar Driver’s Stopping Behavior and Visual Approach to the intersection
Bicycle is coming fromLEFT side of drivers
Stopped at stop line?Yes No
Collisionwith Bicycle?
Yes 2 1No 0 1
Bicycle is coming fromRIGHT side of drivers
Stopped at stop line?Yes No
Collisionwith Bicycle?
Yes 0 1No 1 2
Table. relationship between accidents with bicycles and car driver’s stopping behavior
Sight limitation of car drivers due to the existence of buildings
Car drivers positionfrom the intersection(m)
View point angle from the travelling direction(+deg: Right)
Past Now Future
・past fragmentary bicycle facilities
・Long time to be fully constructed
What is the main issues for Japanese bicycle network planning in the future?
“Continuous” efforts are necessaryfor bicycle network
For Continuous Bicycle NetworkPavement Marking for Cycling
Tokyo Paris
For Continuous Bicycle NetworkBus & Bicycle Shared Lane
Paris
For Safe and Comfort Bicycle NetworkCycling Simulator for Safety analysis
• “Network” is needed to improve the safety or comfort in cycling
• Just started to develop bicycle network in Japan
• To promote cycling on roadways, the changes in attitudes is needed.
• To ensure the safety and comfort in daily traffic situations, we are doing analysis with our motivated Cycling Simulator
Conclusions
