2014. 4. 1.hosting03.snu.ac.kr/~korean/old/data/grammar/0401.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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2014. 4. 1.
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(final ending)
: -, -, : -(), -, - : -, -(), -() : -, -, -() : -(), -(), -() : -, -
: -, -() : -(), -() : -, -, -, -
: -(), - (): -(), -() : -
(prefinal ending) : -()- (tense-aspect-modality, TAM) : --, --, --
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(morpho-phonemics)
(morpheme) (alternation) . : ( )
. (variant) . (allomorph) .
: -, -, -, --, --, -()
: -/, -/-, -/ .
: -- -(), -()(), -(), -(), -(), -(), -(), -()-
3 : , , :
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: (), (), () + + +
: (), (), (), + + +
: (), (), (), () + + +
: (), , (), () + + +
: (), , () + + +
: , , , + + ?
: (), (), () (+) (+) > (+) > (+)
: (), (), (), (+) (+) (+)
: (), (), (), () (+) (+) (+)
: (), , (), () (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+)
: (), , () (+)/(+) (+) (+)
: , , , /(+) /(+) (+)
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, (communicative intention) .
, , , , (offer), , , , .
etic . etic .
etic emic .
--
.
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(speech act type)
(sentence type) ( ) . . (declarative sentence) (interrogative sentence) (imperative sentence) (exclamative sentence): .
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(declarative sentence) - (statement) (interrogative sentence) - (question)[ ] (imperative sentence) - (command), (request)[
] (suggestive sentence) - (proposal)[ ] (promisive sentence) - (promise) (exclamative sentence) - (exclamation)
11 .
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. , , , , offer, -
(face-threatening)
(preparatory condition), (sincerity condition) :
: :
( ) ? ?
( ) /.
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H A
1.H A . S H A .2.H A S H .
S H A .
H A .
S H . H S .
p 1.S p ( ) .2.H p S H . S p .
p .
.
1.S . , ( ) .2.H S H .
S .
H .
S , H S .
H AA S , S A S .
S A .
.
.
H A
1.S A H .2.H A S H .
S A H .
A H .
. .
, E
1.S E E H .2. E S H .
S E H .
E H .
. .
S H ( ). S H .
H , E
E H , S E H .
S E .
E .
.
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(intonation)
yes-no , ( ) .
, ,
(particle) ( ): ,
() :
, ,
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yes-no
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. / .
/ / ,, ,,
() (), / / ,, ,,
, (), ,, ,,
() ,, ,,
() () () ()
, ,
-
()
? () . .
- . - . - . , - .
-
- . -(), -(), -; -; -(); -, -, -
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2/. 3
3 . Let him/her ~.
1 . Let me ~. , , : V-sasete kudasai
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. (inter-subjective)
.
. .
(mirativity) .
. .
.
-
/ , .
-, -() .
-, - : , -, -() : ,
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, ( )
etic
() Dont V - - V-u na -V
( ) V - V-e V
( )
Lets V- V-
V-
1 ( )
Let me V V
I will V --
V-u V
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5 etic
1
1
- - - - --()-()-()-()
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(polarity) 4 etic .
4 4 3 2 .
-
etic
4 2 3
,
da yea
yes
, ; hai oui ja j igen ja
ba da yes()
iie
si jo j de doch
nu nay
no non nej nei nem nein
ba nu no
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4 etic .
da nu , ba .
4 etic yes no 2 .
(agreement) (disagreement) 2.
2 .
3 , .
.
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da ba da
nu ba nu
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oui si
non
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. : , ? (clause) / , .
.
-() -() , , .
, (+) . [+] .
-(), -, -
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( ) (temporal relation)
/ (sequential): after (simultaneous): while (counter-sequential): before
(causal relation) (cause): because (reason): because (purpose): in order to/that
(logical relation) (conjunction): and (disjunction): or (contrast): whereas (condition): if (concession): although, though (concessive conditional): even if
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(exact simultaneity)
-1. (punctual simultaneity) : .
-2. (co-extensiveness, concurrency) : . : .
(partial overlap) : .
(proper inclusion) -1.
: . : .
-2. : .
-
-
, , .
. co-extensiveness .
. , .
. . . .
. - . . . .
. .
.
.
. .
, . . . () . . () ()
/: . . .
. .
.
.
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Figure/Ground domain Figure/Ground
Figure: . . Ground: /. Figure . . / ?? .
domain Figure/Ground (Figure) Ground
. , .
while Ground . John sings while he drives. / *John drives while he sings. John sings while driving. / *John drives while singing. He dreamt while he slept. / *He slept while he dreamt. Quirk et als. (1985: 1083): While and the less frequent whilst require that their
clause must be durative, but the matrix clause need not be. They arrived while I was sunbathing. He cut himself while shaving.
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- Figure/Ground - Ground Figure .
. / . . / .
- - , - , . . * .
- - - , . . * .
Ground / , Figure / . , Ground , Figure .
[ ] . [ ] .
- Figure .
TV . / TV .
-
Ground .
A,B
Figure Ground .
-(nagara) -
: / . * , - Figure , Ground
. .
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Lyons entity , , first-order entity
, extension . , .
second-order entity / (state-of-affairs)/. extension extension .
third-order entity (hold) (proposition). , extension . , , .
(cause): second-order entity A () B () /.
(reason): third-order entity X A() B /B .
- [], - [] .
-
, , ,
/ . . / . .
. , .
. [ ] , [] [ ]
. . /// .
+ . . // .
-
: , , .
-, -, but // /* . [] ///* . [] John is a student whereas/but Mary is a housewife. [] It rained yesterday, but/*whereas they went to picnic. []
. -, - ( ) //??/??
. [] ( ) //
/?? . [ ] (
) [] (
) [ ] also/and particle .
even if, - if : []-[ ]
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/(supposition)
, , .
. Suppose that there is another earth in addition to the real earth. ~ .
(condition) , ,
. , . () + () : ~ ~ ; if ~ then ~ ; /~ ~
-
() . .
~ , ~
() , . + , .
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(non-factual)
. (counter-factual).
, . .
: if + : , : ( )
-
:
If I were a bird, I could fly to you. :
If I had been there, I could have helped you.
. .
( ) /, . ( ) /, .
, . : : ,
.
-
: -, - : -, -
-, - -- .
-- . -, -
- . -, -
-
: ()
-
: ()
-
, [] [] .
Traugott and Knig 1991: 199-203 while, -(), -nagara .
. . . .
-
-
[] [] . , . ,
.
.
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(purpose clause) .
so that
,
: , .
: (benefactive) (purpose marker) .
: - , - : no tame-ni, ~suru tame-ni
-
.
: - : +ni + .
. + , , . : be going to : aller + ()
4 9 yes-no () , ( ) 5 etic ( ) - Figure/Ground - Figure/Ground Lyons entity , , , , , : , , : () : () , - (purpose clause)