AP TEST REVIEW2013

EXPLORATION COLUMBUS- COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE AMERIGO VESPUCCI CORTES / AZTEC - PIZZARO / INCA CORANADO / PONCE DE LEON FRENCH FUR TRADE- NEW FRANCE- CARTIER / CHAMPLAIN

BLACK LEGEND TREATY DE TORDESILLAS

COLONIZATION Jamestown= 1607 Captain John Smith / John Rolfe / Powhatan Pocahontas / “starving time” / Tobacco- cash crop 1619- House of Burgesses 1619- 1st Africans arrive Labor- indentured servants- headright

system Religion –Anglican Government- elected legislatures- county

govts.

NEW ENGLAND Pilgrims- 1620- Separatists- Plymouth

Colony Mayflower- Mayflower Compact-

framework for government Religious freedom- Squanto- help from

Massasoit- 1st Thanksgiving COVENANT COMMUNITY

MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY PURITANS- PART OF GREAT MIGRATION

FROM 1630-1640 JOHN WINTHROP- “WE SHALL BE AS A CITY

UPON A HILL…” RELIGIOUS FREEDOM– CHARTER FROM KING THEOCRACY- TOWN MEETINGS- CHURCH

MEMBERS “VISIBLE SAINTS”- CONVERSION- PREDESTINATION- GOD KNOWS DISSENTERS- ROGER WILLIAMS/ ANNE

HUTCHINSON ANTINOMIANISM

MORE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES Roger Williams starts Rhode Island- complete

religious freedom- treats Native Americans well.

Thomas Hooker- Connecticut- first constitution type of document- FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT

MASSACHUSETTS/ NEW HAMPSHIRE / CONNECTICUT / RHODE ISLAND

ECONOMY- SHIPBUILDING/ FISHING / SUBSISTENCE FARMS

RELIGION- COGREGATIONAL GOVT- TOWN MEETINGS- DIRECT DEMOCRACY

MIDDLE COLONIES NEW YORK / NEW JERSEY /

PENNSYLVANIA / DELAWARE

PENNSYLVANIA- PROPRIETOR- LAND GRANT- WILLIAM PENN- HAVEN FOR QUAKERS

ADVERTISED IN EUROPE- VERY DIVERSE- RELIGIOUS FREEDOM- FAIR TREATMENT

OF NATIVE AMERICANS “CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE”

NEW YORK- ORIGINALLY SETTLED BY DUTCH- NEW NETHERLANDS / NEW AMSTERDAM

PATROONSHIP- DUTCH LAND GRANTS COLONY TAKEN OVER BY BRITISH- SET

UP AS PROPRIETORSHIP FOR DUKE OF YORK.

VERY DIVERSE-GREAT HARBOR-

MIDDLE COLONIES LARGER FARMS FEW SLAVES MERCHANTS AND ARTISANS IN CITIES LARGE LANDOWNERS HAVE POWER TOWN MEETINGS AND LEGISLATIVE

ASSEMBLIES RELIGION- TOLERATION---DIFFERENT

CHURCHES

RELATIONS WITH NATIVE AMERICANS SOUTH- ANGLO-POWHATAN WARS

1610/1622/ 1644 OPECANCANOUGH

NEW ENGLAND- PEQUOT WAR KING PHILIPS WAR

(METACOM)

FRONTIER V. COASTAL AREA VIRGINIA- BACON’S REBELLION- LED TO

INCREASE IN SLAVERY

PENNSYLVANIA- PAXTON BOYS- HEADED OFF BY BEN FRANKLIN

CAROLINAS- REGULATOR MOVEMENT- VIOLENT-

POWER AND MONEY IN EASTERN COLONIAL REGIONS

ALL COLONIES BECAME ROYAL COLONIES- WITH ROYAL GOVERNOR- SALARY PAID BY COLONIES

MARYLAND- ACT OF TOLERATION- RELIGIOUS FREEDOM FOR ALL CHRISTIANS- 1649

Halfway covenant- open up membership to non- converted members

NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION- WORK TOGETHER

DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND- SIR EDMUND ANDROS- ENDED BY GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

JOHN PETER ZENGER- TRIAL FOR LIBEL FOUND INNOCENT BECAUSE WHAT HE

SAID WAS TRUE ESTABLISHED FREEDOM OF THE PRESS

GREAT AWAKENING Series of religious revivals in mid-1700s Jonathan Edwards- “Sinner in the hands

of an angry god” George Whitefield- on frontier First mass social movement Challenges church authority- “old lights” “new lights” start new churches/

colleges Baptists and Methodists gain members

TRIANGLE TRADE Slaves from Africa to New World- MIDDLE

PASSAGE

400,000 come to British colonies 90% in South

MERCANTILISM- colonies exist for the benefit of the Mother Country- gold coming in- not going out.

NAVIGATION ACTS-1651- never fully enforced (SLALUTARY NEGLECT) until after French and Indian War-

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR DISPUTED TERRITORY IN OHIO VALLEY WASHINGTON TANGLES WITH FRENCH

AT FORT NECESSITY 7 YEARS WAR STARTS IN AMERICA- BOTH SIDES SEND

REAL TROOPS ALBANY CONGRESS- ALBANY,N.Y. TRY

TO KEEP IROQUOIS LOYAL TO BRITISH “JOIN OR DIE” – COLONIES DON’T

REALLY ACCEPT PLAN FOR SELF-DEFENSE

BRITISH LOSE FOR FIRST TWO YEARS BRADDOCK’S DEFEAT AT DUQUESNE BRITISH LOOK DOWN ON AMERICAN

MILITIA WILLIAM PITT BECOMES PRIME

MINISTER- “ORGANIZER OF VICTORY”- REPAIRS RELATIONSHIP WITH COLONIAL LEADERS

PUTS YOUNGER GENERALS IN CHARGE CONCENTRATE ATTACKS ON NEW

FRANCE

BATTLE OF QUEBEC JAMES WOLFE V. MARQUIS DE

MONTCALM DARING CLIMB UP THE CLIFFS LEADS TO

BATTLE ON THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM BOTH GENERALS DIE FRENCH LOSE QUEBEC AND THEN

MONTREAL FRENCH LOSE THE WAR- GIVE UP ALL

CLAIM TO NORTH AMERICA BRITISH ARE IN TERRIBLE DEBT

BECAUSE OF WAR.

PONTIAC’S REBELLION 1763- INDIANS FACED WITH ONLY THE

BRITISH ATTACK DETROIT AND OTHER PLACES- AFRAID THE COLONISTS WILL OVER RUN THEIR LAND.

BRITISH SEND TROOPS TO FIGHT PONTIAC

PROCLAMATION OF 1763- COLONISTS CAN NOT GO OVER THE MOUNTAINS

COLONISTS ARE ANGRY AND DO NOT COMPLY.

PRE-REVOLUTION George Grenville- Prime Minister of Britain Sugar Act-----indirect tax-----duty charged at

port Quartering Act- soldiers in home Stamp Act- 1st direct tax- Stamp Act Congress Non-importation- boycott of British goods Sons of Liberty—Daughters of Liberty Declaratory Act-Parliament can pass any laws Charles Townshend- Townshend Acts- indirect Writs of Assistance---fought by James Otis

Patrick Henry- no taxation without… Britain’s answer- “virtual representation” Boston Massacre- Crispus Attucks killed-

John Adams defended the soldiers. Paul Revere etching- propaganda Sam Adams- Massachusetts Circular

Letter leads to Committees of Correspondence

Gaspee Affair- British ship burned

Boston Tea Party---British East India Company monopoly on tea.

British punishment- Coercive Acts- Intolerable Acts

(Port Bill / Government Bill / Justice Bill) Quebec Act- applies to Canada- upsets

colonies First Continental Congress- The Association-

complete boycott on incoming and outgoing goods.

Lexington and Concord –April 1775 Olive Branch Petition

REVOLUTION Second Continental Congress appoints

G. Washington to lead army. Western NY- Ticonderoga captured by

Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold Bunker Hill---Breeds Hill- no ammo General Gage- British- General Howe –

British Thomas Paine- Common Sense Richard Henry Lee of Va. Introduces

independence resolution

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE Thomas Jefferson- uses ideas from Locke and

Montesquieu Natural rights- Battle of Long Island Washington re-crosses the Delaware- attacks

Trenton—Princeton- captures the Hessians- mercenaries

Saratoga- victory for Americans – General Gates

French convinced of possibility of winning- turning point of war

Gentleman Johnny Burgoyne- defeated

Valley Forge- winter- Baron von Steuben- harsh winter

American-George Rogers Clark- battles in Illinois

American-Nathaneal Greene- southern campaign

Lord Cornwallis- British commander surrenders at Yorktown with help of Admiral de Grasse –Navy

Rochambeau- French troops Marquis de Lafayette- rich nobleman- Ben Franklin- emissary to France

John Paul Jones- fledgling American Navy

Privateers- preyed on British commercial shipping

Benedict Arnold- traitor – tried to sell plans to Fort West Point to British

Treaty of Paris- British give up land to Mississippi- north to Canada- South to Florida

(British turn Florida over to Spain)

NEW COUNTRY Articles of Confederation- weak central

government- no taxation/ no control of commerce

*successes were the Land Act of 1785 (checkerboard)and the Northwest Ordinance (political system for bringing new states in)

SHAYS REBELLION- MOBOCRACY! Annapolis meeting- calls for bigger

convention in Philadelphia Philadelphia Convention- G. Washington is

chairman

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION James Madison – Father of Constitution- “bundle of compromises” Representation- Virginia Plan- based on

population New Jersey Plan- equal

representation Great Compromise- 2

houses- Senate –equal House of Representatives- by population

3/5ths compromise- how to count slaves Slave importation will end in 20 years

3 branches---equal electoral college- defense against the uneducated masses voting

Federalists- supported= Madison/ Washington/Jay

Anti-federalists- supporters of states rights- fear of Constitution- demand a bill of rights

Ratification in New York- FEDERALIST PAPERS- written by Madison / Hamilton / Jay- anonymous – excellent explanation of constitution

#10- Madison- no factions will gain power

BILL OF RIGHTS Written by Madison 1-8- rights of people/ freedoms/ rights of

accused He took ideas from George Mason’s Virginia

Declaration of Rights and Jefferson’s Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom – no government sanctioned or tax supported churches.

9- rights of the people are more than just those enumerated

10- what ever power not given to federal government- or prohibited- go to states or people

FEDERALIST PERIOD Washington – president Adams- VP Hamilton- Sec of Treasury Jefferson- Sec. of State Judiciary Act of 1789- sets up federal

court system

HAMILTON’S FISCAL PLAN Funding at Par- pay back all debts at par

w/ interest Assumption- fed. Govt. will pay state

debts from Revolution Must bribe Va. with the capital at D.C. Bank of U.S. Jefferson opposes –he takes strict

constructionist view of Constitution Hamilton uses “necessary and proper”

clause to justify-Article 1 sec. 8- loose interpretation (implied powers)

DURING WASHINGTON’S ADMINISTRATION French Revolution- Federalists

appalled---Democratic Republicans (Jefferson’s followers) support

War between France and Britain- Washington declares neutrality

Citizen Edmund Genet tries to garner support in US for France- Washington stops him

American support for France or Britain divides along party lines (Federalists support Britain- money ties)

Anti- Feds- France

TREATIES Jay’s Treaty with Britain is repeat of

what was said at end of war- and not fulfilled

Democratic Republicans treat Jay like a traitor.

Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain hailed as success- letting US use Mississippi River.

Washington’s farewell address- warns against entangling alliances and political parties.

WHISKEY REBELLION Western Pennsylvania- won’t pay excise

tax Washington leads army to put down

revolt Excessive use of power?

ELECTION OF 1796 Decided in House of Representatives

because of no majority in Electoral College.

John Adams wins- Federalist Problems with France- representatives to

see Talleyrand meet XYZ- refuse to pay! Quasi War with France in Caribbean Adams builds up army and navy- but

then agrees to send representative to see Talleyrand. End up meeting with Napoleon.

Convention of 188- ends Franco American Alliance of 1778.

ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS Passed under Adams- designed to

benefit the Federalist Party. Raises from 5-14 years the time needed to become citizen.

In response- Jefferson and Madison write the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.

States should ignore a law that is wrong. Resolutions promote COMPACT THEORY-

country is made up of states that willingly joined together- and can reject bad laws or leave

COMPACT / CONTRACT Resolutions promote COMPACT THEORY-

country is made up of states that willingly joined together- and can reject bad laws or leave.

COMPACT THEORY- the people- not the states created the Union- federal law and government is supreme

States support compact theory- and will be settled in case Marbury v. Madison.

ELECTION OF 1800 Adams versus Jefferson Dirty campaign “peaceful transfer of power” “we are all federalists, we are all

republicans”- Jefferson Kept many Federalist policies like tariff

and bank Jefferson fought against the “Midnight

judges” appointed in Adams last days. Marbury v. Madison- judicial review

JEFFERSON Tried to impeach justice Samuel Chase-

failed Sent troops to fight the Pasha of Tripoli-

pirate in North Africa Sent Monroe and Livingston to buy New

Orleans for 10 million dollars- bought all of Louisiana for 15 million.

Toussaint L’Overture- Santo Domingo- becomes Haiti

Jefferson must use loose construction to justify.

PROBLEMS WITH BRITAIN/FRANCE Orders in Council- British- all American

ships must stop in British ports Milan Decrees- France will consider any

ship heading to Britain fair game to sink British IMPRESSMENT- man-stealing

continued CHESAPEAKE AFFAIR- off the coast of

Virginia- nearly sunk by the Leopold- a British ship

Jefferson’s reaction? EMBARGO 0f 1807 New England hates it

MADISON Non-Intercourse Act will be replaced by

Macon’s Bill #2 War- against Britain War of 1812- Great Lakes- Battle of Lake Erie- Oliver

Hazard Perry- “We have met the enemy, and they are ours.”

D.C. is burned- Key writes the “Star Spangled Banner” during battle of Fort McHenry.

NEW ENGLAND REBELS Hartford Convention Semi-treason- list of demands TREATY of GHENT ends the war Two weeks later- BATTLE of NEW

ORLEANS Andrew Jackson becomes a hero Hartford Convention reps. Show up in

D.C. at the same time as news of victory.

SPELLS death for Federalist Party

NATIONALISM War led to new nationalism Literature: James Fenimore Cooper/

Washington Irving Tariff of 1816- 1st protective tariff Second Bank of US Henry Clay- the American System

JAMES MONROE Era of Good Feelings Goodwill tour of country Federalist Party dead- only Democratic

Republicans Panic of 1819 Cumberland Road/ National Road Erie Canal- Clinton’s Big Ditch Missouri Compromise- 1820- Maine =free

Missouri = slave…no slavery above the 36◦30’

Tallmadge Amendment= gradual emancipation--rejected

JOHN MARSHALL CASES Marbury v. Madison =judicial review McCulloch v. Maryland= states can not

tax something owned by federal government (bank)

Cohens v. Virginia= lottery tickets Gibbons v. Ogden= Congress controls

interstate trade Flethcher v. Peck Dartmouth College v. Woodard All strengthened powers of federal govt.

Treaty of 1818- joint occupation of Oregon

Florida Purchase 1819- Adams Onis Treaty

MONROE DOCTRINE- 1823 Foreign policy- telling rest of the world

to leave our hemisphere alone/ no new colonies / no monarchs

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS Disputed election 1824- decided in House- claims of

“corrupt bargain” when Clay made Sec. of State

Ineffective 4 years Tariff of Abominations- 1828 – angers

the South- but passed to make Adams look bad

AGE OF JACKSON Andrew Jackson- “hero of the common

man” Kitchen cabinet- advisors Eaton Affair- Peggy Eaton- Maysville Road veto- in favor of states

rights Tariff of 1830- South angered John C. Calhoun- South Carolina

Exposition Nullification crisis- South Carolina-

Jackson threatens force- Force Act Compromise Tariff of 1833 Webster-Hayne Debate-

JACKSON CONT’D Anti-Masonic Party- 1st third party Denmark Vesey- slave revolt- harsh

reprisals Spoils system increased- Jackson

advocates “rotation in office” Bank war- Nicholas Biddle- president Jackson kills the bank- divides money in

“pet banks” Will lead eventually to Panic of 1837 Specie Circular- must pay hard cash for

land

INDIANS REMOVED TO OKLAHOMA 1830- Indian Removal Act Will lead to Trail of Tears- Cherokee Sequoyah- Cherokee alphabet

(assimilation) Osceola leads the Seminole War in

Florida Cherokee Nation v. Georgia- John

Marshall Black Hawk War-in north

Texas Revolt- Steven Austin/ Sam Houston

The Alamo- all died / San Jacinto-victory Texas becomes Lone Star Republic- 9

years

MARTIN VAN BUREN Inherits a bad economy Panic of 1837 Divorce Bill Sets up the independent treasury

WHIG PARTY FORMS Against “King Andrew” Election of 1840 Tippecanoe and Tyler Too Hoopla= Log Cabin and Hard Cider

campaign Harrison wins Longest inauguration speech and short

4 week term- Harrison dies and John Tyler takes over. (Democrat in Whig’s clothing)

NATIONALISM AND EXPANSION Factories begin- Samuel Slater Lowell Mills- hires farm girls Cyrus McCormick- McCormick Reaper Eli Whitney- cotton gin Robert Fulton- steamboat- The Clermont Samuel Morse- telegraph

Pony express- replaced by telegraph Clipper ships- replaced by steam ships

IMMIGRATION Famine Irish- potato famine- 1840s Molly Maguires- Irish Union Ancient Order of Hibernians- self help Tammany Hall- city “machine” in NYC- Irish

enter police/fire departments Irish become politically active- a voting

block NATIVISM- disliked immigrants taking jobs “know nothings”- American Party of nativists

German immigrants- go farther west- buy farms- tight knit communities

REFORMERS Spawned by the 2nd Great Awakening-

Charles Grandison Finney/ Peter Cartwright

Dorothea Dix- prison/insane asylums Neal Dow- Maine- anti-alcohol Horace Mann- Massachusetts- education Noah Webster- standardized language Robert Owen- New Harmony Brook farm- intellectuals Oneida-free love Shakers- Mother Ann Lee

MORMONS Joseph Smith- founder killed at

Carthage. Illinois Brigham Young leads Mormons to Utah Polygamy is problem

American Temperance Society- anti-alcohol

WOMEN Republican Motherhood- after

Revolution Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia

Mott organize Seneca Falls Convention in 1848

Declaration of Sentiments Cult of Domesticity will emerge mid-

century- women’s role is in the home to create safe and comfortable place- moral upbringing of children

Women will be involved in abolitionist movement- but not allowed to have leadership role

LITERATURE/ ART Henry Wadsworth Longfellow-

Hiawatha/Midnight Ride of Paul Revere Knickerbocker group- Cooper/

Irving/Bryant Walt Whitman- “Leaves of Grass” TRANCENDENTALISTS- Emerson/Thoreau Art- Hudson River School- landscapes of

American scenes Audubon- birds Science- Louis Agassiz

ABOLITIONISTS- AGAINST THE PECULIAR INSTITUTION American Colonization Society – send

back to Africa- (Liberia- Monrovia) William Lloyd Garrison- The Liberator Harriet Beecher Stowe- “Uncle Tom’s

Cabin” Frederick Douglas – leading black

abolitionists Elijah P. Lovejoy- killed by mob Liberty Party Free Soil Party Gag resolution

TYLER Vetoed a new bank- twice Kicked out of party Aroostook War- Lumberjack War Webster-Ashburton Treaty (Rush Bagot Treaty had previously

disarmed the ships on the Great Lakes)

Polk – dark horse- expansionist 54°40’ or Fight- Oregon All of Texas!

POLK AND EXPANSION Wanted California- Mexico wouldn’t sell

to James Slidell Zachary Taylor sent to Texas- to “no

man’s land”- to start fight Taylor- hero of Buena Vista Stephen Kearney- Santa Fe John C. Fremont- California- Bear Flag

revolt Winfield Scott- Mexico City Lincoln – “spot resolutions” Nicholas Trist- Treaty of Guadalupe

Hidalgo

PRE-CIVIL WAR California gold rush> wants to enter as

a free state> Compromise of 1850> by Henry Clay

Kansas-Nebraska Act- Stephen A. Douglas- the Little Giant- uses popular sovereignty in these two new territories> leads to BLEEDING KANSAS

Republican Party is born Lecompton Constitution- rejected

because of Douglas Caning of Sumner

Dred Scott case- Court rules that Congress should have never tried to limit slavery- (right to private property)

Lincoln Douglas debates- makes Lincoln a national Republican figure.

Douglas’s FREEPORT DOCTRINE- would mean slavery would not happen if people did not support it.

John Brown- Harper’s Ferry- executed as a martyr- South is angered.

ELECTION OF 1860 Lincoln- Republican candidate- not on

Southern ballot Douglas- Northern Democrats Bell- Constitutional Union Breckenridge-Southern Democrats Lincoln wins- Southern States secede

within months

Crittenden Compromise- rejected by Lincoln