©2012 prentice hall business publishing, auditing 14/e, arens/elder/beasley 1 - 1 the demand for...

©2012 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, ©2012 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 14/e,Auditing 14/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Arens/Elder/Beasley 1 - 1 - 11

The Demand for Audit and The Demand for Audit and Other Assurance ServicesOther Assurance Services

Chapter 1Chapter 1


Adelphia

Enron

Tyco

WorldCom

Sarbanes-Oxley ActSarbanes-Oxley Act

The Act established the Public CompanyAccounting Oversight Board.

It also requires auditors to report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting.


Learning Objective 1Learning Objective 1

Describe auditing.Describe auditing.


Nature of AuditingNature of Auditing

Auditing : proses pengumpulan dan pengevaluasian Bahan bukti mengenai informasi-informasi untuk menentukan

kesesuaian informasi yang diaudit dengan kriteria-kriteria yang ditetapkan.

Auditing should be done by a competent,independent person.


Information and Established Information and Established CriteriaCriteria

To do an audit, there must be information (bahan bukti) in a verifiable form

( dapat diverifikasi) and some standards (criteria) by which the auditor can evaluate the information

(sebagai pegangan dalam melakukan evaluasi audit)

IASBFASBIFRS

Criteria


Accumulating Evidence and Accumulating Evidence and Evaluating Evidence Evaluating Evidence

Evidence is any information used by the auditorto determine whether the information beingaudited is stated in accordance with theestablished criteria.

Client inquiry

Written andelectronic

Communications with outsiders

Observations

Transaction data


Competent, Independent Competent, Independent PersonPerson

Judgment and Experience

Evaluation of Evidence

Competence

Proper Conclusion

Independence


To the Board of Directors and Stockholders ofABC Corporation and SubsidiariesAnywhere, USAWe have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of ABC Corporation and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, and the related consolidated statements of income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2010. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15. These financial statements and financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial statements and financial statement schedule based on our audits.We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of ABC Corporation and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2010, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, such financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010, based on the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 28, 2011, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.INTERNATIONAL CPA FIRM LLPAnywhere, USAFebruary 28, 2011

The final step communicates the findings to users.

Audit ReportAudit Report


Audit of a Tax Return Audit of a Tax Return ExampleExample

Auditor Pajak

Memeriksa bukti-bukti pendukung

SPT yang diarsip oleh Pembayar

Pajak

Peraturan pajakDan interpretasinya

Laporan jika ada kekeliruan/

penyimpangan

Audit atas Surat Pemberitahuan Pajak



Distinguish between auditingDistinguish between auditing

and accounting.and accounting.


Perbedaan Akuntansi dan Perbedaan Akuntansi dan AuditingAuditing

Accounting is the recording, classifying,and summarizing of economic events (kejadian / transaksi ekonomi)for the purpose of providing financialinformation used in decision making.

Auditing menentukan apakah informasi yang tercatat telah mencerminkan dengan benar kejadian ekonomi pada periode akuntansinya.



Explain the importance of auditingExplain the importance of auditing

in reducing information risk.in reducing information risk.


Aspek ekonomi dari auditingAspek ekonomi dari auditing

Demand Driver Information risk

Pengurangan risiko informasi merupakan alasan ekonomi utama yang

melatarbelakangi kebutuhan auditing.

What is meant by “Information risk”?



List the causes of information risk, and List the causes of information risk, and explain how this risk may be explain how this risk may be

reduced.reduced.


Causes of Information RiskCauses of Information Risk Tidak diperolehnya informasi secara langsung dari mitra usaha

Sikap memihak dan motif lain yang melatarbelakangi pemberian informasi

Data yang berlebihan akibat dari bertambahnya transaksi dalam perusahaan, memperbesar kemungkinan tercatatnya informasi yang tidak tepat di dalam pembukuan

Transaksi pertukaran yang komplek : pencatatan hasil operasi dari beberapa anak perusahaan yang bergerak dalam bidang yang berlainan


Reducing Information RiskReducing Information Risk

User verifies information

User shares information risk with management

Audited financial statements are provided


Relationships Among Relationships Among Auditors, Client, and Auditors, Client, and

External UsersExternal Users

Auditor

ClientExternalUsers

Client or auditcommittee hires

auditor

Auditor issuesreport relied

upon by users to reduce information risk

Provides capital

Client provides financial statements to users



Describe assurance services and Describe assurance services and distinguish audit services from other distinguish audit services from other assurance and non-assurance assurance and non-assurance services provided by CPAs.services provided by CPAs.


Assurance ServicesAssurance Services

An independent professional service

Can be performed by CPAs or by a variety of other professionals


Attestation ServicesAttestation Services

A type of assurance service

CPA reports on the reliability of an assertion

That is the responsibility of another party.


Attestation ServicesAttestation Services

Historical Financial

Statements

1. Audit 3. Review3. Review

2. Internal Control over

Financial Reporting

4. Information 4. Information TechnologyTechnology

5. Other


Attestation Services on Attestation Services on Information TechnologyInformation Technology

WebTrust and SysTrust also meet the criteria of attestation service


Other Assurance ServicesOther Assurance Services

Most of the other assurance services that CPAsprovide do not meet the formal definitionof attestation services.

The CPA is not required to issue a written report.

The assurance does not have to be about thereliability of another party’s assertion aboutcompliance with specified criteria.


Green Initiatives Bring Assurance Opportunities,

Competition

Global interest has triggered a surge in reports.

80% of the Global Fortune 250 released environmental, social, and governance data.

Presented in standalone reports or integrated into annual financial reports.


Other Assurance Services Examples

Assess risks of accumulation, distribution,and storage of digital information…

assessing security risks and relatedcontrols over data and other informationstored electronically, including theadequacy of backup and off-site storage.

including


Other Assurance Services Examples

Compliance with trading policies and procedures

Compliance with entertainment royalty agreements

ISO 900 certification

Environmental audit

©2012 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, ©2012 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 14/e,Auditing 14/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley Arens/Elder/Beasley

Assurance, Attestation, and Nonassurance Services



Differentiate the three main types of Differentiate the three main types of audits.audits.


Types of AuditsTypes of Audits

Operational

Compliance

Financial Statement


Operational AuditOperational Audit

ExampleEvaluate computerized payroll systemfor efficiency and effectiveness

InformationNumber of records processed, costs ofthe department, and number of errors

EstablishedCriteria

Company standards for efficiency andeffectiveness in payroll department

AvailableEvidence

Error reports, payroll records, andpayroll processing costs


Compliance AuditCompliance Audit

ExampleDetermine whether bank requirementsfor loan continuation have been met

Information Company records

EstablishedCriteria

Loan agreement provisions

AvailableEvidence

Financial statements andcalculations by the auditor


Audit of Historical Financial Audit of Historical Financial StatementsStatements

ExampleAnnual audit of Boeing’s financialstatements

Information Boeing's financial statements

EstablishedCriteria

Generally accepted accountingprinciples

AvailableEvidence

Documents, records, and outsidesources of evidence


XBRL Electronic Data to Improve Financial Reporting

Extensible Business Reporting Language

Enables sorting and comparing of financial data

Public companies required to provide interactivefinancial statement data



Identify the primary types of Identify the primary types of auditors.auditors.


Types of AuditorsTypes of Auditors

Internal auditors

Independent certified public accounting firms

Internal Revenue agents

Governmental general accounting office auditors



Describe the requirementsDescribe the requirements

for becoming a CPA.for becoming a CPA.


Three Requirements forThree Requirements forBecoming a CPABecoming a CPA

Educational requirement

Uniform CPA examination requirement

Experience requirement


CPA Examination SectionsCPA Examination Sections

Auditing and

Attestation

Financial Accounting

And Reporting

Business Environment

and Concepts

Regulation


CBT-e: The CPA Exam Gets a Makeover

New content and skill specification outline revisions.

Exam structure changes and weighting of individual exam components.

Coverage of international auditing and financialreporting standards.


Three Requirements for Becoming a CPA


End of Chapter 1End of Chapter 1

©2012 prentice hall business publishing, auditing 14/e, arens/elder/beasley 1 - 1 the demand for...

Documents

financial statements

evidence evidence

financial statement

financial reporting

standards criteria

established criteria

information bahan bukti

accumulating evidence