2010 thorsten schuetze rhine delta & planning and design with water

10/12/10

1

Principles for planning and design with water

October 12, 2010 1

Rhine Delta -

Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze

Structure of the lecture •  The global situation •  Holland's Struggle Against The Water •  Development of land use •  Urbanization, Infrastructure and Demography •  Climate Conditions and Water Availability •  Water and Water Supply Policy •  Environmental Issues and Challenges •  Planning and design with water

October 12, 2010 2 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze

Introduction - The Global Situation

Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze

10/12/10

2

October 12, 2010 5

Hollands Struggle Against The Water

•  Principle section of the Dutch lowlands with enlarged heights

Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze October 12, 2010 6

Manmade Dutch Lowlands

Bosch (above) – Hooimeijer et al. 2008. More Urban Water, Design and Management of Dutch Water Cities.


Subsiding Soils

October 12, 2010 7

•  Expected Soil Subsidence until 2050 (werkgroep klimaatverandering en bodemdaling 2008)


Coastal Protection

October 12, 2010 8

•  Floods by storm tides and extreme precipitation events, which occurred in the past once in 100 years, will presumably occur more often (every 1 – 2 years)


10/12/10

3

October 12, 2010 9

Natural water management (until ~1000)

•  Acceptance of the existing situation and use of areas which were suitable for urban development, dunes (Den Haag), hills or higher ground (Dokkum, Alkmaar) or riversides (Zaltbommel and Arnhem)

The historical Alkmaar, Burke 1965


Defensive water management (~1000 to ~1500)

•  Passive draining and protection of urban areas by protective measures, like dikes and dams, e.g. Doordrecht, Leiden & Amsterdam

Hooimeijer et al. 2008. More Urban Water, Design and Management of Dutch Water Cities.


October 12, 2010 11

Offensive water management (~1500 to ~1850)

•  Active draining systems for lakes and wetlands and of settlements (Fortified towns and Polder towns).

Hooimeijer

1

2 3

October 12, 2010 12

•  For example extensions of Alkmaar, Leiden and Amsterdam.

Hooimeijer



10/12/10

4

October 12, 2010 13

Haartsen et al. 1989

Dutch drainage areas in Europe



Manipulative water management (from ~1850)

•  Large scale urban expansions with water systems independent from polders, including, e.g. active draining and lowering of the groundwater levels.

•  The Water Project for Rotterdam (1842 & 1854, Rose & Zocher)

Municipal Archive Rotterdam in Hooimeijer et al. 2008


October 12, 2010 15

Schiphol Airport

Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze October 12, 2010 16 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze

10/12/10

5

October 12, 2010 17

Development of Land use

•  Build Up Area •  Industry •  Glass Houses •  Parks/ Recreation •  Farmland •  Forest •  New Nature Areas •  Scrub •  Sand •  Dunes •  Freshwater





October 12, 2010 19







10/12/10

6

October 12, 2010 21





•  Build Up Area (13,6%) •  Industry (2,6%) •  Glass Houses (0,5%) •  Parks/ Recreation (3,4%) •  Farmland (49,4% / arable land:

21.96%, permanent crops: 0.77%) •  Forest (9,8%) •  New Nature Areas (6,4%) •  Scrub (3,6%) •  Sand (0,7%) •  Dunes (0,8%) •  Freshwater (9,2%)


October 12, 2010 23

Agriculture:


Living and Working:


10/12/10

7

October 12, 2010 25

Urbanization Urbanization:

•  urban population: 82% of total population (2008)

•  rate of urbanization: 0.9% annual (2005 - 2010 est.)


Demography


October 12, 2010 27

Demography Development:

•  Population: 16.485.787 inhabitants •  Area: 41.526 km2 •  Density: 397 p./km2 •  2038: the size of the population may have

reached its peak (17.5 million)


Demography


10/12/10

8

October 12, 2010 29

Demography


Climate Conditions and Water Availability •  Averaged monthly rainfall and

precipitation in millimetres (1971 – 2000) over the period of one year in the Netherlands (HL 5 = 15 stations).

•  Precipitation: 754 mm •  Potential Evaporation: 563 mm


October 12, 2010 31

Climate Conditions and Water Availability


Climate Conditions and Water Availability

•  The summer water deficit is in more than 50% of the years exceeding the average value of 122 mm (blue line).

•  In 45% of the years it is up to approx. 280 mm,

•  In 5% of the years it is even exceeding this height. (green line)


10/12/10

9

October 12, 2010 33

Extreme Years

•  1998: 1240 mm •  2003: 613 mm


Extreme Precipitation Events

•  Causing flood events in rivers, cities and polders •  Lack of retention is leading to bottleneck situations in city

drainage and pumping systems as well polders and canals and rivers

Egmond at the Sea in 2006 (157 mm in 25 days instead of 60 mm, source: De Volkskrant) – Ijssel near Deventer, flood, spring 1995


October 12, 2010 35

Climate change – extreme precipitation •  The standard drainage

capacity in the Netherlands is calculated to remove 14 mm rainfall per 24 hours.

•  In September 1998 in some areas 130 mm fell in 24 hours

•  In the following years comparable scenarios occurred in different regions of the country, causing damages in range of several billion Euros in rural and urban areas.

Vlies, 2006


Climate change – extreme precipitation


10/12/10

10

October 12, 2010 37

•  Causing water quality and quantity problems •  Manifold effects on eco– and infrastructure systems

Collapsed dike near Wilnis, Ronde Venen, summer 1995 Rhine, summer 1995

Climate change – low flows and drought


Climate change – low flows and drought

•  The rising sea level and more frequent low river discharges during the summer will allow the salty sea water to flow further inland.

•  The salination of the river water will cause problems for the freshwater supply for drinking and regional agriculture.

•  Especially in case of salination of the Hollandsche IJssel, the Haringvliet and the Spui.

Rijkswaterstaat, 2007


October 12, 2010 39

Climate change – water stress


Water Pollution •  Discharges of sewage (e.g. sewer overflows) and by

agriculture are effecting freshwater bodies and coastal areas •  A visible effect is the increasing growth of algae, even though

protective measures are implemented


10/12/10

11

October 12, 2010 41

Water Pollution


•  Every month, water-related diseases kill more than 250,000 individuals (1 individual every 10 seconds, or 1 plane crash every hour)

•  More than 1.1 billion people worldwide, or one-sixth of the global population, do not have access to safe drinking water, and

•  nearly 2.6 billion lack access to basic sanitation, according to the World Health Organization

Sanitation Crisis


[www2.gtz.de]


10/12/10

12


Flevoland, Lelystad Markermeer and Ijsselmeer


October 12, 2010 47

•  Fixed water levels in cities and polders include flood risks and require:

•  Water discharge during the winter and heavy precipitation events

•  Water supply during dry seasons

Conventional Water Management


Fresh surface water

•  73% of the fresh surface water in the Netherlands originates from the Rhine (approx. 65%) and the Meuse (approx. 8%). The remaining 27% are originating from smaller rivers and from precipitation.

•  The water use is water supply (for drinking water, agriculture, industry and cooling water) as well as for transport (shipping) and recreation.

Middelkoop, 1999


10/12/10

13

October 12, 2010 49

Water Resources & Withdrawal

•  Total renewable water resources: 89.7 cu km (2005)

Total Freshwater withdrawal: •  8.86 cu km/yr •  Domestic: 6% •  Industrial: 60% •  Agricultural: 34% •  per capita: 544 m3/yr (2001)

Middelkoop, 1999


•  Abstracted may only be the amount of total yearly groundwater recharge, which is exceeding the demand of connected ecosystems, like surface water bodies or terrestrial systems (e.g. forests or wetlands)

Groundwater

UNEP, 2004


October 12, 2010 51

Water Import Dependence

•  The ratio between the water footprint of a country's imports and its total water footprint yields.

•  (Beef 1/13500, Soybean 1/2750, Rice 1/1400, Milk 1/790)

Selected Countries, 1997-2001, Chapagain and Hoekstra, Water International, March 2008 / World Water Council


•  The total drinking water produced in the Netherlands origins to approx. 60% from groundwater and 40% of surface water.

•  High population densities and intensive farming practices cause a continuing increase of pollution and potentially hazardous substances in fresh water resources.

•  15 – 20% of the delivery costs for drinking water are often spent for the tracing and treatment of pesticides.

•  Collected river water is purified by sedimentation, aeration and the adding of iron-sulphur (elimination of phosphate), before it is either infiltrated in dunes for artificial groundwater recharge or stored in lakes.

Water and Water Supply Policy


10/12/10

14

53

•  Nature-orientated purification by the “river-dune” or “river-lake” method (100 days holding time)

•  Further treatment in form of: •  softening in a reactor, •  treatment with activated carbon (for the elimination of

pesticides and a better taste) and finally •  sand filtration

Drinking Water from river water

Duinwaterbedrijf Zuid Holland, 2008


The Waterworks, represented in the Association of Dutch Water Companies (VEWIN), are responsible for –  the supply and quality of drinking water –  the management and –  the quality of all pipes up to the home water meter

•  The European legislation is leading for the National Government (creates the legal conditions for the waterworks in form of the ‘Water Supply Act’ and the corresponding ‘Decree on the Water Supply’).

•  The Provincial Government is responsible for the regulation.

Responsibilities


October 12, 2010 55

The Water Boards (District Water Control Boards) together with the department of Public Works and Water Management are responsible for –  the quality and quantity of regional water.

The Water Boards –  control the quality of surface waters –  monitor the physical water levels, –  discharge water if necessary –  physically maintain waterways and canals.

The water boards are organized in the Association of Dutch Water Boards.

Responsibilities


•  The National Water Supply Priority Series determines the distribution of fresh water in state-managed waters around the country in periods of water shortage.

•  It applies to all areas to which the state-managed water can be supplied.

•  The remaining areas are governed by regional priority series, which are generally based on the national series.

•  The series gives different priorities to four categories.

National Water Supply Priority Series


10/12/10

15

October 12, 2010 57

National Water Supply Priority Series


•  The EU WFD provides a framework for the integrated management of groundwater and surface water for the first time at European level.

•  For all surface waters general requirement for ecological protection, and a general minimum chemical standard were introduced, which are defining the two elements "good ecological status” and "good chemical status".

•  A good ecological status is defined in terms of the quality of the biological community, the hydrological characteristics and the chemical characteristics.

Good Ecological & Chemical Status


October 12, 2010 59

•  Set of uses, like essential drinking water supply and flood protection, can adversely affect the status of water.

•  Derogations from the EWFD requirement are provided to achieve good status for these cases, as long as all appropriate mitigation measures are taken.

Competition of ecology and other uses



•  Navigation and power generation is also adversely affecting the status of water, but these activities are open to alternative approaches. Derogations for those cases are subject to the exclusion of alternatives because they

•  are technically impossible, •  are prohibitively expensive, •  produce a worse overall environmental result.

Competition of ecology and other uses



10/12/10

16

October 12, 2010 61

Resource Flows Environmental Issues and Challenges


Environmental Issues and Challenges


October 12, 2010 63

Upward Seepage, Salinization and Salt Water Intrusion

Nord Holland: Nes an de Amstel and Amsterdam (Background)


Resource Flows and Pollution

Highway at Schiphol Airport


10/12/10

17

October 12, 2010 65

Energy and Food Production

Flevoland: Vivijertocht, A6, Ijsselmeerdijk, Windmills & Conventional Power Plant


Biodiversity and Natural Water Balance

Nord Holland: Zaandam, Watering, A8, Reef & Jagerplas


October 12, 2010 67

Biodiversity and Natural Water Balance

Nord Holland: Bovenkerk, Amstelveen, Amsterdamse Bos & De Poel

Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze October 12, 2010 68 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze

10/12/10

18

October 12, 2010 69

Coastal Protection – Dikes and Dunes

•  Building higher dikes? •  Using natural processes including water and wind?

[Flood 1953]



•  Adapted Solutions for different locations

Nieuwe Maas, storm surge barrier

“Strengthening” of coastline with dunes and designated flooding areas


October 12, 2010 71


•  4 scenarios dune expansion & sand motor for the Delftland (reference to the gigantic dune in Arcachon, France)


River flood – dikes and floodplains

•  1995,‘deltaplan’ for the rivers - debate dikes and floodplains •  Finally priority was given to SPACE FOR THE RIVERS.

traditional

Loire model

Mississippi model


10/12/10

19

October 12, 2010 73


•  Particularly “bottleneck” areas ask for by-passes

Arnhem 1830 Arnhem 2000



•  By-passes can be created by “green rivers” or “blue rivers”


October 12, 2010 75


•  Combination with multiple uses, such as residential, nature and recreation can increase public support and economical feasibility.

Ijssel bypass near Kampen



•  Competitions with visionary design proposal stimulate the discussion


10/12/10

20

October 12, 2010 77

Building in deep polders

•  Intensive agriculture and conventional water management contributes to subsiding soils, particularly in low lying polders

•  How to develop low lying polders in future?



•  Development of the Zuidplaspolder according to local basic conditions, including topography, soil quality and seepage

•  Integration of appropriate program for development (land use)


October 12, 2010 79


nature resid

ential

glasshouses

•  Safety through flood protection (from river & the see – barriers in Maasland and Krimpen)

•  Dike collapse can only lead to limited flooding of 1.3m max. (designated flooding area)



•  Water storage against drought, flood and upward seepage


10/12/10

21

October 12, 2010 81

General principles

•  Careful analysis and understanding of the location and the natural and anthropogenic basic conditions (SWOT analysis regarding climate, topography, infrastructures, etc.)

•  Differentiation between outer- and inner dike areas.

•  Multiple use of space and functions for the creation of synergies between different sectors (agriculture, nature, urban, etc.)

•  Consideration of Resource management principles, particularly Integrated Water Resource Management principles EUWFD (water quality and quantity issues)


Schuetze et al. UNEP IETC DTIE & TU DELFT, (2008) Every Drop Counts, Environmental Sound Technologies for water use efficiency in the urban and domestic environment.

Sustainable Water Management

•  Sustainable urban water management is including the different sections of the urban water cycle:

•  water supply & distribution •  water use & saving •  Water reuse and recycling •  water storage and augmentation


October 12, 2010 83

Sustainable Urban Rainwater Management in general consists of different modules which can be summarized to the following main topics which are interacting:

•  rainwater retention and purification (e.g. by soil and sand on green roofs or in tanks and basins, lakes and open water systems),

•  rainwater infiltration (on surfaces like unsealed traffic areas, in swales, infiltration ditches or infiltration wells)

•  rainwater evaporation (by open water surfaces and plants, e.g. lakes, green roofs, gardens or lawn areas),

•  rainwater harvesting (from roofs or open spaces like pavements courtyards and parking lots and roads)

•  rainwater utilisation (for cleaning, toilet flushing, garden watering)

Rainwater Management


10/12/10

22


•  Rainwater collection and utilization

•  in many countries allowed for service water purpose

•  Possible drinking water source in areas with polluted fresh water resources (e.g. Arsenic, Fluor, Tin, etc.)


October 12, 2010 87

•  In Belgium, all new buildings (with roofs bigger than 75m2) have to be equipped with rainwater harvesting and utilization facilities! (building code by the Ministry of Environment - Vlarem II (art. 6.2.2.1.2.).

•  The rainwater systems has to be: –  1. collected and utilized –  2. infiltrated on the own property –  3. retention and discharge in natural or artificial surface water

bodies –  4. discharge in the rainwater sewer in the street (1. is not obligate for existing buildings, however 2., 3. and 4.

have to be applied as much as possible)

Supportive regulations for rainwater utilization


Supportive regulations for rainwater utilization


10/12/10

23

October 12, 2010 89

•  In the Netherlands the three-step strategy is the basic guiding model, which has been introduced in the Netherlands for the decentralized management of rainwater (however it doesn’t support utilization of rainwater).

•  developed by the Dutch Advisory Committee on Water Management in the 21st Century in 2001, to ensure safety and reduce water related problems in the 21st century. The aims of the strategy are: –  the creation of seasonal water storage to cope with

drought and –  the decentralized retention of rainwater during heavy

rainfall.

Supportive regulations for rainwater management


•  Priority for the decentralised management of rainwater, particularly in new urban developments in the Netherlands by the three step strategy (WB 21):

1. Collection 2. Retention 3. Discharge

Guiding principles


October 12, 2010 91

•  Peak & Seasonal Storage of Rainwater requires retention volumes which can be provided by technical or natural sound means. (Some water boards ask for 10% open water surface areas).

•  Differentiation between open surface water bodies with different properties.

•  Closed surface water systems in polders (lakes, ditches and canals, which can combined to circulation systems and allow the fluctuation of water levels (peak and seasonal) as well as keeping / enhancing the water quality.

•  Rivers and streams which are flowing based on natural slope

Guiding principles


Fluctuation Model

•  Seasonal and peak storage of rainwater requires fluctuation in water levels due to seasonal variations in evaporation and precipitation.

Nijhuis 2007


10/12/10

24

October 12, 2010 93

Fluctuation Model

•  Required fluctuation of water level is dependent on the available water area in relation to catchment area

•  100% water area requires approx. 18 cm fluctuation

•  25% water area requires approx. 72 cm fluctuation

•  10% water area requires approx. 180 cm fluctuation (simplified model)

Nijhuis 2007


Thank you for your attention

Examples for design with water will be presented next week


2010 thorsten schuetze rhine delta & planning and design with water

Technology

thorsten schuetze assist

water water

thorsten schuetze10

thorsten schuetze14

thorsten schuetze16

thorsten schuetze3

thorsten schuetzeagriculture

urban water