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Pagyer AG : Corporate Crimes

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Corporate Crimes

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Bayer AGA Corporate Profile

By Corporate Watch UK

Completed March 2002

5. Corporate Crimes5.1. Bayer and War Crimes

5.2. Scams, Blags and CorporateBullying

5.3. Pharmaceutical Phailings

5.4. Pesticides and Poisons

5.5. Abusing Workers

5. CORPORATE CRIMES

5.1. Bayer and War Crimes

Chemical Weapons

Bayer is implicated in the development of chemical weapons.

During WW1 Bayer was involved in the development andmanufacture of a range of poisonous gasses used in thetrenches, including chlorine gas and mustard gas.[211] As partof IG Farben, Bayer were also involved in the development ofthe next generation of chemical warfare agents, toxicorganophosphate compounds. Tabun was first examined foruse as an insecticide in late 1936 in a program under thedirection of Dr. Gerhard Schrader at the Bayer facility atElberfeld/Wuppertal. An accidental exposure of Dr. Schraderand a laboratory assistant to Tabun vapors made it quite clearthat this compound had potential military applications.[212]

Bayer AG

OverviewProducts and ProjectsWho, Where, How Much?Inf luence / Lob b yingCorporate CrimesLinks, contacts &resources

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Tabun was then mass produced by IG Farben during WWIIalthough it was never used as a weapon. Schrader was alsoresponsible for the discovery of related, but more toxic, nerveagents including Sarin and Soman.[213] Whilst working onchemical weapons Schrader discovered the chemicalcompound E 605, the principle ingredient in the pesticide

parathion. After the post-war dissolution of IG Farben, Schradercontinued to develop pesticides for Bayer. After World War II,Bayer and other companies began to introduce a large numberof organophosphorus compounds, including parathion, into themarketplace for insect control. The difficulty withorganophosphates (OPs) is that they are neurotoxic due to theireffects on acetycholinesterase, and unfortunately this enzymeoccurs in humans as well as in insects.[214]

The links between chemicals developed as 'pesticides' withchemicals suitable for weapons has continued at Bayer. In 1989it was revealed that Bayer hold a patent for a compoundchemically identical to the VX gas used by the US military. The

compound was discovered by Gerhard Schrader, and waspatented in Germany in 1957, and in the US in 1961. Bayerclaim that the compound was developed as a potential pesticideand that the US military application of the compound hasnothing to do with them.[215]

Bayer, IG Farben and World War II: Slave Labour and

Deadly GasBayer (along with BASF and Hoechst) was an original memberof the IG Farben group. During WWII, IG Farben built asynthetic rubber and oil plant complex called Monowitz close tothe Auschwitz concentration camp. Inmates worked as slavelabour for IG Farben,[216] and when they were too weak to

work they were killed in the gas chambers. IG Farbensubsidiary Degesch manufactured Zyklon B, the gas used in theconcentration camp gas chambers.[217]

Bayer head Carl Duisberg personally propagated the concept offorced labour during WW1.[218] The company placed itselfunder a large burden of guilt due to its heavy involvement in theplanning, preparation and implementation of both world wars.The International War Crimes Tribunal pronounced thecompany guilty for its share of responsibility in the war and thecrimes of the Nazi dictatorship.

On 29 July 1948, sentences for mass murder and slavery were

handed down at the Nuremberg trials to twelve Farbenexecutives. The longest sentence of only seven years was dealtout was to Dr. Fritz ter Meer, a top executive and scientist onthe IG Farben managing board.[219]

After the war, IG Farben separated into three giantcorporations: Bayer, Hoechst and BASF. On 1 August 1963,Bayer celebrated its 100th anniversary at the Colognefairgrounds. The opening speech was delivered by Dr. Fritz terMeer, not only out of prison but - a convicted mass murderer -


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Anthrax Drug MonopolyAmidst anthrax attacks and widespread fears of exposure,Bayer has refused to allow other pharmaceutical firms toproduce ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, so that they can profit fromsales of Cipro, their patented drug that cures anthrax.[226]

Gilman and Pastor, LLP, are now prosecuting a nationwideclass action lawsuit on behalf of all persons in the US whopurchased or paid for Cipro, accusing Bayer AG of entering intounlawful agreements with Barr Laboratories, Inc. and HoechstMarion Roussel, Inc. under which, in exchange for over $50million per year, Barr and Hoechst Marion Roussel agreed notto manufacture or market a generic version of Cipro.[227]

The U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary threatened tooverride Bayer's patent unless they agreed to lower the price ofthe pill, which Bayer promptly agreed. "Activists and healthofficials from developing countries say it is unreasonable for arich country to challenge patents after a handful of Anthraxcases resulted in four deaths, while its policy is to discouragepoor countries from overriding patents to address the AIDSepidemic." the San Francisco Examiner reported.[228]

South Africa AIDS drugs lawsuit[229]Nelson Mandela signed the Medicines Control Act in 1997,which allowed South Africa's health minister to override patentprotections to use generic AIDS drugs if there was a need.Bayer was one of several large pharmaceutical companies thatfiled a joint suit in 1998 against the South African governmentfor patent infringement, in a gross attempt to deprive victims ofAIDS of desperately needed medication. After three years ofinternational outrage, the case was withdrawn. [230]

Citric Acid Monopoly[231]Bayer's New Jersey-based subsidiary, Haarmann and Reimer,was one of several manufacturers implicated in an internationalconspiracy to create a price monopoly on citric acid. Haarmanand Reimer pleaded guilty to the US Department of Justice andhad to pay a $50 million, while a senior executive at theGerman-based Haarman & Reimer was fined $150,000.

The Canadian anti-trust commission also found Haarman &Reimer and other food additives manufacturers guilty of illegalprice fixing in the case of citric acid.[232]

Medicaid Scam[233]

The American unit of Bayer AG agreed to pay $14 million tosettle charges of causing inflated Medicaid claims afterdefrauding the government by setting prices that were too highon drugs such as Kogenate and Koate-HP, used to treathaemophilia and Gamimmune, used to treat immune deficiencydiseases. For at least seven years, Bayer overstated averagewholesale prices for its drugs. These prices were used to setreimbursement aids under Medicaid and Medicare, the federalhealth insurance program for the elderly. Bayer squeezed drugcompanies who followed the pricing rules out of the market,


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while simultaneously pocketing money at the expense oftaxpayers.

Suppressing Scientific Information[234]Bayer asks bacteriologists and scientists who want to testBayer products for antibiotic research to sign a documentstating that they will inform Bayer AG in writing of test resultsand will not publish or commercialise them without the writtenpermission of Bayer. This brings up many issues of drugcompanies suppressing scientific information that does not suittheir commercial purposes.

Bayer BriberyWhen large health and environmental groups which affectpublic policy are being funded by industries, it is possible thatscientists who claim to be objective may ignore importanthealth, safety and environmental considerations.

Bayer donates over $500,000 a year to the American HeartAssociation (AHA), which may explain why the AHA has

endorsed only Bayer aspirin. Bayer also contributes over $500,000 a year to the American Diabetes Association, is asustaining member of the American Medical Writer'sAssociation, and contributes to the American VeterinaryMedicine Association, the Arthritis Foundation, theBiotechnology Institute, and the Environmental SensitivitiesResearch Institute. Bayer also supports the Heartland Institute,an "independent research policy group".[235] Bayer is amember organisation of the National Center for Food andAgricultural Policy, which is supposed to maintain publiclyavailable national databases on pesticide use, developmethods and data systems to improve the estimation of

pesticide benefits and prepare reports, articles, and testimonyon pesticide policy issues.

Bayer donates money to the Alliance for the Prudent Use ofAntibiotics, a scientific front group that also receives donationsfrom Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, Procter &Gamble Pharmaceutical and SmithKline BeechamPharmaceuticals Inc., which may explain their watered-downweb page which claims that antibiotic resistant bacteria is anatural phenomenon and that "Although the scientific evidencedoes indicate that antibiotic use in animals is a key factorpromoting resistance, the validity and reliability of the data havebeen questioned."[236]

In addition, Bayer donates exorbitant amounts of money topolitical parties, especially in the United States. In fact, between1 January 1999 and 30 June 2000 alone, Bayer donated $134,511 to the Republican party and $40,150 to the Democrats,for a grand total of $174,661.[237]

Bayer also admitted to supporting the "further education" ofdoctors in Portugal by paying for trips around the world in anattempt to influence prescription writing.[238] According toformer pharmaceuticals salesman Alfredo Pequito, Bayerinvested approximately DM 100,000 in the first 5 months of


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1995 to promote the prescribing of Ciproxin in Portugal. Hereports that amounts of up to DM 5,000 were deposited intravel agencies for various doctors. The money was not alwaysused for conventions, but for other uses such as family trips oreven exchanged for cash. The head of the Portuguese StateMedical Board Carlos Ribeira believes this brings the ethical

and moral ideals of the medical profession in question. He hasannounced that he intends to take legal action. The publicprosecutors and the Ministry of Health have also beguninvestigations.

Unlicensed Exports[239]Bayer received a $200,000 fine for exporting U.S-origin glucoseand other reagents to seven destinations, without obtaining therequired validated export licenses, even though glucose can beused for chemical and biological weapons.Bayer Attacks Critical Coverage[240]Bayer has forced Coordination against BAYER-Dangers(Coordination gegen BAYER-Gefahren e.V. or CBG), formerly

Bayerwatch, to withdraw their domain name and trademarkedgroup name by threatening them with heavy court costs. TheCBG had already successfully registered the aforementionedname with the Munich Patent Office. The Patent Office'scopyright investigation had reviewed whether there was anydanger of confusion as a result of the copyrighted trademarkand had determined that there was none. However, Bayerclaimed that people could get confused between the sitedetailing their crimes, and the real Bayer website. An initialattempt by Bayer to silence the group was rejected by theBundesverfassungsgericht (German Federal ConstitutionalCourt) in 1992. The CBG has been campaigning against thequestionable practices of Bayer's international operations for

over 20 years.

"Green Revolution" or Pesticide Dependence?[241]The IMF and World Bank convinced farmers (many indeveloping countries) to abandon traditional agriculture systemsand getting in debt to buy 'high yield' seeds and theaccompanying agrochemicals in the so-called "GreenRevolution." Although yields rose for a time, the chemicals thatmany farmers now depend on has lead to a massive loss ofbiodiversity and is poisoning both the land, the water and thefarmers that work on it. The Green Revolution, supported by theIMF and World Bank, has promoted higher-yielding varieties ofseeds that are dependent on irrigation, fertilizers and

pesticides. Corporations such as Bayer have a lot to gain fromthis manufactured dependence of developing countries on theirproducts. Six companies, including Bayer, are associated withUS$3 million or more in Bank-approved agrochemical salesover the three year period between 1993-95.

5.3. Pharmaceutical Phailings

Mass-Producing Heroin[242]In 1898, Bayer trademarked the opiate diacetylmorphine, givingit the name heroin. Although the chemist C.R. Wright


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discovered the mixture of morphine and acetic acid, Bayer wasthe first company to mass-produce it. Bayer began anadvertising campaign in 1900[243], praising the product acrossthe globe in 12 languages, and sending thousands of freesamples to doctors. Bayer advertised heroin as a coughmedicine for children, saying it was harmless and even that it

helped cure colic. Ironically, methadone the synthetic morphinesubstitute commonly used to treat heroin addiction wasdeveloped by Hoescht branch of IG Farben during the WW2 asDolophine.[244]

Ciproxin and Dangerous Human Trials[245]Bayer placed hundreds of patients at risk of potentially fatalinfections by failing to disclose crucial safety information to sixhospitals at the start of a UK drug trial. Bayer's own research asearly as 1989 showed that the antibiotic ciproflaxin (sold asCiproxin) reacted badly with various opiate-based sedatives or"pre-meds" commonly given to patients ahead of surgery.Research showed that the drug was not properly absorbed by

many patients, impairing its ability to kill bacteria and placingthe patients at risk of sometimes fatal infections.

This information was not revealed to the hospitals before up to650 people had undergone surgery, violating their humanrights. The trials resulted in nearly half of the people at one testcentre in Southampton developing potentially life-threateninginfections. At least one patient died, and another developed aninfection so severe that his relatives were initially told he wouldnot survive. Nearly half the patients at Southampton HospitalsTrust developed post-operative wound infections requiringemergency therapy. Infection and mortality rates at the fiveother trial sites were never revealed on grounds of

"confidentiality"

Stephen Karran, a retired consultant surgeon fromSouthhampton, was concerned about the trial. He pointed outthe flaw in the earliest possible stage, and contacted the pressafter the trial went ahead unaltered anyway. Bayer hasconfirmed that it knew of absorption problems with the drugbefore the study began. However, they still used the dangerousdrug for two years, are still keeping trial results secret, andhave not paid compensation to the relatives of patients injuredor killed in the course of its unapproved trials.

Meanwhile, Ciproxin has been found to lead to tendon

disorders or ruptures. The FDA staff stated that the agency "willupdate the labeling [package insert] for all marketedfluoroquinolones to include a warning about the possibility oftendon rupture." However, this has not been done.[246]

Baycol Deaths[247]Bayer's anti-cholesterol drug, Baycol (also known as Lipobayand cerivastatin), has deadly side effects. The Food and DrugAdministration received reports of 31 US deaths due torhadomolysis, a potentially fatal adverse muscle reaction thatresults in muscle cell breakdown and release of the contents ofmuscle cells in the bloodstream. Symptoms include muscle


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pain, weakness, fever, nausea, and vomiting. Bayer admittedthat the drug might have killed 52 people already worldwide,with another 1,100 potentially crippled. Although Bayervoluntarily recalled the drug after a large number of deaths,Germany's health minister, on 25 August 2001, accused Bayerof sitting on research documenting Baycol's lethal side-effects

for nearly two months before the government in Berlin wasinformed.' Writing about the recall, the trade journal Chemistryand Industry stated, "The ensuing discussion over the drugsafety and manufacturer's perceived willingness to overlookrisks could damage the reputation of the industry at large."There have been many individual and class action law suits,including one in Pennsylvania which cited 480 cases of Baycol-related illnesses. At the time of editing (20.01.02) the number ofBaycol related deaths has risen to almost 100.[248]

Metrifonate and Muscular Weakness[249]The FDA stopped the testing of Bayer's Alzheimer preparationMetrifonate after 20 test persons complained of sudden

muscular weakness. The FDA stated that they would notconsider the drug until there is a change in the productionmethods and pharmacological effects. The company withdrewthe drug's approval application in Europe on its own accord.

Aspirin and False AdvertisingThe Bayer Corporation launched a series of advertisementswhich claimed that a regular aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)regimen prevents heart attacks and strokes in the general adultpopulation. The Federal Trade Commission pointed out thatthese claims were unsubstantiated and that daily doses ofaspirin may be harmful to some adults. The Bayer Corporationlaunched a $1 million consumer education campaign to settle

FTC charges. In addition to this new campaign, the settlementrequires that any Bayer advertising making claims about thebenefits of regular aspirin use for prevention of heart attacks orstrokes contain a disclosure that states, "Aspirin is notappropriate for everyone, so be sure to talk to your doctorbefore you begin an aspirin regimen."[250]

Bayer also continues to offer aspirin packaged specifically forchildren in the 3rd World, despite the fact that experts warn ofthe many risks involved in the use of acetylsalicylic acid forchildren. The safety warnings recommending limited use tochildren, found in Germany and other countries, are not foundin developing countries. Bayer even sells "Children's Aspirin."

Bayer has announced that although the claims could not beproven, they have "made changes" where the impression couldbe given that it is a consumer advertisement. In a letter fromBayer to the Medical Initiative in July 1997, Bayer insisted thatthere was no more consumer advertising for children's aspirin inSouth America. However, in October 1997 a one page, colouradvertisement for aspirina para ninos (aspirin for children)appeared in the daily newspaper Prensa libre of Guatemala.[251]

HIV and HEP C Contaminated Blood Preparations [252]Bayer's American subsidiary, Cutter, has been sued for


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infecting haemophiliacs with HIV and hepatitis C withcontaminated blood preparations. The contraction of thesediseases by thousands of people in the USA, Germany andJapan could have been prevented, if the companies had usedprecautionary tests and had heated the blood. In the US, 6200haemophiliacs contracted HIV through contaminated blood and

eventually received $100,000 each.

Bayer paid 10 Taiwanese citizens, who were infected with theHIV virus via Bayer blood products, a total of $60,000 each. 43other victims turned down the offer with the claim that Bayerhad paid higher amounts in other countries.

Many lawsuits have been filed by those who contractedhepatitis C, including the mother of a 12-year-old boy whosought $143 million in damages and alleged that thedefendants knew they were providing risky coagulants to herson and other haemophiliacs more than a decade before theirinfections. The suit states that the defendants improperlycollected plasma from groups at high risk for hepatitis Ccontamination, including prison inmates, drug users and gaymen.

Creating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria [253]The Bayer Corporation is one of the largest producers ofveterinary products in the world, including the sale of antibioticsfor cattle and poultry. (An estimated 40 percent of antibiotic useis in livestock.) Bacteria killers are mixed in with the feed toaccelerate the animals' growth.

Using Baytril and other fluoroquinolenes in poultry and cattleleads to antibiotic-resistant bacteria and pathogens in animals,making is possible for strains of resistant bacteria to enter thehuman body. This makes human versions of the drugineffective in treating people infected by these bacteria, whichcould be life-threatening to the elderly, to children and to thosewith depressed immune systems or in weakened conditiones.Fluoroquinolones are commonly prescribed to treat seriousgastrointestinal illness, including from the commonCampylobacter and Salmonella bacterias. Campylobacteraccounts for nearly two million illnesses and 100 deaths eachyear, and Salmonella accounts for 1.3 million illnesses andabout 500 deaths annually. Very few bacteria were foundresistant to fluoroquinolones until the drugs also began to beused in poultry in 1995. By 1998, 13 percent of Campylobacter

tested in humans were resistant to fluoroquinolones, and by1999, nearly 18 percent of Campylobacter were found to beresistant.

After data collected by the US Centers for Disease Control andPrevention showed that the use of fluoroquinolones in poultrywas speeding up the bacteria's development of resistance tothe drug, the US Food and Drug Administration concluded thatthe health of at least 5,000 Americans is affected each year bythe use of these drugs in chickents. It also proposed to ban thisuse. Abbott Laboratories, one of the two producers of poultryfluoroquinolones in the US, voluntarily withdrew its product, but


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Pageyer AG : Corporate Crimes


Bayer refused to comply with the proposed ban and insteadrequested a hearing on the proposal. This hearing may takeyears to complete, and by then the ban may be a moot pointsince the drug may be ineffective in humans by the time theFDA is able to issue a final ban on the use of these drugs inpoultry.

Many NGOs, such as the federal Centers for Disease Controland Prevention and the World Health Organization, havestrongly advocated a ban for years. On 31 October 2000,Environmental Defense, the American Public HealthAssociation, Center for Science in the Public Interest; DelmarvaPoultry Justice Alliance; Food Animal Concerns Trust; GlobalResources Action Center for the Environment; Institute forAgriculture and Trade Policy; National Catholic Rural LifeConference; Physicians for Social Responsibility; and Union ofConcerned Scientists signed a letter to the Bayer Corporationasking it to comply voluntarily with the proposed ban. InNovember, more than 180 individual health care professionals

and several medical organizations, including the AmericanMedical Association and the American College of PreventiveMedicine, sent a similar letter to Bayer.

But Bayer has recently spent over 50 million US$ to build newproduction facilities for Baytril in Germany and the US. Thecompany claimed that Baytril is completely harmless in a letterto veterinarians: "Bayer has and always will play a leading rolein defending fluoroquinolones".

5.4. Pesticides and Poisons

Methamidophos and other toxic Pesticides

Methamidophos is manufactured by Bayer and marketed asMonitor. According to the World Health Organization, it isextremely hazardous and can be fatal if swallowed, inhaled, orabsorbed through the skin. It is restricted in the US and NewZealand, but is widely used by Cambodian farmers. [254]

PCB [255]Bayer also produced polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs, underthe trade name 'Clophen.' During the 1970s, the health risksassociated with PCBs (including skin ailments, reproductivedisorders and liver disease) became a major consideration dueto several well-publicised incidents.

Because of the health and environmental risks associated withPCB's, the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 directed theU.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to ban themanufacture of PCB's and regulated their use and disposal.EPA accomplished this by the issuance of regulation in 1978. In1972, Bayer restricted their supply of PCB for use in closedsystems (transformers, condensers, hydraulic fluid). Until then atotal of approximately 23,000 t of PCB were used in "opensystems". There was a shift in production from higherchlorinated PCB to lower chlorinated PCB between 1974 and


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1983. The use of PCB in Germany remained more or lessconstant up to 1978 and then decreased continuously. In 1983,the last year of PCB production by Bayer, 90% of the PCB wasexported. The production of PCB increased until 1980 with anincreased proportion going into export. In 1983, the last year ofPCB production by Bayer AG, 90% of the PCB produced was

exported.

Bayer pesticides in toxic dump in Nepal [256]Bayer was one of several multinationals to export highly toxicobsolete pesticides to Nepal, and abandon them there afterthey reached their expiry date or were banned. In fact, the mostdangerous substances found at the site (which was latercontained by Greenpeace activists) originated from Bayer.These include highly toxic chlorinated organomercurycompounds, banned for use in the European Union since 1988.The obsolete pesticides had been inadequately stored in rustingand rotting original packaging in a warehouse at the NationalAgricultural Research Council, located on the outskirts of

Katmandu. The toxic waste threatens the health of residents,workers and livestock in the area as well as local watersupplies, irrigation systems and soil. Despite requests to Bayerfrom the Royal Nepalese Government, the company hasrefused to help.

Bayer Dumps Acid and other Wastes in the North Sea and

the Rhine [257]Bayer hired big ships which they loaded with concentratedsulphuric acid (containing heavy metals) and dumped it into theNorth Sea. The acid was a bi-product from the manufacture oftitanium dioxide. Greenpeace and the Coalition Against Bayer-Dangers blockaded the port in Leverkusen for several weeks,

thereby changing legislation and forcing Bayer to "voluntarily"stop dumping the acid into the North Sea.

Liquid waste containing lead, cadmium and mercury wasregularly brought in barges down the Rhine from dye factoriesat Leverkusen, belonging to Bayer, and discharged into the seafrom two ships.[258]

A hundred thousand cubic meters of chemical waste were alsostored only a few meters from the Rhine river and surroundingresidential area, which led to harm to workers and theenvironment and even a few deaths. The sanitation costs wereover 200 million German marks, and the taxpayers had to pay

one fourth of the costs.[259]

Gaucho [260]French Farm Minister Jean Glavany suspended the use ofBayer pesticide Gaucho on sunflower seeds, due to a drop inFrance's bee population. Honey producers say that Gaucho hasmade the plants toxic, thereby damaging their bee swarms.Bayer claims that Gaucho leaves too small of a residue innectar and pollen to have an impact on bees, but, according tothe National Union of French Beekeepers, the number of hivesin France dropped to 1 million from 1.45 million.


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Baygon [261]Baygon, a pesticide produced by Bayer, has been linked tochild leukaemia. A study showed that pregnant women whowere exposed to a substance from the same family ofchemicals were 10 times more likely to have a baby whichdeveloped the deadly disease than mothers who were not

exposed. Baygon is used as an insecticide and also in mosquitorepellant.

Fenthion [262]The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) concluded thatpreviously approved uses of Bayer's organophosphate pesticidefenthion, posed unreasonable risks to human health and theenvironment.

Fenthion can also cause cholinesterase inhibition in humans;that is, it can overstimulate the nervous system causing nausea,dizziness, and at high exposures respiratory paralysis anddeath. EPA toxicologist William Boyes is reviewing a Japanesestudy that found a high rate of myopia (shortsightedness) inpeople exposed to fenthion. Another study by Bayer itselfindicates that rats that were given high doses of fenthion over aperiod of two years had eye problems as well. Its use has beenimplicated in several bird kill incidents, including recent bird killson Marco Island, Florida, which are currently underinvestigation by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Conservancystates that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife report documents thedeaths of at least 16 species of birds caused by fenthion,including the Piping Plover. The level of concern is exceededfor endangered species of estuarine/marine invertebrates on anacute and chronic basis from the mosquito adulticide use.

Fentheon is the active ingredient of pesticide Lebaycid, andthere was a mass campaign in Greece to stop the use ofLebaycid.

Baysiston [263]Bayer faced criminal charges in Brazil for poisoning coffeegrowers with pesticide BaysistonThe pesticide is suspected to have poisoned more than 30coffee growers, at least 12 of them fatally. Farm workers'organizations estimate the number of workers with considerablehealth damage to be several hundred.

There are tight safety regulations in Brazil for contact with theextremely toxic pesticide (which has been banned in Germanyfor over 20 years), including the use of breathing devices andprotective gear. However, this equipment in unaffordable forpoor farm workers, and even if it were affordable it wouldprobably not be used due to the tropical temperatures. Inaddition, many farm workers are illiterate and therefore cannotread the instructions for use of the highly toxic pesticide.Furthermore, the risks are downplayed or ignored in adverts forof Baysiston. Many coffee growers even believe Baysiston tobe a fertilizer which increases yield.


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Bayer is in violation of the policies of the Food and AgricultureOrganisation (FAO) regarding the sales of pesticides bymarketing Baysiston. According to FAO policy, manufacturers,especially those in tropical countries, should avoid usingpesticides that require expensive protective equipment.

The company has paid 100,000 Real (approximately $ 80,000)into a fund that was initiated by the public prosecutor's office.According to the public prosecutor, the company wants to avoida conviction at any price and is therefore trying to settle out ofcourt.

Although Bayer insisted that Baysiston was "well known andappreciated for its good effects," contamination with thesubstance leads to severe burns, muscular spasm, muscularshivering, severely impaired consciousness and muscleparalysis up to a respiratory standstill - i.e. death. Baysistonalso filters through into the ground water and contaminates thenearby rivers. Bayer stated that they are aware of cases ofcontamination, but they were not due to lack of information butto "inexpert use alone".

Methyl Parathion [264]Methyl parathion is an organophosphate pesticide that killspests by acting as a stomach poison. It is classified as an"extremely hazardous" and acutely toxic product by the WorldHealth Organization, is responsible for a disproportionatelylarge share of pesticide poisonings in Latin America. It isofficially banned or restricted in Cambodia, China, the US,Japan, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Sri Lanka.However, the chemical is widely used on a frequent basis invarious Asian countries (such as Indonesia and Vietnam).

Folidol (the Bayer brand name for methyl parathion) is one ofthe most popular insecticides on the Cambodian market.

The application of extremely hazardous chemicals such asMethyl parathion would requireprotective gear that would cost farmers a yearly income, whichthey cannot afford. The gear is also rarely available in ruralmarkets, and would be difficult to use in 30-40 degree Celsiustropical heat. These chemicals are not handled, stored ordisposed of within even minimal international standards.Research has shown that spray equipment (such as tanks andvalves) leaks onto hands and down necks and backs, and thatthese chemicals are often mixed with bare hands. Used bottles

are often left in fields or ponds, contaminating the food andwater supplies. The containers are used domestically afterbeing washed in the nearest river or streams (which are alsoused for bathing).

Furthermore, the misuse of pesticides has caused huge pestoutbreaks as the chemicals kill the pests, as well as beneficialinsects, but not the eggs of the pest. Incessant spraying causespest resistance to particular chemicals, which has led to anestimated over-dosing in rice by up to 8 times therecommended rate. Water supplies become contaminated withthe pesticides, impacting the safety of the drinking water as well


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as killing birds, aquatic life and other animals which survive onthe water sources.

TDI [265]In 1996, Bayer made plans for a giant TDI (Toluylendiisocyanat)plant in Taichung, Taiwan. The factory was supposed toproduce 100, 000 metric tons of TDI per year and would havebeen the second biggest in the world. From the beginning therewas a lot of resistance in Taiwan against this project (therewere demonstrations with up to 4, 000 people), especiallybecause of the threats of phosgene, a poisonous by-product ofTDI production that was used as a chemical weapon duringWorld War I. Bayer Taiwan Chairman Horst Mck insisted thatonly one thing could rupture the system: an explosion, whichwould in itself burn up the phosgene. Beyond 50 meters of therupture, the gas would be below dangerous levels

In June 1997 a big accident occurred in Bayer's brand-new TDIplant in Dormagen. 12 tons of carcinogenic TDA (a by-product)exploded, burned and covered a large area. This explosion wasalso noted in Taiwan since it contradicted to all of Bayer'sprevious statements. The approval of the Taiwanesegovernment was delayed. In December 1997 Bayer announcedthey would abandon their plans in Taiwan and expand their TDIplant in Baytown/Texas instead.[266]

24 children dead, 18 poisoned [267]Pesticides are sold among instant coffee and milk powder,medicine and vegetables in local markets. In the developingworld, they are often labelled in languages not spoken in thecountry in which they are being sold. In October 2001, Bayerwas taken to court after 24 children in the remote Andean

village of Tauccamarca were killed and 18 more severelypoisoned when they drank a powdered milk substitute that hadbeen contaminated with methyl parathion.The white powder that resembles powdered milk and has nostrong chemical odour was packaged in small plastic bags thatprovide no protection to users and give no indication of thedanger of the product within. The bags were labelled in Spanishonly, and carried drawings of healthy carrots and potatoes butno pictograms indicating danger or toxicity.

Baycor and Nemacur in the Phillipines [268]Bayer's pesticides Baycor and Nemacur, labelled as "extremelyhazardous," are constantly sprayed in banana plantations in the

Philippine village of Kamukhaan. The strong fumes createnausea, weakness, suffocation as well as itchy skin and painfulstinging eyes. Skin diseases, abnormalities and variousillnesses and ailments (such as asthma, thyroid cancer,anaemia, diarrhoea and goitre) have grown in both infants andadults. Many have died from contaminated water after thepesticides seep into the soil supply. In addition the pesticideshave also stopped coconut trees from bearing coconuts, andthe soil has become infertile. Each time a spraying occurs,many animals die. Many people have died from drinking orplaying in water, and the pesticides have also seeped the soil.In 1995, Bayer declared that they would withdraw their most


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dangerous pesticides. This promise, of course, has not beenkept.

Olaqunidox [269]At the request of EU agricultural commissioner Franz Fischler,the EU Commission has prohibited the sales of Bayer's growthhormone Olaquindox. Scientists consider the feed additive usedin intensive livestock farming to be genetically damaging andcarcinogenic.

PPA [270]After two studies from The New England Journal of Medicinerevealed thatphenylpropanolamine ('PPA') could lead to strokes even inyoung, healthy individuals, the US Food and DrugAdministration urged consumers to quit using drugs containingthe substance.

The FDA removed all over-the-counter products whichcontained PPA, including Bayer's Alka-Seltzer Plus effervescent

cough/cold products.

A 5-year Yale University report that indicated PPA had caused500 strokes and four deaths; the result of this was the US Food& Drug Administration (FDA) banning all over-the-counterproducts whuch contained PPA.

Bayer challenged the validity of the Yale University study,stating that there have been no safety risks involved with theuse of Alka Seltzer. A lawsuit is still pending involving a manwho suffered a massive hemorrhagic stroke, after taking Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold Formula. He suffers permanent braindamage.

PCB In Ship Paints [271]Polluted sedimnents in the Oslo harbour was found to be linkedto polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) found in ship paint productssold to shipyards by two companies, including Bayer's productClophen. An Oslo firm of lawyers, in cooperation with Friends ofthe Earth Norway, has stated that a lawsuit would be possible,linked to the fact that the companies have omitted to inform therecipients of the product of its PCB content and/or the possibleharmful effects of this.

PCB and Mercury [272]Greenpeace sampling results show toxic chemicals slated for

ban including toxic Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) suchas PCBs and heavy metals such as mercury, are beingreleased from the Bayer plant in Rio de Janeiro. PCBs areindustrial chemicals (used mostly in electrical equipment) whichharm the environment and have been classified by the UNEnvironment Program as a persistent global pollutant. Mercuryis an extremely toxic metal. It is bioaccumulative and in organicform can permanently damage the nervous system, kidneys anddeveloping foetus.

Toxic Dump in Pakistan [273]A toxic dump and spill in a valley in Pakistan's North West


16/24



Frontier Province posed a serious health hazard for localvillagers several years after it occurred. The local villagersfaced intestinal, eye and lung diseases, especially severeamongst the children.

250 drums of expired pesticides loaded onto four trucks werebeing secretly taken to Khawara Valley when one truckoverturned a few meters from its destination. Although the signsof the accident were cleared before daylight, the adverse healtheffects from the waste seeping into the soil lingered for years.

The pesticides were imported for free distribution to farmersover 20 years previously under the so-called Green Revolutionprogram, but the government then tried to sell it to farmers at ahigher price than it was selling in the open market. Thepesticides were not sold and remained at a storehouse of theDepartment of Plant Protection in Peshawar.

Local villagers soon complained of recurring headaches, astrange taste in the water and a foul smell.

According to a study by World Environmental Centre, around5,000 tonnes of expired pesticides still remain at 1,900warehouses across Pakistan. The United Nations Food &Agriculture Organizations estimates there are more than100,000 tonnes of obsolete pesticide stocks in developingcountries.

5.5. Abusing Workers

In addition to Bayer history of using slave labour and childlabour in the concentration camps, Bayer's current labour

practices are absolutely egregious.

Health and Safety Violations [274]The Occupational Safety and Health Administration cited theBayer Corporation in Baytown, TX (USA) for safety and healthviolations with penalties totalling $135,900. This investigationbegan in July 2000 after a contract worker notified OSHA of amethylenedianiline (MDA - a regulated carcinogen) spill andclean up, and subsequent exposures. Bayer failed to alertemployees who may have been exposed of an emergency, didnot establish regulated areas, failed to ensure that employeesuse appropriate protective work and clothing, failed to placecontaminated clothes and equipment in closed containers and

failed to institute exposure monitoring. Bayer did not evenrecord the incident on the log within the appropriate amount oftime (six days).

Guatemala: No Employment Rights and Work Related

Illness at Bayer factoryWorkers in Guatemala are hired without contracts, healthbenefits or vacation. The workers at the pesticide plantcomplain about anaemia and damage to their nervous system.[275]


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Violations of safety regulations in IndonesiaKompak has reported mass violations of safety regulations inIndonesia. The ages of young workers have been altered, andoften the ages of those hired were not even checked. Youngworkers were used in all areas of production, including thosewith occupational hazards. In times of high production, shifts

sometimes last as long as 16 hours. Workers were consistentlyexposed to extreme heat and humidity as well as poisonousgases at the PT Sinar Plataco plant, and workers complainedabout various health problems including skin diseases, eyeproblems, asthma, pulmonary disease, coughing andheadaches. 90% of employees surveyed consideredoccupational safety insufficient. Many had received no safetyinstructions for handling hazardous chemicals, and the fewmasks distributed were cloth and insufficient to protect fromtoxic fumes. Half of the workers received no health benefits orsocial security.[276]

Bayer and Apartheid-Era South Africa

One of the largest chrome factories in the world beganproduction as a joint company of Bayer and Dow Chemicals.Bayer, the second largest chrome manufacturer in the world,closed its chrome processing plant in Leverkusen, Germany.Due to the country's large chrome deposits, the company hasprocessed this raw material in South Africa since 1973, and iteven has its own mine. The idea of an apartheid governmentapparently did not present any problems to Bayer, as thegovernment provided many black workers who were cheap andhad no rights. The workers suffered many health risks duringchrome production, including respiratory illnesses, skin tumoursand even lung cancer.[277]

Dangerous Brazilian Chemical PlantA man employed in chrome production at the Bayer Belford Roxfacility, near Rio de Janeiro, died of burns from hot gas, whenproduction tools were restarted after repairs. Workers at BelfordRox have also complained about ruptured columns of the nose.[278]After several accidents and subsequent complaints, thegovernment conducted an investigation at the plant near Rio deJaneiro A district attorney at the Rio De Janeiro labour courtdecreed,"The testimony and reports make evident that the company:continuously violated basic regulations on industrial health andsafety; refused to recognise occupational diseases and

industrial accidents, used the highest limits, and enforcedworking hours above the legal maximum; contractedspecialised and hazardous work to third parties; and restrictedinspection and monitoring by authorised commissions."[279]

Bayer Call in Brazilian Military PoliceOnly after prolonged protests did Bayer and BASF grant theiremployees in Brazil the opportunity of electing a Works Council- with minimal rights. During the strike at Bayer Belford Roxo in1989, the military police was called onto the scene, and shortlyafterwards the head of company security was decorated with amilitary medal, an event greatly celebrated in the company


18/24



newspaper. Furthermore, the entire union leadership was fired.[280]

Tibras: No Employment RightsBayer's subsidiary plant, Tibras, fires employees suffering fromoccupational diseases immediately, although the lay-offnotification period is one year. Bayer doesn't even pay theirentitled one-year wage results of their company medicalexaminations. 280 employees and ex-employees have notreceived overtime bonuses and shift payments for fourteenyears even after law suits were won on all levels. In addition,long-serving employees have been fired only two or three yearsbefore reaching retirement age, thereby losing a large part oftheir retirement entitlements.[281]

Explosion at Dormagen PlantThree people died and 10 were critically injured at an explosionin the harbour of the Bayer subsidiary EC ERDOELCHEMIE inDormagen, Germany. The accident occurred while filling atanker with gasoline. Local citizens had to keep their doors andwindows closed as a giant cloud of black soot filled the air.[282]

Two chemical workers suffered on a tank truck oncompany premises, and were relocated to a placeoutside the works by Bayer officials wanting to avoidinvestigations and compensation claims.Eight people have died in the last six years in thisfactory with 2500 - 1600 employees, three alone asa result of sulphuric acid burns. There have alsobeen cases of contamination with phosgene,chromium and highly toxic phosphoric esters.In 1996 12 tons of Toluylendiamine (TDA), a

carcinogenic substance, spilled out of a pipe atBayer's Dormagen facility. Two workers werehospitalized.[283]

References211 'Scientist and Industrial Manager: Emil Fischer and Carl Duisberg' by Dietrich

Stoltzenberg, Center for German and European Studies, University of California at

Berkeley, March 1997 available online at http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/std01

212 'Ehre dem Giftgas-Erfinder: Uni Bonn bleibt bei Ehrentitel fr Gerhard

Schrader' by Otto Khler used in a BayerWatch/CBG Network exhibition 1995,

extracted from an original article in 'Konkret' journal. See also http://

www.cbwinfo.com/nervgen.shtml

213 ibid 214 and 'Organophosphorous Intoxication' by Dherej Khurana and S.

Prabhakar. Available online at http://archneur.ama-assn.org/issues/v57n4/pdf/

nhn8264.pdf

214 http://www.cbwinfo.com/nervgen.shtml

215 'Formeln fr US-Nervengase sollen aus Bayer-Labors stammen' by Gnter

Hollenstein in Frankfurter Rundschau 23.3.84.

216 for a personal account of a Jewish chemist forced to work for IG Farben read

'If This is a Man' (also published as 'Surviving Auschwitz') by Primo Levi

217 'Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler' By Antony C. Sutton. 1976. Chapter 2 'The

Empire of IG Farben' available online at http://reformed-theology.org/html/books/

wall_street/chapter_02.htm. Also look at 'Germany: Farben to Create Slave Labor

Fund'. Associated Press 23.08.00. http://www.corpwatch.org/news/

PND.jsp?articleid=600

218 curezone.com file on Bayer AG online at http://www.curezone.com/art/

read.asp?ID=37&C0=1

219 'Global Parasites, Five Hundred Years of Western Culture' Winin Pereira and

Jeremy Seabrook, 1994, Earthcare Books, p137-138


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220 The Great Boycott available online at: http://boycot.port5.com/foodendrug/

fooddoc/Hoechst.htm

221 CGB Network Keycode Bayer No. 9 http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/

Newsletter_KCB/KCB__09/kcb__09.html and 'Offer called too low to compensate

Nazi-era slave laborers' CNN website news 05.10.99. available online at: http://

www.cnn.com/US/9910/05/nazi.labor/

222 "Headaches for Bayer: Auschwitz Survivor says Pharmaceutical Giant Aided

Nazis" by Brian Ross 11.06.00. available online at: available online at: ABC News

http://abcnews.go.com/onair/2020/2020_990611bayer.htmlAlso look at 'Germany: Farben to Create Slave Labor Fund'. Associated Press

23.08.00. available online at: http://www.corpwatch.org/news/

PND.jsp?articleid=600

IG Farben To Make Slave Labor Fund By Oliver Schmale 23.08.2000. available

online at:

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20000823/aponline220934_

000.htm

"Holocaust survivor sues Bayer" in CBG Network newsletter available online at:

http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__14/kcb__14.html

'Menschenversuche: Bayer finanzierte Folter in KZ' by Peter-Ferdinand Koch 1996

sourced from CBG Network Archive, Dusseldorf.

223 UNPress release on Press Conference on Democratic Republic of Congo

Report available online at:

http://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2001/DRCPressCfc.doc.htm

'UN accuses Bayer of stocking DRC war' in the 'Namibian' 07,06,01, available

online at:

http://www.namibian.com.na/2001/June/marketplace/01F4ACEAD2.html

'Guns, Money and Cell Phones' In the Industry Standard 11.06.2001. available

online at:

http://www.idg.net/english/crd_tantalum_743818.html

'A Moral Minefield' - Michael Bond and Colette Braeckman originally published in

New Scientist available online at www.mastaction.org/WhatsNew/News.htm

'Vital Ore Funds Congo's War: Combatants Profit From Col-Tan Trade' By Karl

Vick Washington Post. 19.03.01. available online at: http://www.unimondo.org/

bukavu/english/docs_en/Coltan_en.html; http://www.findarticles.com/m3MKT/80_

109/74034527/p1/article.jhtml

224 'Report of the panel of experts on the illegal exploitation of natural resources

and other forms of wealth of the Democratic Republic of Congo' UN Security

Council Report, 12.04.01

225 'THE COLTAN PHENOMENON: How a rare mineral has changed the life of

the population of war-torn North Kivu province in the East of the DemocraticRepublic of Congo' published by the POLE INSTITUTE, 2001 www.pole-

institute.org

226 'Save patent, risk lives?' published in the San Francisco Chronicle on

22.10.01. Available online at:

http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/10/22/

ED214233.DTL (date viewed: 04.02.02)

227 'Cipro Price Fixing Litigation' by Gilman and Pastor, LLP (a Massachusetts law

firm). Available online at: http://www.gilmanpastor.com/Cases/case.asp?id=16

(date viewed: 04.02.02)

228 'World TRIPS over US pill plans' published in the San Fransisco Examiner,

available online at:

http://www.examiner.com/business/default.jsp?story=b.wto.1105w (source: San

Francisco Examiner, date viewed: 04.02.02)

'Bayer, Anthrax and Cipro' by the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, available online

at: http://www.cbgnetwork.com/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__46/kcb__46.html

(date viewed: 04.02.02)'Anthrax, Drug Transnationals and TRIPs' by the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers,

available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.com/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__50/

kcb__50.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)

229 'Demonstration at Bayer's plant in Berkely, March 5th 2001' by the Coalition

Against Bayer Dangers, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.com/home/

Newsletter_KCB/KCB__32___/kcb__32___.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)

'Aids drugs case adjourned' published by CNN.com on 18.04.01, available online

at: http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/04/18/safrica.drugs.02/ (date viewed:

04.02.02)

230 http://www.corporatewatch.org.uk/newsletter/issue4/nl4news.html

231 'Justice Department's ongoing probe into the food and feed additives industry

yields second largest fine ever, Bayer Subsidiary Agrees to Pay $50 Million

Criminal Fine', official statement by the US government, published on 29.01.97,


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available online at: http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/1997/January97/039at.htm (date

viewed: 04.02.02)

232 '$6.7 Million in Fines Paid by Jungbunzlauer International A.G. and Haarmann

& Reimer Corporation for Violations of the Competition Act', Press Release by the

Canadian government (21.10.98). Available online at: http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/SSG/

ct01318e.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)

233 'Bayer to cut Medicaid drug prices, giant must pay states $14 million' by the the

Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, available online at:http://www.cbgnetwork.org/

home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__44/kcb__44.html(date viewed: 04.02.02)

234 'The Tightening Grip of Big Pharmaceutical Companies', by Dr. Joseph

Mercola, available online at: http://www.mercola.com/2001/may/2/pharmacy.htm


235 'Know the source', by A.J. Nomai, available online at: http://

www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/1818/2_5sources.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)

236 'Project FAAIR: Facts about Antibiotics in Animals and Their Impact on

Resistance' by APUA -Alliance For the Prudent Use of Antibiotics. Availabel online

at: http://www.healthsci.tufts.edu/apua/Ecology/faair.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)

A selection of Non-Profit Organisations with ties to industry, presented online by

Integrity in Science, available at: http://www.cspinet.org/integrity/corp_funding.html

(date viewed: 04.02.-02)

'Bayer, Hill's make "a commitment ... not seen before"' published in the American

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association on 15.09.97 Available

online at:

http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/sep97/s091597d.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)

237 'German Corporation Bayer donated 120.000 to Bush' by the the Coalition

Against Bayer Dangers, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/

Newsletter_KCB/KCB__23/kcb__23.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)

'Rebuttal to Bayer's False Claims regarding FDA's Proposed Ban on

Fluoroquinolones' by the the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, available online at:

http://www.citizen.org/congress/reform/drug_industry/contribution/

articles.cfm?ID=799 (date viewed: 04.02.02)

An overview of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers contributing to US Elections,

presented by Open Secrets, available online at: http://www.opensecrets.org/

industries/contrib.asp?Ind=H4300 (date viewed: 04.02.02)

238 '100 years of Aspirins, white pills with dirty spots' by the the Coalition Against

Bayer Dangers, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_

KCB/KCB__10/kcb__10.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)

239 'Commerce Department Imposes $200,000 Penalty on U.S. Firm for

Unlicensed Exports', Press Release (01.03.00) by The Bureau of ExportAdministration, US Department of Commerce. Available online at:

http://www.bxa.doc.gov/press/Archive2000/Bayer200K.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)

240 'BAYER CORP. attacks critical coverage', by the Coalition Against Bayer

Dangers. Available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/

KCB__40/kcb__40.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)

241 A piece of text on the World bank's efforts to promote large-scale agriculture,

published by the Whirled Bank Group, an action group which criticizes and

exposes World bank policies. Available online at: http://www.whirledbank.org/

environment/agriculture.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)

'Poison Profits, the G-7 Pesticide Industry's Stake in the World Bank'. A fact sheet

composed by '50 Years is Enough', a US Network for Global Economic Justice.

Available online at: http://www.50years.org/factsheets/pesticide.html (date viewed:

04.02.02)

242 An elaborate overview of Bayer's famous drug Aspirin by Pharmaceutical

Achievers. Available online at: http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/

pharm/asp/asp80.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)Short essay about heroin, published by the Center for Uniform Drug Law. Available

online at:

http://www.netaxs.com/~sparky/policy/heroin.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)

'100 years of heroin from Bayer, history of a 'cough' medicine', by the the Coalition

Against Bayer Dangers, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/


243 Bayer's heroin ads can be viewed online at: http://www.heroin.org/sample/ and

http://members.dencity.com/warmth/opi004.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)

244 An intro to the crimes and punishmant of I.G.Farben, available online at: http://

home.earthlink.net/~x288files/I.G.intro.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)

245 'UK: Bayer in Illegal Drug Trial Scandal', by the the Coalition Against Bayer

Dangers. Available online at:

http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__27/kcb__27.html (date


21/24



viewed: 04.02.02)

246 A petition to require a warning on all Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics (HRG

Publication #1399) composed by the American-based NGO Health Research Group

on 01.08.96. Available online at:

http://www.citizen.org/publications/release.cfm?ID=6595 (date viewed: 04.02.02)

247 'FDA Says Withdrawn Bayer Drug Linked to 31 Deaths', published by TALK

News on 08.08.01. Available online at: www.talkinternational.com/news_health_

august_08a_01.htm (date viewed: 04.02.02)

'Baycol linked to 52 deaths' published by CNN Business News on 11/08/01.Available online at: http://europe.cnn.com/2001/BUSINESS/08/13/bayer (date

viewed: 04.02.02)

The following web site provides information on the side effects associated with the

cholesterol medication Baycol:

http://www.baycol-side-effects.org (date viewed: 04.02.02)

A short piece on Bayer and its withdrawing of Baycol by lawfirm Sherman Salkow

Petoyan & Weber. Available at:

http://www.baycol-recall.org (date viewed: 04.02.02)

'Bayer withdraws cholesterol-lowering drug Baycol/Lipobay', published by The

Bayer Press Service on 08.08.01

Available online at: http://www.news.bayer.com/news/news.nsf/ID/01-0219 (date

viewed: 04.02.02)

The following site provides lots of information on class actions undertaken against

Bayer after the company withdraw Baycol: http://baycollitigation.com/index2.html

'Bayer drops sharply after announcing it will pull drug from market' by the the

Coalition Against Bayer Dangers. Available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.com/

home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__43/kcb__43.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)

248 'Deaths linked to Bayer cholesterol drug double PHARMACEUTICALS NEWS

SPARKS FALL IN GERMAN GROUP'S SHARES', By David Firn, Financial Times;

Jan 19, 2002.

249 'The sanitation of Dhuennaue', by the the Coalition Against Bayer Dangers.

Available online at:


viewed: 04.02.02)

Research findings (on drugs no longer in development) by the Alzheimer Research

Forum, 26/04/00.

http://www.alzforum.org/members/research/drugs/metrifonate.html (date viewed:

04.02.02)

250 US government sued Bayer Corp. Read the consent decree by US Attorney

Robert J. Clearly online at: http://www.ftc.gov/os/2000/01/sterlingdecree.htm (date

viewed: 04.02.02)251 '100 years of Aspirin, white pills with dirty spots', by the Coalition Against Bayer

Dangers. Available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/

KCB__10/kcb__10.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)

252 'Settlement with Corporations Ends Long Fight over AIDS, Tainted Blood',

published in The Chicago Tribune, 7 May 1997. Available online at: http://

www.aegis.com/news/ct/1997/CT970501.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)

'Technology & Health: Baxter, Bayer Join Japanese Settlement For Hemophiliacs

Who Got AIDS Virus', published in The Wall Street Journal, 15 March 1996.

Available online at:

http://www.aegis.com/news/wsj/1996/WJ960306.html (date viewed: 04.02.02)

'Technology & Health: Most Hemophiliacs Reject Settlement From Baxter, Bayer on

Infection Suit', published in

The Wall Street Journal - May 14, 1996. Available online at: http://www.aegis.com/

news/wsj/1996/WJ960502.html


Also see CBG newsletters 7, 8, 9, 12, 13253 'Protecting the Crown Jewels of Medicine, A strategic plan to preserve the

effectiveness of antibiotics', a report written by Patricia Lieberman and Margo G.

Wootan. Copyright 1998 by the Center for Science in the Public Interest.

Available online at: http://www.cspinet.org/reports/abiotic.htm (date viewed:

04.02.02)

http://www.cspinet.org/ar/ar_bayer.html (source: Center for Science in the Public

Interest, date viewed: 04.02.02)

'Antibiotic Resistance, from down on the chicken farm', published in the FDA

Consumer magazine, January-February 2001. Available online at: http://

www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2001/101_chic.html (source: Food and Drug

Administration, date viewed: 04.02.02)

http://www.cspinet.org/ar/index.html (source: Center for Science in the Public

Interest, date viewed: 04.02.02)


22/24



Also see CBG newsletters 22, 36, 49

254 A profile on Bayer AG, composed by Cure Zone.com, a web site providing

information on health issues: http://www.curezone.com/art/read.asp?ID=37&C0=1


'Pesticides residues in food -1982', by IPCS Inchem, Chemical Safety Information

from Intergovernmental Organizations. Text available online at: http://

www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v82pr24.htm


255 A profile on Bayer AG, composed by Cure Zone.com, a web site containinginformation on health issues: http://www.curezone.com/art/read.asp?ID=37&C0=1


256 'Bayer-Pesticides in Toxic Dump in Nepal', article published on the UK

Indymedia web site. Available online at:

http://uk.indymedia.org/front.php3?article_id=14812&group=webcast (source: UK

Independent media, date viewed: 05.02.02))

'Organophosphate Madness?', published in Corporate Watch Magazine, Issue 12,

Autumn 2000, available online at:

http://www.corporatewatch.org.uk/magazine/issue12/cw12f5.html (date viewed:

05.02.02)

'Bayer-Pesticides in Toxic Dump in Nepal', published in CBG Newsletter, Issue 47,


http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__47/kcb__47.html (date

viewed: 05.02.02)

257 'For environmental protection and secure jobs at BAYER - worldwide!', by the

Coaltion Against Bayer Dangers,

published in CBG Newsletter, Issue 13, available online at:


viewed: 05.02.02)

'Twenty years protecting the ocean from waste dumping', prepared for Greenpeace

International by

Rmi Parmentier. Available online at: www.greenpeace.org/~comms/97/

oceandump/radioactive/reports/history.html


258 'No time to waste', source: Greenpeace, available online at:

www.greenpeace.org/~comms/vrml/rw/text/t11.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)

259 'The sanitation of Dhuennaue', published in CBG Newsletter, Issue 15,


www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__15/kcb__15.html (date viewed:

05.02.02)

260 'French Authorities Ban Pesticide Gaucho', published in CBG Newsletter,Issue 15, available online at:

http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__30___/kcb__30___.html


261 'Scientists link pesticides to child leukemia', by Tom Peterkin Health

Correspondent, available on the Generation Green web site: http://

www.generationgreen.org/UK%20carbamates%20article.htm (date viewed:

05.02.02)

'Scientists link Bayer's Baygon to Child Leukaemia', published in CBG Newsletter,

Issue 37, available online at:

http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__37___/kcb__37___.html


Bayer's own site shows all Baygon products: http://www.baygon.com/en/index-

e.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)

262 http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/op/fenthion/fenthionsum.htm (source: EPA, date

viewed: 05.02.02)

http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__26/kcb__26.html (source:Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, date viewed: 05.02.02)

An overview of Registered Pesticide Products in the Philippines, available online

at:

http://www.fadinap.org/philippines/registrd%20pesticide.htm (date viewed:

05.02.02)

Information about: Fenthion, by the Pesticide Action Network (PAN), available

online at:

http://data.pesticideinfo.org/4DAction/GetChemRecord/PC33351 (date viewed:

05.02.02)

263 http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__14/kcb__14.html

(source: Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, date viewed: 05.02.02)

http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__16/kcb__16.html (source:

Coalition Against Bayer Dangers, date viewed: 05.02.02)


23/24


24/24


viewed: 05.02.02)

271 'PCB clean-up and manufacturer liability, pre-study on a possible cause of

legal action for Oslo Port Authority' by Advokatfirmaet Fyen & Co ANS (an Oslo

firm of lawyers) in cooperation with Friends of the Earth Norway. Available online

at: http://www.naturvern.no/gift/hvem/rapport.var (date viewed: 05.02.02)

'Bioremediation of PBC contaminated material', by Cadwell Environmental, the

company claims to be a leader in the development of biological products for the

removal of fats, oils, and grease, solid wastes and hydrocarbons from the

environment. Text available online at: http://www.caldwellenvironmental.com/pcb.htm (date viewed: 05.02.02)

http://www.cbgnetwork.de/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__34___/kcb__34___.html


272 'Clean up Bayer!' Greenpeace reports about its investigation of Bayer and the

company's polluting activities. Search the Greenpeace web site for 'Bayer' [http://

www.greenpeace.org/search.shtml] Many articles will come up.

273 'Pesticide Dump Sickens Pakistan Residents', source: Environmental News

Service, Posted to the Web July 20, 1998, at: http://www.poptel.org.uk/panap/pm/

nfa-pm7.htm#Dump (date viewed: 05.02.02)

274 'The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has cited Bayer Corp. In

Baytown, TX, for safety and health violations, with penalties, totaling $135,900.

OSHA Regional News Release, US Department of Labor, Office of Public Affairs.

Read about the lawsuit at: http://www.osha.gov/media/oshnews/dec00/reg6-

20001220.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)

275 http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__09/kcb__09.html


276 The Corporate Crime Reporter, Washington, interview with Philipp Mimkes,

Coordination Against Bayer Dangers, Germany. Read the interview online at: http://

www.safer-world.org/e/topics/ngo/cbg/cbd.htm


http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__09/kcb__09.html


277 http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__15/kcb__15.html

(source: Coordination Against Bayer Dangers, Germany, date viewed: 05.02.02)

278 'BAYER in Brazil and Germany: double standards', source: Coordination

Against Bayer Dangers, Germany, article available online at: http://

home.earthlink.net/~alto/bayer2.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)

279 Extract from the decree of the district attorney at the Rio de Janeiro labour

court, 3 June 1994, available online at: http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/


280 http://www.cbgnetwork.org/home/Newsletter_KCB/KCB__05/kcb__05.html(source: Coordination Against Bayer Dangers, Germany, date viewed: 05.02.02)

281 'Trade unionists not welcome', source: Coordination Against Bayer Dangers,

Germany, text available online at:

http://home.earthlink.net/~alto/bayer2.html (date viewed: 05.02.02)



282 'Three dead in an explosion', published in CDG Magazine, Issue 15, available

online at:



283 'Damaged pipe in Dormagen/Germany', published in CDG Magazine, Issue

09, available online at:



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2007 bayer ag _ corporate crimes

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