2006rememberedquestions(full answered)

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2006 Remembered Questions NBDE Part I

1. Where are the renal pyramids located in the kidney

⇒ Medulla

2. Which of the following structures is found in the renal medulla

⇒ Loop of henle

3. The most hyperosmotic portion of the kidney

⇒ ascending loop of henle, prox tubule, inner medulla, distal tubule, collecting duct

4. The majority of water is reabsorbed….

⇒ Proximal tubule

5. If you have a Kidney or Heart infarct—what type of necrosis is this⇒ Liquefactive, Coagulative, Caseous (Caseous is for Tuberculosis)

6. What causes inc filtration fraction in the glomerulus⇒ Inc pressure (constriction) of efferent arteriolar pressure?

7. What kind of Necrosis will lead to soap formation and calcification⇒ Fat necrosis (Usu in the pancreas)

8. L. Monocytogenes causes…⇒ Parastie, Gastroenteritis, Meningitis

9. Which Hepatitis will cause symptomatic chronic hepatitis

⇒ Hep C

10. Several Q’s on Pathology of Liver⇒ Vit K ?’s--Coumadin stops vit K…Which leads to lack of

prothrombin or Thromboplastin???

VIT K is required by the liver to make prothrombin ⇒ Pt has Liver Failure/Damage what is most likely cause of bleeding

Don’t have enough prothrombin,,maybe thromboplastin

11. When mast cells degranulate what is contents of granules….

⇒ Histamine + …Something else look it up Eo chemotactic factor + histamine??

Histamine + Leukotrienes + ECF-A + Heparin12. What is most responsible for interstitial osmolarity

⇒ Sodium, albumin (more for blood osmolarity)⇒ Sodium b/c Interstitial fluid is in the ECF so Na is in Ecf

13. If pt has a plasma osmolarity what is most effective substance that the patient needs

⇒ renin or ADH

14. What is most likely organism in perio infected oral cavity and infected pulp

⇒ Porphyromonas or streptococcus⇒ It said in book that this was for deep subgingival sites and advanced perio dx

Predominant supragingival= streptococcus Mutans= Enamel, plaque



Strep Anginosus= gingival crevice, dentoalveolar and endo infections?? Strep Vestibularis= vestibular mucosa S. Salivarus= dorsum of tongue and saliva

15. In perio pockets what is there….⇒ Bacteria that are not indigenous to the normal flora, bacteria that are normal indeginous

flora????

16. Neisseria Gonnorhea virulence factors

⇒ Endotoxin (gram neg. have this)

17. Pt gets an extraction, presents w/ fever and blood under his fingernails (splinter blood clots), what

disease process was the most likely cause of this⇒ ---DIC, thrombocytopenia??, Google says Endocardtis or Vasculitis

18. Which is least likely to infect a burn lesion

⇒ C. tetani, S. aurues, M. Ulceratum, P. Aeruginosa

19. Neisseira Meningitis virulence factors, which of these is not a virulence factor

⇒ Capsule, endotoxin, Iga protease, enterotoxin

20. Predominate Ig in saliva

⇒ IgA or Secretory IgA???? Secretory IgA just has a role in protection for external secretions

21. What is the ideal polio vaccine, what it produces⇒ Produces a secretory IgA from gastrointestinal cells???, secr. IgA from respiratory tract cells

⇒ Polio vaccine is of two types: the killed (Salk) vaccine and the live attenuated (Sabin) vaccine; the

latter given orally is the more popular.

The live vaccine produces more IgA

22. How does Mililary Tb spread⇒ Bloodstream (hematogenous), lymphatics

23. Which cell type In newly forming bone is the most mitotic⇒ Osteogenic progenitor cells?, osteoblast precursor??

24. Cribiform bone in the periodontium???

⇒ 2?’s one was a picture having to label where the Picture⇒ Synonyms for lamina dura include alveolar bony socket, alveolar bone, true alveolar bone,

alveolar bone proper, and cribriform plate of the alveolar process. The alveolar bone proper is a plate of compact bone, the radiographic image of which is termed lamina dura.



25. Nerve of pterygoid canal

⇒ Sympathetic and parasympathetic

26. Lose Control of muscles of face below zygomatic arch on the left

⇒ Upper motor lesion, cerebrocortical lesion on upper right⇒ Neural pathway for upper and lower muscles…Upper= crossed and uncrossed, Lower=

uppermotor nerurons from opposite side

EXTRA

27. Operate on parotid gland what is at risk other than the facial nerve of being damaged

⇒ External carotid and auriculotemporal

28. Which nerves innervate the anterior part of the TMJ

⇒ Auriculotemporal or masseteric branch of max. nerve???, look up

29. What type of joint is a Gomphosis



⇒ PDL⇒ TMJ=Synovial

30. What does Rotaviruses cause in infants⇒ Gastroenteritis

31. Which dx affects the most organ systems

⇒ Herpes, HPV, Rubell

32. What causes the Most birth defects in industrialized countries⇒ Cytemegalovirus???

33. Which virus infects B cells⇒ Epstein Barr virus

34. Syphylis aneurism occurs where?

⇒ Descending aorta (thoracic), Arch of Aorta??

35. Which muscle abducts the Vocal Cords⇒ Posterior Cricoarytenoid muscle

36. Severe abducens nerve (6)

⇒ Cant abduct the eye due to LR

37. Numbness to skin and muscle of the thumb and forefinger⇒ Median nerve, Radial Nerve

38. Structure that is most superficial in deltoid triangle⇒ Cephalic vein

39. Difference between cementum and bone

⇒ Cementum continues to get deposited throughout life??????, weird answers

40. Cell bodies of the facial touch⇒ Trigeminl ganglion

41. Bacteria thrives in co2 environment⇒ Capnophiles

42. Source of cysts in the midline of the neck⇒ Thyroglossal duct

43. Carotid triangle of the neck, superior border⇒ Posterior Digastric?

44. Floor of the submandibular triangle?⇒ Floor not Borders….mylohyoid

45. 5’—3’, Cyclic Amp and its role in glycogen breakdown

⇒ Glycogen phosphorylase---It leads to phosphorylation of this and makes it active

46. Cells that produce gastrin⇒ …..G Cells (was not an answer, maybe gastric glands via parasympathetic impulses??)

47. Difference b/tw large and small intestine⇒ Large intestine d/n have villi

Stomach has rugae?

48. Where does myasthenia gravis effect

⇒ Myyoneural jnxn

49. Thick filament of muscle⇒ Myosin

50. Cells that hypertrophy due to injury⇒ Cardiac muscle

51. What is in the jnxal epithelium

⇒ Hemidesmosomes + zona occludens? If Hemidesmosomes + Basal Lamina is an answer choose this b/c that is what is on the decks

52. Which epithelium can sustain trauma the best⇒ Transitional ????, Stratified Squamous non-keratinized



53. What makes up the Nissl substance???⇒ Rough ER

54. How does pancreatic lipase get activated

⇒ Trypsin Some ?’s about trypsin activating pancreatic enzymes

55. What hormone stimulates gastric secretion

⇒ Gastrin, CCK (inhibits), secretin (no), (Chief Cells (Secrete Pepsinogen), Parietal Cells (secrete

HCl from oxyntic glands) Mixing and Emptying Actions

Following a meal, mixing actions of the stomach turn the food into chyme and pass it toward

the pyloric region using peristaltic waves. The rate at which the stomach empties depends onthe fluidity of the chyme and the type of food. As chyme fills the duodenum, stretching of

its wall triggers the enterogastric reflex, which inhibits peristalysis and slows the rate at

which chyme enters the small intestine

56. What is the enterogastreal reflex⇒ Feed back system to stomach

The brain alerts the stomach that it should expect arrival of a meal and the stomach comes out of its inter-digestive quiescenceand begins low level motor and secretory activity (cephalic phase). After a meal is consumed, the gastric motor and secretoryactivity is fully turned on (gastric phase). If the meal is at all substantial, the gastric phase is periodically suppressed by signals

from the small intestine and, if gastric pH falls to very low levels, from the stomach itself. Eventually, the meal is fullyliquefied and emptied, and the stomach falls back into a state of very low motor and secretory activity, where it remains until

the next cephalic phase.

57. What stimulates glucose intake uptake into adipose tissue⇒ Insulin

58. Ehler-Danlos causes all of the following except

⇒ Delayed wound healing, collagen…, something didn’t make sense

59. Best way for Bacteria to transfer multi drug resistance, depends on the ?⇒ Conjugation or transformation

⇒ Transduction—transfer via viral replication⇒ Transformation—no cell to cell contact, most primitive way for bacteria to transfer genetic info⇒ Conjugation—cell to cell contact, jay put this so not sure

60. Usual outcome of HSV-1 exposure⇒ No Outcome (most people don’t have symptoms—subclinical dx)

61. Usual transmission of Chlamydia⇒ Genital

62. Where is best place to take spinal tap⇒ L3-L5???, subarachnoid space (L2-L3)

63. Section below T4 of the spinal cord, and they come into the office for a 2 hr appt what do you worry

about⇒ Bowel emptying, high bp, temp regulation???

64. How doe Influenza get its genetic diversity

⇒ Mutation and whole gene rearrangements??? Both were answers, and both are on the decks

65. Lag phase⇒ in mass but not #, in # but not mass

66. Pt has Hypotension, peri-oral pigmentation, nausea vomiting⇒ Addisons (this one), Peutz-Jagers(d/n have hypotension), Gardners (d/n have hypotension)

67. Stain for Acid-Fast stain⇒ Mycolic Acids (lipids and waxes)

This stains for Mycobacterium tuberculosis= Lipid and wax in cell wall Mycoplasma pneumoniae= NO cell wall

68. Bacteremia

⇒ What causes it----probing causes endocarditis, seeding of bacteria into the bloodstream



69. Difference between IgM and IgA⇒ Constant region of Heavy Chain, Constant Of Light, Variable of Heavy, Variable of Light

70. Which is not true of the Properties of Fungal Cells (eukaryotes)

⇒ Chitin is cell wall, 2 forms (hyphae, yeast), asexual and sexual, Cholesterol in cell membranes

(they have pergesterol) 71. How do quantitate mRNA

⇒ Western blot, Southern blot, Northern blot??? Western blot—detect protein Southern blot—detect DNA

Northern blot—detect RNA and mRNA

72. How do you know if hep B carrier is infective state (actively dividing)⇒ HBs Antigen (ag)

⇒ 73. How do you know if pt has been infected and now have immunity (test for post vaccination immunity)

⇒ Test for hepatitis b surface antibody, (HBs-AB) or (anti-HBs)

74. Sickle Cell anemia difference btw hemoglobin a and hgb S⇒ Single DNA base pair substitution

75. What is the relationship where both members benefit

⇒ Mutualism (wasn’t a choice, this is a form of symbiosis), Commensalism (1 benefit, 1 not

affected), Symbioisis (Can both benefit but not always???)

76. Acquired active immunity, natural and artificial

⇒ Look it up

77. Oshas standard for Blood Borne Pathogens is intended to protect⇒ Patient, Licensed hc provider, employees??

78. What is a risk factor for endometrial cancer⇒ Obesity (causes an in estrogen), multiple partners, sex at early age (cervical)

Other risk factors for endometrial carcinoma are Diabetes, HTN, and Infertility

79. What is not a risk factor for cervical cancer⇒ Early sex, Hpv, multiple partners, high risk male partners.. something else d/n make sense b/c all

of these are the risk factors

80. What is most common cancer of lung⇒ SSC of lung

81. Least likely to metastatize to bone

⇒ Kidney, colon, thyroid, breast, and tongue???

82. Appearance of breast cancer, which one is false⇒ Skin is dimpled, change in color of nipple, non tender mass, large red painful swollen mass

83. What the marker for choriocarcinoma



⇒ Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

84. Smoking is a risk factor for all of the following cancers except⇒ Stomach, esophageal, kidney, pharynx

Could also be called colon, Look up what kind of cancers is caused by Smoking

85. What are not Symptoms of Bronchitis⇒ Look up, Hyaline mmb formation (not related)

86. What dx is a disorder of plasma cells that shows multiple punched out radiolucencies⇒

Multiple Myeloma87. What are pituicytes

⇒ Neurohypophysis

88. Which of the following is most likely to cause cancer⇒ Dysplasia or Metaplasia

89. Osteocyte most resembles⇒ Cementocyte

90. How does the body regulate Calcium absorbtion⇒ Based upon body Need (???)

91. What is an indication of malabsorption⇒ Steatorhea

92. What is the vitamin deficiency that causes rickets

⇒ Vit D

93. What vitamin deficiency causes gingival inflammation, pocket, and bleeding⇒ Vit C (ascorbic acid)

94. What is the role of MHC class 2⇒ CD4, presents extracellular antigen to T helper cells on the cell surface

95. What could be a possible cause of pulmonary emboli⇒ Arterial thrombosis, parapalegic

96. Multiple Sclerosis

⇒ Plaques of demyelination In the CNS

97. Which complement is for alternate pathway⇒ C3= alternate

C1= classical

98. 65 yo with an ill fitting denture show cotton wool radiographic appearance⇒ Osteitis Deformans (Paget’s Disease), Fibrous Dysplasia

risk factor for osteosarcoma

99. Which of the following activates Osteoclasts⇒ Thyroxine, Calcitonin, Insulin

PTH was not listed

100. All of the following structures exit the middle cranial fossa⇒ Jugular foramen

101. Elevation of what marker will cause Acute Pancreatitis

⇒ Amylase

Lipase was not listed

102. What is a bone disorder of endocrine origin⇒ Acromegaly (caused by GH), fibous dysplasia, paget’s

103. What are the symptoms of asthma one of them will be false⇒ Look at the decks

104. What is the process when the chromatin condenses in the nucleus of a cell

⇒ Pyknosis—1st stage of necrosis (unprogramed cell death), then

Karyolysis—chromatin is degraded by enzymes (DNAses) which causes Karyorrhexis—fragmentation of the nucleus Apoptosis—programmed cell death



105. All of the following are examples of the Heat Sterilization Technique except⇒ Load instruments in when wet, sterilize for 6min @ 190, 12 min for

106. Which of the following is an immersing sterilant

⇒ Gluteraldehyde

107. Which amino acid forms an inflammatory mediator that causes vasodilation⇒ Histidine

108. What is Penicillin’s MOA⇒

Inhibits cross linking of growing gram + Cell wall(inhibits the terminal step in peptidoglycansynthesis)

109. Which of the following inherited dx is associated with high levels of LDL in the blood stream⇒ Familial Hypercholestrolemia

110. How is Cholesterol transported in the blood

⇒ LDL, VLDL?? Chylomicrons= Transfer triglycerides from lymph to adipose HDL= “good,” transport from liver to blood

111. Mesothelioma is caused by exposure to

⇒ Asbestosis

112. What organ is affected by Exposure to carbon tetrachloride⇒ Massive hepatic necrosis (liver problems)

113. Which of the following is X-linked Recessive⇒ Hemophilia A

114. What is the cause of hyperventilation

⇒ Respiratory alkalosis (blowing off all of your CO2) Hypoventilation (building up your CO2 so you are resp. acidosis)

115. What happens to cause Troponin elevation in the blood⇒ MI????, don’t remember the options, just a guess

116. Actinomycosis ⇒ Sulfur granules, Anaerobic, gram-positive filamentous, branching rods; "sulfur granules" in

pus are mats of intertwined bacteria, Actinomyces israelii, Found in anaerobic crevicesaround teeth; intrauterine devices --> Actinomyces israelii endometritis

117. Active Acquired Immunity⇒ Decks

118. Diagram of mesencephalon

⇒

119. Extrapyramidal neurons⇒ Don’t cross, control posture

120. ID Lacrimal Gland



121. What receptor does Epinephrine react with

⇒ Stimulates alpha receptors

122. How does epinephrine raise the blood glucose level⇒ Glycogenolysis in the liver???

123. What is least amount of opening of teeth⇒ MI

124. What enzyme is used for transamination reaction

⇒ Pyridoxine (B6)

125. By checking hydroxyprloine levels what are you testing for⇒ Collagen

126. Immediate source of methy groups in amino acid synthesis???

⇒ SAM??, S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) A source of transferable methyl groups is choline

127. What root of the maxillary 1st PM would have 2 roots

⇒ ??

128. What structure is epinephrine most closely related to⇒ tyrosine

129. What is split into urea, the last amino acid before urea is released⇒ ?arginine??

130. In a highly acidic environment the GC content of DNA is⇒ Highest, Intermediate, Low

131. What enzyme is secreted from the pancreas that stimulates an alkaline secretion

⇒ Secretin

132. Where are the JG cells located in the kidney⇒ ? bowmans capsule

133. The breakdown of glycoproteins happens due to what organelle

⇒ Peroxisomes, lysosomes, golgi

134. What structure is emptied into the inferior meatus⇒ Nasolacrimal duct

135. which canal creates a direct entry from the oral cavity to the nasal cavity

⇒ ?pterygopalatine, greater palatine136. Which of these structures is located in the temporal bone

⇒ Internal acoustic meatus

137. Which taste receptor has the lowest threshold for taste.⇒ Bitter, sour, salty, sweet

138. Which papillae is associated with vonEbner glands

⇒ Circumvallate

139. A 6 yo kid presented to your office with diffuse small red spot on the ant 2/3 of the dorsal tonguewhat is most likely affected

⇒ Filliform papillae, fungiform papillae, lingual tonsil, foliate papillae



140. Look up something about a striated duct⇒ Weird ?

141. When your mandible moves in lateral excursion, the TMJ on the lateral working side moves

⇒ Lateral, medial, inferior, superior

142. What covers the tmj articulating surfaces⇒ Fibrous cartilage

143. in what layer is the large vessels in the floor of the mouththe tongue located⇒

Submuosa, lamina propria144. The deep dermis is composed of what

⇒ Dense irregular CT, Dense Regular CT, Reticular Layer

145. What is true insided the pulp⇒ Type I collagen>Type III collagen

146. A fungal infection most common in diabetics⇒ Mucor mycosis

147. What artery does middle meningeal a tributary of⇒ Maxillary artery

148. What artery parallels the the ptergoid plexus of veins⇒ Maxillary

149. What structure stores sperm

⇒ Testis, vas defrens, seminiferous tubules

150. If a pt develops right heart failure with an otherwise healthy left side what is the problem⇒ Cor pulmonale

151. If a patient can only rotate his jaw and not translate what is the max amount of opening⇒ 30mm, 40mm, 50mm, 60mm

152. What foramen connects the sphenoid sinus and nasal cavity⇒ Sphenopalatine forman??

153. Which muscle of the tongue pulls the side of the tongue inferior

⇒ Hyoglossus

154. What muscle does the parotid duct pierce⇒ Buccinator

155. What formane directly connects the nasal cavity and oral cavity

⇒ Incisive

156. The lingual nerve before it joins the c. tympani has what type of fibers⇒ Afferent ant 2/3 tongue

157. How many heme molecules and globulin protein chains??? Does hemboglobin have⇒ 4 hemes, 4 chains

158. How does the mandible form

⇒ Intramembraneous bone formation around Meckel’s cartilage Hint: meckel’s bone does not ossify

159. What is the primary growth center of long bones⇒ Epiphysis, epiphyseal plate, metaphysic, diaphysis

160. What deformity is due to lack of Vit D⇒ Rickets

161. What cell cycle phase is characteristic of separating nuclear material?

⇒ M phase

162. Asbestos exposure most likely causes what⇒ Mesothelioma

163. What nerve innervates the TMJ⇒ Auriculotemporal nerve the capsule??

164. Which of these is located in the anterior mediastinum⇒ Vagus, esophagus, thoracic duct, anterior interventricular artery, trachea, remnants of the thymus



165. What structure is located at the level of the trachea bifurcation⇒ Sternal angle, suprasternal notch??

166. What is a positive chronotropic agent that will stimulate carotid bodies

⇒ Low O2 tension

167. The nerve that stimulates the submandibular ganglion (c. tympani) has its origin in what nucleus⇒ Superior salivatory nucleus

168. The adventia of the arterioles is derived from what???⇒

Crazy stuff169. The tip of the tongue receives its blood supply from

⇒ Deep lingual artery

170. What is a direct tributary of the celiac trunk⇒ Left gastric??

171. The inferior thyroid artery is a branch of the⇒ thyrocervical trunk

172. Which part of the gastric mucosa has no vili and limited mucous glands⇒ Ileum, stomach, duodenum, jejunum

173. What vessel carries oxygenated blood to the heart⇒ Pulmonary vein

174. What is the function of synovial fluid

⇒ Lubrication and nutrition

175. What lines the ventricles of the brain⇒ Choriod plexus

176. Where is the Brocas’ area of speech⇒ Frontal lobe

177. What is a relay station for sensory stimuli from the spinal tract to cortex⇒ Thalamus

178. What structure is the midbrain derived from

⇒ mesencephalon

179. If you the permeability of a nerve cell to K what will happen⇒ It will go 0, +30, - 30, -50, -80

180. Complete cardiac block of the nerve transmission will show what on an EKG

⇒ ..Dissociation of QRS and P

181. The Right 1st, 2

nd , and 3

rd posterior intercostal veins drain into the right superior intercostal which

then drains into what structure

⇒ Hemiazygous, azygous, superior vena cava

182. Which of the following causes a

183. Osteoblasts are derived from

⇒ Mesenchyme

184. What lines the articulating surfaces of the mandi. Fossa⇒ Fibrous connective tissue

185. TMJ lower rotation, upper translation

⇒ Both true

186. The tip of the tongue drains directly to⇒ Submental nodes

187. If you have an abcess of the 1st PreMolar what space is infected

⇒ Submental, submandibular

188. Which of these will during a contraction

⇒ A&I zone, H bands

189. If your tongue deviates to the right what is wrong⇒ Right hypoglossal nucleus

190. Which antimicrobial affects lipid and non-lipid membranes



191. What will cause over secretion of saliva⇒ Epinephrine, atropine, curare, something else was the answer starts with a P

192. Staph aureus

⇒ Heat stable enterotoxin

193. What type of necrosis is most common in alcoholics⇒ Liquefactive???

194. What type of necrosis is most common for infarcts⇒

Coagulative195. Patients with cystic fibrosis

⇒ Will have a sweat that contains NaCl

196. SCID is due to hypoproduction of⇒ B cells, T cells, stem cells

197. Most common type of meningitis⇒ Strep Pneumoniae

198. What is false about Chylamydia Trachomatis⇒ I think I narrowed it down to , the majority of women are symptomatic

199. Whata disease is most common to resemble primary syphilis (chancre)⇒ Gingival herpetic stomatitis, herpangina

200. What is the most common renal tumor in kids

⇒ Neuroblastoma

201. What infects skin, hair, and nails⇒ Trichophyton

202. Which of these cause cancer in the genital tract of females⇒ HPV (cervical cancer)

203. What causes a blood clot, terminal step⇒ Monomeric fibrin

204. Hemophailiac A is caused by a deficiency of

⇒ Factor, or something????

205. How is VZV spread⇒ Airborne, direct skin contact

206. Chicken pox stays latent where

⇒ Sensory ganglia

207. Cytomegalovirus and EBV are familys of⇒ Heresviridae

208. Which of the following are not viruses of the brain⇒ …..

209. HIV is a rotavirus

⇒ False, it is a retro virus

210. Intervertebral disc is composed of⇒ Fibrocartilage

211. What is endotoxin associated with

⇒ Gram (-)

212. What is the most common severe rxn in transplants⇒ Graft vs. Host disease, Host vs. Graft

213. What is associated with the mushroom toxin that affects mRNA⇒ I put Rifampin ?? who knows geez

214. If pt has a RV (something like that) quotient of 0.7 what is the main source of fuel

⇒ I put fats?

215. Hertwigs epithelial root sheat forms⇒ Epithelial cell rest of malasez

216. Enamel formation is due to



⇒ Stratum intermedium

217. Crown dentin is different from root dentin by⇒ Granular layer of tomes

218. Know the pathogens in adult and juvenile Periodontitis⇒ Directly on cards

219. Crutzfiel Jacobs dx

⇒ Something about infected carcasses of cow is the correct answer

220.

What is a secondary messenger⇒ Cyclic AMP

Could also be cyclic GMP

221. Which of the following can you not measure using a respirometer⇒ …

222. Which of the following would be going on if Oxaloacetate was depleted⇒ High use of the TCA cycle (that’s what I thought made sense)

223. What enzyme is used in the oxidation of energy⇒ Cytochromes

224. What is the function of secretory IgA⇒ Protect mucous membranes

225. Which salivary enzyme breaks down starch (or maybe it said proteins)

⇒ Alpha-amylase, beta amylase

226. Which is true of polyunsaturated fatty acids⇒ Have a high mp

227. The storage form of Iron in the liver is called⇒ Ferritin

If it is transferable= transferring

228. If a person has antibodies anti-A and anti-B in their blood what blood type are they⇒ O

229. If a patient comes in with a cyanotic blue looking lip what is their problem⇒ I put low hemoblobin count (low o2), other answers were anemia related problems (which would

mean normal o2 tension, just not enough of normal cells???)

230. The breakdown of Lactose yields

⇒ Glucose+ galactose

231. Which of the following could cause glucosuria⇒ Low Insulin

232. Inulin is a measure of⇒ GFR

233. Pt had a diastolic pressure of 140 and a systolic pressure of 80, what is the mean arterial pressure⇒ MAP = [(2 x diastolic)+systolic] / 3

234. Which of the following is the most common autoimmune thyroid problem⇒ Hashimoto’s, Graves’, DiGeorge’s, etc..??

235. What causes exopthalmous, bony defects, etc

⇒ ??236. What is the storage form of Thyroid hormone⇒ Thyrogloblulin

237. How does DNA, RNA, and protein replication occur⇒ 5’—3’, 5’—3’, N-terminal—C-terminal

238. What is the function of the nuclear pore

⇒ Transfer of proteins and ribosomes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

239. What is the cDNA libraries made up of⇒ mRNA sequences, the entire DNA genome, …???

240. What is useful for detecting DNA sequences



⇒ Southern Blot

241. The most important buffer system in parotid secretions of saliva⇒ Bicarbonate, that was the only was that made sense, phosphate also an answer

242. How is glucose mediated across cell membranes⇒ 2

nd ary active transport

243. What hormone is responsible for producing milk in the mammary glands

⇒ Prolactin, Oxytocin If during breast feeding I think its Oxytocin, depends on how its worded244. What is the hormone that has the direct effect on growth of a bone

⇒ Somatotrophin (GH)

245. What hormone binds to an intracellular receptor and has a long slow response⇒ Estrogen, GH

246. What is the major regulator of Ca in the body⇒ Calcitonin, PTH

247. What disease is caused by an excessive formation of uric crystals in the big toe⇒ Gout

248. What is the Mechanism of destruction in rheumatoid arthritis⇒ Look up??

249. What is true of a micelle

⇒ The hydrophobic portion is pointed toward the interior???

250. Urea is produced by the hydrolysis of⇒ Arginine

251. What reflex controls posture to the spine⇒ Stretch reflex

252. The pentose phosphate will generate⇒ Ribulose 5-phosphate

253. Isotopes have

⇒ The same atomic # but different atomic mass

254. What virus most closely resembles herpangina⇒ Hand foot and mouth disease

255. What is the cytopathic effect of HIV

⇒ Giant cell formation

256. Hypoplasia⇒ Decrease in cell production

257. Sjorgens syndrome is associated with destruction of what two glands⇒ Salivary and lacrimal

258. What is the disease called that causes tumors in the gi tract

⇒ Puetz-Jeghers

259. What is the difference between Th1 and Killer T cells⇒ Th1= MHC2 & CD4, Killer T= MHC1 & CD8

T Cell Subset CoReceptor

MHC

Recognition Immunity Type Cytokines

Cytotoxic (CTL) CD8 Class 1 Tc1, Tc2

T Helper (Th1)

CMI(Killer T’s, NK,Macrophages) IL-2, IFN-g

T Helper (Th2)CD4 Class 2

Humoral(B Cells and Ab

IL 4, 5, 10

260. What pathway is shut down in arachidonic acid pathway to cause a of leukotrienes

⇒ Lipoxygenase patway



Know this good, know that asprin will shut AA synthesis off, probably 2-3?’s related to this

Membrane Phospholipids

AA(Arachidonic Acid)

PLA2

5-HPETE LTA4

5-LO

5-HETE

5-KETE

LTB4

LTC4

LTD4

LTE4

PGG2

PGH2TXA2Proinflammatory;

Platelets

PGI2Antiinflammatory;

Endothelium

PGD2PGE2 PGF2α

COX (1, 2)

PGI2 Vasodilation, ↑cAMP↓Platelet aggregation

TXA2 Vasoconstriction

↑Platelet aggregation

PGE2 Vasodilation, Hyperalgesia

Fever, Potentiates edema &leukocyte infiltration

LTB4 Chemotactic

Leukocyte activation

LTC4

LTD4

LTE4

↑ Vascular permeabilityBronchoconstriction

Hypersecretion, mucous

COX 1 & 2 (cyclooxygenase 1 & 2) 5-LO (5-lipoxygenase)

261.

What strep bacteria is not found in dental plaque⇒ Strep pyogenes, s. sanguis, S. mutans, s. salivarius, s. mitis

262. What is the best way to monitor a malignant tumor’s prognosis⇒ Size, location, degree of differentiation

263. UV light causes damage to DNA by⇒ Damaging the cross-links of pyrimidine bases to form dimmers

264. Hemophilia A is caused by a deficiency of

⇒ Factor VIII

265. If your bile duct is plugged it will cause you to be deficient in what vitamins⇒ I have no idea, each answer was like ADE, kde, kab, etc…

266. What is the most common fungal infection of humans in the US⇒

Either Blastomycosis, or A267. A cell that stains heavily in the center and is tightly packed has undergone⇒ Pyknosis

268. What lung diseases causes you to not be able to keep the alveoli open, also common in CF pts⇒ Bronchectasis???

269. Down syndrome is mainly caused due to what

⇒ Non-Disjunction

270. That’s all folks

ANATOMICAL SCIENCES 2006

1. Which foramen is not in the middle cranial fossa?⇒ Option: foramen Lacerum, Rotundum, Ovale, Jugular...

2. Which is in the Retroperperitoneal?⇒ (Kidney)

3. Which structure innervate Orbicularis Oculi( or Oris) or supply nerve to them is⇒ Option: superior orbital fissure, mental,......



4. Which nerve abduct the eye....?⇒ Option: Abducens N, Adduct N...

5. Diagram of eye and asked to locate lacrimal glands

⇒

6. (2-3) more Q's regarding triangles of the Neck?⇒

7. Right lymphatic duct drains lymph from??⇒

Option: right thorax, full right side, Head and Neck.....8. More Q's about Lymph nodes??

⇒

9. What causes cleft lip?⇒ Maxi process, Medial nasal process, Max and Medial nasal process...

10. Which cell cycle is more variable is most variable in mammal?⇒ G1, G2, M, G0...

11. What forms Philtrum?( Maxi process & Medial nasal process)⇒

12. Which is seen continuously throughout the circulatroy system?⇒ Adventitia (larger in veins), Endothelium (intima), Vasa Vasorum

13. Function of hyaline cartilage in bone growth???\

⇒

14. Something about notochord?????⇒

15. Which one is propriception nucleus in face?⇒ Mesencephalic nucleus!!

16. Jaw-Jerk-reflex goes through what ganglion??⇒ Mesencephalic nucleus!!

17. Bell stage definition?????

⇒

18. What is the lateral boundary of retromandi space??/⇒

19. Ipsilateral-contra lateral Q's about facial and something about pain innervation??

⇒

20. Q's about Hypothalamus and its Hormones⇒ Oxytocin, ADH, ??(Acromegaly)

21. Numbness to thumb and forefinger caused by damage of???⇒ Option: radial nerve, ulnar nerve, median.......

22. Abduction of vocal cord caused by???

⇒ Posterior Cricoarytenoid

23. Engterogastric reflex???⇒

24. Where respiratory bronchiole subdivides into?

⇒ ...terminal bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli, primary bronchi

25. Know type I collagen fibrils well???⇒

26. Where is trapeful M???????⇒ Option: Medial, Lateral, Superior, Inferior...

27. Paralysis of lateral rectus causes interference with what eye movement??

⇒ Abduction

28. Trapezius inserts into??⇒ Scapular spine

29. Jugular foramen found in which part of cranium??



⇒ Posterior cranial fossa…

30. Hard palate supplied by??⇒ Greater palatine NAV

31. Aggregated mass of lymphoid tissue found between palatoglossus and palatophanryngeus ...?⇒ …palatine tonsil

32. What is usually mistaken for subgingival calculus??

⇒ Option: Concrescent teeth, dens in dente.......

33. Carcinoma of larynx would affect- ????⇒ Option: deep cervical nodes, submandibular, thorax....

34. Postganglionic sympathetic to head region???/⇒ From Intermediolateral cell column in the thorax region

35. Postganglionic parasympathetic to spincter pupillae???

⇒

36. What is the function of nuclear pore???⇒

BIOCHEMISTRY & PHYSIOLOGY--2006

1. Enzyme helping in transamination reactions???

⇒ B6 (Pyridoxyl)

2. Immediate source of methy groups in amino acid synthesis???⇒ SAM??, serine

3. Something about DNA transcription??⇒

4. Which glucose, that is not degraded in muscle??⇒

5. How to check protein level in meat

⇒ hydroxyproline level???

6. Activation of complement by alternate pathway take place at???⇒ C3

7. TCA cycle???

⇒ know it well couple of Q's about it...

8. Enzyme not found in muscle??⇒ Option: glucose-6-phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,.....

9. Which one is used to pick out amount of mRNA sequence??⇒ Option: western, southern, northern...

10. Q about GFR and inulin?

⇒

11. Greatest osmotic pressure is found in what part of nephron???⇒ Option: PCT, DCT, Collecting duct, Henle loop..

12. HCL secreted by which cells of stomach??..

⇒ parietal cells, chief cells

13. Something about Kw calculations????⇒

14. Movement of solute against an ectrochemical gradient requires???⇒ Option: simple diffusion, facilitated, active transport..

15. Difficult in breathing in neonates is due to ????

⇒ Option: puctured lung, collapsed alveoli, increased surface tension of tissue...

16. A DNA sequence was given and the corresponding RNA seq had to be chosen????⇒ A-- T (RNA=U), G ---C Study their sequence and know it by heart......

17. What maintain the tertiary structure of proteins??



⇒ The primary structure is held together by covalent peptide bonds, which are made during the

process of translation. The secondary structures are held together by hydrogen bonds. The tertiarystructure is held together primarily by hydrophobic interactions but hydrogen bonds, ionic

interactions, and disulfide bonds are usually involved too.

18. (2-3) Q's about hyperventilation & hypoventilation??

PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY--2006

1. Bacteria surviving in CO2???

⇒ Option: anaerobic,fac anaerobes, capnophiles....

2. Legionella pneumophila causes??⇒ pneumonia

3. Miliary tuberculosis spread by??⇒ hematogenous

4. Rotavirus causes what.... in infant?⇒ Gastroenteritis

5. Staining in tubercle bacilli is possible due to ???⇒ Mycolic acids?, lipids and waxes make up the cell wall

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis= lipid and wax cell wall

Mycoplasma pneumoniae—there is no cell wall

6. What is the cause of cervical cancer??⇒ hpv

7. Mechanism of action of chloramphenicol???⇒ Act on ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis

8. Q about multiple sclerosis!!!!⇒ Seen as plaques of demyelination in CNS??

9. Four choices of combination of O2,Co2, and N were given...Which would Affect the central

chemoreceptor the most??⇒ CO2???

10. Patient have HepB would show??⇒ Option: HBsAg, HBsAg antibodies, ...etc

11. What is the symptom of malabsorption??⇒ Steatorrhea!!!

12. What cause bronchogenic carcinoma???

⇒ Asbesto....etc?

13. A few Q's about sterilization, OSHA. OSHA established for ??⇒ Option: patient Health provider, public, employees...etc

14. Cell wall of mycoplasma made up of???⇒ NO cell wall, its lipids and waxes??

15. Acute pancreatitis can be caused by elevated level of???⇒ Serum Amylase and Lipase???

16. What is the main cause of Down Syndrome???⇒ Option: Non-Disjunction, translocation, or Mosaic DS

All cause Trisomy 21, non-disjunction is most common cause

17. Hepatitis B what indicates active replicaiton??⇒ HBeAg!!!!!

18. Listeria monocytoigens causes what?

⇒

19. If a susceptible person were given tetanus antitoxin what kind of immunity would result: ⇒ Option:1. Innate 2. Natural active 3.Natural passive 4. artificial active 5. artificial passive



(If tetanus antitoxin is given, then, artificial passive immunity results, because tetanus

antitoxin is nothing but antibodies aganist the toxin. since artificial antibodies are given fromoutside , it is called passive imunity.)

DENTAL ANATOMY--2006

1. Lots of Q's about Max/Mand 1st & 2nd premolars know them well and put more effort in learning

their difference in shape , roots #, eruption, angulation, which one is more prone to have anamoli⇒

2. Some Q's about TMJ & articular disc⇒

3. High frequency Q's about Occlusion movement[ lateral movement, metrio,,, on the posterior teeth,

Cuspid protective occlusion, Condylar guidance, Anterior guidance,...]⇒

4. How many primary and permanent teeth are present in the 6.5 year old child??⇒

5. Earliest sign of mixed dentition phase???⇒ When Mand Centrals erupt

6. If upper first premolar had 3 roots, where would that be???

⇒

7. Cervical contours + contacts in Icp + anatomical features of premolars, anterior teeth and firstmolar??

⇒

8. A woman in her second trimester, took tetracycline, what teeth of her baby would be affected???⇒

9. Amount of swallowing in one day??⇒ [geez, I have search a lot of books to find answer , the only answer I found was in book by

Okeson "597 times perday"]

10. Tooth formation stages and it histology and embryology??⇒

11. What is the difference between Max 1st and 2nd Premolar??

⇒

12. Lot's of Q's on Premolars⇒

13. What muscles moves the condyle Superior- Anteriorly- superioanterio-⇒ ( 3 Q's )

14. What are used to record mandibular movement in horizontal plane???

⇒ Gothich arch tracer?

2006rememberedquestions(full answered)

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