2006 us air force guide to bare base development 104p

8/13/2019 2006 Us Air Force Guide to Bare Base Development 104p

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AIR FORCE HANDBOOK 10-222, VOLUME 1

1 FEBRUARY 2006

GUIDE TO BARE BASE

DEVELOPMENT

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE

WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM


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BY ORDER OF THE AIR FORCE HANDBOOK 10-222, VOLUME 1SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE 1 February 2006

Operations

GUIDE TO BARE BASE DEVELOPMENT

NOTICE: This publication is available digitally on the AFDPO worldwide

web site at: http://www.e-publishing.af.mil

OPR: HQ AFCESA/CEXX (Lt Colonel Kent H. Nonaka)Certified by: HQ AFCESA/CEX (Colonel Thomas D. Quasney)

Supersedes: AFH 10-222, Volume 1, 1 July 1996Pages 113/Distribution: F

This handbook is designed to assist planners in accomplishing tasks and re-

sponsibilities related to bare base preparation and development. It describeskey construction and installation steps and provides a series of checklists to

follow based on specific engineer responsibilities. When coupled with qual-

ity training and common sense, this handbook should provide a soundframework for managing establishment of a bare base operation. Note: En-

sure that all records created as a result of processes prescribed in this publica-

tion are maintained in accordance with AFMAN 37-123, Management of

Records, and disposed of in accordance with the Air Force Records Disposi-

tion Schedule (RDS)located at https://webrims.amc.af.mil.

Chapter 1INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 6

1.1. Purpose........................................................................................ 7

Figure 1.1. Typical Bare Base in Southwest Asia............................................ 7

1.2. Situation. ..................................................................................... 7

Table 1.1. BEAR Force Module Deployment Packages. ................................. 9

Table 1.2. Harvest Falcon Deployment Packages............................................ 9

1.3. Assumptions.............................................................................. 10

http://afpubs.hq.af.mil/https://webrims.amc.af.mil/https://webrims.amc.af.mil/http://afpubs.hq.af.mil/


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AFH 10-222 Volume 1 1 February 20062

1.4. Threat. ....................................................................................... 10

Chapter 2ORGANIZING BEDDOWN FORCES ................................. 12

2.1. Organization.............................................................................. 12

Table 2.1. Command and Control. ................................................................. 12

Table 2.2. Logistics Support. ......................................................................... 13

Table 2.3. Fire Protection............................................................................... 13

Table 2.4. Utilities.......................................................................................... 13Table 2.5. Engineering. .................................................................................. 14

Table 2.6. Explosive Ordnance Disposal. ......................................................14

Table 2.7. Structural/Mechanical. .................................................................. 14

Table 2.8. Electrical. ...................................................................................... 15

Table 2.9. Equipment. ....................................................................................15

2.2. Specialized Skills...................................................................... 15

2.3. Multiskilling.............................................................................. 15

Chapter 3FORCE MODULES ................................................................ 17

3.1. Force Module Concept.............................................................. 17

Figure 3.1. Force Modules. ............................................................................ 18

3.2. Movement of Bare Base Assets. ............................................... 19

Figure 3.2. Airfield Damage Repair Equipment. ...........................................21

3.3. Stages of Development. ............................................................ 22

3.4. Initial Stage. .............................................................................. 22

Figure 3.3. Inspecting Airfield Pavement ......................................................23

Figure 3.4. Airman Operating an R-14 Refueling System. ............................ 23



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3.5. Intermediate Stage. ................................................................... 25

Figure 3.5. Installing Water System Components..........................................25

Figure 3.6. Adjusting Expeditionary Power Plant Controls. ..........................26

3.6. Follow-on Stage........................................................................ 28

Figure 3.7. Environmental Control Unit. ....................................................... 28

3.7. Sustainment Stage..................................................................... 29

Chapter 4BARE BASE SITE PLANNING ............................................ 324.1. Site Planning and Layout. ......................................................... 32

4.2. Planning Factors........................................................................ 32

4.3. Facility Group Layouts. ............................................................ 33

Table 4.1. Safety Distance Criteria. ............................................................... 33

Figure 4.1. Facility Dispersal Pattern Template............................................. 34

Figure 4.2. Mobile Aircraft Arresting System................................................ 35

4.4. Utilities...................................................................................... 36

4.5. Organizational Layouts............................................................. 36

Chapter 5WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM .................................... 37

5.1. Water Sourcing and Distribution. ............................................. 37

Figure 5.1. ROWPU....................................................................................... 37

5.2. Water Production Equipment.................................................... 37

Figure 5.2. Trailer-Mounted Bladder. ............................................................ 38

Figure 5.3. Onion Storage Tank. .................................................................... 38

Figure 5.4. Water Storage Bladder.................................................................39

Figure 5.5. Above Ground Water Distribution Hoses.................................... 39



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5.3. Water Distribution Equipment. ................................................. 40

Chapter 6WASTEWATER OPERATIONS .......................................... 42

6.1. Wastewater Collection System. ................................................ 42

Figure 6.1. Expedient VIP Latrine on Forklift. .............................................. 42

Figure 6.2. Field Deployable Latrine. ............................................................ 43

Figure 6.3. Wastewater Disposal Trailer........................................................ 43

Figure 6.4. Evaporation Bed Under Construction..........................................446.2. Installing Wastewater Systems. ................................................ 45

Figure 6.5. Stabilization Lagoon. ................................................................... 46

Chapter 7AIRFIELD OPERATIONS .................................................... 47

7.1. Airfield Upgrade and Support................................................... 47

7.2. Pavement Repairs...................................................................... 47

7.3. Parking Areas............................................................................ 47

Figure 7.1. Airmen Installing AM-2 Matting.................................................48

7.4. Airfield Obstacles. .................................................................... 49

7.5. Revetments................................................................................ 49

Figure 7.2. Aircraft Revetment Erection........................................................ 50

Chapter 8ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION ..........................................51

8.1. Electrical Distribution Systems................................................. 51

Figure 8.1. Typical MEP Generator. .............................................................. 51

Figure 8.2. MEP Generator Connected to SDC. ...........................................52

8.2. Power Plants. ............................................................................ 53

Figure 8.3. MEP-12 Power Plant. .................................................................. 53



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Figure 8.4. Primary Distribution Center....................................................... 540

Figure 8.5. Airmen Connecting High Voltage

Cables to SDC.............................................................................. 54

Figure 8.6. Facility Distribution Panel. ........................................................ 551

8.3. Secondary Distribution. ............................................................ 55

8.4. Electrical Cable......................................................................... 55

Figure 8.7. Burying Electrical Distribution Cable.......................................... 56

Figure 8.8. Trench Requirements for Burying Power Cable. .........................57

Chapter 9BARE BASE FACILITIES .................................................... 58

9.1. Facility Erection........................................................................ 58

Figure 9.1. BEAR Shipping Containers.........................................................59

9.2. Shelters...................................................................................... 60

Figure 9.2. Small Shelter System................................................................... 60

Figure 9.3. Medium Shelter System............................................................... 61

Figure 9.4. General Purpose Shelter...............................................................61

Figure 9.5. Expandable Shelter Container...................................................... 61

Figure 9.6. Aircraft Hangar............................................................................ 62

Figure 9.7. Frame Supported Tension Fabric Shelter..................................... 63

Chapter 10FORCE PROTECTION ....................................................... 64

10.1. Protective Shelters .................................................................. 64

10.2. Constructing Protective Shelters............................................. 65

Figure 10.1. Metal Culvert Shelter................................................................. 66

Figure 10.2. CONEX Container Shelter.........................................................66

Figure 10.3. Timber Shelter. .......................................................................... 67



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Figure 10.4. Soil Cement Revetment. ............................................................ 67

Figure 10.5. Timber and Soil Revetment. ......................................................68

Figure 10.6. Plywood Wall Revetment. .........................................................68

Attachment 1GLOSSARY OF REFERENCES AND

SUPPORTING INFORMATION ................................... 69

Attachment 2TYPICAL BARE BASE POPULATION......................... 84

Attachment 3TYPICAL RED HORSE TASKINGS ............................. 74

Attachment 4BARE BASE DEVELOPMENT TASK

TIMELINES ...................................................................... 75

Table A4.1. Bare Base Development Task Timelines.................................... 76

Table A4.8. Water and Waste Task Timelines............................................... 83

Table A4.10. Electrical Task Timelines......................................................... 85

Table A4.11. Equipment Operations Timelines. ............................................ 86

Attachment 5SITE PLANNING AND LAYOUT

CHECKLIST ..................................................................... 89

Attachment 6ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS CHECKLIST ....................... 91

Attachment 7WATER SYSTEMS CHECKLIST ................................. 94

Attachment 8WASTE SYSTEMS CHECKLIST .................................. 97

Attachment 9FACILITY ERECTION CHECKLIST .......................... 99

Attachment 10PAVEMENTS AND EQUIPMENT

CHECKLIST ................................................................. 101

Attachment 11FIRE PROTECTION CHECKLIST ........................... 103

Chapter 1



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INTRODUCTION

1.1. Purpose. This handbook addresses actions necessary to effectively and

efficiently establish and develop a bare base location using Basic Expedition-

ary Airfield Resources (BEAR) mobile assets. This includes resources com-ing into the inventory as new expeditionary equipment as well as resources in

the older Harvest Falcon and Harvest Eagle packages. The handbook is

meant to be used primarily by engineers responsible for initial beddown plan-

ning and execution at bare base and forward operating locations. Users of

this booklet are assumed to have a basic knowledge of bare base assets andtheir use. AFPAM 10-219, Volume 5, Bare Base Conceptual PlanningGuide, provides additional information on bare base planning. Also, refer to

other handbooks in the 10-222 series, as well as applicable technical orders,

for additional guidance on bare base assets.

Figure 1.1. Typical Bare Base in Southwest Asia.

1.2. Situation. Historically, bare base force deployments under contingency

or wartime conditions used a squadron of aircraft as a basic building block.



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Table 1.1. BEAR Force Module Deployment Packages.

BEAR BEDDOWN EXAMPLE

One Squadron

1,100 Personnel

Two Squadrons

2,200 Personnel

Three Squadrons

3,300 Personnel

550 Initial (550I) Housekeep-ing Set550 Follow-on (550F) House-keeping Set

Industrial Operations Set

Initial Flightline Set

550I Housekeeping Set550I Housekeeping Set550F Housekeeping Set550F Housekeeping Set



Follow-On Flightline Set

550I Housekeeping Set550I Housekeeping Set550I Housekeeping Set550F Housekeeping Set

550F Housekeeping Set550F Housekeeping Set

Industrial Ops Set


Follow-On Fltline SetFollow-On Fltline Set

Table 1.2. Harvest Falcon Deployment Packages.

HARVEST FALCON BEDDOWN EXAMPLE

One Squadron1,100 Personnel

Two Squadrons2,200 Personnel

Three Squadrons3,300 Personnel

Housekeeping Set



Housekeeping SetHousekeeping Set

Industrial Ops Set

Initial Flightline SetFollow-On Fltline Set

Housekeeping Set House-keeping Set Housekeeping

Set

Industrial Ops Set


Follow-On Flightline SetFollow-On Flightline Set

1.2.3. For purposes of this handbook, discussions will normally be predicated

on a deployment with a base population of approximately 1,100 personnel.

Attachment 2 shows a listing of the various base functions and associated

populations expected at a bare base. It is not all-inclusive and variationsshould be expected; however, the listing provides a reasonable snapshot of



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the personnel complement of a squadron-sized bare base deployment. All of

these personnel will probably not arrive on the same day. Usually the flying

operations personnel arrive early with the aircraft along with a sizable main-

tenance support element and portions of the combat support group function.The remaining base population, primarily mission support personnel, arrives

over the next few days.

1.3. Assumptions. Certain assumptions must be made to provide a defini-

tive scope and focus for the tasks addressed later.

1.3.1. Engineer tasks and priorities must permit combat sortie generationwithin 72 hours of engineer force arrival.

1.3.2. Airlift capability to the bare base location exists.

1.3.3. Sufficient quantities of construction and materials handling equipment

will be available, although not always as early in the deployment as desired.

1.3.4. The bare base location could be subject to hostile fire.

1.3.5. Sufficient quantities of BEAR equipment are available to support the

aircraft and population mix.

1.3.6. Individual organizations erect their own tents and shelters with limitedtechnical support from CE personnel.

1.3.7. Climatic extremes are not being encountered, which force special ac-

tions such as installation of cold weather protection packages on bare base

assets.

1.4. Threat. One of the first items of information engineers must obtain is

the threat to the airfield to determine what type of survivability and vulner-

ability reduction measures will be required. In any environment, aircraft on

the ground must be protected, airfield systems must be kept operational, and



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Chapter 2

ORGANIZING BEDDOWN FORCES

2.1. Organization. Development of a bare base, while comprised of many

tasks, is performed with one goal in mindquickly setting up an infrastruc-

ture to support aircraft operations. Employment of engineer forces to meetthis goal must be similarly focused. One way to provide this focus is tocon-

centrate engineer efforts and manpower on the main components of the

BEAR mobile asset system. The following tables illustrate one way of orga-

nizing engineer forces for a 1,100-person bare base beddown; however, thenumber of personnel per team is subject to change.

Table 2.1. Command and Control.

Responsibilities and Tasks AFSNumber of

Personnel

32E3 3

3E000 1

3E090 1

3E291 1

3E391 1

3E591 13E651 1

3E671 1

3E490 1

8F000 1

3E971 1

3E951 2

3E871 1

Provide command and control to the engineer force.

Set priorities and allocate resources. Operate commandcenter, serve on base command staff. Direct workforceand provide on-scene coordination. Provide communi-cation, planning and scheduling support. Perform liai-

son with other base agencies. Develop plans. Interfacewith higher headquarters and local agencies. Provide

status reports. Coordinate EOD and chemical, biologi-cal, radiological and nuclear defense operations.

Total 16



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Table 2.2. Logistics Support.


Personnel

3E651 2

2S051 3

2S071 1

Provide input for logistics plans and programs. Re-ceive, separate, move, inventory, and maintain ac-

countability for bare base assets. Establish and operatesupply storage areas. Order materials and performfollow-up. Develop work-arounds for supply short-

falls. Maintain holding area for bare base assets and

assist repackaging and redeployment activities. Total 6

Table 2.3. Fire Protection.


Personnel

3E731 7

3E751 11

3E771 5

3E791 1

Provide aircraft rescue fire fighting support for a squadronof aircraft. Provide limited structural, munitions and petro-leum, oils and lubricants (POL) fire fighting support. Op-erate fire department alarm center. Provide command and

control. Develop pre-fire plans. Perform fire extinguisherservicing. Total 24

Table 2.4. Utilities.

Responsibilities and Tasks AFS

Number of

Personnel

3E431 4

3E451 9

3E471 3

3E432 1

3E452 1

3E472 1

3E453 1

3E473 1

Establish water points. Treat and haul initial watersupplies. Layout and connect initial and long termwater distribution systems. Set up and operate water

plants. Establish expedient latrines. Set up field de-ployable latrines and shower/shave units. Installwastewater collection system. Operate sewage collec-

tion trailer. Erect and connect fuel bladders. Assist ininstallation of mobile aircraft refueling systems. Per-form refueling operations for generators and boilers.

Operate ice machines. Install grease traps. Connectwater and sewer lines to facilities. Operate demineral-ized water and insect and pest control. Total 21



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Table 2.5. Engineering.


Personnel

32E3 3

3E531 2

3E551 2

3E571 1

Perform site surveys & determine layout of functionalgroup areas, utilities & cantonment areas. Determineairfield clearance zones, arresting barrier locations,navigation aid (NAVAID) sites and revetment loca-

tions. Site roads and access ways. Lay out munitionsareas & other areas requiring cut & fill operations.Layout chemical, biological, radiological & nuclear

(CBRN) defense areas. Perform topographic surveys.Provide expedient designs & engineering guidance forutility installation. Provide input for engineering plansand construction programs. Provide engineering adviceon hardening and air base defense construction efforts. Total 8

Table 2.6. Explosive Ordnance Disposal.


Personnel

3E851 3

3E871 2

Provide command and control assistance. Performevaluation, identification, render safe, and disposalactions for unserviceable munitions, unexploded explo-

sive ordnances (UXOs) and improvised explosive de-vices (IEDs). Perform demolition operations. Total 5

Table 2.7. Structural/Mechanical.


Personnel

3E331 3

3E351 6

3E371 3

3E131 4

3E151 7

3E171 3

Construct expedient facilities. Erectbare base assets.Install flooring and hardback tents. Construct grease

traps, refuse collection boxes and forms. Mix and pourconcrete. Install AM-2 matting. Modify existing fa-

cilities. Construct defensive positions and revetments.Install and maintain heaters, boilers, kitchen equip-ment, air conditioners, refer boxes, ice machines, waterchillers, compressors, immersion heaters, decontamina-

tion units and water fountains. Assist in facility erec-tion. Perform repackaging and redeployment actions. Total 26



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Table 2.8. Electrical.


Personnel

3E031 4

3E051 7

3E071 2

3E032 2

3E052 4

3E072 1

Install and maintain airfield lighting systems, staticgrounds, and area lighting. Install and maintain aircraftarresting systems. Install/ maintain mobile generators.Set up and operate power plants. Install grounding

networks, fuel bladders and control panels. Layout andinstall above and below ground electrical distributionsystems. Connect electrical service to distribution

centers, facility panels and equipment. Perform rede-ployment and repackaging activities. Total 20

Table 2.9. Equipment.


Personnel

3E231 3

3E251 6

3E271 3

Repair, maintain, and upgrade airfield pavements.Provide airfield sweeping operations. Clear base pe-rimeter and airfield obstructions. Construct parkingareas, pads and roads. Perform dust and foreign object

damage (FOD) control. Perform grading, excavatingand trenching operations. Construct and operate sani-

tary land fill and operate incinerators. Perform sitepreparation and leveling. Construct berms, revetments,defensive fighting positions and obstacles. Constructevaporation ponds, lagoons, and draining structures. Total 12

2.2. Specialized Skills. The previously described organization of civil engi-

neer forces is just one of many that can be established for bare base taskings.It is predicated on the typical Prime BEEF team structure. For some work

requirements, however, specialized skills and equipment will be necessary; in

those cases RED HORSE forces are normally deployed to that location. A

listing of typical RED HORSE tasks is included in Attachment 3.

2.3. Multiskilling. It must be emphasized that although personnel are gener-

ally organized around specialties and abilities, multiskilling is inherently



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critical. Many tasks will require more than one skill for accomplishment and

many more are not solely Air Force Specialty (AFS) unique. Requirements

such as camouflage, concealment, and deception; dispersal site construction;

hardening; revetment erection; facility erection, etc., will require more man-

power than is provided by any one AFS. The main points to remember are to

remain flexible and keep a mission perspective.



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Chapter 3

FORCE MODULES

3.1. Force Module Concept. The Force Module Concept is an integration

of light and lean operational and support capabilities that are scaleable and

flexible. The concept is made up of five modules that are not executed se-quentially but rather overlap each other over time to build the capability to

support operations. As shown in Figure 3.1, the modules are: open the air-

base, command and control, establish the airbase, generate the mission and

operate the airbase.

3.1.1. The first engineers on site will likely be assigned to Airborne RED

HORSE, Contingency Response Groups, airfield assessment teams, or other

small units responsible for specific initial assessment and repair tasks ratherthan overall beddown planning and execution. They will typically deploy

with the open the airbaseforce module, complete their tasks, and then rede-

ploy home to reconstitute or forward to open a different site. The BEAR 150Housekeeping set contains a limited number of tents and support equipment

for use by open the airbaseforces and will typically be redeployed along with

those forces.

3.1.2. Prime BEEF units tasked to beddown and sustain forces at a given site

will deploy a two-person site planning team with the command and controlforce module, and the remainder of the tasked Prime BEEF forces with theestablish the airbasemodule. The site planning team, UTC 4F9ES, consistsof a field grade officer and engineer assistant from the primary tasked Prime

BEEF UTC (e.g. 4FPEA) and deploys ahead of the rest of the team. These

two people reunite with the primary UTC when it arrives.



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Figure 3.1. Force Modules.



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3.1.3. The 49thMaterial Maintenance Group (49 MMG) provides deployable

teams to assist Prime BEEF and RED HORSE forces with deployment and

redeployment of BEAR assets. The 13-person XFBJ1 Housekeeping Tech

Supervision team provides expertise and training on housekeeping sets, whilethe 4-person XFBJ2 Large Structures Tech Supervision team does the same

for BEAR aircraft hangars, dome shelters and other large structures. These

teams are under operational control of the air component commander andtasked through the air component engineer to provide temporary force bed-

down or redeployment support as needed throughout the theater of opera-

tions.

3.1.4. The BEAR 550I Initial Housekeeping, 550F Follow On Housekeeping,

Industrial Operations, Initial Flightline, and Follow On Flightline sets will be

deployed with the establish the airbase and/or operate the airbase force

modules, depending on logistic constraints and the sites required capabilities.

To help the Prime BEEF team maintain accountability of these assets andestablish resupply channels and reachback support, the 49 MMG also deploys

a supply technician under UTC XFBKB, to be assigned to the deployed BCE.

Refer to AFH 10-222, Volume 2, Guide to Bare Base Assets, and AFPAM10-219, Volume 5, for detailed information on the contents and employment

of the various BEAR sets.

3.2. Movement of Bare Base Assets. The proper flow of bare base assets

into a contingency location is critical to establishing the airbase and generat-ing the mission. Obtaining non-essential assets early in the logistics flow

merely congests off-load areas, increases the potential for loss or damage to

items, and does little to provide immediate mission capability. As users andinstallers of much of the bare base equipment, and in some cases planners for

bare base contingency operations, civil engineers have a vested interest in,

and responsibility for, influencing the flow of bare base equipment. Selectionand time-phasing of BEAR assets for a given site is usually determined by the

theater logistics (A4/LG) staff, with input from the civil engineer (A7/CE)

staff. Engineers can influence the process by working with their unit-level

logistics plans office and the theater civil engineer staff.



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3.2.1. The BEAR assets that are generally transported first is the housekeep-

ing set, followed by the industrial operations set, then the initial flightline

support package (for a single squadron deployment). This sequencing en-

sures a rudimentary airbase infrastructure to support aircraft mission. Assetsare usually airlifted to their final location, although in major contingency op-

erations some assets could be sealifted. In overseas theaters, where bare base

assets are sometimes prepositioned, over-the-road or rail movement may beused.

3.2.2. The order of deployment flow within each of the major packages has a

direct bearing on how well the buildup of the base can progress. If plannersare in a position to influence the flow of bare base assets to their installation,

there are some key items they should normally attempt to obtain first. From

within the housekeeping package, efforts should be concentrated on deploy-ing the reverse osmosis water purification units (ROWPU), initial water dis-

tribution system, mobile electric power (MEP) generators, remote area light

sets (RALS) and a couple of secondary distribution centers (SDC) initially.These assets should be followed by a reasonable amount of tentage and the

electrical distribution system components. It is not good logistically to re-

ceive all tentage and environmental control units (ECU) up front since no one

will be available to set them up, nor will there be utility service to support

them.

3.2.3. From the industrial package, the first items received should include thewater source lines, additional generators and initial shop facilities. The

common use, multipurpose and admin facilities as well as the water loop sys-

tem and air conditioners should arrive later. The initial flightline support

package contains mostly aircraft maintenance related facilities and the main-tenance community should determine their priority. Included in this package

are the mobile aircraft arresting system and emergency airfield lighting set.

Consider requesting these items be shipped up front with the ROWPUs and

generators if the operational situation requires their use.

3.2.4. Vehicle sets have been established to provide base-wide transportation

and construction capability to support BEAR beddown operations. A basic



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bare base vehicle support package provides about 60 vehicles, mostly engi-

neer and materials handling types. Other vehicle sets are added to this pack-

age as necessary. These additive packages include M-series vehicles, general

purpose vehicles, tractor trailer sets, aircraft maintenance and support vehi-cles, and small quantities of airfield damage repair (ADR) equipment (Figure

3.2). All of these assets are usually shipped into deployment locations either

from prepositioned stocks or major command (MAJCOM) assets. However,vehicle support will likely be a genuine limitation in day-to-day work efforts,

at least initially. Most deployed general-purpose vehicles will not be ear-

marked for specific organizations; they support the entire base populace.

Sharing vehicle assets will be a common practice.

Figure 3.2. Airfield Damage Repair Equipment.

3.2.5. The using organization for special purpose vehicles is much easier to

determine; however, do not expect to see a full complement of engineer

heavy equipment arrive on the first day of deployment. Potentially, much of

it might be sealifted to your location. See AFH 10-222, Volume 2 for a list-

ing of the various bare base vehicle and equipment sets and a recommended

engineer vehicle package (be sure to make your needs known to the board or

agency responsible for base-wide vehicle allocation). If deployed to a loca-

tion where an ADR capability is necessary, be prepared to ask for vehicle



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packages that are adjusted to that requirement [tailor the basic bare base vehi-

cle unit type code (UTC)].

3.3. Stages of Development. There are normally four stages of bare base

development. They are the initial, intermediate, follow-on and sustain-mentstages. Beddown tasks within these stages are generally prioritized as

shown below. During the initial and intermediate stages most of the tasks to

be accomplished will fall in the upper two priorities; once the follow-on stage

is reached, tasks will shift more and more toward the lower priorities on thelist. Although timeframes are given with the various stages, some task efforts

will overlap stages because of their scope or manpower requirements.

3.3.1. Operational requirements.

3.3.2. Utility systems and services.

3.3.3. Transportation network.

3.3.4. Essential support facilities.

3.3.5. Other support facilities.

3.4. Initial Stage. During the initial stage of bare base development, engi-neer efforts are concentrated on accomplishing those tasks that are necessary

to meet the requirement for combat sortie generation within 72 hours. These

tasks (not in sequential order) include:

3.4.1. Establishing and developing water points.

3.4.2. Inspecting airfield pavements for serviceability and accomplishing

expedient repairs and marking if required (Figure 3.3).

3.4.3. Hauling water from water points to purification site.

3.4.4. Establishing expedient field latrines.



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3.4.5. Establishing basic water treatment plant (facility and purifica-

tion/storage).

Figure 3.3. Inspecting Airfield Pavement.

3.4.6. Verifying arresting barrier serviceability or installing mobile aircraft

arresting system (MAAS).

3.4.7. Verifying airfield lighting serviceability or installing emergency air-

field lighting set (EALS).

3.4.8. Providing site preparation support for NAVAIDs and mission criticalfacilities.

3.4.9. Assisting set up of R-14 refueling system.

3.4.10. Providing mission-essential power to critical facilities using mobile

generators (up to 100 kW in size).

3.4.11. Setting up emergency security/area lighting.

3.4.12. Performing EOD inspection of the entire installation.



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Figure 3.4. Airman Operating an R-14 Refueling System.

3.4.13. Preparing a site plan for the entire installation to include facilitygroup, road and utility system locations.

3.4.14. Laying out facility groups and roads.

3.4.15. Starting layout and trenching for utility systems.

3.4.16. Grading of primary roads and access ways to major facility group

areas.

3.4.17. Establishing basic base defense network.

3.4.18. Establishing a munitions holding area.

3.4.19. Establishing engineer supply points for receiving, sorting and releas-

ing BEAR assets.

3.4.20. Setting up engineer command and control center and billeting/diningarea.

3.4.21. Establishing a taxi/bus service to move work crews to and fromwork areas (vehicles will be in short supply).



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3.4.22. Establishing alerting system and contamination control areas.

3.4.23. Establishing a fire protection capability.

3.4.24. Establishing 24/7 support for the airfield (sweeping and maintenance

of airfield lights, MAAS, etc.).

3.4.25. Establishing CBRN monitoring points.

3.5. Intermediate Stage. During the intermediate stage of bare base devel-

opment, emphasis is on erecting all BEAR facilities and placing utility sys-tems in service. Some engineer manpower is devoted to system operations

and maintenance. The thrust in this stage is to provide the ability for all base

agencies and functions to establish basic operating capability within the first

ten days of deployment. Engineer tasks (not in priority order) include:

3.5.1. Establishing fully functioning water plant(s).

3.5.2. Installing over-the-ground pipeline and pumps from water source totreatment plant (Figure 3.5).

Figure 3.5. Installing Water System Components.



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3.5.3. Laying out flexible hose water distribution system for initial water

supply to latrines, kitchens and storage bladders.

3.5.4. Installing field latrines and shower/shave units.

3.5.5. Connecting facilities and systems requiring water to the flexible hose

distribution system.

3.5.6. Establishing a waste collection capability using sewage collection

trailers.

3.5.7. Starting above ground layout and connection of a hardwall water dis-

tribution system once basic softwall distribution system is in service.

3.5.8. Leveling of sites and constructing berms and dikes for POL storage

areas.

3.5.9. Grading road network throughout installation.

3.5.10. Clearing hazards in airfield clearance zones, if necessary.

3.5.11. Constructing expedient berms for munitions storage area.

3.5.12. Expanding aircraft parking surfaces, if necessary.

3.5.13. Installing static grounds at fueling points, arming pads, hot cargo

pads, maintenance areas, etc.

3.5.14. Establishing power plant(s) using the Deployable Power Generation

and Distribution System (DPGDS) or the MEP-012A 750 kW generators.

3.5.15. Laying out and burying the high-voltage distribution cabling and

connecting the primary and secondary distribution centers.

3.5.16. Connecting base facilities to power system as they are erected.



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3.5.25. Increasing engineer supply point operations to include storage of

BEAR shipping containers and engineer related BEAR equipment.

3.5.26. Establishing hazardous waste control areas.

3.5.27. Laying out and begin constructing aircraft revetments.

3.5.28. Clearing perimeter areas and expanding the base defense network.

3.6. Follow-on Stage. During the follow-on stage, final installation of

BEAR assets takes place and survivability enhancements to the base are con-sidered. Most of these types of tasks should becompletedwithin the first 30

days. Engineer tasks (not in sequential order) for this stage include:

3.6.1. Burying of the hardwall water distribution system.

3.6.2. Installing ECUs in facilities (Figure 3.7).

Figure 3.7. Environmental Control Unit.

3.6.3. Constructing aircraft and vehicle wash racks.



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3.6.4. Installing the BEAR sewage collection system.

3.6.5. Connecting showers and latrines to the sewage collection system.

3.6.6. Connecting all facilities requiring water to the hardwall system.

3.6.7. Retrieving and repacking the softwall water distribution system.

3.6.8. Burying electrical distribution cables that were originally on the

ground surface.

3.6.9. Establishing ice-making capabilities in water plant(s).

3.6.10. Building fixed defensive fighting positions around the base perime-

ter.

3.6.11. Building and placing obstacles supporting base defense requirements.

3.6.12. Modifying host-nation-provided facilities for US use.

3.6.13. Constructing basic personnel shelters for survivability purposes.

3.6.14. Siting and developing dispersal locations.

3.6.15. Performing camouflage, concealment, and deception activities with

available resources (primarily netting).

3.6.16. Hardening critical facilities/utility nodes with revetments, sandbags

and berms.

3.6.17. Preparing an emergency disposal range for EOD use in munitions

destruction.

3.7. Sustainment Stage. When the sustainment stage begins, most BEARasset support work has been completed and the engineers focus shifts to op-



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erations, maintenance and upgrade activities. The extent of many of these

activities will be predicated on the anticipated duration of the deployment

this is a command decision that should be made early in the bare base opera-

tion. Typical engineer tasks during this period include:

3.7.1. Providing maintenance and repair support to BEAR assets and US

used in-place facilities.

3.7.2. Providing essential services such as utility plant operation, refuse col-lection, airfield sweeping, fire protection, environmental protection, hazard-

ous waste management, etc.

3.7.3. Upgrading roads using soil cement, asphalt paving or crushed stone.

3.7.4. Constructing flooring in non-critical facilities.

3.7.5. Establishing material stocks for potential base recovery efforts.

3.7.6. Developing contingency response plans for base recovery and natural

disasters and writing accompanying checklists.

3.7.7. Establishing supply and services contracts with local vendors, as secu-rity considerations allow, for such things as refuse collection/disposal, sew-

age disposal, water supply, etc.

3.7.8. Developing contingency training and exercise programs.

3.7.9. Providing quality of life improvements such as increased square foot-

age, additional air conditioning, hot water, etc.

3.7.10. Constructing basic recreational facilities.

3.7.11. Providing increased utility support to outlying and heavily populated

areas.



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3.7.12. Improving personnel protective shelters.

3.7.13. Increasing hardening features of base facilities.

3.7.14. Increasing security measures such as area lighting and fencing.

3.7.15. Constructing protective structures such as sun shades and windbreaks.

3.7.16. Replacing temporary pavement surfaces or repairs with permanent

fixes.

3.7.17. Constructing permanent berms for munitions storage areas.



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4.3. Facility Group Layouts. Next, place these facility groups on paper (on

a base map if available) to determine if everything can fit well and the muni-

tions/POL/liquid oxygen (LOX) safety distance criteria can be met (Table

4.1). Attempt to build the overall facility group layout around a road network

that provides easy access to various points on the flightline; since much of the

initial base traffic will be operating from flightline locations. Also determine

the locations for utility plants, stabilization lagoons and evaporation beds at

this time. Ensure the locations of sewage lagoons are downwind from the

base. For additional information on dispersal and safety separation distances,

refer to AFMAN 91-201, AFPAM 10-219, Volume 5 and Unified FacilitiesCriteria (UFC) 3-260-01. For information on force protection standoff and

separation distances, refer to UFC 4-010-01 and AFPAM 10-219, Volume 6.

Table 4.1. Safety Distance Criteria.

FACILITY GROUP AREASNON-DISPERSED

Facility GroupAll Areas ExceptLOX, Munitions

& POL (feet)

LOX(feet)

Munitions(feet)

POL(feet)

All areas except LOX,Munitions, and POL 150 1500 3150 2640

LOX 1500 3150 2640

Munitions 3150 3150 1800POL 2640 2640 1800

4.3.1. Mark the locations of all large facilities, such as aircraft hangers,

Frame Supported Tension Fabric Shelters or dome shelters on the base layoutmap and a representative sampling of the more common medium and small

shelter systems. Provide an indication of the dispersal pattern (Figure 4.1) as

a general template for the survey crews who will eventually stake out the

facility groups.



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Figure 4.1. Facility Dispersal Pattern Template.

4.3.2. Once the base layout plan is completed (should be within the first few

hours after arrival), engineer survey crews must begin the sizable task ofphysically marking the locations of the various bare base assets. Use more

than one crew and augment with other shop personnel (or base personnel) if

necessary. If required, identify and mark the locations of the mobile aircraft

arresting barriers (Figure 4.2) and airfield lighting components. A surveycrew qualified in theodolite/transit operation is mandatory here.



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Figure 4.2. Mobile Aircraft Arresting System.

4.3.3. Have crews initially mark the boundaries (corners and a few interme-

diate points if distances are long) of the various facility groups. Use markers

that are relatively permanent (e.g. driven stakes) since they will become

bench marks for starting the location marking of individual facilities and as-

sets. Expedient survey methods are used during this process, for example,"walking off" distances, using vehicle odometers, or using a hand compass

for turning angles.

4.3.4. Once facility groups are laid out, concentrate on locating individual

facilities within each facility group. In smaller groups (e.g., aerial port,

squadron operations, alert area, etc.), the location of all facilities can be pin-pointed at one time. In large groups, such as the billeting complex, locate

only a portion of the total requirement initiallydont get hung up on trying

to locate positions of facilities for people who wont be arriving for a few

days. These large areas can be marked after other more important operational

portions of the base are completed. Use expedient survey methods for layingout individual facilities as well. Because individual facility layout is repeti-



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tious with respect to distances between buildings, a couple of pieces of rope

cut to the proper spacing intervals can be used as a quick and accurate way of

measuring and locating facility positions.

4.4. Utilities. Plan the locations of water and electrical plants and distribu-

tion systems, in relation to facility siting, early in the site layout process. Site

facilities and electrical secondary distribution centers (SDCs) to optimize

both the number of facilities each SDC serves (more is generally better, up to

a maximum of 12 with air conditioners or 16 without air conditioners) and the

length of secondary cable runs (shorter is generally better, ideally no morethan 150 feet). Coordinate plans with the shop superintendents and survey

crews to optimize constructability, serviceability and speed of initial setup.

4.5. Organizational Layouts. Some functional areas will have sufficient

expertise to site their own requirements. These organizations may also rear-

range their facility sites to streamline their operations. This should not be a

problem provided the implications to base wide utility service are considered.

Communications (for NAVAIDS and communications equipment) and Secu-rity Forces (for fighting positions and obstacles) are prime examples. Let

these groups do the initial siting of such requirements; just give them an en-

gineering sanity check to ensure something isnt grossly wrong with the loca-tions chosen.



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eventually pipelines. This could involve clearing a road to the source, setting

up an expedient water intake system or even building a temporary dam to

create an expedient reservoir. Once a suitable location is found and made

usable, install and use raw water pumps to fill trailer-mounted bladders (Fig-

ure 5.2) or water buffaloes for transport to the site chosen for the water

plant(s). Set up the ROWPUs along with the associated small operational

storage tanks (Figure 5.3) as the water source location is developed.

Figure 5.2. Trailer-Mounted Bladder.

Figure 5.3. Onion Storage Tank.

5.2.1. When setting up the ROWPUs, leave sufficient space to later installseveral 20,000-gallon water storage bladders (Figure 5.4). Water production

is started as soon as possible. Be sure that crews installing MEP generators

are aware of water plant location(s) and that power is provided when needed.



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Also be sure that the brine discharge lines from the ROWPUs lead to an area

that can accommodate a large volume of water or more ideally, back to the

source itself. Once ROWPUs are in operation, dedicate manpower both for

plant and pump operation and water hauling 24/7. While the plants and watersources are being established, another utilities crew lays out the above ground

flexible hose distribution system (Figure 5.5) to key facilities requiring pota-

ble water. These include the kitchen, showers, latrine areas, laundry, hospitaland selected shop facilities. Establish fill points for both potable and nonpo-

table water to support fire department and remote location requirements.

Figure 5.4. Water Storage Bladder.

5.2.2. Begin upgrades and operational improvements after the remaining

components of the water distribution system arrive. If received, install the

source run additive package before the hardwall loop system to alleviate the

requirement for constant hauling of water from the source to the treatment

plants. The length of this line is limited to about two miles so keep this in

mind when choosing water plant locations with respect to the source. Also be

prepared to provide heavy equipment support for clearing and grading right-

of-ways for the source line.



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5.3.2. The water bladders provided in the water production, initial distribu-

tion and standard package should be sufficient to provide a 5-day storage

capacity for 1,100 people. These bladders should be allocated more or less

evenly between water plants for dispersal purposes. About 60% of the bases

water storage capacity should be dedicated to treated water; the remaining

40% can be untreated.

5.3.3. If the base receives ice machines (not the ones supporting the 9-1

kitchen), install them at one of the water treatment plants. These machines

are meant to supply the base populace, e.g., work crews on the flightline or atremote locations and medical support requirements. Co-locate a 150-cf re-

frigeration unit with the ice machines to provide ice storage capability.



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Chapter 6

WASTEWATER OPERATIONS

6.1. Wastewater Collection System. Wastewater must be properly col-

lected and discharged to maintain hygienic conditions throughout a bare baseand prevent spread of disease. Initially, expedient methods are exclusively

used since BEAR assets comprising the wastewater collection system will not

arrive early in a deployment. Additionally, manpower will most likely not be

available at the onset of a deployment to fully install the wastewater sys-

tempersonnel will be primarily tied up with establishing the water system.

6.1.1. From a wastewater collection perspective, the immediate need is to

provide expedient latrine facilities for the initial personnel on the ground and

those arriving over the first days of a deployment. This need is normally met

by constructing urine soakage pits and ventilated improved pit (VIP), straddle

trench, burnout or pail latrine facilities at base wide locations (Figure 6.1).

Plan to rely solely on locally available materials for these facilities.

Figure 6.1. Expedient VIP Latrine on Forklift.

6.1.2. When the BEAR field deployable latrines start to arrive, they are first

set up in the cantonment areas where the maximum usage will occur (Figure

6.2).



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Chapter 7

AIRFIELD OPERATIONS

7.1. Airfield Upgrade and Support. Many airfield related tasks are poten-

tially necessary when establishing a bare base. Most tasks will require heavy

equipment operators who will likely be stretched extremely thin throughoutthe initial beddown process. Additionally, many of the heavy equipment

items needed may not be on the first series of incoming airlift sorties. When

these items do arrive, be prepared to use them immediately; in the interim,

work with the contracting officer to find local sources of heavy equipmentand materials.

7.2. Pavement Repairs. Immediate requirements include expedient repairs

to aircraft operating surfaces, pavement sweeping and cleaning, pavement

marking and striping and site preparation for installation of NAVAIDs and

arresting barriers. Pavement repairs during this initial period of beddownmust be rapid in nature, e.g., compacted crushed stone, cold mix, quick set

cements, etc. Come back later to make permanent fixes. The goal is to en-

able combat aircraft operations to commence by the end of the initial 72-hour

window, sooner if possible. Plan on immediately dedicating equipment and

personnel to around-the-clock airfield sweeping operations since there will beconsiderable aircraft and vehicular traffic on pavement surfaces as bare base

assets are delivered, off-loaded and transported from ramp areas. Support forNAVAIDs includes clearing and leveling various sized areas for setting upmobile communications equipment. Normally these areas are not particularly

large (2,500 sq ft or so), but plan on having to clear and grade vehicle access

ways up to 1,000 feet long to these sites.

7.3. Parking Areas. After initial airfield operational requirements are met,

concentrate efforts on aircraft parking pavement expansions (if required);

requirements supporting aircraft servicing operations such as arming pads,

grounding points and tie downs; and clearance of airfield hazards. Someparking pavement expansion requirements will be self-evident. In case of

severe problems in expeditiously off-loading transport aircraft, additional



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ramp space may be needed. Expanded parking areas can be constructed adja-

cent to existing aircraft pavements using expedient techniques such as graded

and compacted earth, compacted crushed stone or AM-2 matting (Figure 7.1)

over a compacted subbase.

Figure 7.1. Airmen Installing AM-2 Matting.

7.3.1. Start these efforts as soon as problems are realized; otherwise a mas-

sive backlog of aircraft flows and serious congestion in material and assetmovement on the ground could occur. Pavement expansion could also be

required for parking of incoming deployed aircraft. Contact wing operationsduring the site planning process to identify the probable numbers of aircraft

to be supported. Check with maintenance personnel concerning aircraft park-

ing plans and, if more parking positions are needed, similar constructiontechniques to those used for ramp expansion can be employed.

7.3.2. Potential tasks in support of aircraft servicing operations include spe-

cial pavement areas such as arm/dearm pads, hot cargo pads, quick turn areas,

compass rose, wash racks, etc, along with the accompanying tie downs andstatic grounds. Sometimes existing pavements can double for some of these



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requirements; however, if forced to provide these items be sure the safety

distance criteria associated with them are maintained (arm/de-arm, hot cargo,

etc).

7.4. Airfield Obstacles. At most bare bases there should not be many obsta-

cles or hazards in the airfield clear zones, but if some exist, remove or at least

mitigate them early on in the beddown process. Be especially observant ofterrain features or obstacles that could affect wing tip clearance of wide-body

aircraft. On the other hand, dont waste time attempting to remove items in

the outer edges of the clear zones that produce minimal danger (a culvert

head wall for example)in some cases accept the risk initially. Also checkthe shoulders of runways and taxiways and the grounds around and access

routes to aprons and ramps for potential FOD-producing areas. Use a soil

cement mix or an oil-based spray to help stabilize these areas.

7.5. Revetments. Contingency experience has shown that installation of

aircraft revetments (Figure 7.2) is a major airfield support task for civil engi-neers. In all likelihood, manpower will not be available to start this task dur-

ing the first few days of the deployment and the revetment materials probably

will not be received until later on in the asset flow. However, some prelimi-

nary planning should be accomplished in preparation for this job. Identify the

locations for the revetments and their configuration early and coordinate thisinformation with the wing operations and maintenance communities. Also

identify a source (on-base quarry or off-base vendor) for revetment fill mate-rial. Erection of revetments is normally a RED HORSE task due to theequipment and manpower requirements. Once revetment materials arrive and

RED HORSE starts the revetment erection process, Prime BEEF forces may

be tasked to assist.



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Figure 7.2. Aircraft Revetment Erection.



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department alarm center. The choice of which facilities receive MEP support

is a local decision based on mission requirements. Involve the wing or base

command sections in the process. After the facilities that are to receive MEP

support are identified and located, electrical personnel must decide what sizegenerator to use at the various locations. Since there will only be about nine

MEP generators available for a 1,100-person package, secondary distribution

centers (SDC) (Figure 8.2) will probably have to be used to allow establish-ment of multiple circuits from single generators. Try to place SDCs in posi-

tions where they can eventually be integrated into the primary distribution

network without moving them to a different site. As the various facilities are

erected, electrical personnel hook up the secondary service to the facility dis-tribution panels and internal equipment when appropriate. Once MEP gen-

erators are on line, specifically designate personnel to accomplish operational

checks, maintenance and refueling.

Figure 8.2. MEP Generator Connected to SDC.

8.1.2. Anticipate that some MEP generators will have to be used as prime

power for up to 10-15 daysit may take that long before all facilities areerected and the base electrical distribution grid is installed.

8.1.3. Ensure power plant operators keep accurate records of power plant

meters (amperes per leg, kW, power factor, peak demand periods, etc.) for

future analysis and consumption statistics.

8.1.4. Several remote area lighting sets (RALS) are included in the BEAR

force modules. Most should arrive relatively early in the overall asset flow.



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These units are connected to SDCs and are used for supporting area lighting

requirements for such functions as aerial port offloading, aircraft mainte-

nance, POL transfer and security of critical assets. Keep alert to the overall

base build up and provide the RALS support as soon as these functions comeon line.

8.2. Power Plants. Concurrent with installing the MEP generators, also set

up the generators (DPGDS or MEP012A 750 kW) that comprise the main

power plants (Figure 8.3). This effort includes placing generators, setting up

and connecting fuel bladders, connecting control panels for remote operation,

setting up and connecting primary distribution centers (Figure 8.4) and in-stalling grounding systems. Following the base layout plan, other electrical

personnel place SDCs at their required locations and begin connecting the

SDCs to PDCs at the power plants (Figure 8.5). As facilities are erected,make secondary distribution connections between the SDCs and facility dis-

tribution panels (Figure 8.6) and the internal connections of equipment

within facilities.

Figure 8.3. MEP-12 Power Plant.



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some or all of the high-voltage cable on the surface, if soil conditions or time

and equipment constraints prevent its immediate burial. If that is the case,

take other measures to mitigate the risk of personnel injury or damage to the

cables. As a minimum, bury or otherwise protect cables crossing roads andhigh-traffic walkways. Bring the base onto the electrical grid in stages as the

population increases and functional area activities dictate. Whenever the

primary electrical grid can pick up the requirements served by the smallerMEP generators, reconnect these 60-100 kW units as standby backup power.

Obviously, as the primary power plants are brought into service, devote a

portion of electrical crews to plant operations and maintenance.

8.4.1. Once all major forces arrive at the bare base and the electrical system

is fully functional, a portion of the electrical personnel should be detailed to

bury all above-ground electrical lines (Figure 8.7 and8.8) if it has been de-

termined that sustained military operations will take place. Bury lines a

minimum of 18 inches and keep accurate records of where cables are located.For more detailed information on power plant installation see AFH 10-222,

Volume 5.

Figure 8.7. Burying Electrical Distribution Cable.



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Figure 8.8. Trench Requirements for Burying Power Cable.



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Chapter 9

BARE BASE FACILITIES

9.1. Facility Erection. Successful BEAR facility erection depends on sev-

eral actions being carried out prior to and during the arrival of personnel at a

bare base. Some of these actions are easy to control; others are not easilyinfluenced. The ones easily influenced include the degree of training the base

populace has had on erecting BEAR facilities (which could dictate the degree

of involvement engineers will have in erecting other peoples facilities) and

the order and timing of facility asset arrival at the bare base. Make the best ofthe situation; for purposes of this handbook, it is assumed that both of these

actions are positive, e.g., the base populace is generally knowledgeable in

facility erection and assets flow into the base in a reasonable manner.

9.1.2. It is doubtful that many people at a bare base will be able to easily

identify all the various BEAR facility and utility components as they arrive.Consequently, engineer personnel will have to accomplish this task since it is

an engineer responsibility to place most of these items in service (this drives a

peacetime Prime BEEF training requirement of educating personnel on the

various BEAR items). Designate some supply and operations personnel to

act as asset expediters as the BEAR items arrive. These personnel will assistaerial port personnel in identifying equipment, arrange to have engineer-

related items moved from the ramp area to the job site or interim holding areaand maintain some method of accountability so quantities on hand are known.If a supply representative from the 49 MMG is available (UTC XFBKB),

they may be able to help identify BEAR assets as they arrive and maintain a

log that records initial receipt and the intended location or end user for eachasset.

9.1.3. Identify a reasonably large open storage area immediately upon arrival

at a bare base for temporary engineer asset storage and eventual longer termstorage for shipping containers. As facility and utility assets are off loaded,

they should be separated by type of system or building and moved to the

holding area or work site if needed at the time. Supply and operations per-



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sonnel who are forklift qualified can assist with movement of items if neces-

sary. Plan to have most bare base facilities delivered to the engineer holding

area, then moved to their final location for erection by user personnel as they

arrive. Make arrangements with base supply personnel to consolidate all theship/store containers (Figure 9.1) once they are empty. If arrangements can-

not be made early in the deployment, plan on initially storing these containers

in the engineer holding area.

Figure 9.1. BEAR Shipping Containers.

9.1.4. As assets are being off loaded from incoming aircraft or vehicles, site

layout and site preparation should be well underway. Try to have enough

heavy equipment operators on the job so as not to fall way behind the site

layout crews. Obviously this tactic is dependent on equipment availability

and the number of other heavy equipment tasks ongoing; however, the speedof facility erection is directly related to the degree of site preparation com-

pleted. Look to contract support to fill heavy equipment gaps. If the terrain

is relatively level, the site preparation task should go faster; if terrain is ir-regular, size the heavy equipment support accordingly. As a rule of thumb

during site preparation for facilities, the slope of terrain under the facility

should not exceed 18 inches over the projected floor area.



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9.1.5. As site layout and preparation are underway, begin a concurrent action

of delivering assets to the job sites; plan on doing this with engineer forces.

Have someone use the base layout plan and a general list of facility alloca-

tions to oversee this effort.

9.2. Shelters. Virtually all functional areas receive Small Shelter Systems

(Figure 9.2) or TEMPER tents so delivery of these assets should be reasona-bly straightforward. On the other hand, Medium Shelters (Figure 9.3), Gen-

eral Purpose Shelters (Figure 9.4) and Expandable Shelter Containers (Fig-

ure 9.5) are unique to certain areas and must be apportioned carefully. For

facility allocation, Attachment 2 provides an outline of what facilities aretypically used to support various base functional areas. The final facility al-

location will have to be determined by senior personnel locally. Make sure

the base and wing command staffs are involved.

Figure 9.2. Small Shelter System.



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Figure 9.3. Medium Shelter System.

Figure 9.4. General Purpose Shelter.

Figure 9.5. Expandable Shelter Container.



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9.2.1. Deliver facility assets as close as possible to final locations to prevent

moving them later. Pick up empty ship/store containers when returning to the

holding area after delivering assets. This keeps the base less cluttered and

protects containers from damage or misuse. Remember; repack assets inthese containers before leaving the base to prevent damage.

9.5.2. Large facilities, such as the aircraft hangar (Figure 9.6), dome shelter,

and frame supported tension fabric shelter (Figure 9.7), are not erected by

users, but rather RED HORSE squadrons or the 49 MMG from Holloman

AFB. It is best to allow these organizations to handle the movement, unpack-

ing, and erection of these larger facilities since they have the requisite train-ing and skills. Limit activities to site layout and temporary storage of the

assets.

Figure 9.6. Aircraft Hangar.



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Figure 9.7. Frame Supported Tension Fabric Shelter.

9.2.3. From an engineer aspect, a basic premise of bare base development isthat users will erect their own facilities, thereby freeing engineer personnel

for other, more critical beddown tasks. This does not mean that engineers

provide no support at all for facility erection. Plan on having to erect all Me-dium Shelter Systems and GP sheltersthese are probably too complex for

most base organizations to handle and training is not readily available. Plan

to have a small cadre of personnel knowledgeable on Small Shelter System,TEMPER tent and ESC erection techniques available to assist the base popu-

lace. There will be occasions where untrained people will be faced with fa-cility erection tasks and engineers must be prepared to offer supervisory and

instructional guidance. However, do not encourage the base populace to at-

tempt utility connections, as basic as they may be, to facilities. The potentialfor damage to system components and harm to both base personnel and elec-

trical crews is too great.



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Chapter 10

FORCE PROTECTION

10.1. ProtectiveShelters. To make BEAR assets easier to install, lighter,

and more mobile, some tradeoffs in survivability were allowed. Most BEAR

facilities cannot withstand even small arms fire, let alone fused munitionsdetonation. This makes it imperative that personnel and asset protection be

seriously considered at bare base locations, especially in high threat areas. In

fact, in serious high threat areas, one of the first tasks might be digging fox-

holes and protective trenches for personnel protection.

10.1.1. BEAR packages include assets for aircraft protection, such as binrevetment kits. But, because of their weight, dont expect to receive these

kits until well into the deployment timeline. In fact, they may even arrive by

ship rather than air. Nevertheless, have all parking plans, revetment locations

and configurations and fill material sources identified early. Start installingthe kits as soon as they arrive.

10.1.2. After installation of all BEAR assets nears completion, attentionshould be turned to providing protective shelters for the base populace. This

task should be a base-wide effort; it would take an inordinate amount of time

for engineer forces to complete this work independently. For personnel bun-

kers and facility hardening, work through the Force Protection WorkingGroup to develop an overall force protection construction strategy for the

installation. The final strategy should reflect the commanders operational

risk management decision on the optimum balance between risk of attack,

risk of facility collapse and cost and time requirements to mitigate those risks.Developing such a strategy is a leadership challenge as much as it is an engi-

neering challenge, since the base populace is likely to intuitively understand

the risk of attack but may not appreciate the risk of under-engineered protec-

tive structures collapsing. Simple revetments and sandbag walls can provideeffective protection against munitions and fragmentation traveling generally

horizontally.



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10.2. Constructing Protective Shelters. For protection against vertical

threats, several types of structures can be constructed using general construc-

tion materials in above-ground, underground and cut-and-cover modes. As

the base is being established, look for and store such items as 55-gallondrums, pieces of revetment material, structural steel shapes, timber and wood

packing materials, ship dunnage, steel or precast concrete culvert sections,

CONEX boxes, etc. Unserviceable aluminum matting or pallets may be read-ily available, but must be used with caution since they were not designed to

support heavy loads over a large clear span. Do not use BEAR or Harvest

ship/store containers for shelter components; they will be needed intact later

on for reconstitution of assets. Refer to UFC 4-010-01, AFPAM 10-219,Volume 2, Chapter 4; and the theater engineer staff for additional guidance

on protective construction.

10.2.1. Start constructing protective shelters in the more populated areas of

the base, e.g., billeting areas, kitchen area and major flightline areas. Workwithin limits of available materials. Dont try to build large facilities that

hold many people with building components that cannot withstand high static

loads or do not lend themselves to structurally sound construction practices.Its better to construct several smaller shelters (for 10-12 people each) for

dispersal purposes.

10.2.2. Plan on providing heavy equipment, welding support and technical

instruction to units building their own shelters. In some cases, tools will berequiredtry to arrange for local sources of tools and hardware to allow for

some breakage and loss. Develop simplified construction drawings for base

units to follow and assist with facility siting to ensure drainage patterns arenot disrupted or utility services damaged. Figures 10.1to 10.3show various

protective shelters.



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Figure 10.1. Metal Culvert Shelter.

Figure 10.2. CONEX Container Shelter.



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Figure 10.3. Timber Shelter.

10.2.3. Protection of selected critical facilities and utility nodes should also

be considered. It will be nearly impossible to quickly construct protectivefeatures for all candidate locations due to material, time or manpower short-

falls, so prioritize your requirements carefully. Look primarily at mission

sensitivity. Consider protecting water and power plants earlywithout these

utility services bare base operations will rapidly shut down. Also considerkey SDCs, maintenance shops (ESCs) and command posts. Expedient re-

vetments will be your primary hardening methodsand bag, timber, earth

berm and soil cement (Figures 10.4 to 10.5).

Figure 10.4. Soil Cement Revetment.



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Figure 10.5. Timber and Soil Revetment.

Figure 10.6. Plywood Wall Revetment.

DONALD J. WETEKAM, Lt General, USAF

DCS, Installations and Logistics



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Attachment 1

GLOSSARY OF REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION

References:

AFDD 1-2,Air Force Glossary

AFI 10-209,RED HORSE Program

AFI 10-210, Prime Base Engineer Emergency Force(BEEF) Program

AFPAM 10-219V2, Preattack & Predisaster Preparations

AFPAM 10-219V3, Postattack & Postdisaster Procedures

AFPAM 10-219V5,Bare Base Conceptual Planning Guide

AFPAM 10-219V6,Planning and Sustaining Aerospace Expeditionary Bases

AFH 10-222, V2, Guide to Bare Base Assets

AFH 10-222V5,Guide to Bare Base Power Plant Installation

AFH 10-247V1, Guide to Services Contingency Planning

AFI 10-404,Base Support and Expeditionary Site Planning

AFMAN 91-201,Explosives Safety Standards

AFTTP 3-42.71, CONOPS for Expeditionary Medical Support (EMEDS)System

UFC 3-260-01,Airfield and Heliport Planning and Design

UFC 4-010-01, DOD Minimum Antiterrorism Standards for Buildings

Abbreviations and Acronyms

ADRairfield damage repair

AFCESAAir Force Civil Engineer Support Agency

AFPAMAir Force pamphlet



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AGEaerospace ground equipment

BCEbase civil engineer

BEARBasic Expeditionary Airfield Resources

CBRNchemical, biological, radiological and nuclear

CONEXcontainer express

DPGDSDeployable Power Generation and Distribution System

EALSEmergency Airfield Lighting System

ECUenvironmental control unit

EMEDSExpeditionary Medical Support

EODexplosive ordnance disposal

ESCexpandable shelter container

GPgeneral purpose (tent)

kVAkilovolt ampere

kWkilowatt

MAASmobile aircraft arresting system

MEPmobile electric power

MMGMaterial Maintenance Group

NAVAIDSnavigational aids

PDCprimary distribution center

POLpetroleum, oils, and lubricants

Prime BEEFPrime Base Engineer Emergency Force

RALSremote area lighting set

RED HORSERapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operational Repair

Squadron, Engineer



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ROWPUReverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit

SDCsecondary distribution center

SFsquare feet

TOtechnical order

UFCunified facilities criteria

UTCunit type code

UXOunexploded ordnance



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Attachment 2

TYPICAL BARE BASE POPULATION

FUNCTION PERSONNEL

TYPICAL

FACILITY

SUPPORT

Aviation Package

Operations 33 Small Shelters

Medium Shelters

Admin 8 Small Shelters

Maintenance 347 Medium Shelters

Small Shelters

Dome Shelters

Aircraft Hangars

Supply 13 Small Shelters

Intelligence 13 Small Shelters

Medical 3 Small Shelters

Headquarters 58 Small Shelters

Acft Maint Additive 99 Aircraft Hangars

Dome Shelters

Medium Shelters

Small Shelters

Munitions Maint 48 Medium Shelters

Small Shelters



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Attachment 3

TYPICAL RED HORSE TASKINGS

A3.1. Emergency airfield lighting installation.

A3.2. Erection of K-Span or similar storage facilities.

A3.3. Construction of aircraft parking pavements, pads and ramps.

2006 us air force guide to bare base development 104p

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