2006 durability in buildings

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Copyright 2007 Australian Building Codes Board (www.abcb.gov.au)

Durability in Buildings

2 0 0 6

Handbook




GUIDELINE DOCUMENTDurability in Buildings

2006





Disclaimer

The Australian Building Codes Board1 (ABCB) is committed to enhancing theavailability and dissemination of information relating to the built environment. TheGuideline document, Durability in Buildings 2006 (the Guideline) is designed to assistin making such information easily available. However, neither the ABCB nor thegroups which have endorsed or been involved in the development of the Guideline,accept any responsibility for the use of the information contained in the Guideline andmake no guarantee or representation whatsoever that the information is an exhaustivetreatment of the subject matters contained therein or is complete, accurate, up-to-dateor relevant as a guide to action for any particular purpose. Users are required toexercise their own skill and care with respect to its use. In any important matter, users

should carefully evaluate the scope of the treatment of the particular subject matter, itscompleteness, accuracy, currency and relevance for their purposes, and should obtainappropriate professional advice relevant to their particular circumstances.

To the maximum extent permitted by law, the authors of this Guideline and all personsinvolved in the preparation of this document hereby expressly disclaim and exclude allliability to any person for any loss, damage, injury or other consequence (direct orindirect), howsoever caused (including without limitation by way of negligence) whichmay arise from or in any way relate to any person’s use of, reliance on or non-relianceon, this Guideline.

In particular, and to avoid doubt, the use of the Guideline does not:

guarantee acceptance or accreditation of a design, material or building solution byany entity authorised to do so under any law;

mean that a design, material or building solution complies with the Building Codeof Australia; or

absolve the user from complying with any Local, State, Territory or AustralianGovernment legal requirements.

© Australian Government and States and Territories of Australia 2006

This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968,no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from theCommonwealth and State and Territory Governments of Australia. Requests andinquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the -

General Manager • Australian Building Codes Board

GPO Box 9839 • Canberra ACT 2601

Phone 1300 134 631 • Fax 02 6213 7287

1 The Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB) is a joint initiative of all levels of AustralianGovernments, in co-operation with the building industry.

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Preface

The Inter–Government Agreement that governs the ABCB places a strong emphasis onreducing reliance on regulation, including consideration of non– regulatoryalternatives to regulation such as non–mandatory Guidelines and Protocols.

The Durability in Buildings Guideline document is one of a series produced by theABCB. These Guidelines are being developed in response to comments and concernsexpressed by government, industry and the community that relate to the builtenvironment. The topics of the Guidelines expand on topics which have, for a variety

of reasons, been deemed inappropriate for regulation. The aim of these Guidelines is toprovide construction industry participants with best practice, non-mandatory adviceand guidance on specific topics.

Durability has been identified by industry as an issue that requires national uniformguidance. This Guideline addresses durability in generic terms. It is expected that thisGuideline will be used by industry to develop durability solutions relevant to specificmaterials in accordance with the generic principles and criteria contained in thisGuideline.

The ABCB has been monitoring national and international durability research anddevelopment activities together with the experiences of other countries that have

chosen regulatory and non-regulatory approaches to the issue. Based on the results ofthis research and advice from industry, it has been determined that the mostappropriate means of addressing durability at this time is to issue this non-mandatoryGuideline.

This Guideline has been prepared with the assistance of research and industryorganisations.

Preface

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Acknowledgments

This ABCB Guideline was prepared with the assistance of -

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation – Manufacturingand Infrastructure Technologies (CSIRO MIT)

The National Association of Steel-frame Housing (NASH)

Cement and Concrete and Aggregates Australia (C&CAA)

National Timber Development Council (NTDC) and the Forest and Wood ProductsResearch and Development Corporation (FWPRDC)

The members of the drafting committee are -

Lam Pham (Convener – CSIRO MIT)

Graeme Stark (NASH)

Samia Guirguis (C&CAA)

Colin Mackenzie (NTDC/FWPRDC)

Kevin Newhouse (ABCB)

Staff of the ABCB Office

CSIRO

C&CAA

NASH

FWPRDC

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Table of Contents

1 SCOPE..................................................................................................................3

2 DURABILITY PERFORMANCE..................................................................................5

2.1 AIM......................................................................................................................5

2.2 PERFORMANCE DESCRIPTION.......................................................................5

2.3 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA...............................................................................5

2.4 MINIMUM DESIGN LIFE.....................................................................................5

3 F ACTORS AFFECTING DURABILITY ........................................................................7

3.1 SERVICE CONDITIONS.....................................................................................7

3.1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS.................................................................................. 7

3.1.2 SPECIFIC CONDITIONS ........................................................................................ 8

3.2 MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS .......................................................................8

3.3 DESIGN AND DETAILING..................................................................................9

3.4 WORKMANSHIP.................................................................................................9

3.5 MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION...................................................................9

4 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY ....................................................................................11

4.1 STRATEGY FOR RELIABILITY........................................................................11

4.2 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED ....................................................................11

4.3 THE ASSESSMENT OF DURABILITY .............................................................12

4.3.1 GENERAL PROCEDURE ..................................................................................... 12

4.3.2 METHODS OF ASSESSMENT............................................................................. 12

4.3.3 METHOD FOR CHECKING DURABILITY IN LIMIT STATES FORMAT.............. 14

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...............................................................................................................17

APPENDIX A ...................................................................................................................19

LIST OF RELEVANT ISO STANDARDS ON DURABILITY TESTING......................19

APPENDIX B ...................................................................................................................21

CURRENT AUSTRALIAN PRACTICE ON DURABILITY TESTING .........................21

Table of Contents

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Definition of Terms

Durability

means the capability of a building or its parts to perform a functionover a specified period of time.

Comments:

Durability is not an inherent property of a material or component. Itis the outcome of complex interactions among a number of factors.Section 4 of this Guideline contains a detailed discussion of thesefactors.

means the period for which a building, a building element or sub-Design life

system is expected to fulfill its intended function.

Comments:

Other equivalent terms such as design working life, intended life,working life, service life, reference period etc. should be avoidedbecause they might imply slightly different meanings. Design lifeshould not be interpreted as a guarantee. Implicit in the definition isthe assumption that regular maintenance will be carried out and thatthere will be no unusual events such as a large earthquake. See also

Section 3 of this Guideline.

Maintenancemeans the total set of activities performed during the design life toretain a building or its parts in a state in which it can fulfill itsintended function.

Repairmeans activities performed to return a building or its parts to anacceptable condition. The activities may include raising theperformance level or extending the design life.

Comments:

Repair is more commonly used for making good any damage thatimpairs the original functioning and design life of a component.Hence, maintenance may lead to repair. The difference betweenmaintenance and repair is one of intention. Maintenance activitiesare intended to enable a structure or component to maintain itscurrent performance level, while repair activities might raise theperformance level or extend the design life beyond the originalintention. See also Section 4 of this Guideline.

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Scope

This Guideline addresses the issue of durability within the context of the builtenvironment. Aspects of durability relating to the objectives of safety, health andamenity are considered.

The Guideline is intended as guidance for product manufacturers, appraisers andtechnical specification writers such as Standards Australia technical committees, forconsideration when developing durability solutions.

Comments:

The BCA and this Guideline do not address the issue of durability in terms of

consumer protection; for instance, defective materials or products.

This Guideline addresses durability in generic terms. It is expected that industry willdevelop specific solutions relevant to specific materials in accordance with theprinciples and criteria of this Guideline.

Scope

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2 Durability Performance

This section sets out durability performance in general terms, including the aim,performance description, performance criteria and minimum design life.

2.1 Aim

To ensure that the objectives of safety, health and amenity are maintained for thelength of time necessary to fulfill community expectations.

2.2 Performance Description

The durability of a building or its components should be described in terms of designlife and the necessary maintenance to achieve that design life.

2.3 Performance Criteria

The durability of a building and its components in their environment should be suchthat they remain fit for use during the design life, given appropriate maintenance.

2.4 Minimum Design Life

The minimum design life for a building and its components or sub-systems should beas shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Design life of bu ildings and components

Design life of buildings(dl)

(years)

Design life of components or sub-systems

(years)

Category

Category No of years

Readily accessible

and economical toreplace or repair

Moderate ease of

access but difficultor costly to replaceor repair

Not accessible or

not economical toreplace or repair

Short 1 < dl < 15 5 or dl (if dl<5) dl dl

Normal 50 5 15 50

Long 100 or more 10 25 100

The design life of buildings should be taken as Normal for all building importance

categories unless otherwise specified.

Durability Performance

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Comments:

Although there is generally a correlation between the category of building design lifeand the importance level of a building, the concepts should not be confused. Animportant building may have a short design life and an unimportant building mayhave a long design life.

An example of a building with a 'short' design life is a temporary building on a mininglease. Examples of buildings with a 'long' design life are monumental buildingstructures or buildings of high importance. An example of a building with a shortdesign life but of high importance would be a temporary public grandstand withcrowd loading. All buildings without specific 'short' or 'long' design life should be

considered as 'normal'.

Examples of sub-systems 'not accessible or not economical to replace or repair' arestructural frames. Examples of sub-systems with 'moderate ease of access but difficultor costly to replace or repair' are roof cladding systems or gutter and down-pipesystems. An example of a 'readily accessible and economical to replace or repair' itemis window glass.

What constitutes a sub-system or component needs careful consideration. For example,the coating on a column for the purpose of protecting the column against the weatheris just one part of the column sub-system or component. The recoating of the column in

this case is therefore a part of the maintenance requirement. However, the coating on awall as a barrier for health purpose (e.g. operating room in a hospital) is a sub-systemby itself and its recoating should be considered as a repair or replacement operation.

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3 Factors Affecting Durability

The following factors should be specified or investigated when deriving durabilitysolutions -

a) the service conditions;

b) material characteristics;

c) design and detailing;

d) workmanship;

e) maintenance.

Comments:

Durability is not an inherent property of a material or component. It is the outcome ofcomplex interactions among all the factors (a) to (e). Consideration of all of theseshould be part of the design process.

3.1 Service Conditions

Service conditions that need to be considered include environmental agents andspecific conditions that might affect durability.

3.1.1 Environmental agents

The investigation of the service conditions should include at least the followingenvironmental agents as appropriate –

a) temperature;

b) solar radiation;

c) humidity;

d) rainfall;

e) wind and air flow;

f) soil type;

g) exposure to airborne salt;

h) pollutants;

i) saline environment;

j) biological hazards;

k) chemical agents.

These agents should be quantified in terms of intensity, concentration level andfrequency of exposure or cycling. The effects of agents acting in combination should beconsidered.

Factors Affecting Durability

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Comments:

The first task in the development of a durability solution should be to identify therelevant agents of degradation which characterise the environment of the building andits components. Different components or materials will react differently to differentagents. All relevant agents, both external and internal, should be identified, includingagents that will be relevant only after the building is occupied.

3.1.2 Specific conditions

Sub-systems, or components, that are subject to the following specific conditionsshould be specified or investigated –

a) condensation;

b) cyclic changes (from hot or cold or wet to dry);

c) agents due to usage (e.g. aggressive, inappropriate maintenance or agents);

d) ground contact.

Comments:

While the location of the building determines its exposure to the macro climate, thelocation of its components determines their exposure to the micro climates that are of

particular significance in identifying the relevant agents of degradation. Actions byusers can also impact on durability. Examples are direct wear caused by heavy use (e.g.foot traffic on floors), accidental impacts (e.g. spilled goods) or internal processhumidity (e.g. laundries and pools).

3.2 Material characteristics

Material characteristics that have a bearing on durability should be specified orinvestigated.

Comments:

Materials vary in their reaction to the agents of degradation. It is therefore appropriatethat durability provisions should be provided in material design standards. Chemicaland physical characteristics of materials such as fatigue, freeze-thaw, UV degradation,different rate of expansion/contraction etc. may or may not have bearing on durabilitydepending on the particular circumstance. Durability performance of traditionalmaterials is known through data and/or experience for some but may not be knownfor all relevant agents. Innovative materials may be designed to achieve betterdurability against certain agents but not others.

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3.3 Design and detailing

Aspects of design and detailing that have a bearing on durability should be specified

or investigated.

Comments:

Design and detailing may enhance or degrade durability performance. Protectionagainst agents or avoidance of their degrading effects, are measures that can beachieved through design and detailing. Examples of durability problems that can beovercome by appropriate design and detailing are pooling of water, interstitialcondensation, dissimilar metals etc.

3.4 WorkmanshipAspects of workmanship that have a bearing on durability should be specified orinvestigated.

Comments:

Careful attention to other factors may be easily undone by poor quality workmanshipduring manufacturing or installation. The possibility of variable workmanship shouldbe considered in design. Examples of durability problems that can be overcome byappropriate workmanship are poor connections, jointing and gradients.

3.5 Maintenance and Inspection

The maintenance and inspection required for buildings or their components to achievetheir design life should be specified.

The identification of essential maintenance, as distinct from maintenance forappearance only, should be considered for critical elements affecting health and safety.

Comments:

Maintenance activities that can be reasonably anticipated should be taken into account

in design. How much or how often maintenance should be carried out should be partof the design specification. Decisions should be made in accordance with the strategyadopted for design. However, unrealistic requirements for maintenance should beavoided. Examples of durability problems that can be overcome by appropriatemaintenance are regular removal of corrosive deposits by cleaning, renewal ofelements of short design life, testing of components for proper functioning etc. See alsoSection 4 of this Guideline.

Factors Affecting Durability

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4 Design for Durability

This section discusses various aspects of design for durability. These include designstrategy, factors to be considered appropriate to the selected strategy and the generalproblem of durability assessment.

4.1 Strategy for Reliability

Design should be achieved either by a maintenance program or, in those cases wheremaintenance cannot (or is not expected to) be carried out, by design so thatdeterioration will not lead to failure.

Design for durability should take into account the natural durability of the materials as

well as maintenance and inspection if used. Check for durability in limit states formatshould be carried out in accordance with 4.3.3

Target performance

Strategy 1 (no maintenance)

P e r f o r m a n c e L e v e l

Strategy 2 (with repair)

Design Life Time

Strategy 3 (with maintenance)

Figure 1 Performance level with respect to design life

4.2 Factors to Be Considered

In designing for durability, the following factors should be considered –

a) intended use of the structure;

b) required performance criteria;

c) expected environmental conditions;

d) composition, properties and performance of the materials;e) structural system;

Design for Durability

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f) shape of the members and the structural detailing;

g) quality of the workmanship and level of control;

h) particular protective measures;i) maintenance during the design life.

4.3 The Assessment of Durability

This section outlines the general procedure for durability assessment and variousmethods of assessment.

4.3.1 General procedure

The assessment of durability should be carried out as follows –a) Identify the service conditions;

b) Identify the relevant environmental agents and specific locations that contributeto the problem (see Section 3.1 of this Guideline);

c) Identify the deterioration and damage mechanisms;

d) Identify the relevant factors to be considered (see Section 4.2 of this Guideline);

e) Identify the relevant limit states associated with the functional failures for theintended use;

f) Estimate the deterioration- time relationship;g) Determine whether the anticipated deterioration is acceptable or the building

components or assemblies need to be maintained, repaired or replaced withinthe design life of the building.

Comments:

The aim of any durability assessment is to ensure that buildings and/or theircomponents are able to maintain the required performance for the term of their designlives. The deterioration - time relationship is often non-linear.

The assessment should be carried out based on a sound understanding and applicationof the principles of building science in the modeling of the deterioration process.

Some assessment of the reliability of the proposed solution should be included withthe durability assessment.

4.3.2 Methods of assessment

Durability should be assessed by one of the following methods –

a) Historical record: This method should be used only for identical components orassemblies that have been used successfully and in the same environment.

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b) Modeling and historical record: This method should be used for similarcomponents or assemblies that have been used successfully in the sameenvironment or proven components or assemblies in moderately different

environments.c) Modeling and testing: This method should be used for innovative components

or assemblies or proven components or assemblies in significantly different

environments. Testing should be carried out in accordance with internationalstandards if available.

Assessment should be carried out by appropriate experts in the area.

Comments:

(a) Historical record

A successful historical record of performance is the best way of demonstrating thedurability of a product in any particular application. Historical records, whenthoroughly investigated, will be able to provide acceptable descriptive solutions.Common forms of descriptive solutions are -

protective coatings;

composition/thickness;

specific design details; or

specific installation/maintenance requirements.

Historical records, however, are location dependent. An acceptable solution at onelocation may become inappropriate for another location. The following points shouldbe noted when considering the application of a descriptive solution to a new usage -

The environment: the macro-environments and micro-environments relevant to thehistorical records and the new application need to be compared. This is of particularimportance if the solution or product is of overseas origin.

Materials interaction: individual materials that are durable by themselves might degrade

rapidly when in contact with other materials. Typical problems are galvanic corrosion,interaction of timber preservatives with other materials, plasticiser migration insealants, etc.

Changes in formulation: major changes to the formulation of products and materials maymake historical records irrelevant.

(b) Testing

Testing should be used when a new situation is encountered. It could be a newinnovative material or product, or an established material or product to be used in a

new environment.

Testing, if used, should follow internationally established procedures when available


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as this will facilitate the interpretation and comparison of results. Appendix 1 providesa list of available ISO Standards. Appendix 2 contains information on currentAustralian durability testing practice.

Testing should be accompanied by documented expert interpretation of the results.

A key factor in all testing is whether the test can accurately reproduce the deteriorationmechanisms that will take place in service.

Common procedures include –

Direct testing: durability is considered to be acceptable if a certain level of performanceis achieved for a certain test. This type of criteria is often used in abrasion, fatigue orimpact assessment.

Indirect testing: durability is considered to be acceptable if the measurements of certaincharacteristics, which can be correlated to durability performance, exceed a certainpredetermined value, For example, hardness can be used as a substitute for abrasionresistance, Indirect testing may include extreme tests in which the product is subjectedto much harsher conditions than ever encountered in real use e.g. boiling test for gluedproducts.

Natural ageing/weathering tests: these are the most reliable testing method if the testexposure condition can simulate the actual exposure condition accurately. The majordrawback is that it may take a very long time to obtain any results.

Accelerated ageing/weathering tests: if the key mechanism for degradation can beidentified, an accelerated test can be devised to shorten the duration fo the test;

(c) Modeling

The modeling of the deterioration process should take into account all factors listed inSection 5.2 of this Guideline.

(d) Specialist expertise

Data obtained from historical records, testing or modeling will rarely be adequate to

cover all applicable agents and conditions. The data should be viewed as an input toforecasts of durability rather than a final judgment. All of the data will needinterpretation. Expert interpretation should be sought and non-expert interpretationshould be avoided.

4.3.3 Method for checking durability in limit states format

In limit states format, the requirements for durability can be expressed as -

R(t) ≥ S(t) for 0≤ t ≤ T

where R(t) and S(t) represent the resistance and the action effects at time t; and T is thedesign life of the building.

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The probability of failure Pf (t) should not exceed the target probability of failure P target .

Thus:

Pf (t) = P{ (R(t)/S(t)) < 1.0 ≤ P target

P target for the whole building should be chosen based on the importance of the building,i.e. the reliability of the building affected by durability issue should be the same as thatfor which durability is not an issue.

P target for a component should be chosen based on the design life of the component, thedifficulty and expense of maintenance and the consequences of failure as outlined inSection 2.


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Bibliography

In developing this Guideline, references have been made to the following sources –

The European Union Directive on Durability for Construction Products

Canadian Standards Association, Guideline on Durability in Buildings

The New Zealand Building Code

ISO TC98/SC2/WG10 General Principles on the Design of Structures for Durability

(Working Draft ISO/WD 13823)

Bibliography

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Appendix A

List of Relevant ISO Standards on Durabili ty Testing

(A) Standards on how to expose specific materials outdoors –

(B) Standards on how to expose specific materials to artificial weathering –

ISO 8565: Metals and alloys—Atmospheric corrosion testing—General requirementsfor field tests.

ISO 877: Plastics—Methods of exposure to direct weathering, to weathering usingglass—filtered daylight, and to intensified weathering by daylight usingFresnel mirrors.

ISO 2810: Paints and varnishes—Natural weathering of coatings – Exposure andassessment.

ISO 4665: Rubber, vulcanised and thermoplastic—Resistance to weathering.

ISO 9226: Corrosion of metals and alloys—Corrosivity of atmospheres—Determination of corrosion rate of standard specimens for the evaluation ofcorrosivity

ISO 4611: Plastics—Determination of the effects of exposure to damp heat, water sprayand salt mist.

ISO 877: Plastics—Methods of exposure to direct weathering, to weathering usingglass—filtered daylight, and to intensified weathering by daylight usingFresnel mirrors.

ISO 4892 Part 2: Plastics—Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources—Part 2: Xenon-arclamps.

ISO 4892 Part 3: Plastics—Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources—Part 3:Fluorescent UV lamps.

ISO 4892 Part 4: Plastics—Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources—Part 4: Open-flame carbon-arc lamps.

ISO 291: Plastics—Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing.

ISO 9370: Plastics—Instrumental determination of radiant exposure in weatheringtests—General guidance and basic test method.

ISO 4582: Plastics—Determination of changes in colour and variations in propertiesafter exposure to daylight under glass, natural weathering or laboratory lightsources.

Appendix A

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ISO 4892 Part 1: Plastics—Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources—Part 1: Generalguidance

ISO 3668: Paints and varnishes—Visual comparison of the colour of paints.

ISO 11341: Paints and varnishes—Artificial weathering and exposure to artificialradiation—Exposure to filtered xenon-arc radiation.

ISO 11507: Paints and varnishes—Exposure of coatings to artificial weathering—Exposure to fluorescent UV and water.

ISO 4665: Rubber - vulcanised and thermoplastic—Resistance to weathering.

ISO 11758: Rubber and plastics hoses—Exposure to a xenon arc lamp—determination ofchanges in colour and appearance.

ISO 11431: Building construction—Jointing products—Determination ofadhesion/cohesion properties of sealants after exposure to heat, water andartificial light through glass.

ISO 13638: Building construction—Sealants—Determination of resistance to prolongedexposure to water.

ISO 14615: Adhesives—Durability of structural adhesive joints—Exposure to humidityand temperature under load.

ISO 2135: Anodising of aluminium and its alloys – Accelerated test of light fastness of

coloured anodic oxide coating using artificial light.

ISO / TR11728: Anodised aluminium and aluminium alloys - Accelerated test of weatherfastness of coloured anodic oxide coatings using cyclic artificial light andpollution gas.

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Appendix B

Current Australian Practice on Durability Testing

Durability testing is product dependent. In Australia, standards on durability testingare therefore normally included as a part of the specific product or material Standard.There are also protocols for durability assessments developed by interest groups; theseare often used in particular industries.

(A) Some test methods used in Australia –

Product Type AustralianStandard Description

Aggregates AS 1141.25 Parts 1, 2 & 3 - Degradation factor sampling andtesting

Aluminium and alloys AS 1247 Evaluating corrosion tests

Bituminous products AS 2341 Durability determination - testing

Masonry construction AS 2699 series Built-in components

Ceramic tiles AS 4459 Parts 6 & 7 - Abrasion, Part 5 - Impact, Part 11 -Crazing, Part 12 - Frost, Part 13 - Chemical

Plastics for roofs andwalls

AS 4257 Part 6 - Impact, Part 7 - Impact after ultravioletexposure

Cladding (impact test) AS 4040 Part 4 - Sheet roofs, Part 5 - Wall boards

Roofing tiles AS 4046 Part 4 - Water absorption, Part 5 - Permeability,Part 6 - Freeze & thaw

Concrete AS 1012 Part 20 - Chloride / sulfate

AS 2350 Part 14 - Sulfate resistance

Corrosion tests AS 4036 Dissimilar metals in sea water

AS 2331 Part 3 - Metallic coating

AS 3572 Part 15 - GRP pipe

AS 2205 Part 10.1 - Welds

Doors AS 4503 Part 3 - Durability cycle test – domestic garage

Appendix B

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Elastomeric hose AS 1180 series Methods of testing

Fire alarm systems tests AS 2362 Part 13 - Corrosion, Part 16 - Impact, Part 23 -

Weathering, Part 14 - Crushing

Kitchens AS 4387 series Domestic assemblies test methods

Masonry units AS 4456 Part 9 - Abrasion, Part 10 - Salt attack

Metal coatings AS 2331 series Corrosion tests

Metal finish AS 3894 series Protective, site testing

Paints and related AS 1580 series Methods of testingmaterials

Plumbing AS 3558 series Impact resistance, thermal shock

Plywood AS 2098 series Methods of test for veneer and plywood

Polyurethane (cellular) AS 2282 Part 10 - Accelerated aging, Part 7 - Tearresistance

Rocks AS 4133 Part 3 - Swelling and slake durability

Roofing tiles AS 4046 Part 4 - Water absorption, Part 5 - Permeability,Part 6 - Freeze/thaw

Rubber AS 1683 Part 26 - Accelerated aging, Part 12 - Tearing

Stress corrosion tests AS 4490 Monitoring structural properties

Tilt-up concrete AS 4548 Part 5 - Long life coatingelements

Wood-based panels AS 4266 Part 17 - Termicide treatment, Part 20 - Abrasion,Part 33 - Veneer bond durability

Wood preservatives Protocol for assessment of wood preservatives (Australasian wood

preservation committee – This document refers to other Europeanand US test methods for wood preservatives:

EN20-2, EN49-2,EN73,EN84,EN113,EN330 AND EN225 OFEuropean Standards

M10,M9 and M7 of American Wood Preservers' Association

(B) Other Related Australian Standards –

In addition to the major material-specific design Standards that usually devote at leastone section to durability issues, the following Australian Standards also relate to

durability issues although not specifically on durability testing.

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Wood preservatives AS 1605

Atmospheric corrosion AS 2312

Boilers AS 4037 (examination and testing)

Building sites AS 1289 (soil test)

Pliable building membrane AS 4201

Emergency lighting AS 2293 Part 2 (inspection and maintenance)

Environmental testing (electrotechnology) AS 1099 series

Fire alarm installations AS 1851 Part 8 (maintenance)

Flooring tests AS 4155 series

Fungal growth testing AS 1157 series

Glass filament reinforced plastic AS 3572

Outdoor weathering of plastics AS 1745

Appendix B

2006 durability in buildings

Documents