20 - 1 powerpoint authors: susan coomer galbreath, ph.d., cpa charles w. caldwell, d.b.a., cma jon...
DESCRIPTION
Comparing Job Order and Process Operations Job Order Systems Custom orders Heterogeneous products Low production volume High product flexibility Low to medium standardization Process Systems Repetitive operations Homogeneous products High production volume Low product flexibility High standardization A 1TRANSCRIPT
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PowerPoint Authors:Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph.D., CPACharles W. Caldwell, D.B.A., CMAJon A. Booker, Ph.D., CPA, CIACynthia J. Rooney, Ph.D., CPA
Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 20
Process Cost Accounting
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Used for production of small, identical, low-cost items. Mass produced in automated continuous production process. Costs cannot be directly traced to each unit of product.
Process OperationsC 1
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Comparing Job Orderand Process Operations
Job Order Systems
Custom orders
Heterogeneous products
Low production volume
High product flexibility
Low to medium standardization
Process Systems
Repetitive operations
Homogeneous products
High production volume
Low product flexibility
High standardization
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DirectMaterials
FinishedGoods
Cost for each job
DirectLabor
FactoryOverhead
Jobs
The goods in process account consists of individual jobs in a job order system.
Comparing Job Orderand Process Operations
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DirectMaterials
FinishedGoods
DirectLabor
FactoryOverhead
Processes
The goods in process account consists of
specific processes in a process cost system.
Costper unit
processed
Comparing Job Orderand Process Operations
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Same objective: to determine the cost of products
Same inventory accounts: raw materials, work in process, and finished goods
Same overhead assignment method:predetermined rate times actual activity
Comparing Job Orderand Process Operations
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Journal entries for both job order and
process costing are identical
The difference between job order and
process costing lies in how the cost of goods transferred to finished goods is determined.
Comparing Job Orderand Process Operations
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Job order costing
The cost of goods transferred to
finished goods is equal to the sum of all of the completed jobs for that period.
Process costing
The cost of goods transferred to finished
goods equals the number of completed units times the cost per equivalent unit.
Comparing Job Orderand Process Operations
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GenX Company ─An Illustration
GenX makes a product called
Profen in a process cost
system.
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Labor
Materials
Indi
rect
Indi
rect
FactoryOverhead
Direct
Direct
Cost ofGoodsSold
Goods in Process
FinishedGoods
AppliedOverhead
Process Operationsand Costs – GenX
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Equivalent Units of Production
Costs are accumulated for a period of time by process or department.
Unit cost is computed by dividing the accumulated costs by the number of equivalent units produced in the period.
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Equivalent Units of Production Equivalent units is a concept expressing a
number of partially completed units as a smaller number of fully completed units.
Two one-half full pitchers are equivalent to one full pitcher.
+ =So, 4,000 units that are 60 percent complete
would total 2,400 equivalent units.
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For the current period, PencilCo started 15,000 units and completed 10,000 units, leaving
5,000 units in process 30 percent complete. How many equivalent units of production did
PencilCo have for the period?
10,000 units + (5,000 units × .30) = 11,500 equivalent units
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Equivalent Units of Production
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Cost perequivalent
unit
= Product costs for the periodEquivalent units for the period
Cost Per Equivalent UnitC 2
$27,600 ÷ 11,500 equivalent units
= $2.40 per equivalent unit
If PencilCo incurred $27,600 in production costs during the period, what is the cost
per equivalent unit for the period?
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Equivalent units may be different for material, labor, and overhead, given that costs may be added at
different stages of a process.
At completion of Stage 1 of the process, materialis 40% complete, but labor and overhead are only
25% complete.
Stage 1
40% ofMaterial
25% ofLabor andOverhead
Equivalent UnitsC 2
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Stage 2
25% ofLabor andOverhead
60% ofMaterial
Stage 1
40% ofMaterial
25% ofLabor andOverhead
+
+
=
=
100%
50%
Equivalent UnitsC 2
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Stage 3
50% ofLabor andOverhead
The process is now complete.
Stage 2
25% ofLabor andOverhead
60% ofMaterial
Stage 1
40% ofMaterial
25% ofLabor andOverhead
Equivalent UnitsC 2
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Process Costing Illustration
GenX uses a weighted average cost flow system with the following four steps:
Determine physical flow of units. Compute equivalent units of production. Compute cost per equivalent unit. Assign and reconcile costs.
C 2
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GenX Production Data for April
Beginning Inventory: Units of product 30,000
Percentage of completion - direct materials 100%Percentage of completion - direct labor 65%
Units started in April 90,000
Units transferred from grinding to mixing 100,000
Ending Inventory:Units of product 20,000 Percentage of completion - direct materials 100%Percentage of completion - direct labor 25%
Process Operations – GenXC 2
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Process Operations – GenXC 2
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GenX Physical Flow for April
Units to account for:Beginning inventory 30,000 Units started during April 90,000 Total number of units 120,000
Units accounted for as:Units transferred from grinding to mixing 100,000 Ending inventory 20,000 Total number of units 120,000
Determine PhysicalFlow of UnitsThese two amounts are reconciled.
C 2
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GenX Direct Materials Equivalent Units of Production for April
Units of Percentage EquivalentProduct of Completion Units
Equivalent units completed andtransferred out 100,000 100% 100,000
Ending goods in process 20,000 100% 20,000 Total units 120,000 120,000
Compute Equivalent Units of Production – Materials
C 2
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GenX Direct Labor and FactoryOverhead Equivalent Units of Production for April
Units of Percentage EquivalentProduct of Completion Units
Equivalent units completed andtransferred out 100,000 100% 100,000
Ending goods in process 20,000 25% 5,000 Total units 120,000 105,000
Compute Equivalent Units of Production – Direct Labor and Factory Overhead
C 2
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GenX Equivalent Units of Production for April
Direct Direct FactoryMaterials Labor Overhead
Equivalent units completed andtransferred out 100,000 100,000 100,000
Equivalent units for endinggoods in process 20,000 5,000 5,000
Equivalent units of productionfor period 120,000 105,000 105,000
Compute Equivalent Units of Production
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GenX Cost Per Equivalent Unit for April
Direct Direct FactoryMaterials Labor Overhead
Costs of beginning goodsin process inventory 3,300$ 600$ 720$
Costs incurred this period 9,900 5,700 6,840 Total costs 13,200$ 6,300$ 7,560$ ÷ Equivalent units of
production ÷ 120,000 ÷ 105,000 ÷ 105,000 = Cost per equivalent unit
of production = 0.11$ = 0.06$ = 0.072$
Compute the CostPer Equivalent Unit
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In the cost reconciliation, we will account for all costs incurred by
assigning unit costs to the:
A. 100,000 units transferred out. B. 20,000 units remaining in ending
inventory.
Assign and Reconcile CostsC 2
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C 2
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ProcessCost
Summary
Process Cost Summary
Helps managerscontrol theirdepartments.
Provides costinformation for
financial statements.
Shows the flowof units and coststhrough work in
process.
Helps factorymanagers evaluate
department managerperformance.
C 3
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We will illustrate the process cost summary for GenX in three sections:
Costs charged to production. Equivalent units of production and cost per
equivalent unit. Cost assignment and reconciliation
Process Cost SummaryC 3
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Process Cost SummaryC 3
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Process Cost SummaryC 3
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Process Cost SummaryC 3
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Trends in Process Operations
Process Process designdesign
Just-in-time Just-in-time productionproduction
AutomationAutomation ServicesServices
Customer Customer orientationorientation
C 3
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Global ViewAs part of a series of global environmental goals, Anheuser-Busch InBev set targets to reduce its water usage. To meet these goals,
the company followed recent trends in process operations, including extensive redesign of
production processes and the use of advanced technology to increase efficiency at wastewater
treatment plants. As a result, water usage decreased by almost 37 percent.
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Hybrid costing systems contain featuresof both job order and process operations.
Job OrderCosting
ProcessCosting
Hybrid Costing
Material costs areaccounted for usinga job order system.
Conversion costs areaccounted for usinga process system.
Hybrid Costing SystemsA 2
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Process Costing Journal Entries
Let’s look at theaccounting journal entries
for the process costsystem at GenX.
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Process Costing Journal EntriesP 1
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Process Costing Journal EntriesP 2
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Process Costing Journal EntriesP 3
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Process Costing Journal EntriesP 4
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Appendix 20A: FIFO Methodof Process Costing
C 4
The same GenX data for April will also be used to illustrate the FIFO method.
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Determine PhysicalFlow of Units
C 4
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Compute Equivalent Units of Production
C 4
*Units completed this period 100,000
Less units in beginning goods in process 30,000
Units started and completed this period 70,000
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Compute Cost PerEquivalent Unit – FIFO
C 4
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Assign and Reconcile CostsC 4
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Assign and Reconcile CostsC 4
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End of Chapter 20