2 sentence errors

8/18/2019 2 Sentence Errors

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Sentence Errors

Technical Writing


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Grammar : Errors in using verbs,structure, agreement, case, tense,modal verbs, articles, relativeclauses, ...

Mechanics: Errors in usingpunctuation, capitalization, numbers,abbreviation, and spelling

Vocabulary: misusing or conusing!ords, insuicient vocabulary, "

Style: Errors related to meaning #ogic: Errors o organization,

relationships, arguments

Sentence Errors$re errors o

Will handle errors in written texts


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%o! is a sentence deined&%o! is a sentence deined&

'n a strictly mechanical level, a'n a strictly mechanical level, asentence starts !ith a capital lettersentence starts !ith a capital letterand inishes !ith a period,and inishes !ith a period,

(uestion mar), or e*clamation(uestion mar), or e*clamationpoint. 'r a +- in rare cases.point. 'r a +- in rare cases.

Grammatically, a sentenceGrammatically, a sentenceconsists o an independent clause.consists o an independent clause.$bove all, a sentence should have$bove all, a sentence should have

a complete meaning.a complete meaning.


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./012 31456 147 189; ?1@A=/B7> CD4

.FH1=H I3JKL >19 UJ> X>JY @J=9 14LZ[9 \ > RB=3 f.A1/7> R /2 [.R4jk R=4D R >A2>.Z Y 53 PH @1 q@ 1 A9 [7> 4 >w1H x2

.x; R9 x52 1BH

.;Zk { Y [2


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#$ST WEE|, T%E}E W$SE~'•'M€~ W$} ETWEE• ‚S $•ƒ

„$…$• #ast !ee), there !as economic !arbet!een ‚S and „apan.

#ast !ee), there !as economic !arbet!een ‚S$ and „apan. #ast !ee), there !as economic !ar

bet!een ‚.S. and „apan. The most important ingredient is

adding caustic soda. }emove the bolt rom the lange then

replace it.


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The convenience o !ordprocessor!ill soon replace type!riters.

We decided immediately topurchase the proposed system. They evaluate the program !hich

too) almost ive months.

The resistance o copper !iring islo!er than aluminum !iring. € am sending the report on the pipe

that had the lea) under a separatecover. € have been trying to place him

under contract to !or) here or

three years.


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Will emphasize t!o types o error:Will emphasize t!o types o error:

†.†. Errors o parallelismErrors o parallelism

. ‚se o dangling modiiers. ‚se o dangling modiiers


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The variables are:• …ressure and temperature o the boiler,• !hat type o luid uel is re(uired,• o*ygen amount, and

• ‡luid temperature.

†.†.Errors o parallelismErrors o parallelism

The variables are• pressure and temperature o the boiler

• type o luid uel• amount o o*ygen• temperature o the luid.


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. ‚se o dangling modiiers. ‚se o dangling modiiers

a. To develop !riting s)ills,a. To develop !riting s)ills,

b. To improve !riting s)ills, read goodb. To improve !riting s)ills, read goodte*ts.te*ts.

"""""""""" """""""""".., good te*ts.., good te*ts

should be consulted.should be consulted.


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…arallelism…arallelism


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…arallelism

is the repetition of the same

grammatical structure,especially !hen !riting lists.



Structure: SˆV‰ Šnoun- prep-noun‹

}epeatedpattern


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1

Œ;D `157> I3AQ7> Œ2 ?1HJPK7> 29157> 1B7> ?>Dw 21Ž 9 3

91 `1B=] 9 C147>6 JP=71

4H 7>9‘7> ŒP XJ’[ 9157> 5

7> R6 ?1“14B7> x@ ”AY 915 6

J1/P7 C147> `>A=@> 9 7–Z={> —9 x915=7> /3AY 8

8>A=7 C147> `>A=@> H 9

`157> ”w7> Œ;D 10F;J7> B;—B7> 7

D1[7> `/=7> A3159

1K>Q[9w

F;J7>?1P=BB7>

XJ>2A5B7>

5BK7>


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%aving lo! ris) means investing into%aving lo! ris) means investing into

˜uality initialˆdesign˜uality initialˆdesign ˜uality operation and perormance˜uality operation and perormance

Maintainability:Maintainability: can be easily maintained can be easily maintained

˜uality maintenance system˜uality maintenance system $vailability at any time$vailability at any time

}eliability:}eliability: causing only small problemscausing only small problems

Saety:Saety: no danger, only acceptable losses forno danger, only acceptable losses forall targetsall targets

%uman, Environment,%uman, Environment,

}esources: assets, )no!ˆho!, time}esources: assets, )no!ˆho!, time

Time

™

†™ yrs


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The variables are:

• …ressure and temperature o the boiler,• !hat type o luid uel is re(uired,• o*ygen amount, and•

‡luid temperature.

†.†. Errors o parallelismErrors o parallelism




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Effective sentences

ffective sentences

should

hould

be correctbe correct,, andand†.†. have unity o ideahave unity o idea.. emphasize the right partsemphasize the right partsš.š. sho! cohesion o partssho! cohesion o partsf.f. be precise in meaningbe precise in meaning

›.›. be concisebe conciseœ.œ. sho! !ord proprietysho! !ord propriety.. be clear in meaningbe clear in meaning

\.\. sho! variety in structuresho! variety in structure


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Effective sentence should

ffective sentence should bebe

correctžcorrectž andand has unity ohas unity oidea, emphasize the rightidea, emphasize the rightparts, sho! cohesion oparts, sho! cohesion oparts, be precise inparts, be precise inmeaning, be concise,meaning, be concise,

sho! !ord propriety, besho! !ord propriety, beclear in meaning, andclear in meaning, and

sho! variety in structuresho! variety in structure


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‡or the undraising event,!e placed an ad, did amailing, and !ere ma)ing alot o phone calls


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…arallelism…arallelismacilitates reading

clariies meaning.Lists within sentences are either

†. Vertically ormatted

. …artially ormattedš. ‚normatted.

The group !as (uiet, pleasant, and serious.

The variables are †‹ … and T o the boiler, ‹type o luid uel, and š‹ amount o o*ygen.

These are

verticallyormattedlists


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Management sciences, since the time o ‡redericManagement sciences, since the time o ‡redericTalyor and %enri ‡yol, have learned a great dealTalyor and %enri ‡yol, have learned a great dealabout organizations and ho! they !or). Much oabout organizations and ho! they !or). Much othis learning has come rom adopting thethis learning has come rom adopting theperspective that organizations are entitiesperspective that organizations are entitiesŠsystems, deined later‹, much li)e people, plantsŠsystems, deined later‹, much li)e people, plantsand animals. There are many beneits to leadersand animals. There are many beneits to leaders!ho adopt this systems vie! o their!ho adopt this systems vie! o their

organizations.organizations. Systems thin)ing started in †_›œ by „ay ‡orrester,Systems thin)ing started in †_›œ by „ay ‡orrester,an M€T proessor, !ho recognized the need or aan M€T proessor, !ho recognized the need or abetter !ay o testing ne! ideas about socialbetter !ay o testing ne! ideas about socialsystems. €n the same !ay !e can test ideas insystems. €n the same !ay !e can test ideas in

engineering, systems thin)ing allo!s people toengineering, systems thin)ing allo!s people toma)e their understanding o social systemsma)e their understanding o social systemse*plicit and improve them in the same !ay thate*plicit and improve them in the same !ay thatpeople can use engineering principles to ma)epeople can use engineering principles to ma)ee*plicit and improve their understanding oe*plicit and improve their understanding omechanical systems.mechanical systems.


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‡irst, a good paragraph has unity: focuses on asingle idea or theme. Second, a good

paragraph has coherence: one sentence leadsto the next in some kind of logical sequence.‡inally, a good paragraph has adequatecontent : each sentence contains appropriate

details to support the main idea.

Parallelism between large elements

a. …arallelism bet!een sentences

b. …arallelism bet!een paragraphs andlarger elements o the same te*t


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$ good paragraph hasunity, coherence, and

adequate content.

Parallelism between large elements

Examples


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• The group !as (uiet and in a seriousmood ater the meeting.

• „udge people by !hat they say and theiractions.

• The building is †f™Ÿ long, \™ eet !ide and

is ten meters high.The duties o the !riter involve

• ƒeinition o readersŸ problems

• describing the solution• !rites and edits the report.

A sentence is a statement that is capitalized,

punctuated, and has at least one verb.

Examples


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†. The employees present assignment is todevelop a sot!are or operations, toreside in the computer memory, and tocontrol sot!are unctioning.

Examples

. %is present occupation is repairingtype!riters, duplicating machines, andprinting machines.


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ƒangling Modiiersƒangling Modiiers


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E*amples o ƒangling Modiiers

† #oaded or not, thetruc) drivers !illarrive in time.

#oaded or not, thetruc) drivers !illarrive in time.

š #oaded or not, thetruc)s !ill arrive inŠon‹ time.

F1H >J L { 1/k xB[ k`

Œ2 I01K7> A[ ¡¢ D12 P I=B7> 15B7>.

1H >J 3 { 1/k xB[ k` {¡ 15B7> Œ2 I01K7> A[

P I=B7>.

L F1H >J { 1/k xB[ k` ?14@17> x’= ¡¢ D12

P I=B7> 15B7> Œ2 .


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f To arrive in time,

the train !ill departat ›:™™ p.m.

ناس مل وقت ل فى وصول

لاع فى ر ا طل سيحك

ا .لخاة

› #aughing, theproblem !as!isely solved.

%ال $ # ا" .!حمة &'

(

œ €n !riting reports,!ord processing is

useul.

)را ل * ا ة عن +لن . و- %ال $ ا,. 0 ي +/

€n report !riting,!ord processing isuseul.

)را ل ة ا * ف 1 فى ل 4ا 23 لن . و- %ال $ ا,

+ ي

0 .



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E*amples o ƒangling Modiiers† #oaded or not, the

drivers !ill arrive intime.

م ح 8فار ! 7ة 6سوء * ا 5تي% ا 3 م ل فى 9:ا ل ;حيس

عي > 90 مل. #oaded or not, the

drivers !ill arrive intime.

8فار ! 7ا >6ا != ( حم? سوء * ا @ي% ا 3 م ل فى 9:ا ل ;حيس

عي >. 90 ملš #oaded or not, the

truc)s !ill arrive in time.حمة

6

?. س ة

7!فار

8 9 0 مل ي% ا 3 م ل فى ,ان "ا A ل


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Modiiers are !ords, clauses or

phrases, !hich alter the meaning osentence elements by restricting,emphasizing, and describing them.

%e !or)s in a place not very far from downtown.

$ person who produces quality work

is a ortune these days. Modifiers are dangling when there isno word to which they can clearly

relate.

ƒangling Modiiers


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ƒangling Modiiers

While being chairman, I am suremany good things !ere done.

While being chairman, I am surehe made many good things.

While being chairman, he mademany good things.


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…articipial #oaded, the truc) !ill beon time.

€ninitiveTo save time, use the

computer.

Gerund‚sing the ne! techni(ue,he has saved time.

EllipticalWhen Š€ !as‹ using thene! techni(ue, € saved†™£ o the time.

Modiiers occur in various orms


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While being president, I am sure that he made many good

things

Structure o the dangling sentence

#eading phrase Š#…‹, a main clause:

#…, M~. 'r M~ T….#… ŠT…‹ is an action, or an ad¤ective

There is a dangling situation !henM~ does not start !ith a noun.#… or T… is not tied to a noun in M~.


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E*ample

While being president,

I am

sure that he mademany good things.While being president, Mr. ¥ made many good

things.

€ am sure that many good things !ere made!hile being president.

€ am sure that Mr. ¥ made many good things

!hile being president. Many things !ere made !hile Mr. ¥ !aspresident o the ".

† € ti th th h d


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†. €n operating the press, the hand !asin¤ured.

. ‚sing the techni(ue, hours are

saved.š. To save time, the computer is used.f. •ot able to ind the !ay, one came to

my rescue.›. $ter reading the minutes, a heated

discussion started.œ. To determine its value, it !ill be

e*amined.. The paint is to be stored !heninished.

\. While asleep, someone pic)ed his

money.


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†.~onsidering his age, his health is good..$ssuming *¦y, the unction !ill

degenerate.š.$ter sitting calm or a !hile, the building

began to sha)e, and !e rushed out toopen areas.

f.$rriving late, the cre! had already let theplace.›.‡or chec)ing spelling, a dictionary is

essential.

œ.}eady to pitch the camp, orders changedto move to a ne! location..'nce made, you should e*ecute the

decision.


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†. ~hange #… to a leading clause.• When he !as only \ years old,

computer games ascinated him.. Start M~ !ith the missing noun.

• When only !as \ years old, he !asascinated by computer games.š. €nsert #… into an idiomatic

e*pression.• ‡or mastering vocabulary, a good

dictionary is essential.• $ good dictionary is essential or

mastering vocabulary.

~orrecting ƒangling Modiiers


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f. Shit active§passive voice o M~ inecessary.

• When heavily used, you need toregularly maintain hard!are.

• When heavily used, hard!areshould be maintained regularly.

›. Ma)e other necessary changes!ithout aecting the originalmeaning

• The icon !ill be e*amined in orderto determine its value.


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Squinting odifiers

Those !ho !atch televisionrarely read much.

.>A¨H kA/3 >

D1 “1P=7> 13 R9 .>A¨H kA/3 19 >D1 “1P=7> 13 R9

&.Xw> UJ©JB7> R /2 I01; A 14@

€ only told !hat happened to him.

!ecogni"e the structure in the following


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‚nli)e readers o the academic !orld, mostreaders o the +real !orld- read selectively:rather than digesting a piece o !riting,they s)imˆread most o it, s)ipping romone main idea to another until they come to

something that particularly interests them.

!ecogni"e the structure in the following

‚sed to reer to things or repeatingreerence to the same thing, noun

compounds are made o t!o or more !ordsusually !ithout unctional !ords.

€ !ord class is considered, the structure o

the t!oˆ!ord noun ta)es seven orms.


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#i)e most reorganizations, this#i)e most reorganizations, this

one !asnŸt easy. €t !ill be noone !asnŸt easy. €t !ill be nosurprise to many o you that thissurprise to many o you that this

!as a stressul period, both or!as a stressul period, both orthose !ho participated on thethose !ho participated on thereorganization team and thosereorganization team and those

!ho !aited to learn the outcome.!ho !aited to learn the outcome.


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When aced !ith t!oWhen aced !ith t!oconlicting obligations,conlicting obligations,

both o !hich appear to beboth o !hich appear to be ¤ustiied ¤ustiied, one approach is, one approach is

to try to ind a !ay toto try to ind a !ay tosatisy both o them.satisy both o them.

To study the level of the English languageTo study the level of the English language


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To study the level of the English languageTo study the level of the English language

and the style of abstract writing, a group ofand the style of abstract writing, a group of

persons interested in the usage of Englishpersons interested in the usage of Englishlanguage has reviewed the majority of thelanguage has reviewed the majority of the

technical abstracts submitted to EG!technical abstracts submitted to EG!

"#th !onference $appro%imately "#&"#th !onference $appro%imately "#&abstracts'. ((((.abstracts'. ((((.

After verifying the primary impression, the After verifying the primary impression, the

group decided to ma)e further in*depthgroup decided to ma)e further in*depthanalyses on nearly +& of the abstracts,analyses on nearly +& of the abstracts,

randomly selected from the initiallyrandomly selected from the initially

reviewed ones.reviewed ones.


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-n addition, many-n addition, many

companies do not havecompanies do not have

clear publication policiesclear publication policies

or writing guidelines toor writing guidelines to

guarantee a ualityguarantee a ualityproduct.product.

2 sentence errors

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