2 quick definitions… motivation- a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior instinct- a...
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2 Quick Definitions…
• Motivation- a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
• Instinct- a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species & is unlearned
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Psychological Motivation
Choose your own adventure…….Drive Reduction Theory
Hunger & Thirst Belonging & Stimulation Needs
Social Needs
Achievement Motivation at Work
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Drive Reduction Theory
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (or a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
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Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.
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Hunger and Thirst
Physiological ForcesBlood Sugar (Glucose)-a drop in glucose levels signals the feelings of hunger to your brain
Stomach Contractions- we feel “hungry” when our stomach contracts creating hunger pangs. Washburn & Bard’s experiment with a swallowed balloonCan we still experience hunger without a stomach?
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More on Hunger and Thirst…
Hypothalamus- controls many functions in the body, including sending messages about hunger Patients who have had portions or even all of their stomachs removed have still reported feeling the experience of hunger!
Temperature Receptors- on the tongue, if these receptors increase in temperature or experience dryness, this too will signal the brain that the individual is thirsty
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More on Physiological Forces of Hunger• Set Points- a sort of general, approximate weight level of
an individual influenced by genetics People will generally stay within this range despite efforts to the contrary (the truth regarding set points is still debated)
• Basal Metabolic Rate- the body’sresting rate of energy expenditure the body may adjust to compensate
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Non-Biological Factors• Cultural- our taste preferences are influenced by cultureStrange Foods
• Eating habits/Memory of Last meals- Our brains may signal us when we approach the times we regularly eat, these are learned habits
• Stress & Moods- We may crave foods which calm or comfort us
Foods high in starch (carbohydrates) help boost serotonin levels in the brain which produces calming effects
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More Non-Biological Factors• Eating in Groups- social facilitation often causes us to
change our eating behaviors when we eat with others we generally eat more when we eat with more people
• Portion size/Food variety- when people are offered larger portion sizes, they tend to eat more
in an experiment, even nutrition experts consumed 31% more calories when given a big rather than a small bowl
*Obesity feeds depression, and depression feeds obesity
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Belonging & Stimulation NeedsHumans are social animals and have a strong desireto belong to a group A couple of interesting facts:
*the pain of being ostracized shows up on fMRI scans in the same way as physical pain
*Evolutionary Psychologist Robin Dunbar’s research has indicated that we are capable of forming meaningful relationships with about 150 people at a time this also happens to be the typical size of a tribal village
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Harry Harlow & His Monkey Friends
• Contact Comfort- the satisfaction obtained from pleasant, soft stimulation; this has been shown to be essential for normal development of children
• Stimulation Needs- humans (as well as other animals) have a need to be stimulated both physically as well as psychologically
monkeys with typewriters, choo-choo trains, etc children in hospitals after WWII
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Harlow's Experiments
Harry Harlow…In Action
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Social Needs
Connectedness-people have a strong motivation to “connect” or build relationships with others Social Networking Facts: * At the end of 2010, the world had 6.9 billion people and 5.3 billion cell-phone subscribers * 90% of US teens text which is up from 50% in 2006 * As of 2010, 94% of American college students were using Facebook The average number of Facebook friends is 125
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Achievement Autonomy- self rule; individuals strive to feel in control of their own lives and make their own decisions
Competence- People strive to master tasks & skills, to feel accomplished in certain areas Is this intrinsically or extrinsically motivated?
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Motivation at WorkFlow- a completely involved, focused state of consciousness with diminished awareness of self and time resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills
*Often times, the busier you are the happier you are*The Internet and text messages (among other things) can greatly disrupt “flow” while we are engaged in meaningful activities it then takes time to reengage and recapture “flow” Experiencing flow boosts our self-esteem, competence, and feelings of well-being
Interview with Dr. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
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Some Final Thoughts on Motivation…