2. physics of space plasma
TRANSCRIPT
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2.PhysicsofSpacePlasma
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LetUniformB,E=0,Binthezdirection
2.2 SINGLE-PARTICLE MOTION
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Gyrofrequency,cyclotronfrequency
Gyroradius,cyclotronradius,Larmor radius
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ExB driftNocurrent
Externalforce driftCurrent
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GradientBdrift
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Thefirstadiabaticinvariant
Themirrorpoint
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Thethirdadiabaticinvariant
ThesecondadiabaticinvariantThefirstadiabaticinvariant
The total magnetic flux Φ enclosed by a drift surface is the third adiabatic invariant
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• Characteristicsofplasma:Quasineutrality,collectivebehavior,goodconductor.
• Phasespace:3Ddisplacement+3Dvelocity• Thephase-spacedensityfunctionf(r,v,t)isalsocalledthesingle-particledistributionfunction.
• Volume=dv dr =dvx dvy dvz dxdy dz• Thedifferentialphase-spacevolume=f(r,v,t)dv dr
2.3 COLLECTIONS OF PARTICLES
Thezerothmomentofthedistribution
Thefirstmomentofthedistribution
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Theaveragekineticenergyperparticleofstypeinaunitvolumeoftheplasma
Thehydrostaticpartialpressure
whereN isthenumberofindependentcomponentsofvelocity,Ps isinPascale(Pa),1Pa=1N/m2.
V t
IdealGasLaw:P=nKT
Forthesysteminequilibrium
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Maxwellian distribution
V t
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ForUs=0
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2.4 THE PASMA STATE
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DebyeShieldingPlasma Density
ne(m-3)Electron temperatureT(K)
Magnetic fieldB(T)
Debye lengthλD(m)
Gas discharge 1016 104 -- 10−4
Tokamak 1020 108 10 10−4
Ionosphere 1012 103 10−5 10−3
Magnetosphere 107 107 10−8 102
Solar core 1032 107 -- 10−11
Solar wind 106 105 10−9 10
Interstellar medium 105 104 10−10 10
Intergalactic medium
1 106 -- 105
Source:Chapter19:TheParticleKineticsofPlasmahttp://www.pma.caltech.edu/Courses/ph136/yr2002/
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Spacecraft (satellite) potential
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ND>1=>g<<<1(hightemperature,lowdensity)
characteristictime,characteristiclength,collisionfrequency,meanfreepath,gyrofrequency,gyroradius,plasmafrequency,Debyelength
Fp =9000N1/2,plasmafrequencyFp inHz,electrondensityNin#/cm3
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Plasmafrequency
0eexnE e=
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Gyro-motion
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Gyro-radius
Gyro-frequency
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Meanfreepath
http://abyss.uoregon.edu/
l>>rH (ν<<ω),Collisionlessplasmal<<rH (ν>>ω),Collisionplasma
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Scaleheight
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Height
Density,N
A
B
在溫度相同時,物種A的質量___物種B的質量
在質量相同時,物種A的溫度___物種B的溫度
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在電漿中,同時考慮電子與質子兩種不同的物質
經過簡化後可得到標尺高為:
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2.4 THE FLUID DESCRIPTION OF A PLASMA
Hydrodynamicsvs.Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)Individualparticlemotionsvs.Propertiesofacollectionofmanyparticles
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Frozen-influx
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Frozeninmagneticfield
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Solarwind