2 - hilbrands nnd 2015 · 140415 2 ageofkidney’donors’in’radboudumc’ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60...
TRANSCRIPT
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Current developments in renal transplanta1on
Luuk Hilbrands Dept. of Nephrology Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
Disclosures
• I received study grants from: • Astellas • Roche • NovarJs
• I am/was a member of the scienJfic advisory board of: • Astellas • NovarJs • Chiesi • Sanofi
Contents
• Some facts and figures
• Ischemia-‐reperfusion injury
• AnJbodies and B cells
• AnJ T cell agents
• Tolerance inducJon
• New developments
• Unmet needs
Renal transplanta1ons and the wai1ng list
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
postmortal donor living donor waiJng list
Gra9 survival has not improved during the last 10 years
1995-‐2000 2005-‐2010
Age of kidney gra9 recipients in Radboudumc
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
68-72 73-77 78-82 83-87 88-92 93-97 98-02 03-07 08-12
% > 60 yrsage
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Age of kidney donors in Radboudumc
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
68-72 73-77 78-82 83-87 88-92 93-97 98-02 03-07 08-12
living postmortal
Donor age and risk of gra9 loss
Rao et al. Transplanta1on 2009;88:231
Major threats of long term allogra9 func1on
• Ischemia-‐reperfusion injury • Primary non funcJon • Delayed graV funcJon • More acute rejecJons
• Acute and chronic rejecJon
Ischemia-‐reperfusion injury is an inflammatory process
Cold ischemia 1me and gra9 outcome
Debout et al. Kidney Int 2015;87:343
GraV failure PaJent death
The immune response against the allogra9
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B cells are progenitors of plasma cells
• AnJ-‐HLA anJbodies • Donor-‐specific anJ HLA anJbodies • (Hyperacute rejecJon)
• AnJbody-‐mediated acute rejecJon • AnJbody-‐mediated chronic rejecJon
Assays to detect an1-‐HLA an1bodies
Luminex: a two-‐dimensional an1body assay An1-‐HLA an1bodies pre-‐transplanta1on are associated with poorer gra9 survival
OVen et al. Am J Transplant 2012;12:1618
Treatment of early an1body-‐mediated rejec1on
Djamali et al. Am J Transplant 2014;14:255
De novo DSA predict worse gra9 survival
Wiebe et al. Am J Transpl 2012;12:1157
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Complement fixa1ng an1bodies predict gra9 loss
Loupy et al. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1215
Pathogenesis of late an1body-‐mediated rejec1on
Limita1ons of measuring donor-‐specific HLA-‐an1bodies
• Different tests available, unclear which should be preferred • C1q /c3d binding anJbodies? IgG3 subclass? • Is MFI the best metric?
• AnJbody tests are correlated with, butr do not perfectly predict outcomes
• No evidence-‐based intervenJons available when DSA are present
Effector functions of B cells AnJbody producJon AnJgen presentaJon Cytokine producJon
A favorable effect of rituximab in immunized pa1ents
P 6%
Rituximab n=28
Placebo n=34
vd Hoogen et al. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:407
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B cells are not allways bad guys
Woodle & Rothstein Am J Transplant 2015;15:39 Interleukin-2 gene promoter + NFAT
Activated calcineurin
Ca2+
CsA Tacrolimus
Interleukin-2
Steroids Cell
cycle Azathioprine NFAT MMF
P
Interleukin-2 receptor
T cell
G1
M
S
G2
De-novo purine synthesis
Costimulatory signal
Antigenic signal
T cell receptor
Antigen-presenting cell
Basiliximab
Sirolimus
Belatacept
BeVer renal func1on a9er conversion from CNI to mTOR inhibitor
Lim et al. Am J Transplant 2014;14:2106
More acute rejec1ons a9er conversion from CNI to mTOR inhibitor
Lim et al. Am J Transplant 2014;14:2106
Everolimus plus reduced-‐dose CsA versus MPA plus standard dose CsA in renal-‐transplant recipients
Tedesco Silva et al. Am J Transpl 2010;10:1401
TRANSFORM study protocol
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Belatacept – mechanism of ac1on Higher GFR with Belatacept as compared to CsA
Vincen1 et al. Am J Transpl 2010;10:1401
More acute rejec1on with belatacept as compared to CsA
0
5
10
15
20
25
Belatacept moderate intensity
Belatacept low intensity Cyclosporine
Vincen1 et al. Am J Transpl 2010;10:1401
%
Switch from tacrolimus or cyclosporine to belatacept results in improvement of GFR
Grinyo et al. Transpl Int 2012;25:1059
Switch from tacrolimus or cyclosporine to belatacept slightly increases the risk of acute rejec1on
Grinyo et al. Transpl Int 2012;25:1059
New targets for inhibi1on of cos1mula1on
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Induc1on of donor-‐specific tolerance
• Combined kidney and bone marrow transplantaJon
• Immune cell therapy • Mesenchymal stem cells • Regulatory T cells – The One Study
Combined kidney and HSC transplana1on
FCRx: HematopoieJc stem cells enriched for facilitaJng cells
Leventhal et al. Transplanta1on 2015;99:28
Combined kidney and HSC transplana1on
• 19 paJents with > 18 months follow-‐up
• 2 graV losses (month 3 and month 9 aVer Tx)
• 12 durable chimerism and off immunosuppressive drugs
• No GVHD
Leventhal et al. Transplanta1on 2015;99:28
Combined kidney and bone marrow transplanta1on
Kawai et al. Am J Transplant 2014;14:1599
The microbiota, the immune system and the allogra9
Alegre et al. Am J Transplant 2014;14:1236
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Summary
• Ischemia-‐reperfusion injury and acute/chronic rejecJon remain the major
threats of long term graV funcJon
• Donor-‐specific anJbodies are important in chronic allograV loss
• Monitoring of DSA, although recommended, is not evidence-‐based
• AnJ-‐B cell therapy is promising, but should be selecJve
• The use of cosJmulaJon blocking agents will increase;
new cosJmulaJon blockers are in development
• Tolerance inducing protocols are not suitable for widespread use yet
Unmet needs v Safe and effecJve tolerance inducJon protocols to circumvent the use
of immunosuppressive drugs
v Personalized immunosuppression: • What is the intensity of immunosuppression required at a certain
Jme point? • Which drugs are most appropriate in this paJent?
-‐ Pharmacogenomics -‐ Comorbidity and side effects -‐ PaJent’s preferences