2 - hilbrands nnd 2015 · 140415 2 ageofkidney’donors’in’radboudumc’ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60...

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140415 1 Current developments in renal transplanta1on Luuk Hilbrands Dept. of Nephrology Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands Disclosures I received study grants from: Astellas Roche NovarJs I am/was a member of the scienJfic advisory board of: Astellas NovarJs Chiesi Sanofi Contents Some facts and figures Ischemiareperfusion injury AnJbodies and B cells AnJ T cell agents Tolerance inducJon New developments Unmet needs Renal transplanta1ons and the wai1ng list 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 postmortal donor living donor waiJng list Gra9 survival has not improved during the last 10 years 19952000 20052010 Age of kidney gra9 recipients in Radboudumc 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 68-72 73-77 78-82 83-87 88-92 93-97 98-02 03-07 08-12 % > 60 yrs age

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  • 14-‐04-‐15  

    1  

    Current  developments  in  renal  transplanta1on  

    Luuk  Hilbrands  Dept.  of  Nephrology  Radboud  University  Medical  Center  Nijmegen  The  Netherlands    

    Disclosures  

    •  I  received  study  grants  from:  •  Astellas  •  Roche  •  NovarJs  

    •  I  am/was  a  member  of  the  scienJfic  advisory  board  of:  •  Astellas  •  NovarJs  •  Chiesi  •  Sanofi  

    Contents  

    •  Some  facts  and  figures  

    •  Ischemia-‐reperfusion  injury  

    •  AnJbodies  and  B  cells  

    •  AnJ  T  cell  agents  

    •  Tolerance  inducJon  

    •  New  developments  

    •  Unmet  needs  

     

    Renal  transplanta1ons  and  the  wai1ng  list  

    0  

    200  

    400  

    600  

    800  

    1000  

    1200  

    2009   2010   2011   2012   2013   2014  

    postmortal  donor   living  donor   waiJng  list  

    Gra9  survival  has  not  improved  during  the  last  10  years  

    1995-‐2000   2005-‐2010  

    Age  of  kidney  gra9  recipients  in  Radboudumc  

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    68-72 73-77 78-82 83-87 88-92 93-97 98-02 03-07 08-12

    % > 60 yrsage

  • 14-‐04-‐15  

    2  

    Age  of  kidney  donors  in  Radboudumc  

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    50

    60

    68-72 73-77 78-82 83-87 88-92 93-97 98-02 03-07 08-12

    living postmortal

    Donor  age  and  risk  of  gra9  loss  

    Rao  et  al.  Transplanta1on  2009;88:231  

    Major  threats  of  long  term  allogra9  func1on  

    •  Ischemia-‐reperfusion  injury  •  Primary  non  funcJon  •  Delayed  graV  funcJon  •  More  acute  rejecJons  

    •  Acute  and  chronic  rejecJon  

    Ischemia-‐reperfusion  injury  is  an  inflammatory  process  

    Cold  ischemia  1me  and  gra9  outcome  

    Debout  et  al.  Kidney  Int  2015;87:343  

    GraV  failure   PaJent  death  

    The  immune  response  against  the  allogra9  

  • 14-‐04-‐15  

    3  

    B cells are progenitors of plasma cells

    •  AnJ-‐HLA  anJbodies  •  Donor-‐specific  anJ  HLA  anJbodies  •  (Hyperacute  rejecJon)  

    •  AnJbody-‐mediated  acute  rejecJon  •  AnJbody-‐mediated  chronic  rejecJon  

    Assays  to  detect  an1-‐HLA  an1bodies  

    Luminex:  a  two-‐dimensional  an1body  assay   An1-‐HLA  an1bodies  pre-‐transplanta1on  are  associated  with  poorer  gra9  survival  

    OVen  et  al.  Am  J  Transplant  2012;12:1618  

    Treatment  of  early  an1body-‐mediated  rejec1on  

    Djamali  et  al.  Am  J  Transplant  2014;14:255  

    De  novo  DSA  predict  worse  gra9  survival  

    Wiebe  et  al.  Am  J  Transpl  2012;12:1157  

  • 14-‐04-‐15  

    4  

    Complement  fixa1ng  an1bodies  predict  gra9  loss  

    Loupy  et  al.  N  Engl  J  Med  2013;369:1215  

    Pathogenesis  of  late  an1body-‐mediated  rejec1on  

    Limita1ons  of  measuring  donor-‐specific  HLA-‐an1bodies  

    •  Different  tests  available,  unclear  which  should  be  preferred  •  C1q  /c3d  binding  anJbodies?  IgG3  subclass?  •  Is  MFI  the  best  metric?  

    •  AnJbody  tests  are  correlated  with,  butr  do  not  perfectly  predict  outcomes  

    •  No  evidence-‐based  intervenJons  available  when  DSA  are  present  

    Effector functions of B cells AnJbody  producJon  AnJgen  presentaJon  Cytokine  producJon  

    A  favorable  effect  of  rituximab  in  immunized  pa1ents    

    P    6%  

     Rituximab  n=28  

     Placebo    n=34  

     

    vd  Hoogen  et  al.  Am  J  Transplant  2015;  15:407  

  • 14-‐04-‐15  

    5  

    B  cells  are  not  allways  bad  guys  

    Woodle  &  Rothstein  Am  J  Transplant  2015;15:39   Interleukin-2 gene promoter +  NFAT

    Activated calcineurin

    Ca2+

    CsA Tacrolimus

    Interleukin-2

    Steroids Cell

    cycle Azathioprine NFAT MMF

    P

    Interleukin-2 receptor

    T cell

    G1

    M

    S

    G2

    De-novo purine synthesis

    Costimulatory signal

    Antigenic signal

    T cell receptor

    Antigen-presenting cell

    Basiliximab

    Sirolimus

    Belatacept

    BeVer  renal  func1on  a9er  conversion  from  CNI  to  mTOR  inhibitor  

    Lim  et  al.  Am  J  Transplant    2014;14:2106  

    More  acute  rejec1ons  a9er  conversion  from  CNI  to  mTOR  inhibitor  

    Lim  et  al.  Am  J  Transplant    2014;14:2106  

    Everolimus  plus  reduced-‐dose  CsA  versus  MPA  plus  standard  dose  CsA  in  renal-‐transplant  recipients  

    Tedesco  Silva  et  al.  Am  J  Transpl  2010;10:1401  

    TRANSFORM  study  protocol  

  • 14-‐04-‐15  

    6  

    Belatacept  –  mechanism  of  ac1on   Higher  GFR  with  Belatacept  as  compared  to  CsA  

    Vincen1  et  al.  Am  J  Transpl  2010;10:1401  

    More  acute  rejec1on  with  belatacept  as  compared  to  CsA  

    0  

    5  

    10  

    15  

    20  

    25  

    Belatacept  moderate  intensity  

    Belatacept  low  intensity   Cyclosporine  

    Vincen1  et  al.  Am  J  Transpl  2010;10:1401  

    %

    Switch  from  tacrolimus  or  cyclosporine  to  belatacept  results  in  improvement  of  GFR  

    Grinyo  et  al.  Transpl  Int  2012;25:1059  

    Switch  from  tacrolimus  or  cyclosporine  to  belatacept  slightly  increases  the  risk  of  acute  rejec1on  

    Grinyo  et  al.  Transpl  Int  2012;25:1059  

    New  targets  for  inhibi1on  of  cos1mula1on  

  • 14-‐04-‐15  

    7  

    Induc1on  of  donor-‐specific  tolerance  

    •  Combined  kidney  and  bone  marrow  transplantaJon  

    •  Immune  cell  therapy  •  Mesenchymal  stem  cells  •  Regulatory  T  cells  –  The  One  Study      

    Combined  kidney  and  HSC  transplana1on  

    FCRx:  HematopoieJc  stem  cells  enriched  for  facilitaJng  cells  

    Leventhal  et  al.  Transplanta1on  2015;99:28  

    Combined  kidney  and  HSC  transplana1on  

    •  19  paJents  with  >  18  months  follow-‐up  

    •  2  graV  losses  (month  3  and  month  9  aVer  Tx)  

    •  12  durable  chimerism  and  off  immunosuppressive  drugs  

    •  No  GVHD  

    Leventhal  et  al.  Transplanta1on  2015;99:28  

    Combined  kidney  and  bone  marrow  transplanta1on  

    Kawai  et  al.  Am  J  Transplant  2014;14:1599  

    The  microbiota,  the  immune  system  and  the  allogra9  

    Alegre  et  al.  Am  J  Transplant  2014;14:1236  

  • 14-‐04-‐15  

    8  

    Summary  

    •  Ischemia-‐reperfusion  injury  and  acute/chronic  rejecJon  remain  the  major  

    threats  of  long  term  graV  funcJon  

    •  Donor-‐specific  anJbodies  are  important  in  chronic  allograV  loss  

    •  Monitoring  of  DSA,  although  recommended,  is  not  evidence-‐based  

    •  AnJ-‐B  cell  therapy  is  promising,  but  should  be  selecJve  

    •  The  use  of  cosJmulaJon  blocking  agents  will  increase;  

    new  cosJmulaJon  blockers  are  in  development  

    •  Tolerance  inducing  protocols  are  not  suitable  for  widespread  use  yet  

    Unmet  needs    v  Safe  and  effecJve  tolerance  inducJon  protocols  to  circumvent  the  use  

    of  immunosuppressive  drugs  

    v  Personalized  immunosuppression:  •  What  is  the  intensity  of  immunosuppression  required  at  a  certain  

    Jme  point?  •  Which  drugs  are  most  appropriate  in  this  paJent?  

    -‐  Pharmacogenomics  -‐  Comorbidity  and  side  effects  -‐  PaJent’s  preferences