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The Development of Man

and Civilizations

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Hunter/Gatherer Societies

The life of early hunter/gatherer societies

was shaped by their physicalenvironment

Survival depended on availability of wildplants and animals

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Development of Man

Early Man Homo Habilis

Appeared in east Africa 2.5 million years ago First hominid to use tools

Homo Erectus Appeared 1.6 million years ago First hominid to migrate out of Africa Used extensive technology

More intelligent, larger brain Used fire and developed spoken language for the first

time

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Homo Habilis

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Homo erectus

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Development of Man Modern Man Homo Sapiens-emerged 100,000 to 400,000

years ago in Europe Neanderthals

200,000 to 30,000 years ago

Tried to explain and control their environment Developed religion, spiritual life very rich as evidenced byfunerals

Used technology

Cro-Magnon Man 40,000 years ago Identical to modern humans Studied animals and their habits in order to plan hunts Had greater control of language which helped them to

organize (gave them an edge over Neanderthals andhelped them increase their population)

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Homo sapien-Neanderthal

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Homo sapien-Cro-Magnon

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The Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age)2.5 million years ago until 8,000 B.C.

Nomadic Migrated in search of food, water, and

shelter

Invented the first tools including simpleweapons

Learned how to make fire

lived in clans developed oral language

created cave art

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The Neolithic Era (Neolithic Revolution/New

Stone Age)

8,000 years ago until about 3,000 B.C. Also known as the agricultural revolution

Developed agriculture and domestication of animals Eliminated nomadic tendencies Slash and burn farming technique

-cut and burned fields of trees or grass;leftover ash fertilized soil; used field for 1-2years and then moved on

Slowly tamed animals and used them for food andlabor

Steady food source=settling down of man used advanced tools made pottery developed weaving skills

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Archaeology

Archaeologists study past cultures by locating and analyzinghuman remains, fossils, and artifacts

Show us how people dressed, worded, worshipped, etc. Apply scientific test such as carbon dating to analyze fossils and

artifacts

Famous Archaeological FindsMary Leakey

-1978 Laetoli in Tanzania (East Africa) Pre-Historicfootprints of humanlike beings calledAustralopithecines

Donald Johanson-1974 Ethiopia (Africa) Lucy is 3.5 million years ago(oldest hominid found to date)

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Archeaelogy

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Archaeology-Stonehenge

Stonehenge

-archaeological site in England that wasbegun during the Neolithic Age and

completed during the Bronze Age (begun around 3000 B.C.

when people began to use bronze (copper

and tin mix) to make tools and weapons instead of stone

or wood)

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Stonehenge-England

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The Growth of Civilizations Villages Grow into Cities

Population grows as nomadic hunter-gathererssettle into village life Economic changes

Large cities build irrigation systems to raise more cropswhich result in food surpluses

Some individuals can now pursue other jobs and developnew skills

Ancient settlers become craftspeople (make metal objects,pottery, woven goods)

Merchants now had more goods to trade The wheel and the sail enable traders to transport more

goods over longer distances

Social Changes More complex and prosperous economy results in a more

complex set of social classes People with varying degrees of wealth and power start to

emerge as cities grow

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The Definition of Civilization Advanced Cities-center of trade for a larger area (farmers,

merchants, and traders bring goods to city to do business); not justdependent on population although cities have large populations

Specialized Workers-traders, government officials, priests, etc.People develop skills in a specific kind of work because they nolonger need to worry about getting food. Artisans are skilled workerswho make goods by hand.

Complex Institutions-Government, religion, and economy areexamples of institutions. An institution is a long-lasting pattern oforganization in a community. Temples in cities became importantinstitutions where religious, economic, and governmental activitiestook place.

Record Keeping-As government, religion, and trade became morecomplex people needed to keep records (tax collection, passage oflaws, rituals, etc.). Sumerian scribes (professional record-keepers)used cuneiform to keep records. Some began to keep record ofimportant events which became the first written histories of cities.

Advanced Technology-New tools and techniques were needed tosolve problems. Animals were used for labor with the invention of theplow, irrigation systems for watering crops. Development also ofpottery wheel and bronze (mix of copper and tin) to make weaponsand tools.

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Civilization in Ur:One of the earliest cities of Sumer (around 3000

B.C.) on the banks of the Euphrates river Agricultural Economy: ox-driven plows, irrigationsystems help to create food surpluses

City Life: most live in one-story homes, wealthy live

in two-story homes; artisans keep shops Trade: artisans, farmers, and merchants trade their

goods and scribes keep track (barter system:trading goods and services without money)

Ziggurat: the temple of the city, terms meansmountain of god; the center of the city where

priests do rituals

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Ziggurat in Ur

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River Valley Civilizations(3500-500 B.C.)

River Valleys offered rich soils for agricultureand tended to be in locations easily protectedfrom invasion by nomadic peoples, and thusserved as the perfect places for the birth of

civilizations. Mesopotamian Civilizations-Tigris and Euphrates

River Valley (Southwest Asia) Indian Civilization-Indus River Valley (South Asia)

Chinese Civilization-Huang He River Valley (EastAsia) Egyptian Civilization-Nile River Valley and Delta

(Africa)

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Mesopotamian Civilization

Geography of the Fertile Crescent Land between the Mediterranean Sea and Southwest Asia hasa dry desert climate

Fertile Crescent-small crescent shaped area of land that isvery fertile due to annual flooding of the rivers which leaves silt(rich soil) which is used by farmers to grow surpluses of crops

Environmental challenges and Solutions for Sumerand its city-states

Flooding was unpredictable and land quickly dried up.

Solution: build irrigation ditches

No natural barriers for protection from invasion Solution: build city-states with government and armies

to try to protect cities Natural resources were limited

Solution: trade (barter) with other peoples

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Mesopotamia

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Mesopotamian CivilizationSumerian City-States and Social Hierarchy

Sumer is the first civilization, set apart by five characteristics-advanced cities -complex institutions advanced technology-specialized workers -record keeping

City-state (Sumers city-states include: Uruk, Kish, Lagah,Umma, and Ur)

-each city was part of Sumer but had its own independent

government, rulers, and army Sumers Government and Social Hierarchy

Social Hierarchy (rigid class system where slavery was accepted)-Priests: powerful because they were the intermediary between godand city-Monarchs: leaders of armies became head of government, even in

times of peace; would hand power over to heir creating a dynasty(power remains in hands of one family-hereditary rulers)-Merchants: wealthy traders-Artisans and farmers-Slaves

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Mesopotamian Civilization

Sumerian Religion

Religion is central in Sumerian city-statesand other ancient civilizations

Polytheistic: belief in many gods; beliefthat gods are much like humans exceptthey have special

powers and are immortal

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The First Empires empire brings together peoples, nations, or independent states

under one ruler Sargon of Akkad (Semitic leader who took control about 2350 B.C.;

dynasty lasted about 200 years)

-Defeated Sumerian city-states but had already adopted andspread Sumerian culture

-created first empire which fell 200 years later due to internal

fighting and invasion Babylonian Empire (Amorite invasion, established around 2000

B.C.; lasted about 200 years)

-established capital at Babylon on banks of Euphrates river -peak of power under Hammurabi from 1792-1750 B.C. -First code of law: Hammurabis Code put together 282 different

laws -covered many issues (family, land, etc.; punishment was often

retaliatory (eye for an eye) -reflected belief that government has a responsibility to those it

governs -reflected class differences

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The First Empires

Sargon-Akkadian Empire

Hammurabi-

Code of Law

Hanging Gardens

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The Indus River ValleyCivilization

Geography The two most important rivers whose annual

flooding provided rich silt for agriculture in the IndusRiver Civilization were the Indus and the Ganges

Physical barriers such as the Himalayas, the HinduKush, and the Indian Ocean made invasion moredifficult

Mountain passes in the Hindu Kush provided

invasion routes into the Indian subcontinent Because the rivers flowed into the Indian Ocean

they opened up the civilization to trade with otherpeoples, including the Mesopotamians

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Indus River Valley Civilization

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Indus River Valley Culture andits End

Archaeological evidence suggests thatsocial divisions were not great and that theeconomy was prosperous

Religious artifacts reveal links to modernHindu culture

Early Indians also conducted long-distancetrade

Neared its end around 1500 B.C.

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Invasion of the Aryans(Indo-Aryans)

Indo-Europeans were semi-nomadicpeoples from the steppesdrygrasslands that stretched north of the

Caucasus (mountains between theBlack and Caspian seas)

predecessor of Indo-Europeanlanguages

begin to migrate and settlethroughout Europe and Asia

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Aryan Migration out of steppes

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Aryans come through Hindu Kush

Aryans entered India through the pass in theHindu Kush mountains and asserted theirdominance

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Caste system introduced

Established a rigid caste system whichwas hereditary (your station waspassed down from your parents)

Brahmins: priests

Warriors Peasants/Traders Laborers/Craftsmen Untouchables people whos jobs made them unclean

(butchers, gravediggers, etc.) Vedas-sacred literature which consisted of

prayers, spells, and instructions for rituals left us a good record of Aryan life

The Gupta Empire 300 A D

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The Gupta Empire 300 A.D.

(Named for founder Chandra Gupta) Chandra Gupta established Indias second

great empire in 320 A.D. by marrying thedaughter of an old influential family

Reaches peak around 375 A.D. and empirebegins to break up with the death of

Chandra Gupta II around 415 A.D. Golden Age of classical Indian culture and

its contributions this period started a highly productive period in

literature, art, science, and mathematics thatcontinued until roughly A.D. 500

Mathematics: modern numerals, the zero, andthe decimal system; value of pi and calculation ofthe solar year

new textiles literature

Hinduism

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HinduismOrigins and beliefs

Sacred writings: Vedasand Upanishads(meditations

and comments onVedas

and other importantquestions (what is morality, is there eternal life, what isthe soul, etc.)

reincarnation: (rebirth) an individual soul or spirit isborn again and again until moksha is achieved (perfectunderstanding)

karma: (souls good or bad deeds) follows from onereincarnation to another; influences specific lifecircumstances

caste system in religious law based on occupations(as above-untouchables labeled by job)

Three Major godsgod/deity can take on many forms

Brahma: the creator, Vishnu: the protector, Shiva: the destroyer

Hi d d th i

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Hindu god-three in one

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Ancient China

Geography

Chinas Heartland (between the Huang He (Yellow)river and the Yangtze river): Fertile land whichproduced food supply and remained central focus ofChinese civilization. Loess is fertile soil left byflooding of the Huang He river

Two-thirds of China is desert or mountain, withremaining land mainly found between the two rivers

Barriers of desert and ocean left China fairly isolatedfrom trade but migratory invaders were able to raidChinese settlements from the North

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Ancient China

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Dynasties (Shang: 1532-1027B.C. and Zhou: 1027-256 B.C.)

The Shang dynasty was the first family toleave written records

They built elaborate palaces and tombs

The cities of the Shang were built mainly ofwood and surrounded by earthen walls

The Zhou overthrew the Shang in 1027 B.C.

Claimed they had the Mandate of Heaven(royal authority comes from heaven)

Ci ili i C l S i

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Civilization: Culture, Society,and Technology

Family is central to Chinese society and respect forelders is most important

Religious beliefs centered around family as welldead family members could help or hinder those leftin life

Chinese writing was universal and the samethroughout China, but it had an enormous number ofsymbols which made it difficult to learn

Social classes were distinct: The king came first,then the ruling class of nobles/warriors, then thepeasants and farmers

Technology-Bronze working (bronze only for the wealthy)-development of silk clothing-iron used for weapons and tools which made farming

more productive

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Buddhism Founder: Siddhartha Gautama(Buddha)

Four Noble Truths: (1)life is suffering, (2)cause isdesire, (3)end desire to end suffering, (4)attainenlightenment through Eightfold Path to end desire

Eightfold Path to Enlightenment(the Middle Way):(1)Right Views, (2)Right Resolve, (3)Right Speech,(4)Right Conduct, (5)Right Livelihood, (6)Right Effort,(7)Right Mindfulness, and (8)Right Concentration

Followed the Silk Road (trades routes through CentralAsia) to reach China

-Silk Roadsfacilitated trade and contact between

China and other cultures as far away as Rome Asoka, ruler of Mauryan empire in India in 269 B.C., and

his missionaries followed and helped to spreadBuddhism to China and other parts of Asia

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The Silk Road

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Confucianism shapes Chinese society

(Confuciusscholoraround 500 B.C.)

Belief that humans are good, not bad

Respect for elders

Code of politeness still used in Chinese

society today Emphasis on education to turn people good

Ancestor worship

Helped create bureaucracy, a trained civilservice, upon ideals of Confucianism

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Confucius

C

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Taoism shapes Chinese cultureand values

Humility

Simple life and inner peace

Harmony with nature

Yin/Yang represented opposites forConfucianism and Taoism

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Contributions of classical China

Civil service system

Paper

Porcelain

Silk

Shi H di f Qi d d

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Shi Huangdi of Qin dynasty andthe Great Wall

Qin takes over after Zhou dynasty Shi Huangdi crushes opposition and

develops autocracy (rule by one) Centralized China: builds roads,

standardized writing, laws, currency, andweights and measures

The Great Wall of China-built by peasants who were forced to labor

-approximately 1400 miles long-meant to keep nomads from the North frominvading-so huge that its visible from space

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The Great Wall of China

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Shi Huangdi

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Phoenicians

Phoenicians Took over control of Mediterranean trade after fall

of Minoan civilization on island of Crete

Settled along Mediterranean (part of Fertile

Crescent) and also established city-states aroundsea including area that is today Lebanon. Mostimportant city was Carthage

Amazing shipbuilders and seafarers, this led towidespread trade of goods and ideas

The Alphabet-used symbols to represent sounds; spread to

Greeks; predecessor of our alphabet

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The Phoenicians

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The Phoenician Alphabet

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The Hebrews Home in Palestine (called Canaan by Jews)

between the Jordan river and theMediterranean; the crossroads between Egyptand Assyria and Babylonia

Kingdom of Israel established and grew underSaul, David, and Solomon

-Kingdom divided into Israel and Judah; theyare taken over by Babylonians

-Babylonian captivity or exile: Jews sent toBabylonhelped to spread their beliefs

DIASPORA-spreading out (the diaspora ofHebrews helped spread Judaism)

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Hebrews in Jerusalem

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Judaism Abraham is Father of the Jews; obeyed God

and went from Ur (Mesopotamia) to Canaan toEgypt and back

-Torah: written record of beliefs of the Hebrews

-Monotheistic: belief in one God

-Covenant: God (Yahweh) protects peoplebecause Abraham agrees to obey

-Hebrews go to Egypt and become slaves; they

are led out of Egypt by Moses -Moses given Ten Commandments atop Mt.

Sinaiduring Exodus; these are the basis forcivil and religious law

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The Persians

550 B.C. Cyrus conquers neighbors andcontrols the Fertile Crescent and Anatolia(Turkey today)

Governing Style

-tolerance of conquered people -development of imperial bureaucracy:

provinces placed under control of governor(satrap) but takes orders from central ruler

-Royal Road: (1677 miles) system of roadsbuilt to facilitate trade but also administration ofgovernment throughout empire

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The Persian Empire

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Zoroastrianism (Persian Religion)

Zoraster is founder of religion

-Good (god of truth and light) is Ahura Mazdavs. Bad (god of evil and darkness) is Ahriman

-Final judgment at death, if you follow AhuraMazda you will go to paradise, if you followAhriman, you go to the Underworld

-ideas about heaven, hell, final judgment, andpersonal choices to decide fate all influenceother religions (like Christianity)

Egypt

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EgyptThe Old Kingdom (2660-2180 B.C.)

Geography of Egypt Nile is longest river in the world (4100 miles) and flows

from south to north, emptying into the Mediterraneansea

Annual flooding happens the same time every year; thispredictability allows Egyptians to plan their planting andharvesting seasons; life is more optimistic than inMesopotamia where flooding is unpredictable

Deserts on either side help to keep them isolated andprotect them from invasion

The flow of the Nile allowed for easy trade of goods andideas between Upper and Lower Egypt

Egyptians also traded with other civilizations, especiallythe Mesopotamians

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Egypt

Egypt

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Egypt Upper Egypt (to the South) skinny strip of land from the first cataract (granite cliffs and boulders

turn river into rapids) to the point where the river starts to fan out into

many branches Lower Egypt (to the North) last 750 miles before the Nile empties into the Mediterranean consists of the marshy Nile delta (about 100 miles before sea); rich soil

provides home to many animals and plants

Egypt Unites: The Old Kingdom (2660-2180 B.C.)-Menes, strong ruler of Upper Egypt unites all of Egypt-established capital where Upper and Lower Egypt meet, atMemphisand started Egypts first dynasty-Pharaohs rule as gods and stand at center of religion andgovernment

-Pharaoh is seen as a god on earth (government where ruler is adivine figure is a theocracy)-Pyramids are built as tombs for the pharaohs who have eternallife and will continue to help rule even after death; pyramids arehuge structures filled with everything a person would need in life

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Menes and Mummification

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Egyptian Religion

Egyptians were polytheistic (Ra the sun god,Horus the god of light, Osiris the god of thedead)

Believed in an afterlife decided by deeds on

earth; eternal life in the Other World for the goodand for the bad their soul would be eaten by theDevourer of Souls

Mummification-embalming and drying of thecorpse to preserve the body for the afterlife

Many Egyptians prepared tombs for themselvesand kept a copy of the Book of the Dead

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Egyptian Society

Societys Pyramid with Pharaohs and his familyon top, the upper class (priests, warriors,wealthy) second, and the commoners(laborers/farmers/slaves) on the bottom

Egyptians could move up through marriage orsuccess in their jobs

People needed to be able to read and write toearn the best jobs

Women had many of the same rights as men(marriage, divorce, land ownership)

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Egyptian Writing

Hieroglyphics(Greek for sacred carving) Started like Sumerian cuneiform because each

symbol stood for an idea (like pictographs)

Eventually the symbols stood also for sounds(like Phoenician alphabet)

Developed papyrus (tall reeds that were soakedand dried together to make paper-like sheets)

Rosetta Stone discovered in 1799 and hadthree languages on it, including hieroglyphics;helped archaeologists to figure out language

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Ancient Writing

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Egyptian Science and Technology

Written numbers for counting, adding,subtracting; early form of geometry used toredraw boundary lines after floods; mathcalculations and engineering used to build

pyramids Developed 365 day calendar by tracking the

star now known as Sirius

Medicine was both magic and scientific(understood pulse, surgery, splints for brokenbones, etc.)

The First Intermediate Period, the Middle

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Kingdom, and the Second Intermediate

Period Power of pharaohs decline and a period of

weakness and turmoil set in (2180-2080 B.C.) Strong pharaohs begin to restore law and order

(2080-1640 B.C.)

Improve trade and transportation and newwealth leads to public works projects canal dug from Nile to the Red Sea huge dikes built to channel water for irrigation

of fields

drained swamps of lower Egypt to make morefarmland

Hyksos (Asian nomads) sweep into Egypt onchariots and take over (1640-1075 B.C.)

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The Hyksos

The New Kingdom (1570-1075 B C )

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The New Kingdom (1570-1075 B.C.)

The Hyksos are overthrown by strong Egyptian leaders whobegin to create an Egyptian empire

Army is developed which use bronze weapons, chariots,archers, and infantry

Hatshepsut attempts to encourage trade and build wealth Thutmose III (Hatshepsuts stepson) takes over and wages

war to extend the empire into Nubia to the south of Egypt

While conquering Syria and Palestine Egypt fought theHittites-Battle of Kadesh: two armies fight till standstill-Ramses II and the Hittite king make treaty-Ramses II is a powerful ruler who buildsmonuments to himself, has 150 children, live to be99 years old

Valley of the Kings near Thebes is covered with largepyramids and monuments to the pharaohs, and despitetheir massive size, they were not as skillfully built as thosefrom the First Kingdom

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Pyramids at Giza

Egypt after the New Kingdom:

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Egypt after the New Kingdom:The Empire Declines

Invasions by land and sea People of the Sea (possibly Philistines) attack Egypt and

Hittites Libyans from the west cross the desert and establish rule

over Egypt (950-730 B.C.)

The Kushites of Nubia Nubia was ruled by Egypt from 2000-1000 B.C. Kushites adopted Egyptian culture (language, religion,

hieroglyphics, etc.) 751 B.C. Piankhi (Kushite) takes over Egypt from Libyans)

and restores Egypts glory Assyrians (from Southwest Asia) conquer Egypt and the

Kushites, who establish their kingdom at Mero and flourishuntil they are defeated by Aksum