1st aid training for aggreko 2

8/12/2019 1st Aid Training for Aggreko 2

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First Aid for Workplace Accidents

Workplace accidents result to days off from work and loss of productivity, and insome cases, the loss of a life. This is the reason why the workplace needs to be made assafe as possible. It should also be equipped with the right emergency equipment and

workers need to know the basics in First Aid in order to respond to any emergenciesbefore paramedics arrive.

!amples of common workplace accidents

"ommon workplace in#uries need to be treated, no matter how minor they may be.$ealing with heavy machinery, to!ic substances and other ha%ardous materials in theworkplace can predispose one to accidents and in#uries that result to the loss of a limb oreven a life. "ommon accidents in the workplace include& Burns, Lacerations, Fractures,Compression injuries, Eye injuries, Severe bleeding

First aid tips for such common accidents

There are basic first aid tips for the various work'related in#uries. (owever, prior toconducting any form of first aid on a co'worker, it is important that both the in#ured personand the co'worker are located in a safe place, far from any other forms of danger.

When handling burns, cool the affected part with water and immediately take thecasualty to the hospital. If the burn is caused by caustic chemicals, keep if free fromcontamination and remove clothing that is not stuck to the skin. "ool the affected part withwater for )* minutes or until the patient is taken to the hospital.

For severe bleeding, apply pressure near the wound to stop the bleeding. levatethe limb past heart level and apply a dressing .+andage the whole area in place and take

to the emergency room if severe.

$o not attempt to set broken bones. $o not attempt to move a person with possiblespinal in#uries, unless they are in immediate danger.

For eye in#uries, wash the eyes with clean water or sterile fluid. $o not attempt toremove anything embedded on the eye.

I. BLEE I!"

#vervie$

Severe bleeding involves loss of large amount of blood, This may occur externallythrough natural openings, like mouth, A cut on the skin too can lead to bleeding,Internal bleeding occurs due to an injury to blood vessel

Causes

Accidents/Falls, lo! to the head, Injuries, like scalp !ounds, Tooth"xtraction,#ertain medications, Illnesses like $%emophilia, Scurvy, #ancer,Thrombocytopenia, Aplastic Anemia, &eukemia, %emorrhage, 'eptic (lcer, 'latelet)isorder, &iver )isease, Septicemia*

Symptoms


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)ischarge of blood from a !ound, ruising, lood in stool/urine, lood coming fromother areas, like mouth/ear

%reatment

+ash hands !ell before administering to patient, +ear synthetic gloves, ake thevictim lie do!n, Slightly elevate the legs, If possible keep the affected area elevated,-emove any obvious debris/particle, Apply direct pressure using clean cloth/bandage,(se hand if cloth is not available, Apply pressure continuously for at least . minutes,)o not remove the cloth to check the bleeding, %old the bandage in place using anadhesive tape, If bleeding seeps through bandage, do not remove it, Add extrabandage on top of the first one, Apply direct pressure on the artery if necessary, The

pressure points for arm00belo! arm0 pit/above elbo!, For leg00behind knee/near groin,S1uee2e the artery keeping finger flat, #ontinue applying pressure on the !ound, 3ncebleeding stops immobili2e the affected part, See a doctor

Consult a doctor

If bleeding does not stop, If bleeding occurs through nose, ears etc, #oughing upblood,4omiting, ruising/deep !ounds, Abdominal tenderness, Fracture, Shock

Steps %o &void

)o not try to replace a displaced organ, 5ust cover the !ound !ith a clean cloth, )o nottry to remove an embedded object

II. &S%'(&

#vervie$

It is a chronic lung disease, It creates narro!ing of air passages of the lung, 'roducesdifficulty in breathing6

Symptoms

+hee2ing, #ough and cold, Tightness in the chest, Sticky mucus, )isturbed sleep,reathlessness

Causes

%ereditary factors , "nvironmental factors like dust, mite, pollen, 3ccupational exposure toirritants, )ietary #hanges, &ack of exercise

&sthma %riggering Factors

#olds and viruses , Irritants like #igarette smoke, scent, pollution , #old air or change in!eather , 'hysical exertion , Allergens like dust, mite, pollen, furs , Some medications ,Infections , Stress

(yths about asthma

It is contagious , It cannot be controlled, Asthma medicines are addictive


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(anagement of &sthma

Asthma cannot be cured, but it can be controlled , 7eep the house clean, (sehard!ood floors or tile, Avoid carpets in house, Avoid pets !ith fur or feathers, (seclean bed sheets 8 pillo! covers, (se bed made of synthetic materials, (se air

conditioner, aintain lo! humidity at home

%reatment

Anti0inflammatory drugs include9 $Steroid Inhalers, Sodium #hromoglycate*Inhalers / #apsules , Treatment : ronchodilators , #ommon bronchodilators include9$Salbutamol Inhalers, Terbutaline Tabs* , #onsult your 'ulmonologist

III. Cardio)pulmonary *esuscitation +C *-

&bout Cardiac &rrest

3ften caused by abnormal heart rhythm, This aberrant rhythm is ventricularfibrillation $4F*, )uring 4F heart stops pumping blood, 'atient may stop breathing, ;o pulsemay be detected, A shock to the heart, called defibrillation, re1uired, )efibrillation stops 4F,restores heart function

hat is C */

"mergency life0saving measure , #ombination of rescue breathing 8 chestcompressions, )one on unconscious/ non0breathing patient, )one on persons sufferingcardiac arrest, Also for near0dro!ning/ asphyxiation/ trauma cases, #'- conducts

defibrillation, Supports heart pumping for short duration, Allo!s oxygen to reach brain,uys time till help arrives, ore effective !hen done as early as possible

%'E 0I%&L S%E S Clear the air$ay

Assess if the person is conscious / breathing , &ay the person on his back on ahard surface, (sing a head tilt 0chin lift open his air!ay, #heck for breathing sound, Ifnot breathing, start mouth0to0mouth breathing

(outh) to)mouth breathing

'inch the person compressions, clear air!ay, =ive t!o rescue breaths, This is onecycle, =ive ? compressions /minute, #ontinue #'- till medical help arrives

rognosis


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If done !ell, #'- saves life , ;ormaly is restored in rescued person, #'- canalso be ineffective, causing death, In some cases, causes injuries / damages

Caution

-ibs/heart/lungs/ liver may be injured , After #'-, medical attention should be given

I0. ISL#C&%I#!

&bout islocation

An injury !hich forces bones out of their sockets, )islocation is a common sportsinjury, It temporarily deforms or immobili2es the joint

Causes

(sually caused by a trauma like a fall/blo! , -heumatoid arthritis also causes dislocation

Symptoms

'ain , Tenderness, )ifficulty to move injured part, S!elling, )iscoloration

%reatment

#all medical help as soon as possible , )o not move the joint or try to place it back,'lace ice to control s!elling, If skin is cut, clean gently and bandage !ith sterile gau2e,Sling or splint the injury in its original position, If injury is serious, check for breathing, If notbreathing, provide Cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) , "levate the feet up to ?.inches, #over the patient !ith a blanket

revention

+ear protective gear !hile sporting , ake home environment safe, Teach safehabits to children, )o not stand on chairs or other unstable objects, "xercise care !hileusing bath oils, ake use of hand rails !hile using the stairs

0. B1*!S

hat are burns/

Injuries due to heat/ chemicals/ electricity/ radiation, #ommon heat injuries due tofire, hot li1uids, steam, urns due to heat / chemicals 0 through skin contact, Severe burnsaffect muscles, fat and bones, 3lder people/ children 0 particularly vulnerable

Categories of burns

First, second and third degree
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#ategori2ation depends on severity of tissue damage, #heck extent of burn beforedeciding self treatment, Seek help if burn is over a couple of inches in diameter, or, If itinvolves large sections of the hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or a major joint

2. First)degree burns

Injuries are superficial / mild , S!elling8 redness of the injured area, 'ain develops,;o blisters seen, urned area becomes !hite on touch, Takes >0@ days to heal

%reatment

-emove patient from heat source , -emove the burnt clothing, -un cool !aterover burnt area, =ently clean the injured area, =ently dry, Apply anti biotic such asSilver Sulphadia2ine, (se a sterile bandage to cover burns, Take tetanus vaccination,if re1uired

3. Second)degree burns

urns extends to middle skin layer, dermis , S!elling, redness and painobserved, urnt area may turn !hite on touch, listers develop, that oo2e a clearfluid, Scars may develop, -estricts movement, if injury occurs at joint, )ehydrationmay occur, %ealing time varies, depends on extent of injury

%reatment

#lean the affected area thoroughly , =ently dry, Apply antibiotic cream overaffected area, ake the patient lie do!n, 7eep burnt body part at a raised level,

Skin graft may be re1uired, 'hysical therapy may be essential to aidmobility,Splints may be used to rest affected joints, %ospitali2ation is essential

4. %hird)degree burns

)amage occurs to all > skin layers , )estroys adjacent hair follicles, s!eatglands, nerve endings, &ack of pain due to destroyed nerves, Injured area doesnot turn !hite on touch, ;o blisters observed, S!elling occurs, Skin developsleathery texture, )iscoloration of skin observed, Scars develop, #rusty surfaces$"schars* develop0impairs circulation, )ehydration occurs resulting in shock,Symptoms may !orsen !ith time, )isfigurement may result, %ealing depends on

extent of injury, B body surface injury results in death, @ B injury in elderly,fatal

%reatment

-e1uires immediate hospital care , )ehydration treated through intravenousfluid supply, 3xygen is administered, "schars are surgically opened,'eriodically run clean cool !ater over burns, ;utritious diet helps to heal1uickly, -egular monitoring essential, ental )epression treated by anti0depressants

revention


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Install smoke alarm in your home , "mploy


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Steps to follo$

)o not attempt to move the victim from current source , First step is to s!itch off thecurrent source, 3ther!ise, move the source using a !ooden stick, Attend to the victim,#heck for breathing, ;o breathing, do Cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) , #all

emergency medical aid, If breathing, do a physical examination, Treat for minor burns, -e0establish vital functions, "xcessive burns may re1uire hospitali2ation/ surgery, Supportivecare must be provided

revention

'roper design, installation, maintenance of electric devices , "ducating the publicregarding electrical devices,7eep electrical gadgets out of childrenCs reach, &earn torespect electricity and electrical devices

0III. F&I!%I!"

&bout Fainting

Fainting occurs due to decreased blood supply to brain , A fainting spell is usuallyvery brief , It may or may not have medical significance

Common Causes

Anxiety, "motional upset, StressSevere pain, Skipping meals, Standing up too fast,Standing for a long time in a cro!d, Some medications, )iabetes, lood 'ressure

Symptoms

efore fainting, a person may experience the follo!ing9;ausea, =iddiness,"xcessive s!eating, )im vision, -apid heart beat or palpitations

%reatment

Fainting is a medical emergency, till proven other!ise, +hen a person feels faint0,ake them sit do!n or lie do!n, If sitting, position head bet!een knees, +hen a person

faints, position him on his back, #heck to see if air!ays are clear, -estore blood flo! by ,&oosening clothing/belts/collars, "levate feet above head level, 'atient should become

normal !ithin a minute, If not, seek medical help, #heck if breathing/pulse is normal, If not,do Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

revention

+hen symptoms appear, lie do!n, Try do avoid stress and anxiety, #arefullyevaluate your medications, Take care of underlying medical conditions

I6. F*&C%1*E
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hat is fracture/

A broken or cracked bone, 3ccurs !hen pressure is applied to bone, 3ccurs !ith /!ithout displacement of bone fragments %ypes

3pen fracture & kin breaks causing open wound

#losed fracture & kin not broken

#omplicated fractures & $amage of ad#acent organs

Stress fracture & (airline crack due to repeated stress

=reenstick fracture & In children-s fle!ible bones

Symptoms

Severe pain , )ifficulty in movement, S!elling/ bruising / bleeding, )eformity /abnormal t!ist of limb, Tenderness on applying pressure

First)aid

)epends on type 8 location of fracture

For open fractures

#ontrol bleeding before treatment , -inse and dress the !ound

For open 7 closed fractures

#heck the breathing , #alm the person, "xamine for other injuries, Immobili2e thebroken !ound, Apply ice to reduce pain / s!elling, #onsult a doctor

# !#%

assage the affected area , Straighten the broken bone, ove !ithout support tobroken bone, ove joints above / belo! the fracture, =ive oral li1uids / food

revention

+ear protective pads / helmets !hen driving , Teach children / practice, safehabits

6. Food Borne Illness

#vervie$

3ccurs by eating contaminated food , rought about by bacterial/viral/ parasitic

toxins , acteria is most common cause of food contamination , acteria is present in most


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ra! food , -a! meat /poultry/ sea food/ eggs9 increased risk , Tomatoes/sprout /lettucearealso contamination0prone , #ontamination occurs bet!een production and preparation

#hildren/pregnant !omen/ elderlcy/immuno0deficient at greater risk

Symptoms

-esembles intestinal flu , &asts for fe! days or !eeks

Common Symptoms are

;ausea, Abdominal cramps, vomiting, )iarrhea, !hich may be bloody, Fever, )ehydrationSevere Symptoms include , Shallo! breath, -apid pulse, 'ale skin, #hills, #hest pain

Severity may lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome, in children)eaths may occur due tosevere complications

%reatment

ost cases are mild and are treated by taking fluids , Fluids may be taken orally orintravenously, Severe cases must be hospitali2ed

revention

+ash hands !ell before preparing food , #lean surfaces and kitchen counters beforecooking, #ook food at appropriate temperatures enough to kill bacteria, -efrigerate food!ithin t!o hours of cooking, Allo! enough space in fridge for cool air circulation

6I. 'E&*% &%%&C8

hat is heart attac5/

3ccurs !hen blood supply to vital organs gets blocked, DE years / menopausal!omen at greater risk, 3ccurs !ith / !ithout chest pain, Sudden arrest of breathing / heartfunction, ay result in cardiopulmonary arrest, #lot in the arteries blocks blood supply

#ccurs due to9)eposits of calcium / cholesterol, %ereditary factors, Tobacco, 3besity, %igh blood

pressure, "motional stress, Inflammatory disease of arteries, Trauma / disease of heart

Symptoms

#hest pain , Shoulder/arm pain, Shortness of breath, S!eating, %eartburn, ;ausea, Abdominal pain

First aid

Try to relax , &oosen tight clothes, Take medicines if any, 'ain subsides !ithin > min ofmedicine intakeIf not, see a doctor6 =ive artifical respiration if re1uired


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ive Cardiopulmonary *esuscitation +C *- &a. If no pulse is detectedb. +y placing palm on chest to pump

/0 pumps are followed by ) artificial respiration"ontinue till ambulance 1 doctor arrives

revention

-outine health check0up , Avoid stress, uit smoking / alcohol, "at sensibly, #ontrolblood pressure / diabetes, #ontrol !eight

6II. 'E&% C*&( S

#vervie$

%eat cramps are involuntary muscle spasms, They are caused by deficiency of !ater and

sodium, %eat cramps are painful, may be severe and prolonged, %eavy exercising in hot!eather causes excessive s!eating, This causes electrolyte deficiency resulting in musclecramps

2uscles most affected are the voluntary muscles of'a. "alvesb. Armsc. Thighsd. +acke. Abdomen

%eat cramps are the least serious of all heat injuries, It is a !arning sign for heatexhaustion

*is5 factors

;egative sodium balance , )iuretic medications, Absence of acclimati2ation / adaptation

Causes

%eat , )ehydration, "xcessive s!eating, &oss of body salts, uscle stress, 'oor bodycondition

Symptoms Some of the most common symptoms are9 )i22y feeling , Fainting, "xhaustion,;ausea, 4omiting, -apid heartbeat, %ot/s!eaty skin

%reatment

-est briefly and cool do!n , anual pressure / massage must be applied to theaffected muscle)rink one 1uart of !ater !ith one teaspoon of salt, )rink some clear juice /electrolyte0containing sports drink ,'ractice gentle stretching exercise of the affectedmuscle, Seek medical help if the cramps remain after ? hour

rognosis %eat cramps usually improves !ith , An electrolyte drink , #ool shade, -est

revention
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Ade1uate fluids must be taken periodically, Fluids must be taken before feelingthirsty, Avoid heavy s!eaty exercises in humid conditions, ake sure to drink fluids !hileexercising

6III. 'E&% E6'&1S%I#!

#vervie$

%eat exhaustion is a heat 0 related disorder, %ere, loss of fluids takes place, Thisdecreases blood flo! to vital organs, leading to shock

Causes

%eat exhaustion caused by excessive heat , Increased by overexertion / s!eating /hot, humid climate

*is5 Factors

'oor circulation , -ecurrent Illness, edications like diuretics / laxatives / antihistamines / anti depressants, Goung children and older people at risk, even !hen inactive

Symptoms

+eakness / di22iness , %eadache / nausea, #old / moist skin, 'aleness, )ry tongue /thirst, 4omiting,&oss of appetite, "xcessive s!eating, -apid / !eak heart beat, Fast /shallo! breathing, uscle fatigue#ramps

%reatment a3 "ooling the body

-emove the person to a shady place , &oosen tight0fitting clothing, -emove extraclothes, #ool the person by sponging !ith !et cloth / to!el

b3 (ydrating

=ive fluids like sports drink / fruit or vegetable juices , +ater containing electrolytesmay be given, =ive fluid every ?E0. minutes, Avoid coffee and alcohol

Consult & octor

If the symptoms don minutes , Seek emergency help in case of ,'hysical collapse , &oss of consciousness

revention

)o not indulge in drunken driving , 'ractice safe methods !hile driving / sporting /other activities, Al!ays follo! safety rules, Supervise the activities of children

6I0. #IS#!I!"


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#vervie$

'oisons are substances that cause injury, illness or death, These events are causedby a chemical activity in the cells, 'oisons can be injected, inhaled or s!allo!ed, 'oisoningshould be suspected if a person is sick for unkno!n reason, 'oor ventilation can aggravate

Inhalation poisoning, First aid is critical in saving the life of victims Causes

edications , )rug overdose, 3ccupational exposure, #leaning detergents/paints,#arbon mono oxide gas from furnace, heaters, Insecticides, #ertain cosmetics, #ertainhousehold plants, animals, Food poisoning $ otulism*

Symptoms

lue lips , Skin -ashes, )ifficulty in breathing, )iarrhea, 4omiting/;ausea, Fever,%ead ache, =iddiness/dro!siness, )ouble vision, Abdominal/chest pain,

'alpitations/Irritability, &oss of appetite/bladder control, ;umbness, uscle t!itching,Sei2ures, +eakness, &oss of consciousness

%reatment

Seek immediate medical help , ean!hile, , Try and identify the poison if possible ,#heck for signs like burns around mouth, breathing difficulty or vomiting, Induce vomiting if

poison s!allo!ed, In case of convulsions, protect the person from self injury, If the vomitfalls on the skin, !ash it thoroughly, 'osition the victim on the left till medical help arrives

For inhalation poisoning

Seek immediate emergency help , =et help before you attempt to rescue others,%old a !et cloth to cover your nose and mouth, 3pen all the doors and !indo!s, Takedeep breaths before you begin the rescue, Avoid lighting a match, #heck the patient


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#vervie$

Sprain is the stretch/tear of ligament connecting bones, 3ccurs in both the upper 8lo!er part of the body, ost common sites 0 ankle/!rists/knee

Causes

Trauma/accidents , &ifting heavy objects, Sporting injuries

Symptoms

'ain , S!elling, &umps other than s!elling, ruising/redness at site of injury,;umbness, Inability to move the joint

%reatment

Apply a cold compress to injured area for . min , This may be done H0 times a day,(se a plastic bag !ith crushed ice, !rapped in a to!el, (se compression bandages toreduce s!elling, 7eep the injured leg elevated on a pillo!, Take anti inflammatory pills ifnecessary, Take rest for the recommended period, +hen pain/s!elling is diminished, dorecommended exercises

Consult a doctor If the follo!ing occurs0 Severe pain/numbness, Inability to move the joint,Inability to assess the severity of injury

Steps %o &void

)o not return to normal activities if not completely cured, This could lead to the problem turning chronic

revention

Avoid exercising/sporting !hen tired, "at a !ell balanced meal0for healthy muscles, Avoid unhealthy !eight gain, "xercise daily0particularly stretching exercises, )o !arm0upbefore exercising, 'ractice safety measures, like avoiding clutter, -un on even surface, )onot !ear ill0fitting shoes

60I. S1! B1*!

#vervie$

Sunburn is a burn of the skin, -esults from overexposure to the sun, ;ormalexposure results in the production of 4itamin ), ost of us become sun burnt at some timein life, Sunburn causes a lot of discomfort, It can cause premature ageing/cancer, #ommonin children/young adults

Causes

Sun


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*is5 factors

&ight0skinned or fair0haired people , -ecent exposure to sun, 'rior skin injury,Infections like %erpes, 'orphyria , #ertain edications like antibiotics, anti0psoriatic drugs

Symptoms The skin injury begins !ithin > minutes of exposure to the sun , -edness of theskinIrritation, lister, 'ain, Skin burning, Skin loss, )ehydration, Flu0like symptoms,Infection, Fever, If very severe, shock leading to death may occur

%reatment Self)'elp

=et out of the sun, #over the exposed area, Take a cool bath, (se a cool compressavailable commercially like, uro! solution, )issolve solution in one pint of !ater, Soak agau2e or clean cloth in it , +ring it !ell Apply to sun burnt area for . minutes, #hange thecloth and solution every . hours, Apply aloe0based solution, Avoid using oils, bath salts,

perfumed lotions etc, Avoid scrubbing/shaving(se a gentle to!elStay out of the sun !hilesun burnt

Consult a octor In case of0 'ain, %eadache/confusion, listers;ausea/vomiting, &oss ofconsciousness, Sunburn being present along !ith other medical condition

revention

+ear hats, long0sleeved dress, long pants !hile out in the sun , Try to avoid exposure tosun, (se sun0block creams during exposure to sun, Select a suitable S'F number for thesun block cream, Sun locks should be reapplied every .0> hours, Avoid tanning beds

Acute upper airway obstruction An acute upper airway obstruction is a blockage of the upper airway, which can be inthe trachea, voice bo! 4laryngeal3, or throat 4pharyngeal3 areas.

Causes

"auses of acute upper airway obstruction include&

Allergic reactions in which the trachea or throat swell closed, including allergicreactions to a bee sting , peanuts, antibiotics 4penicillin3, and blood pressuremedications 4A" inhibitors3, "hemical burns and reactions, "roup , piglottitis 4infection of the structure separating the trachea from the esophagus3, Fire orburns from breathing in smoke, Foreign bodies '' such as peanuts and otherbreathed'in foods, pieces of a balloon, buttons, coins, and small toys, 5iral orbacteria infections, 6eritonsillar abscess , 7etropharyngeal abscess , Throatcancer , Tracheomalacia , Trauma, 5ocal cord problems

Symptoms

ymptoms vary depending on the cause, but some symptoms are common to alltypes of airway blockage. They include&
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Agitation or fidgeting, +luish color to the skin 4 cyanosis 3, "hanges inconsciousness , "hoking , "onfusion, $ifficulty breathing , asping for air, 6anic,8nconsciousness , Whee%ing , crowing, whistling, or other unusual breathingnoises indicating breathing difficulty

E:ams and %ests

6hysical e!amination may show& $ecreased breath sounds in the lungs, 7apid,shallow, or slowed breathing

%reatment

If the person has a complete obstruction and is unable to speak or breathe, the(eimlich maneuver may be lifesaving.

#utloo5 + rognosis-

6rompt treatment is often successful. (owever, the condition is dangerous and maybe fatal, even if treated.

ossible Complications

Inability to relieve the obstruction can cause& +rain damage, +reathing failure, $eath

hen to Contact a (edical rofessional

Airway obstruction is an emergency. It is a good idea to learn how to clear anairway of a foreign body by using a method such as the (eimlich maneuver.$iseases in which airway obstruction develops over a period of hours will allow timeto get to a hospital. If an acute airway obstruction occurs, call 9// or your localemergency number for medical help. $o what you can to maintain breathing untilmedical help arrives.

revention

6revention depends on the cause of the upper airway obstruction.

The following methods may help prevent an obstruction&

at slowly and chew food completely. $on-t drink too much alcohol before or whileeating. :eep small ob#ects away from young children. 2ake sure dentures fit properly

E:pired &ir *esuscitation !pired Air 7esuscitation 4 A73 is the method bywhich a rescuer breathes for a person who is in respiratory arrest. It is mostcommonly referred to as ;mouth'to'mouth resuscitation


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If there is no circulation present 4no heartbeat3 proceed directly to "67

Certain conditions7emergencies $here this rescue breathing is needed are9

"hoking, (eroin overdose, =ear drowning, "ertain bites and stings

4anaphylactic shock3, Asthma, mphysema, A7 should be performed when aperson is&, not breathing, or is only making occasional gasps or weak attempts atbreathing, unconscious, suffering cyanosis 4skin1lips is a blue color due to lack ofair3

%here are five methods for delivering E&*.

?6 outh0to0 outh !here the rescuer seals the victimCs mouth !ith their o!nmouth, pinches the soft part of the nose closed $gently, but firmly*, and thenblo!s air into the victimCs mouth6

.6 outh0to0;ose is used !hen the victim has sustained facial injuries that prevent using the mouth6 The rescuer closes the victimCs mouth, covers the nose!ith their mouth, breathes gently, then releases the victimCs ja! to allo!exhalation6

>6 outh0to0;ose080 outh is the preferred method !hen resuscitating a child,as the rescuerCs mouth can cover and seal both the childCs nose and mouth6

H6 outh0to0 ask is safest method $especially if you do not kno! the victim ortheir medical health* and also the most desirable for rescue breathing as itlessens the risk of cross0infection6 It !orks in similar fashion as mouth0to0mouth6

asks come in various forms but they are all used the same !ay6 The mask isfitted firmly over the victimCs nose and mouth and the rescuer delivers "A- viathe valve or tube thus avoiding direct contact !ith the victimCs mouth or exhaledair6

E6 "A- must be effective to be helpful to the victim6 An JeffectiveC breath iseffective if the chest rises and falls !ith each breath given by the rescuer6Starting your rescue breathing !ith five initial breaths !ill usually result in t!oeffective breaths . uring E&*, stop inflation once there is visible rise of thechest. o not over inflate;

*#CE 1*E F#* E&*

If you are not alone, send someone to go call for help. If you are alone, youmay need to leave the victim briefly to call for aid yourself. >ay the person ontheir back, tilting the head back and lifting the chin If administering mouth'to'mouth gently pinch the soft part of the nose closed and open the mouth, keepingthe chin lifted. Take a deep breath and place your lips around the victims mouth,make sure you create a good seal. ive 0 initial breaths ? this step is brief, taking

appro!imately /* seconds. 2ake sure the chest rises with each breath. Watchthe chest as you breath in' once the chest starts to rise 4about ) seconds3, stop


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and begin the ne!t breath after the chest starts to fall, you do not want to overinflate the lungs. @ut of the first 0 breaths, about ) will be effective. :eep theseage rates in mind while giving A7. Infants 4newborn'/) months3 and youngchildren 4/' yrs3 require one effective breath every B seconds' or )* per minute.@lder children 49'/C yrs3 and adults 4/0D3 require one effective breath ever Cseconds' /0 1min. ee below for additional info on how to breathe for differentage classes. If you are having difficulty giving an effective breath check thevictims mouth for an obstruction. If one is present remove it. 7e'check to makesure the head is tilted back and chin is tilted up. Also check circulation. If a pulsecannot be found proceed to "67 Immediately. If a pulse is found, circulation isok, continue A7 until the person starts breathing on their own, or help arrivesand medical personnel can take over for you. If person begins breathing on theirown, but remains unconscious, place them in the recovery position. tay withthem and continue checking their vital signs 4breathing and pulse remain normal3until help arrives. (ow to breathe for different age classes. For infants, you want

to implement a method called ;frog breathing< or ;puffing


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fingernailsK acting da2ed or semiconscious*, &ack of alertness$unconsciousness*, Stiff neck, headache, or neck pain

First &id

=ever move anyone who you think may have a spinal in#ury, unless it is absolutelynecessary. For e!ample, if you need to get the person out of a burning car.3

8eep the person absolutely still and safe until medical help arrives.

#all the local emergency number, such as ??6 %old the person


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1nconsciousness ) first aid

8nconsciousness is when a person is unable to respond to people andactivities. @ften, this is called a coma or being in a comatose state. @ther changes inawareness can occur without becoming unconscious. 2edically, these are calledEaltered mental statusE or Echanged mental status.E They include sudden confusion,disorientation, or stupor. 8nconsciousness or any other 8$$ = change in mentalstatus must be treated as a medical emergency. If someone is awake but less alertthan usual, ask a few simple questions, such as&

What is your name

What is the date

(ow old are you

Wrong answers or an inability to answer the question suggest a change in mentalstatus.

Considerations

+eing asleep is not the same thing as being unconscious. A sleeping personwill respond to loud noises or gentle shaking '' an unconscious person will not. Anunconscious person cannot cough or clear his or her throat. This can lead to death ifthe airway becomes blocked.

Causes

8nconsciousness can be caused by nearly any ma#or illness or in#ury, as wellas substance abuse and alcohol use . +rief unconsciousness 4or fainting 3 is oftencaused by dehydration, low blood sugar , or temporary low blood pressure. (owever,it can also be caused by serious heart or nervous system problems. Gour doctor willdetermine if you need tests. @ther causes of fainting include straining during a bowelmovement, coughing very hard, or breathing very fast 4hyperventilating3.

Symptoms

The person will be unresponsive 4does not respond to activity, touch, sound,or other stimulation3.

The following symptoms may occur after a person has been unconscious&"onfusion, $rowsiness , (eadache, Inability to speak or move parts of his or her body4see stroke symptoms3, >ight'headedness, >oss of bowel or bladder control4incontinence3, 7apid heartbeat 4 palpitations 3, tupor

First &id1. "all or tell someone to call


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2. "heck the person-s airway, breathing, and pulse frequently. If necessary,begin rescue breathing and "67 .

3. If the person is breathing and lying on the back, and you do not think there isa spinal in#ury , carefully roll the person toward you onto the side. +end the top

leg so both hip and knee are at right angles. ently tilt the head back to keepthe airway open. If breathing or pulse stops at any time, roll the person on tohis back and begin "67.

C. If you think there is a spinal in#ury, leave the person where you found them4as long as breathing continues3. If the person vomits, roll the entire body atone time to the side. upport the neck and back to keep the head and body inthe same position while you roll.

0. :eep the person warm until medical help arrives.

H. If you see a person fainting, try to prevent a fall. >ay the person flat on thefloor and raise the feet about /) inches.

. If fainting is likely due to low blood sugar , give the person something sweet toeat or drink when they become conscious.

# !#%

$@ =@T give an unconscious person any food or drink. $@ =@T leave theperson alone. $@ =@T place a pillow under the head of an unconscious person.$@ =@T slap an unconscious person-s face or splash water on the face to try torevive him.

hen to Contact a (edical rofessional

Call


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1st aid training for aggreko 2

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