1.describe and differentiate psychological and physiological systems of memory (e.g., short-term...
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1. Describe and differentiate psychological and physiological systems of memory (e .g ., short-term memory, procedural memory)
2. Compare and contrast various cognitive processes: — effortful versus automatic processing; — deep versus shallow processing; — focused versus divided attention
3. Outline the principles that underlie effective encoding, storage, and construction of memories
4. Describe strategies for memory improvement
5. Identify key contributors in cognitive psychology (e .g ., Noam Chomsky, Hermann Ebbinghaus, Wolfgang Köhler, Elizabeth Loftus, George A . Miller)
Memory/Cognition
Stages of Memory
Memory is more of an active system receiving, storing, organizing, altering, and recovering information
Stages of Memory
EncodedIncoming information is
changed into a usable form
StoredInformation is held in the
system
RetrievedMemories/information must
be taken out of storage
Sensory Memory
Sensory Memory holds an exact copy of what is seen
or heard, for only a few seconds or less
It is in our sensory memory that we have icons and
echos.
Sensory Memory
Color of bicycles?
Sensory Memory
How many people wearing sunglasses?
Sensory Memory
How many people wearing a hat?
Sensory Memory
Color of shirt of 3rd person in row?
Short-term MemoryIf information is able to make it through sensory memory, it gets passed on to short-term
memory
Our short-term memory (stm) holds small amounts of
information for relatively brief periods of time
What were some of the items on the grocery list from a few minutes
ago?
Which items were crossed off?
Short-term MemoryNot everything that we see or
hear going on around us is recorded in our short term
memory.
Why?Something called selective
attention controls what information actually makes it
to STM.
Focusing on only a selected portion of sensory input
What type of things are in our short term memory??
Short-term MemoryHow are they stored?
Can be stored as: images
phonetically
STM is where we do the majority of our thinking, and is also the
stopping point that allows to not become overburdened by useless
garbage.
10 word test
Long-term Memory
Third memory system acts as a lasting storehouse for
information that is meaningful
LTM contains everything you know about the world.Does it ever fill up?
Adv. PsychPsychological vs. physiological aspects of memory
How do our brains make memories?
Physiological= What happens biologically to create a memory?
Hippocampus- part of limbic system that plays an important role in consolidating information from short term to long-term
Also is responsible for attaching senses and emotions with the memory itself
Adv. PsychPsychological vs. physiological aspects of memory
How do our brains make memories?Physiological= What happens biologically to create a memory?
Recording a memory requires the adjustment of the connections between neurons.
Each memory tweaks a tiny sections of the neurons in the brain, changing the way in which they communicate.
Short term vs.Long term
Quick/simple chemical changes
Built into brain’s synapses
2:20
Who found all of this?With a partner, I would like for you to please research the following cognitive psychologists.
1. Atkinson and Shiffrin2. Hermann Ebbinghaus3. Elizabeth Loftus4. George A. Miller
For each psychologists please make sure you findtheir beliefs as well as contributions.
When you are finished, you will be completing a paragraph reflection.
Who found all of this?With a partner, I would like for you to please research the following cognitive psychologists.
1. Atkinson and Shiffrin2. Hermann Ebbinghaus3. Elizabeth Loftus4. George A. Miller
For each psychologists please make sure you findtheir beliefs as well as contributions.
When you are finished, you will be completing a paragraph reflection.
Provide an analysis of which psychologists you feelcontributed the most to the field of cognitive psychology/memory.
1. Describe and differentiate psychological and physiological systems of memory (e .g ., short-term memory, procedural memory)
2. Compare and contrast various cognitive processes: — effortful versus automatic processing; — deep versus shallow processing; — focused versus divided attention
3. Outline the principles that underlie effective encoding, storage, and construction of memories
4. Describe strategies for memory improvement
5. Identify key contributors in cognitive psychology (e .g ., Noam Chomsky, Hermann Ebbinghaus, Wolfgang Köhler, Elizabeth Loftus, George A . Miller)
Memory/Cognition
EncodingEncoding is a biological event
Perception Senses
AttentionThalamus and frontal lobe.
Many neurons firing
Decoding The sensory areas of the cortex decode the sensations, and combine the information with
the hippocampus
Leads to storage in different parts of the brain
EncodingFour main types
Acoustic EncodingEncoding of sound,
words, and any other noise
Visual EncodingEncodes images and visual sensory
information
Tactile EncodingEncoding of how something feels
(usually in somatosensory
cortex)
Semantic EncodingEncoding of sensory
input that has a particular meaning
or association
StoragePassive event of retaining
information
Memories are stored throughout
the cortex in groups of neurons
These neurons are ready to fire together when they come across a
similar experience
It is said that more than one copy is
often stored
Why?
There is a scatter effect to where memories are
stored
RetrievalRe-Accessing of information
The brain replays a pattern of neural
activity
With a slight twist (otherwise there would be no difference between
the bona fide experience)
We add in an awareness
Remembering = Creative Re-imagination
Recall and Recognition Association of an event with a previous experience
Remembering an event that is not present
RecallThree main types
Free RecallRecall is in any order
Cued EncodingCues are given when recalling
Serial RecallRecall in a certain
order
Improving MemoryKnowledge of Results
We often find that we are able to move on with our learning best when the feedback allows us to check progress.
Can help us identify areas that need extra practice or help, and the simple fact of knowing is rewarding.
Improving MemoryRecitation
Recitation refers to summarizing aloud when you are reading
This forces you to practice retrieving the information.
By stopping frequently and trying to remember by restating the information
80/20
Improving MemoryRehearsal
The more you rehearse or mentally review, the better your memory of the content
Both maintenance and elaborative rehearsal are good.
Must make links between the facts.
Improving MemorySelection
Break down information into one or two important pieces of information.
Has been shown that most students mark/highlight their text too much, rather than too little.
NASHVILLE — Each in his own way, big men Anthony Davis of Kentucky and Festus Ezeli of Vanderbilt give Saturday's game a distinctive quality.
Davis, who is on the way to rewriting UK and Southeastern Conference records for blocks, has become a full-blown phenomenon.
"I don't know that I've ever seen anything like him," Vandy Coach Kevin Stallings said Thursday. "... Davis changes the game around the goal. He makes you think about (chuckles) other options because trying to take it in front of him is not a very intelligent option most of the time."
Improving MemorySelection
Break down information into one or two important pieces of information.
Has been shown that most students mark/highlight their text too much, rather than too little.
NASHVILLE — Each in his own way, big men Anthony Davis of Kentucky and Festus Ezeli of Vanderbilt give Saturday's game a distinctive quality.
Davis, who is on the way to rewriting UK and Southeastern Conference records for blocks, has become a full-blown phenomenon.
"I don't know that I've ever seen anything like him," Vandy Coach Kevin Stallings said Thursday. "... Davis changes the game around the goal. He makes you think about (chuckles) other options because trying to take it in front of him is not a very intelligent option most of the time."
Improving MemoryOrganization
Simple reordering of a list makes it much easier to learn.
North, man, red, spring, woman, east, autumn, yellow, summer, boy, blue, west, winter, girl, green, south
North, east, south, west, spring, summer, autumn, winter, red, yellow, green, blue, man, woman, boy, girl
Improving MemoryWhole vs. Part
Which is better for memory?
Whole learning- attempting to learn the whole package of information
Part Learning-subparts of larger pieces of information are studied individually
Improving MemorySerial PositionPinball
PlantedPlasticProblemRingingShiftedSinkingSunfishTrustedTwistedNothingContestDentistDisruptHimselfJumpinglending
Improving MemorySerial PositionPinball
PlantedPlasticProblemRingingShiftedSinkingSunfishTrustedTwistedNothingContestDentistDisruptHimselfJumpinglending
Be careful to pay attention to the middle of the lists/or information
Improving MemorySleep
Sleeping after studying decreases interference
When sleeping isn’t possible, take many study breaks.
Improving MemoryHunger
People who are hungry almost always score lower on memory tests.
Always eat a good breakfast before school.
Experiment creation
You have the remainder of the block to gather everything you will need to perform your experiment.