Key Terms Quiz Practice: Intro to Art through and including Byzantine ArtDr. Schiller/December 8, 2014

1. 6th c. Byzantine emperor who built Hagia Sophia and San Vitale; famous for his law code.2. a 3-paneled painting or altarpiece3. a building material invented by the Romans and consisting of various proportions of lime mortar, volcanic

sand, water, and small stones. 4. A building or place of meeting for worship and religious instruction in the Jewish faith.5. According to traditional Catholic Christian belief, consecrated bread and wine become the body and blood of

Christ; in Protestant belief, bread and wine symbolize body and blood 6. a church in which the parts of the building radiate from a central point.7. a circular structure, generally in classical style; also, in Aegean architecture, a circular beehive-shaped tomb8. a concave, triangular piece of masonry (a triangular section of a hemisphere), four of which provide the transi-

tion from a square area to the circular base of a covering dome. Although they appear to be handing (pen-dant) from the dome, they in fact support it.

9. a conduit or artificial channel for conducting water from a distance, usually by means of gravity. 10. a continuous projecting base or pedestal under a building11. a convention of representation in which part of a figure is seen in profile and another part of the same figure

frontally.12. a crescent-shaped or semicircular space 13. A cross formed by two bars of equal length crossing in the middle at right angles to each other.14. a curved structural member that spans an opening and is generally composed of wedge-shaped blocks that

transmit the downward pressure laterally. 15. a decorative pin, usually used to fasten garments.16. A decorative technique in which tiny metal balls are fused to a metal surface.17. a deep arch over an oblong space18. a form of illusionistic painting that attempts to represent an object as existing in three dimensions at the sur-

face of the painting; literally “fools the eye”19. a Greek term which translates to “One who Shows the Way". The Virgin is shown presenting Christ to the

viewer and Mary's fingers, unnaturally elongated, point to Christ as "The Way". 20. a hemispheric vault; theoretically, an arch rotated on its vertical axis21. an almond-shaped nimbus, or glory, surrounding the figure of Christ of other sacred figures.22. an official or ceremonial robe.23. an order of classical Greek architecture characterized by tall, slender, fluted columns and prominent volutes on

the capitals. 24. a large, usually open structure for sports events with tiered seating for spectators.25. a monster of Greek invention with the head and body of a lion and the tail of a serpent. A second head, that of

a goat, grows out of one side of the body.26. analyzes the history surrounding a work of art, usually written. It gives a detailed explanation of the events of

circumstances that may have had a hand in the general idea of the work.27. an ancient Greek shallow drinking cup with two handles and a stem.28. an ancient Greek vase painting technique in which the pot was first covered with a slip of very fine white clay,

over which black glaze was used to outline figures, and diluted brown, purple, red, and white were used to color them.

29. an ancient roman, early Christian, or Byzantine hinged writing tablet, often of ivory and carved on the external sides.

30. an architectural device used as a transition from a square to a polygonal or circular base for a dome. It may be composed of lintels, corbels, or arches.

31. an Etruscan cylindrical container made of sheet bronze with case handles and feet, often with elaborately en-graved bodies, used for women’s grooming items.

32. an exterior appendage to a building, forming a covered approach or vestibule to a doorway.33. any of several earthy mineral oxides of iron occurring in yellow, brown, or red and used as pigments.

34. An ornament worn on the chest35. a painted, low relief or mosaic image representing a sacred figure or event in the Byzantine, and later the Or-

thodox, church. Icons were venerated by the faithful who believed them to have miraculous powers.36. a porous rock formed from deposits of springs, in parts of Tuscany37. a reddish substance applied under gold leaf so the gold leaf will adhere to it38. a representation of the human mouth with slightly upturned corners, characteristic of early Greek sculpture

produced before the fifth century BCE 39. a room marked by numerous rows of tall, closely spaced columns. In ancient Egyptian architecture, a large in-

terior room of a temple complex preceding the sanctuary.40. this arose as a distinct branch of Christianity in the Byzantine Empire, has always tended to be more philo-

sophical, abstract and mystical in its thinking41. a round building or room with a dome.42. a sequence or row of columns, supporting a straight lintel or a series of arches.43. a set of fixed laws regarding representations of the human figure or architecture 44. a simple long woolen belted garment worn by ancient Greek women that gives the female figure a columnar

appearance45. A small cubicle or bedroom that opened onto the atrium of a Roman house. Also, a chamber in an Early Chris-

tian catacomb that served as a mortuary chapel. 46. a small room that opened onto the atrium of a Roman house. Also, a chamber in an Early Christian catacomb

that served as a mortuary chapel. 47. a spiral scroll at both ends of the capitals used in a particular Greek order48. a sunken panel, often ornamental, in a vault or a ceiling 49. the destroyers of icons. 50. a technique of engraving upon a shell, gem or other stone, as onyx, in such a way that an underlying stone of

one color is exposed as a background for a low-relief design of another color. 51. a technique of painting on dry plaster52. a way of representing an object so that it conveys the illusion of depth--an object appears to be thrust forward

or backwards in space53. a wedge-shaped block used in the construction of a true arch. The central one, which sets the arch, is the key-

stone. 54. Burial mound55. carefully cut and regularly shaped blocks of stone used in construction, fitted together without mortar56. celebration in the Eastern Orthodox Church of the Virgin Mary's being taken up into heaven when her earthly

life ended (corresponds to the Assumption in the Roman Catholic Church)57. Cross-shaped.58. deep arch over an oblong space59. description of Egyptian art style of depicting pharaohs from one of three 90-degree angles: frontal, side, and

bird’s eye view.60. earthenware or pottery, especially with highly colored designed. Glazed earthenware.61. Elevated to the rank of gods or the ascent to heaven. 62. a form of government in which divine power governs an earthly human state, either in a personal incarnation

or, more often, via religious institutional representatives (i.e., a church), replacing or dominating civil gov-ernment

63. Formed by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults of equal size. 64. former city of Byzantium, where Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire65. Freeborn landowners of the Roman Republic. 66. Greek for “young man”—a statue of a young man from the Archaic Period.67. having a wavy form or outline68. idea that if you do it in a picture, it will happen in real life69. in a corbelled structure above a doorway, the inserted stone that serves to lighten the weight to be carried by

the lintel of the doorway itself70. in ancient Rome, wax portraits or busts of ancestors.

71. In a Roman house, the basin located in the atrium that collected rainwater. 72. In Christian architecture, the building used for baptism, usually situated next to a church.73. In Christian art, the image of Christ as a ruler and judge of heaven and earth.74. In Early Christian art, figures represented with hands raised in prayer75. In Early Christian art, the depiction of Old Testament persons and events as prophetic forerunners of Christ

and New Testament events.76. in Greek architecture, the triangular the shape at the end of a building formed by the ends of the sloping roof

above the colonnade; also, an ornamental feature having this shape.77. in later Greek pottery, the technique of silhouetting red figures against a black background with painted linear

details78. in Near Eastern archaeology, an artificial hill or a mound, usually an ancient site of habitation79. In painting or sculpture, the convention of the same figure appearing more than once in the same space at dif-

ferent stages in a story.80. In Roman architecture, a temple has a series of engaged columns all around the sides and back of the cella to

give the appearance of a peripteral colonnade. 81. in the Roman Republic, the social class that included small farmers, merchants, and freed slaves. 82. in Roman architecture, freestanding arches commemorating important events such as military victories83. in Roman architecture, a series of engaged columns all around the sides and back of the cella to give the ap-

pearance of a peripteral colonnade 84. In Roman architecture, a public building for assemblies (especially tribunals), rectangular in plan with an en-

trance usually on a long side. In Christian architecture, a church somewhat resembling the Roman basilica, usually entered from one end and with an apse at the other, creating an axial plan.

85. literally, a council of elders. The legislative body in Roman constitutional government. 86. lover of icons87. multitiered structure thought to have served as a temple platform88. occurred between the mid-8th century and the mid-9th century in the Byzantine Christian Church over the

question of whether or not Christians should continue to revere icons.89. perspective that creates the illusion of distance by the greater diminution of color intensity, the shift in color

toward an almost neutral blue, and the blurring of contours as the intended distance between the eye and the object increases.

90. placing tiny spheres of metal onto metal surfaces (parent metal) to form a pattern or design and fusing them them

91. Plaster mixed with a binding material and used for reliefs and as a ground for painting.92. Purple marble93. recessed area, usually semi-circular. 94. remains of bodies of, or objects that have come in contact with, a holy person95. ruler of Russia96. scratch97. shelf-like openings in the walls of catacombs to receive the dead.98. the ancient Egyptian concept of the truth, balance, and order of the universe.99. the announcement by the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary of her conception of Christ.100. the area of wall adjoining the exterior curve of an arch between its springing and the keystone, or the area be-

tween two arches, as in an arcade101. The arrangement of the windows of a building 102. the birth of Christ.103. the chamber (at the center of an ancient temple; in a classical temple, the room in which the cult statue usually

stood104. the Christian concept of God comprising 3 parts: God the father, God the son (Jesus) and the Holy Spirit.105. the circular wall that supports a dome; also, one of the cylindrical stones of which a non-monolithic shaft of a

column is made.106. the collection of the books of the Bible that were produced by the early Christian church, comprising the

Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, the Epistles, and the Revelation of St. John the Divine.

107. the disposition of the human figure in which one part is turned in opposition to another part (usually hips and legs one way, shoulders and chest another), creating a counter positioning of the body about its central axis. Sometimes called weight shift because the weight of the body tends to be thrown to one foot, creat-ing tension on one side and relaxation on the other.

108. The earliest style of Roman mural painting. The aim of the artist was to imitate, using painted stucco relief, the appearance of costly marble panels.

109. The edge formed by the intersection of two vaults. 110. the greater the importance of the figure, the larger it is in comparison to everyone else111. the name given by ancient Egyptians for the human life force, or spirit 112. the large icon-bearing chancel screen that shuts off the sanctuary of a Byzantine church from the rest of the

church. In the Eastern Christian churches, a screen or a partition, with doors and many tiers of icons, sep-arating the sanctuary from the main body of the church.

113. the last emperor of both the Eastern and Western Roman Empire. After his death, the two parts split perma-nently. He is also known for making Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire.

114. the only Etruscan artist mentioned by ancient writers115. the open courtyard in front of a Christian church.116. the part of a Greek building above the columns and below the roof.117. perspective that creates the illusion of distance by the greater diminution of color intensity, the shift in color

toward an almost neutral blue, and the blurring of contours as the intended distance between the eye and the object increases.

118. The public square of an ancient Roman city. 119. the process by which a cultural trait, material object, idea, or behavior pattern is spread from one society to an-

other 120. The round central opening or “eye” of a dome. Also, small round windows in Gothic cathedrals. 121. the scroll containing the Pentateuch, the first five books of the Hebrew Scripture.122. The seven-branched candelabrum used in Jewish religious practices. 123. the square basin in the centre of the atrium of an ancient Roman house, which received rainwater from an

opening in the roof.124. .the topmost zone of a wall with windows (especially of a church or temple), when it extends above any abut-

ting aisles or secondary roofs. Provides direct light into the central interior space.125. the unique artistic style evident in art made during the reign of Akhenaton.126. the uppermost course of the platform of a classical temple, which supports the columns.127. the visual analysis of artistic form128. the way in which an artist organizes forms in an art work, either by placing shapes on a flat surface or arrang-

ing forms in space.129. this is the most common type of perspective. All parallel lines or lines of projection seem to converge on one,

two, or three points located with reference to the eye level of the viewer (the horizon line o the picture), known as vanishing points, and associated objects are rendered smaller the farther from the viewer they are intended to seem.

130. tiny stones or pieces of glass cut to desired shape and size to use in mosaics to create design and composition.131. Troy discoverer132. Wedge-shaped blocks used in the construction of a true arch. The central voussoir, which sets the arch, is the

keystone.133. wife of Justinian.134. winged, human-headed bull

WORD BANKacropolisAnnunciation: Archaicarcuated

Amarna styleamphoraapotheosisaqueductarch“Archaic smile”ashlar masonry atmospheric perspectiveatrium (of a church): barrel vaultblack-figured blind arcadecameocanoncella centaurchimera circuscista (plural: cistae) clerestory cockedcolonnadecompositionconcreteConstantinople: contextual analysiscontraposstocorbelledCorinthian capital cornicecubic viewcubiculum

cultural diffusiondioritedipteral colonnadedomeDoric order Dormition: dromosentablature Eucharist (or Holy Communion): EvansexedrafaiencefibulaFirst Style or Masonry Styleforeshorteningformal analysisforumfrescofresco seccofrieze

gablegranulationGreek cross: griffinhierarchy of scaleHodegetria: hypostyle hallicon: iconoclast: Iconoclastic Controversy: iconophile: iconostasis: imaginesimpluviuminciseIonic OrderJustinian: ka korekouros (plural “korai”) krater kylixlamassulinear perspective

lozenge: ma’atmandorla: marine stylemassmausoleummenorahmotif naos: see cellaNativity: necropolisNovios Plautios ochre oculusoracle Orthodox Christianity: Pantokrator:patricianspediment pendentive: peplospectoralperipteral colonnadeperistyleperspectiveplebeians podium

porchporphyrypseudoperipteral pyramidred-figuredrepousserelic:relief relieving trianglerosettesrotundasanctuariesSchliemannSecond Stylesenateslip spandrel: squinch:stadiumstuccostylobatesympathetic magicsynagoguetelltempera tesseraetheocratic state (or theocracy): Theodora: Theodosius: Theotokos: tholosTrinity: triptych: triumphal archtrompe l’oeiltsar (also czar): tufatumulus (plural: tumuli)Tuscan (Etruscan) columntwisted perspectiveundulatingvermillionvestment:voissoirsvole:Vulcavolute white groundziggurat