(1976) - british journal of sports medicine · professor otto gauer of berlin. cardiac volume of...
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203
RUNNING AND SWIMMING WORLD RECORDS
This paper is dedicated to Professor Archibald Vivian Hill on theoccasion of his 90th birthday.
P. JOKL, M.D.* and E. JOKL, M.D.t
*fept. of Orthopaedic Surgery and Director of Athletic Medicine,Yale Medical School, 17 Hillhome Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, U.S.A.
tMedical School, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, U.S.A.
"in the data of athletic records we have a store of information available for physiological study."
A. V. Hill in "The Physiological Basis of Athletic Records", The Scientific Monthly, 1925.
TABLE IRUNNING AND SWIMMING WORLD RECORDS AFTER MONTREAL 1976
Analyses of current world records (Table I) show thatthe decline of speed with distance is greater in runningthan in swimming. Figs. 1 and 2 indicate the magnitudeof the decline expressed for each world record (WR) as
percentage of velocity of the 100 m speed.' In terms oftheir duration, the 1,500 m running and the 400 m freestyle swimming events are comparable: Within less than4 minutes runners lose about 30% velocity, swimmersonly 10%;2 within about 1/4 of an hour runners lose 37%(see Putteman's 5000 m WR), swimmers only 17% (seeGoodell's 1500 m WR).
TABLE 11
TIMEEVENT DISTANCE MEN
Running 100 m 9.95 sec.
Swimming 100 m 49.99 sec.
(New record by J. SKINNER of 49.44 pending.)
min. sec.
Running 1,500 m 3 : 32.2Swimming 400 m 3 51.93
WOMEN
1 1.01 sec.
55.65 sec.
min. sec.
3 : 56.04 09.89
DISTANCE MEN WOMENMETERS
NAME-YEAR RECORD % MAXIMUM NAME-YEAR RECORD % MAXIMUMTIME VELOCITY TIME VELOCITY
100 J. HINES (1968) 9.95 100.00 A. RICHTER (1976) 11.01 100.00200 T. SMITH (1968) 19.80 100.51 I. SZEWINSKA (1974) 22.21 99.14400 L. EVANS (1968) 43.86 90.74 I. SZEWINSKA (1976) 49.29 89.35
Z 800 A. JUANTORENA (1976) 1:43.50 76.91 F. KAZANKINA (1976) 1:54.90 76.66D 1500 F. BAYI (1974) 3:32.20 70.33 F. KAZANKINA (1976) 3:56.00 69.98c 3000 B. FOSTER (1974) 7:35.20 65.58 L. BRAGINA (1975) 8:27.12 65.13
5000 E. PUTTEMANS (1972) 13:13.00 62.7410000 D. BEDFORD (1973) 27:30.80 60.27 C. VAHLENSIECK (1975) 34:01.40 53.9342000 D. CLAYTON (1969) 2:08:34. 54.17 J. HANSEN (1975) 2:38:19. 48.68
100 J. MONTGOMERY (1976) 49.99 100.00 K. ENDER (1976) 55.65 100.002 200 B. FURNISS (1976) 1:50.29 90.65 K. ENDER (1976) 1:59.26 93.33
400 B. GOODELL (1976) 3:51.93 90.10 P. THUMER (1976) 4:09.89 89.08800 S. HOLLAND (1976) 8:02.91 82.81 P. THUMER (1976) 8:37.14 86.091500 B. GOODELL (1976) 15:02.40 83.10 J. TURALL (1974) 16:33.94 83.98
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204
-~~~~~~~~~........erseo .....Fig. 3. Roentgenometric demonstration of the change of heart size in relation to posture and immersion in a bath (Subject WJ.). Thelines to calculate heart volume from the postero-anterior (left) and the lateral projection (right) have been drawn. Note the increase incurviture of the contour of right atrial silhouette with increasing heart volume indicating a preferential volume uptake and distension ofthe atrium
Photograph - Otto Gauer
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MENDecline of Running and Swimming Speed with DistanceBased on World Records in Swimming (lOOm-1500m) and
Running (lOOm -5000 m)Expressed as Percentage Values of Maximal Velocity per Unit of Time
August 19761O0 im World Record a 100% Maximal Velocity
205
WOMENDecline of Running and Swimming Speed with DistanceBased on World Records in Swimming (100m-1500m) and
Running (lOOm -3000 m)
Expressed as Percentage Values of Maximal Velocity per Unit of TimeAugust 1976
lOOm World Record = 100% Maximal Velocity
600 800 1000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Time in Minutes
Fig. 1
The differences in rates of decline of velocity becomegreater with increasing distances. On the whole runnerslose speed at rates almost three times greater than swim-mers.
What are the causes of this discrepancy? The answerhas come from recent investigations into the state ofweightlessness, a problem of major importance for spacemedicine. During immersion of the body in water whichsimulates the state of weightlessness, the heart enlargesand expels more blood with each systole. Since theswimmer lies in the water horizontally his heart's abilityto expel blood forward is further enhanced. Also, thecool environment causes blood to be diverted from theskin to the central circulation.
The roentgenograms in figure 3 were obtained byProfessor Otto Gauer of Berlin. Cardiac volume of theperson standing was 698 ml; after adoption of the supineposition, 771 ml; and following immersion, 922 ml.
Thus the heart of swimmers enjoys three advantages:weightlessness, the horizontal body position, and thecooling effect of the water.
"That people think to some degree in logarithms,although unconsciously, is shown by the fact thatthe records which men have thought worthwhileto make are distributed approximately uniformlyif thus plotted."
100
(. 90
.E 80
_ 70
06050
Time in Seconds0 200 400 600 800 1000
I ~~I100 . -A. RICHTER
200- - 1. SZEWINSKA WOMEN- lOO-K ENDER-~f-- Running- -0-Swimming
\ Q00 w - K. ENOERv40m 400a s - P. THUMER
1. SZEWINSKA _THUm R
- \- 01500 m -J. TURALL
00 - F. KAZANKINA
- \i,5OO.-F. KAZANKINA
- -.._ _ 3000m - L. BRAGINA
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16Time in Minutes
Fig. 2
The progressive limitation of speed with increasingdistances reveals a biological law whose determining in-fluence is expressed by the parallelism of the two lines infigs. 4a and b, plotted on double logarithmic scales usingthe pre-Montreal World Records. One line depicts thedecrease of running velocities from 100 to 5,000 m; the
Men's World Recordsin Running (lOOm-5000m)and Swimming (lOOm-i500m)
June 1976Double Logarithmic Scales
5,000
2,000
E 1,000c
o 500
200
100
0.1 0.2 0.5 2 5 10 20
Time in Minutes50 l00
A. V. Hill, 1925 Fig. 4a
Time in Second0 200 400
100
3-.Z 90
0
I o
- 70c
60
50
_ I I I- lOO-J. HINES- -200m-T. SMITH
MEN- Om-J. MONTGOMERY - Running
\\ * ~~~~SwimmningXO0m-3.FURNISS
_0M--.GOO0ELL
- 400 -L.EVANS -
_ \, IO1500i-B.ODELL
\!OOm-A.JUANTORENO
-'15OOm-F. AYI
-_ 00S "m-S. FOSTER
5000-E. PUTTEMANS
1 I I I I |1l[ 1 I 1i.....i.... 1..1..i... I
_ I 1111 ' I- MENU
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E.PUTTEMANS X4972)- -Ru Running 13i E5''- S~ wimming ""CSwimming ~~~~~B.FOSTER 119741
F. AYI 1974) /3.32.2- S. HOLLAND (1976)
M. FlASCONARO, {979}3_ ~~~~~~~ ~ ~~1:43,7g SOLLAND (1976)
_ 3.9/8:02.9
L. EVANS (1968)(1946)wf /4.SH 1975)
o Z ~~~~~~~~3:53.31
D. QUARRIE 1971)-/ XB. F~~~~~~~~~~URNISS(1975)/ / ~~~~~~~1:50.32
J HINESo/
-9 zJ.TCOMER~~~~~~~~Y(1975)50.59
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206
Women's World Recordsin Running (lOOm-3000m)and Swimming (lOOm-1500m)
June 1976Double Logarithmic Scales
',°°° - ' "I1101 'I'IIWOMEN
5,000 - - RunningSwimming
/ tl 46.6
2,000,W. 660(71 JTUPIALL (4174)
1,000 _ /- s. ZLATEVA (11573) JTURALL 1975)
500XR.SA1.INl541M.INS (194Sl50,14 / 414.76
200 - SZEWINSKA (194741 .660( (1597)/ 22.0 ~~~~~2:02.27
100 - d TYUSI56 6.1906It1975
, , I, , I,0.1 0.2 0.5 2 5 10
Time in Minuteslb
20 50 100
100
90
.E 80
x
- 70IV
a-
50
Comparison of Mens and Women's World Recordsin Swimming (lOOm-1500m)
June 1976Double Logarithmic Scales
5,000
2,000W
ws 1,000
c 500c:
200
100
0.1 0.2 0.5 2 5 10Time in Minutes
20 50 ioo
Fig.6Comparison of Men's and Women's World Records
in Running (lOOm-42200m)June 1976
Double Logarithmic Scales
20,000
10,000
5,000
2.000
I1,000
200
100
0.1 0.2 0.5 2 5 10 20 50 IUO 200 DW0 100
Time in Minutes
Fig 5
other that of swimming velocities from 100 m to 1,500m. The law thus identified pertains to rates of produc-tion of kinetic energy. Irrespective of the physiologicaldifferences between swimming and running, the timerelation of the two clusters of world records is modifiedby a common metabolic determinant, a fact recognised50 years ago by A. V. Hill. The time relations of runningand swimming are the same for the post-Montrealrecords shown in Table I, also in respect of the computa-tions for Figs. 5-7.
In figs. 5 and 6, swimming and running records formen and women are plotted in relation to distances,
Percentage Values of Maximal Velocities of Men and 'Womenin Running (100m-42200mJ, Computed from World Records
June 1976100 m World Record 100% Maximal Velocity
III111111111111111111111111111111 111111
200 m RUNNING- |-Men-4-- Women
400 m
_800M
1500 m3000 m
3000 1000n m
~ IOOOOm
42200m
ii
_ I I I IIIIIIIiIlIii i Ii I Ii I II I I II0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
Distance in Meters
Fig. 7
again on double logarithmic scales. Surprisingly themathematical progression demonstrated with the datapresented in fig. 4, applies to races up to 42,000 m.Percentage rates of velocities assessed from women'sWRs are slightly lower than those assessed from men'sworld records. (Fig. 7).
Hill was the first to ponder the fact that the decreaseof speed with increasing time occurs in accordance withmathematically identifiable laws. The latter he deduced
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% Deviation of Mexico City Winning Timesfrom World Records 1968
Men
HINES 9 9 (10 0)
SMITH 198 (200)
USA 38 2 (386)
EVANS 43 8 (44 5)
USA 2 56 (3 02 8)
DAVENPORT 13 3 (13 2)
HEMERY 48 (49 1)
DOUBELL 1443 (( 44 3)
KEINO 3 34 9 (3 33 1)
BIWOTT 8 5 l0 (8 26 4)
GAMMOUDI 14 05 (13 16 66)
TEMU 29 27 4 (27 39 4)
WALDE 2 20 26 4 (2 12 11 2)
Fig. 1Oa
80RZOV
80RZOV
USA
MATTHEWS
KE NYA
MILBURN
AKI -BLIA
WOTTLE
VASALA
KEINO
VIREN
VIREN
SHORTER
Fig. 1OX
CRAWFORD
OUARRI|E
USA
JUANTORENA
USA
DRUT
MOSES
JUANTORENA
WALKER
GARDE RUD
VIREN
VIREN
CIERPINSKI
-100
-20U' !
-4 xiO40
-400
_4 x 400
~400 1H00
1500
3000sC
5000
- 10.000
-42,000
% Deviation of Munich Winning Timesfrom World Records 1972
Men98 7 6 5 4 3 2 _ .o _ 2
101 (9 9) [100
200 (198) hi 200
38 2 (38 2) i4 xI00
44 7 (438) 400
2 59 8 (2 56 1) 4 . 400
(3 2 ((3 2)
47 8 (48)1) 04002H
1459 ((443) 800
3 36 3 (3 33 (500
8236 (8220) 30005c
13 264 (13 16 6) At 5000
27384 (27394) 10.000
2 12 )9 8 (2 08 33 6) 42,000
performances during the past decades we present fig. 8.Petra Thumer's world record time of 4: 09.89 surpassesDon Scholander's world record of 1964.
Jenny Turrell's 1974 1,500 m world record-time of16: 33.9 is better than that of all winners of the men'sraces at Olympic Games prior to 1972. It will soon beimproved further.
As regards running performances today we refer toJackie Hansen's 1975 Marathon world record of 2 :38.10 which would have sufficed to beat Olympic GoldMedalists Spiridon Louis (Athens 1896), Michel Theato(Paris 1900), John Hayes (London 1908), KennethMacArthur (Stockholm 1912), and Albin Stenroos (Paris1924).
Most world records are likely to be improved but atdifferent rates. In a few athletic disciplines, e.g. the longjump, the limits of records seem to have been reached; inothers, e.g. the sprints their outlines are in sight, Fig.10a, b, c; while some sports e.g. swimming are still instatu nascendi and an estimate of records is as yet notpossible, Fig. 1 1.
1500m FREE STYLE SWIMMING (MEN)
MIN.(5:00.0-
!5(30.0-
16 00.0 -
16:30.0-
17:00.0 -
17:30.0-
18:00.0-
18:30.0
19'00.0-
19: 30.0 -
20:00.0~
% Deviation of Montreal Winning Timesfrom World Records 1976
Men
987 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2
(006 (9 95) |100
20 23 (9 81) [200
3833 (38:(9) 4]100
44.26 (4.86) 11400
215865 (2:56 (01 48x400
(3 24013 2410 ) (108
-47 64 (4782) 04,4002
1 43 50 (I43 70 800
3:39( 17 (3 32 201 1500
808 00 (809 81 3000sK
(3 24 76 1)3 (3 001 5000
27 4038 (27 30 80) 0,000
209 5500 12 083360) 042.000
Fig. 1Oc
15:02 40X B. Goodell (1976)
Olympic Gomez, Montrealg5, 10 8 9S H,,IlU2d (1976)
/T. Show 11975)
T. K,.seila (19701 (5:52.58X M. BurtoR (1972)
i. Bosts (9691 Olympic Games, Munich
16:08.5 XM.Bwton (1968)
/16:28.1/XG. Ech*,8o (1968)
/ 16:34.1/ b.0wvo (1967)
16:58.7/R. So,) (1964)
X - WORLD RECORDS
r r I-
(948 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76
YEARS
Fig. 1 1
208
2 0+ I ##
b
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