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ELECTRICITY

Electricity is a general term that encompassesa variety of phenomena resulting from thepresence and flow ofelectric charge.

Electricity is a form of energy. It is the flow ofelectrons.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge

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HOW DOES POWER REACH US?

Electric power is normally generated at 11-25kV in apower station. To transmit over long distances, it isthen stepped-up to 400kV, 220kV or 132kV asnecessary. Power is carried through a transmission

network of high voltage lines. Usually, these linesrun into hundreds of kilometres and deliver thepower into a common power pool called the grid.The grid is connected to load centres (cities)through a sub-transmission network of normally33kV (or sometimes 66kV) lines. These linesterminate into a 33kV (or 66kV) substation, where thevoltage is stepped-down to 11kV for powerdistribution to load points through a distributionnetwork of lines at 11kV and lower.

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HOW DOES POWER REACH US?

The power network, which generally concerns the common man, isthe distribution network of 11kV lines or feeders downstream of the33kV substation. Each 11kV feeder which emanates from the 33kVsubstation branches further into several subsidiary 11kV feeders tocarry power close to the load points (localities, industrial areas,

villages, etc.,). At these load points, a transformer further reducesthe voltage from 11kV to 415V to provide the last-mile connectionthrough 415V feeders (also called as Low Tension (LT) feeders) toindividual customers, either at 240V (as single-phase supply) or at415V (as three-phase supply). A feeder could be either an overheadline or an underground cable. In urban areas, owing to the density of

customers, the length of an 11kV feeder is generally up to 3 km. Onthe other hand, in rural areas, the feeder length is much larger (upto 20 km). A 415V feeder should normally be restricted to about 0.5-1.0 km. Unduly long feeders lead to low voltage at the consumerend.

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Electricity How it Works

Single-phase electricity is what you have in your house.You generally talk about household electrical service assingle-phase, 120-volt AC service. If you use an

oscilloscope and look at the power found at a normal wall-plate outlet in your house, what you will find is that thepower at the wall plate looks like a sine wave, and thatwave oscillates between -170 volts and 170 volts (thepeaks are indeed at 170 volts; it is the effective (rms)voltage that is 120 volts). The rate of oscillation for the

sine wave is 60 cycles per second. Oscillating power likethis is generally referred to as AC, or alternating current.The alternative to AC is DC, or direct current. Batteriesproduce DC: A steady stream of electrons flows in onedirection only, from the negative to the positive terminal of

the battery.

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Electricity How it Works in The Power

Plant: Three-phase Power

The power plant produces three different phases of AC powersimultaneously, and the three phases are offset 120 degrees fromeach other. There are four wires coming out of every power plant:the three phases plus a neutral or ground common to all three. Ifyou were to look at the three phases on a graph, they would looklike this relative to ground:

Electricity How It Works - There is nothing magical about three-phase power. It is simply three single phases synchronized andoffset by 120 degrees.

Why three phases? Why not one or two or four? In 1-phase and 2-phase electricity, there are 120 moments per second when a sinewave is crossing zero volts. In 3-phase power, at any given moment

one of the three phases is nearing a peak. High-power 3-phasemotors (used in industrial applications) and things like 3-phasewelding equipment therefore have even power output. Four phaseswould not significantly improve things but would add a fourth wire,so 3-phase is the natural settling point.

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ELECTRICAL BYLAWS

*The electrical wiring or cables shall be laid in a separate duct. The duct shall besealed at every alternate floor with non combustable materials having the samefire resistance as that of the duct.*Water mains, telephone lines, intercom lines, gas pipes or any other service lineshall not be laid in the duct for electric cables.*The inspection panel door and any other opening in the shaft shall be providedwith air tight fire doors having a resistance of not less than 2 hrs.*Medium and low voltage wiring running in shafts ,and within a false ceiling ,shallrun in metal conduits.*An independent and well ventilated service room shall be provide on the groundfloor with direct access from the corridor for the purpose of termination of electricsupply cables. The door provided for the service room shall have fire resistanceof not less than 2 hrs.

*If the licensees agree to provide meters on upper floors the licensees cablesshall be segregated from consumers cables by a partition in the duct.Metrerooms on upper floors shall not open into staircase enclosures an shall beventilated directly to open air outside.*PVC cables should have an additional sheathing or protection provide bycompounds sprayed on after installation.

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Substation:Substation:

What is a Substation? An electrical substation is an electrical transmission and distribution

system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse

using transformer. Transformation may take place in several stages in sequence, starting

at the generating plant where the voltage is increased for transmission

purposes and is then progressively reduced to the voltage required for

household or industrial use. A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage while

decreasing the current, while a step-down transformer decreases thevoltage while increasing the current for domestic and commercial

distribution.

Types of substation :Depending upon the type of operation:

1)Transmission Substation: A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The substation contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be

connected or isolated for maintenance. Transmission substations can range from simple to complex. A small

"switching station" may be little more than a bus plus some circuit

breakers. The largest transmission substations can cover a large area

with multiple voltage levels, and a large amount of protection and controlequipments.

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2)Distribution substation:

A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission

system to the distribution system of an area.

It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to the

high-voltage main transmission network, unless they use large

amounts of energy; so the distribution station reduces voltage to a value suitable for local

distribution.

The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or sub transmission

lines. The feeders will then run overhead, along streets (or under streets, in a city) and eventually power

the distribution transformers at or near the customer premises.

Besides changing the voltage, the job of the distribution substation is to isolate faults in either the

transmission or distribution systems.

3)Collector substation:

In distributed generation projects such as a wind farm, a collector substation may be required.

It somewhat resembles a distribution substation although power flow is in the opposite direction,

from many wind turbines up into the transmission grid.

The collector substation also provides metering and control of the wind farm.

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Depending upon the location and mounting they are classified as:

1)Indoor type of substation

2)Outdoor type of substation

3)Pole mounted substation

1)Indoor type of substation: Frequently installed in industrial and big cities where load

requirement is heavy and continuity of supply is very important. The substation must be constructed providing the necessary

accommodation for the transformer ,HT and LT switchgear and

cable trenches for incoming and outgoing cables. Room housing the transformer should be spacious and sufficiently high. Sufficient clearance between the walls and the equipment be provided. Adequate provision for ventilation for free circulation of air. Cables run in overhead trays and cleats indoors.

2)Outdoor type of substation: Substations comprised of external fenced area . Provided in an dedicated enclosure,pole mounted or

ground mounded. Enclosures must be of weather proof design ,suitable for

all relevant external influences. Cables run in trenches or ducts for outdoor substation.

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3)Pole mounted substation:

These substations most often used to supply isolated rural

consumers from overhead line distribution system.Transformers of low rating are mounted on MS channels which

are rigidly fastened to a two pole structure economical for ruralelectrification.

SAFETY MEASURES:

Fire fighting equipments should be provided.Standard first aid boxes should be provided in front of main switchboard and other control

`equipment.Danger sign plates be provided on HV and MV equipment.Should provide easy access to personnel for equipment maintenance,but should also keep

common man away by means of proper fencing to avoid fatal accidents.

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Design Of Substation:

The first step in planning a substation layout is the preparation of a one-line diagram which

shows in simplified form the switching and protection arrangement required, as well as the

incoming supply lines and outgoing feeders or transmission lines arranged on the page similar to

the way the apparatus would be laid out in the actual station. Sufficient land area is required for installation of equipment with necessary clearances for

electrical safety, and for access to maintain large apparatus such as transformers. The site must have room for expansion due to load growth or planned transmission additions. Environmental effects of the substation must be considered, such as drainage, noise and road

traffic effects. Grounding (earthing) and ground potential rise must be calculated to protect passers-by

during a short-circuit in the transmission system. The substation site must be reasonably central to the distribution area to be served.

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BY-LAWS FOR ELECTRIC

SUBSTATIONIn every case ofdevelopment/redevelopment of any land,

building or premises, provision for electricsubstations may be permitted as under, ifthe requirement for the same is considerednecessary by the concerned power supply

authority:-

Sr Plot area Maximum requirements depending on

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Sr Plotarea Maximum requirements depending on

Land Plot upto 500sq.m. each One single transformer sub-station of

5m.x5m. And height of not more than

5m.

Plots of about 501 sq.m. One single transforemer sub-station of theto 1500sq.m. 8mX5m. And height of not more than

5m.

Plots of 1501 sq.m. to One or more transformer sub-stations3000sq.m. Of the size of 12mx5.5m and height

of not more than 5m.

Plots of 3001 sq.m. upto Two numbers,single or two sub-stations

2ha. Or combination thereof of the sizestipulated in serial no. 3 above.

Layout or sub-division of a A suitable site for an electric sub-iplot measuring 2ha. or more station (11KV/110KV)as decided by the

Commissioner

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BY LAWS FOR ELECTRICSUBSTATION

Provided that the sub-station isconstructed in such a manner that it isaway from the main building at a

distanceof at least 3m. And in general does notaffect the required side margin open

spaces or prescribed width or internalaccess or larger open space, or as maybe decided by the commissioner.

I h l i i i li ill l l h di i h d

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In the largest stations, incoming lines will almost always have a disconnect switch and acircuit breaker. In some cases, the lines will not have both; with either a switch or a circuit breakerbeing all that is considered necessary. These devices are used as isolation and protection devices.A disconnect switch is almost always used solely to provide isolation, due to it not being rated forbreaking a loaded circuit, whilst a circuit breaker is often used both as an isolation element as wellas a protection device.[clarify] Where a large fault current flows through the circuit break this may bedetected through the use of current transformers. The magnitude of the current transformer outputsmay be used to 'trip' the circuit breaker resulting in a disconnection of the load supplied by thecircuit break from the feeding point. This seeks to isolate the fault point from the rest of the system,and allow the system to continue operating with minimal impact. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 600 pixelsFull resolution (3264 2448 pixel, file size: 3. ...Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 600 pixelsFull resolution (3264 2448 pixel, file size: 3. ... A 2 pole miniature circuit breaker A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overloador short circuit. ...

Once past the switching components, the lines of a given voltage all tie in to a common bus. This isa number of thick metal bus bars, in most cases there are three bars, since three-phase electrical

power distribution is largely universal around the world. An electrical bus (sometimes spelled buss)is a physical electrical interface where many devices share the same electric connection. ... Threephase systems have 3 waveforms (usually carrying power) that are 2/3 radians (120degrees,1/3 of a cycle) offset in time. ...

Substations that require additional reliability often have a double bus or even a double ring bus, inwhich the bus system is actually duplicated, with each feeder (and all or most outgoers) having aconnection to each separate bus. Most substations will not have this, as it is mainly for reliability insubstations whose failure would bring down a substantial part of the system, or whose load is of

vital importance. Other compromises between a single and double bus can be found; for example,the breaker-and-a-half setup.

Once having established buses for the various voltage levels, transformers may be connectedbetween the voltage levels. These will again have a circuit breaker, much like transmission lines, incase a transformer has a fault (commonly called a 'short circuit').

Along with this, a substation always has control circuitry needed to command the various breakersto open in case of the failure of some component.

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Circuit-breakerhttp://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Wikipedia:Please-clarifyhttp://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Wikipedia:Please-clarifyhttp://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Wikipedia:Please-clarifyhttp://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Electrical-bushttp://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Bus-barhttp://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Three_phasehttp://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Three_phasehttp://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Bus-barhttp://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Electrical-bushttp://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Wikipedia:Please-clarifyhttp://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Circuit-breaker

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TRANSFORMER

The transformer is not a power source. Itfunctions like a lever to convert a smallvoltage pushing a large electric current intoa large voltage pushing a small electriccurrent or vice versa. The power in anelectric circuit is equal to the voltagemultiplied by the current. For a perfecttransformer, all the power that enters comesback out. If the transformer is not perfect, a

portion of the power that enters is convertedto heat. The transformer is intended for useonly with an alternating current while thecurrent induced in the power lines as aresult of space weather disturbances is adirect current. The transformer, whichusually operates with 99% efficiency, beginsto malfunction. Magnetic flux ceases to beconcentrated inside the iron core of the

transformer and impinges on regions thatwere not designed to withstand this. Powerbegins to be converted into heat. Thetransformer moans and creaks loudly andoverheats. Oil fires and melt-down oftransformer components can occur. Thishappens not just to one transformer but atthe same time to all affected transformerson the grid. Some transformers may burnup. Others experience significantlyshortened lifetimes following damage duringmagnetic storm events but don't fail outright.

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TRANSFORMER

ADVANTAGES THE TRANSFORMER IS A

STATIC MACHINERY ANDTHERE IS NO WEAR AND TEAROF IT AND NO FRICTIONLOSSES

MAINTENANCE COST IS LOW.

VOITAGE OR HIGH VOLTAGECAN BE TRANSFORMEDEASILY BY PROVIDING A GOODINSULATION TO ITS WINDING

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TRANSFORMER

TYPES ACCORDING TO CORE

1)CORE TYPE 2)SHELL TYPE 3)BERRY TYPE

ACCORDING TO THE VOLTAGE 1)STEP UP 2)STEP DOWN

ACCORDING TO THE PHASES 1)SINGLE 2)THREE

ACCORDING TO THE POWER 1)LIGHTING 2)POWER

ACCORDING TO THE COOLING

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TRANSFORMER

# If transformers are housed in a basement, they shall be necessarily inthe first basement in a separate fire resisting room of four hours rating at

the periphery of the basement.

#Direct access to the transformer room shall be provided preferably fromoutside

#If housed in basement, the transformer shall be protected by anautomatic high pressure water spray system

#They shall not be housed on upper floors.

#The tank of R.C.C construction of capacity capable of accommodatingthe entire oil of a transformer shall be provided at lower level, to collect the

oil from the catch-pit in an emergency.

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Feeder Pillar

Feeder pillars are mainly used for housing or

installing various equipments or street lighting

units.

Low-voltage feeder pillars form a basic part of

most public and many private distribution

networks.

Feeder pillars are connected to the distributionboard.

Materials Used

Feeder pillars are usually made of strong and weather proof materials.

Some of the materials used to make feeder pillars include:

-Galvanised sheet steel

-Stainless steel

http://www.thevoltageregulators.com/feeder-pillars.htmlhttp://www.thevoltageregulators.com/feeder-pillars.html

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Construction

The body of the feeder pillar is made of 2 mm thick Steel, specially treated and

power coated to last for years.

High quality Fiber Glass supports are used for Insulation throughout for longevityand safety.

Neutral

The neutral Busbar is conveniently provided near the exit of the cables.

Incoming

A 400/600-Ampere, 80kA Switch Fuse Unit is provided in the front of the feeder

pillar for providing localized isolation and protection for all outgoing connections.Busbars

High capacity copper busbars are pre-wired and pre-connected for 4 outgoing

connections.

Each busbar is colour coded by phase.

Outgoing

Each outgoing connection is though a 125 Ampere, 80kA Switch Fuse Unit.This way, each connection can be

isolated individually if required and each phase of each connection gets adequate

protection.

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Feeder pillars are usually earth stud and provided with backboard. They can be

Painted and finished as per requirement

Provided with fully enclosed switchgear.

They needs to be extended for the full pillar width and 600mm from the face of the

pillar.They must be provided with a concrete foundation, which can be free standing,

along with necessary ducts for incoming and outgoing cables and sealed with

bitumen compounds

Uses & Applications

Feeder pillars are mainly used in electrical installations. Some of its common uses

are:

Street lighting

Telephone systems

Distribution unitsFuse links

Fuse holders

Power systems

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#circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electricalswitch designed to protect an electric circuit from damagecaused by overload or short circuit.#Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to bereplaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually

or automatically) to resume normal operation.#Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from smalldevices that protect an individual household appliance upto large switchgear designed to protect high voltage

circuits feeding an entire city

AIR CIRCUIT

BREAKER

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Extensively used as industrial main control switch

SWITCH FUSE UNIT. IT IS USED FOR PROTECTING POWER AND CONTROLCIRCUIT DEPENDS ON THE CURRENT RATING REQUIRED.

Switch fuse units are with HRC or re-wirable porcelain fuses

Switch Fuse Units are specially designed for industrial and commercial applications

where heavy on-load switching duties are required. They are also ideal and effective

for repeated switching operation for domestic purposes

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Miniature circuit breaker

A circuit breakeris an automatically-operated electricalswitch designed toprotect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload orshort circuit.

Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuitbreaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normaloperation.Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect anindividual household appliance up to large switchgeardesigned to protect highvoltage circuits feeding an entire city.

http://www.ecvv.com/product/vp94426/China-Mini-circuit-breaker.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overcurrenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchgearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchgearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overcurrenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://www.ecvv.com/product/vp94426/China-Mini-circuit-breaker.htmlhttp://www.ecvv.com/product/vp94426/China-Mini-circuit-breaker.html

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Moulded Case Circuit Breakers

The moulded-case circuit-breakers are used in industrial

and civil low voltage plants with service currents from 1to 1000 A.

They are used in direct and alternating currentdistribution switchgear, for motor protection (Motor

Control Center), generators, capacitors and for endusers.

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Earth leakage circuit breaker

Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker(ELCB) is a safety device used inelectrical installations with high earth impedance to prevent shock

These installations are dangerous and a safety risk if a live to earthfault current flows. Because earth impedance is high,

not enough current exists to trip a fuse or circuit breaker, so thecondition persists uncleared indefinitely

the high impedance earth cannot keep the voltage of all exposedmetal to a safe voltage, all such metalwork may rise to close to liveconductor voltage.

The ELCB makes such installations muchsafer by cutting the power if thesedangerous conditions occur.

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ISOLATORS

An isolator switch is part of anelectricalcircuit and is most oftenfound in industrial applications,however they are commonly fitted todomestic extractor fans when used inbathrooms in the UK. Isolator switchesmay be fitted with the ability for theswitch to padlock such that inadvertent

operation is not possible (see:Lock and tag). In some designs theisolator switch has the additional abilityto earth the isolated circuit therebyproviding additional safety. Such anarrangement would apply to circuitswhich inter-connect power distributionsystems where both end of the circuit

need to be isolated. Major difference between isolator andcircuit breakeris that isolator is an off-load device, whereas circuit breaker isan on-load device.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padlockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_and_taghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_and_taghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padlockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical

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ISOLATORS

Features High integration: up to 4 isolation channels in a single package

High-speed operation: DC 150 Mbps

Wide operating supply voltage: 2.375-5.5 V

Low power

Precise timing No start-up initialization required

Applications UPS systems

Motor control

Isolated point-to-point communications

Plasma TVs

Operator interface controls

Isolation

Example circuit applications

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WIRES AND CABLES

BASICALLY THERE IS NODIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACABLE AND WIRE .

THE TERM CABLE USEDFOR ALL HEAVY SECTIONINSULATE CONDUCTOR

WHERE AS A WIREMEANSA THIN SECTIONINSULATED CONDUCTORUSED FOR CARRYINGCURRENT FROM ONEPOINT TO ANOTHER POINT.

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WIRES AND CABLES

Two common single conductors are type THW andtype THWN/THHN. Both are rated for either dryand wet locations and for temperatures up to 75degrees Centigrade (167 degrees Fahrenheit).Typically, you run these individual wires insideprotective metal or plastic conduit. You can buyeither solid-core or stranded wire; solid-core isstiffer, which makes it more difficult to snakethrough conduit, but it makes better connections.Wire is usually sold by the foot and in 50- to 500-foot spools.

Cable typically combines a neutral wire, one or two"hot" wires, and a grounding wire inside a plastic ormetal covering. The individual conductors within acable are usually insulated from one another by acolor-coded thermoplastic material that doesn'tcarry current (we say usually because a groundingwire may be bare, particularly when it is containedwithin a cable). White or gray insulation indicatesneutral wires, green is used for grounding wires,and all other colors (black, red, blue, etc.) are usedto identify hot wires.

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WIRES AND CABLES

Several types of cable are shown here. Type NM (nonmetallic sheathed cable) is the standardchoice for most interior projects; it's sold by the foot or in boxes that house from 25 to 250 feet ofcoiled cable. The current version, called NM-B, is rated for dry locations only and temperatures to60 degrees Centigrade (140 degrees Fahrenheit)--even though it houses 90-degree conductors.A beefier, black- sheathed version, sometimes called large appliance cable, has stranded wiresto facilitate bending. Durable AC (armored cable) and its updated cousin, MC, are still used forsome interior jobs but are expensive.

In addition to type of use, cable is identified by the number and size of the conductors it contains.

For example, a cable with two #14 wires (one neutral and one hot) and a grounding wire is calledtwo-wire cable or, more specifically, 14-2 with ground. The number 14 is an American WireGauge (AWG) designation that refers to the diameter of the metal conductor not including theinsulation. The larger the wire's diameter, the larger its current-carrying capacity, or ampacity,and the lower its gauge number. These numbers appear on the cable sheathing, as well as onthe individual wires protected within.

Although copper is the best and most commonly used metal for conductors, aluminum andcopper-clad aluminum are also sometimes used. Because aluminum is not as efficient a

conductor as copper, an aluminum or copper-clad aluminum wire must be larger than a copperwire in order to conduct the same amount of electricity. If you're considering one of these wires,first check your local electrical codes.

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WIRES AND CABLES

TYPES OF WIRE 1)V. I. R.WIRES (VULCANISED INDIA RUBBLE): USED FOR

GENERAL ELECTRICAL WIRING EG. CONDUIT WIRING

2)C.T.S.\T.R.S. WIRE(CAB TYRE SHEATHED\ TOUGH RUBBLE

SHEATHED) THIS WIRES ARE MOISTURE PROOF THESE AREAVAILABLE SINGLE CORE, TWIN CORE, THREE CORE,

3)LEAD SHEATHED WIRE:THESE TYPES OF WIRES ARE SAMEAS T.R.S. , THESE WIRES USED FOR THE SNOWFALL AREA

4)P.V.C. WIRES(POLY VINYL CHLORIDE)IN THESE TYPE OFWIRES CONDUCTOR ARE INSULATED WITH P.V.C.INSULATION USED CASING CAPPING , CONDUIT WIRING

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INSULATORS

TYPES 1) COTTON :LARGELY USED FOR LOW VOLTAGE INSULATION

2)SILK:IT IS USED IN THE FORM OF SHEET

3)PAPER:MADE FROM FIBRES,WOOD PULP,COTTON RAGS

4) HARD FIBRE:USED FOR WASHERS

5)RUBBER:USED CHIEFLY FOR THE INSULATION OF LOWVOLTAGE WIRE & CABLE.

6)MICA:IS A MINERAL CONSISTING CHIEFLY OF A DOUBLE

SILICATE OF ALUMINIUM &POTASSIUM 7)ASBESTOS:SEVERED AS A LINING & PARTITIONS IN SWITCH.

8)GLASS:IT HAS A HIGH THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY & CAN BEOPPERATED AT HIGH TEMPERATION WITHOUTDETERIORATION.

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STAIRCASE AND CORRIDOR LIGHTING

The staircase and corridor lighting shall be on separate circuits and shall be

independently connected so that they could be operated by one switchinstallation on the ground floor easily accessible to fire fighting staff at anytime irrespective of the position of the individual control of the light points, ifany.

Staircase and corridor lighting shall also be connected to alternate supply asdefined in sub-regulation

Double throw switches should be installed in a service room to terminate the

stand by supply. Emergency lights shall be provided in staircase/corridors for multi-storeyedhigh rise.

ALTERNATE SOURCE OF ELCTRICAL SUPPLY A stand by electric generator shall be installed to supply power to staircase

and corridor lighting circuit, fire lifts, the stand by fire pump, smokeextraction and damper system in case of failure of normals electric supply The generator shall be capable of taking starting current of all the machine

and circuits stated above simultaneously.

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A. H. U. (AIR HANDLING UNIT)

An air handler, orair handling unit (oftenabbreviated to AHU), is a device used to conditionand circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, andair-conditioning (HVAC) system.

Usually, an air handler is a large metal box containinga blower, heating and/or cooling elements, filter racksor chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers.

Air handlers usually connect to ductwork thatdistributes the conditioned air through the building,

and returns it to the AHU.

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Sometimes AHUs discharge (supply) and admit (return) airdirectly to and from the space served, without ductwork.

Small air handlers, for local use, are called terminal units,and may only include an air filter, coil, and blower; thesesimple terminal units are called blower coils or fan coil units.

A larger air handler that conditions 100% outside air, and norecirculated air, is known as a makeup air unit (MAU).

An air handler designed for outdoor use, typically on roofs, is

known as a packaged unit (PU) orrooftop unit (RTU).

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Air handler components

Blower/fan

Heating and/or cooling elements

Filters

Humidifier

Mixing chamber

Controls

Vibration isolators

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An air handling unit; air flow is from the right to left in this case. Some AHU

components shown are:1 - Supply duct2 - Fan compartment3 - Vibration isolator ('flex joint')4 - Heating and/or cooling coil5 - Filter compartment6 - Mixed (recirculated + outside) air duct

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Blower/fan

Air handlers typically employ a large squirrel cage blower driven by an ACinduction electric motor to move the air.

The blower may operate at a single speed, offer a variety of pre-set speeds,or be driven by a Variable Frequency Drive so as to allow a wide range ofair flow rates.

Flow rate may also be controlled by inlet vanes or outlet dampers on thefan.

Some residential air handlers (central 'furnaces' or 'air conditioners') use abrushless DC electric motor that has variable speed capabilities.

In large commercial air handling units, multiple blowers may be present,typically placed at the end of the AHU and the beginning of the supplyductwork (therefore also called "supply fans").

They are often augmented by fans in the return air duct ("return fans"),pushing the air into the AHU.

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Heating and/or cooling elements

Depending on the location and the application, air handlersmay need to provide heating, or cooling, or both to change thesupply air temperature.

Smaller air handlers may contain a fuel-burning heater or a

refrigeration evaporator, placed directly in the air stream. Electric resistance and heat pumps are used too. Evaporative

cooling is possible in dry climates too.

Large commercial air handling units contain coils thatcirculate hot water or steam for heating, and chilled water forcooling.

The hot water or steam is provided by a central boiler, and thechilled water is provided by a central chiller.

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Humidifier

Humidification is often necessary in colder climates wherecontinuous heating will make the air drier, resulting inuncomfortable air quality and increased static electricity.

Various types of humidification may be used:

Evaporative: dry air blown over a reservoir will evaporatesome of the water. The rate of evaporation can be increased byspraying the water onto baffles in the air stream.

Vaporizer: steam or vapour from a boiler is blowndirectly into the air stream.

Spray mist: water is diffused either by a nozzle or othermechanical means into fine droplets and carried by the air.

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Vibration isolators

The blowers in an air handler can create substantial vibrationand the large area of the duct system would transmit this noiseand vibration to the occupants of the building.

To avoid this, vibration isolators (flexible sections) arenormally inserted into the duct immediately before and after

the air handler and often also between the fan compartmentand the rest of the AHU.

The rubberized canvas-like material of these sections allowthe air handler to vibrate without transmitting much vibrationto the attached ducts.

The fan compartment can be further isolated by placing it on aspring suspension, which will mitigate the transfer of vibrationthrough the floor.

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Mixing chamber

In order to maintain indoor air quality, air handlers commonlyhave provisions to allow the introduction of outside air into,and the exhausting of air from the building.

In temperate climates, mixing the right amount of cooler

outside air with warmer return air can be used to approach thedesired supply air temperature.

A mixing chamber is therefore used which has damperscontrolling the ratio between the return, outside, and exhaustair.

A heat recovery heat exchanger, of many types, may be fittedto the air handler for energy savings and increasing capacity.

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Controls

Controls are necessary to regulate every aspect of anair handler, such as: rate of air flow, supply airtemperature, mixed air temperature, humidity, airquality.

They may be as simple as an off/on thermostat or ascomplex as a building automation system usingBACnet or LonWorks, for example.

Common control components include temperaturesensors, humidity sensors, sail switches, actuators,motors, and controllers.

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Filters

Air filtration is almost always present in order to

provide clean dust-free air to the building occupants.

It may be via simple low-MERV pleated media,

HEPA, electrostatic, or a combination of techniques. Gas-phase and ultraviolet air treatments may be

employed as well.

It is typically placed first in the AHU in order to keep

all its components clean.

i

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Maintenance

Isolate the mains supply before carrying out any

maintenance procedure.

The air handling unit only requires general cleaning to

ensure it function at its optimum. Apart from the filter; there is nouser serviceable part.

Filter Change

After a period of 5 years, the status light on the user

control will flash red to indicate the filters require changing.

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To change the filters, isolate the power supply andremove

Make sure that the filters are installed in the correct

orientation. Filters have an arrow on the side indicatingthe

direction of the air flow. These arrows should bepointing

towards the coil box in the middle of the AHUs.

AHU El i l d il

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AHU Electrical details

Voltage:

230V 1phase 50Hz

Consumption:

130W (max)

Fuse rating:

3 Amp

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BYE-LAWS

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BYE-LAWS

Air-conditioning (a)Escape routes like staircases, common corridors, lift lobbies etc. shall not be used as return air

passages.

(b)The ducting shall be constructed of substantial gauge metal in accordance with IS:655-1963Metal Air Ducts(Revised). (c)Whenever the ducts pass through fire-walls or floors, the opening around the ducts shall be

sealed with fire-resisting materials such as asbestos rope or vermiculite concrete glass wool. (d)As far as possible, metallic ducts shall be used even for the return air instead of space above the

false ceiling. (e)The materials used for insulating the duct system (inside or outside) shall be of non-combustible

materials such as glass wool,spun glass with neoprene facing. (f)Area more than 750 sq.m on an individual floor shall be segregated by a fire wall and automatic

fire dampers for isolation shall be provided where the ducts pass through fire walls. (g)Air ducts serving main floor areas, corridor etc. shall not pass through the stairecase enclosure. (h)The air handling units shall as far as possible be separate for each floor and air ducts for every

floor shall be separate and in no way interconnected with the ducting of any other floors. (i)Automatic fire dampers shall be provided at the inlet of the fresh air duct and the return air duct of

each compartment on every floor. (j)If the air handling unit serves more than one floor , the requirements given above shall be

complied with in addition to the conditions given below-

-When the automatic fire alarm operates, the respective air handling units of the air-conditioningsystem shall automatically be switched off. -The air filters of air-handling units shall be of non-combustible materials. -The air handling unit room shall be not used for storage of any combustible materials. -Ispection panels shall be provided in main trunking to facilitate the cleaning of the duct of

accumulated dust and to obtain access for maintenance of fire dampers. -No combustible material shall be fixed nearer than 15cm.to any duct unless such duct is properly

enclosed and protected with non-combustible material at least 3.2 mm. thick and which does not

readily conduct heat. -Materials used for false ceiling, runners and suspenders shall be of non-combustible type.

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CCR

CENTRAL CONTROL ROOM

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What is Central Control Room(CCR)?

Central Control Room(CCR) functions as a

Building Management System (BMS)

It controls and monitors all utilities and

services present in the mall.

It is predominantly handled by the IT

department of Inorbit Mall.

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LOCATION

Central control station room is located on the

Ground floor of the mall with a door leading

into the parking lot.

The room is accessible directly from the

basement.

The central control station room is a restricted

area.

Unauthorised entry is prohibited

Entry only by showing of access card

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BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The Building Management system consists of

the following services :-

2.Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)

3. Public Address System (PAS)

4. Access Control Systems (ACS)

5. Fire Alarm System (FAS)

CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV)

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CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV)

The Closed Circuit Television System (CCTV system) provides anon-line display of video images on monitor.

The primary objective of implementing a CCTV system is to ensureeffective surveillance of an area and also create a record for post

event analysis.

EQUIPMENT

The CCTV System shall comprise of Dome Cameras, CCD Cameras,

Weather proof housings, Weather proof Pan/Tilt unit, Multiplexer,

Matrix Switcher, Time Lapse VCR and other associated accessories.

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The monitoring Cameras are present at

3.All entrances and exits

4.Elevators.

5.Elevator lobbies.

6. Corridors.

7. Exit Stairways.

8. Food court

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MONITOR

The Monochrome monitor which is suitable with the standards of

the selected cameras.All controls for brightness, contrast etc. shall be provided on thefront panel for readily adjusting the levels of the video signal.

The video monitors installed shall be atleast 12 size or more and

shall comply with the specification

TYPES

Fixed Dome Camera unit

MONOCHROME CAMERA - C/CS MOUNT

Mini-Dome Camera

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Mini-Dome Camera

CyberDome (all models)

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DIGITAL VIDEO RECORDING (DVR)

These systems are used to record the video images which aretaken by the cameras.A DVR have the capacity to keep record of maximum 16cameras.

provide multiplexed field recording of upto sixteen

monochrome video inputs.The unit shall provide a user-programmable twelve charactertitle for each camera and shall also record time and date with

each video image.

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TYPICAL DEPLOYMENT SCHEME FOR DVR SYSTEM

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PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM

All voice evacuation and public address systems shalloperate from the Information Desk 1 (ID1) situated

near the CCR on the Ground floor.

Manual control of evacuation tone signals, alert tone

signals, and voice evacuation shall be provided on a

selective and all-call basis.

In malls generally these systems are also used for

playing music.

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PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM

Alert tones and voice instructions shall be provided to

the Amplifiers in the following areas:

Elevators.

Elevator lobbies. Corridors.

Exit Stairways.

Individual shops Areas of rescue assistance

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ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM (ACS)

The Access Control Systems monitors themovement of people in the restricted areas of theMall

This includes the Mall Office , Meter Room ,Central Control Room , Power Room

These areas can only be accessed by authorizedpersonnel with the help of access cards.

The entry and exit is recorded by this system inthe database of the mall. CCR does have recordsof each access control door.

System Architecture

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System Architecture

System Components : Readers

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System Components : Readers

Proximity Readers

Biometric Readers Fingerprint Scanners

Hand Geometry Readers

Face Recognition Readers

Smart Card Readers Read only Readers

Read and Write

Readers

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FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS (FAS)

The Control Room consists of the Fire alarm Panel.

Alarm, supervisory and trouble signals shall be annunciated in

the central control station by means of

an audible and visual indicator.

There are 2 types of FAS

1 Conventional

2 Addressed system

Inorbit Mall follows the Addressed System of Fire detection In this system the exact location of the smoke can be detected

Here, the Fire Alarm Panel is connected to a electronic flow

chart which indicates the no. & position of the smoke detector.

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FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS (FAS)

For the purpose of detection, zoning shall be in accordance

with the following:

Each floor of a building shall be considered as a separate zone.

Each floor of a building is divided into two separate zones

Identification of the type of alarm, initiation devices such as

manual , automatic, sprinkler water flow, etc. shall be

separately indicated on electrically supervised initiating

circuits to the main fire alarm control unit.

Detection panels shall be graphic to clearly indicate the layout

of the building.

Intelligent Fire Detection System

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Intelligent Fire Detection System

Fire department communication system shall

be provided for fire department use. Fire detection System No. of Smoke detectors: 192 nos. Fire Extinguishers ABC Type: 112 nos. CO2 Type: 30 nos.

Other Components

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Other Components Building floor plans shall be permanently mounted on an

interior wall within the central control station.

Plans shall include the following:

Stairways.

Areas of rescue assistance.

Shafts. Corridors.

Elevators.

Emergency generator and fuel locations.

Fire pump. Smoke control supply and exhaust ducts.

Mechanical rooms, gas, water, electrical, fire sprinklers.

Detectors.

ELEVATION OF A CCR WORKSTATION

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ELEVATION OF A CCR WORKSTATION

WHAT IS WI FI

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WHAT IS WI-FI

It is a Wireless networkis set up by using radio signal frequency tocommunicate among computers and other network devices.Sometimes its also referred to as WLAN.You can connect computers anywhere in your home without the need forwires.

WORKING

When the computer send out the data, the binary data will be encoded toradio frequency and transmitted via wireless router.The receiving computer will then decode the signal back to binary data.

wireless hotspot, means that location is equipped with wireless devicesfor you and others to join the network.The two main components are wireless router or access point andwireless clients.

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PURPOSE OF WI-FI

The purpose of Wi-Fi is to provide wireless access to digital content.This content may include applications, audio and visual media,Internet connectivity, or other data. Wi-Fi generally makes access toinformation easier, as it can eliminate some of the physicalrestraints of wiring; this can be especially true for mobile devices.

Routers which incorporate a DSL-modem or a cable-modem and a

Wi-Fi access point, often set up in homes and other premises,provide Internet-access and internetworking to all devicesconnected (wirelessly or by cable) to them. One can also connectWi-Fi devices in ad-hoc mode for client-to-client connections withouta router. Wi-Fi also enables places which would traditionally nothave network to be connected, for example bathrooms, kitchensand garden sheds.

ROUTER

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subscriber_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetworkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad-hochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathroomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_shedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_shedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathroomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad-hochttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetworkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subscriber_linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital

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ROUTER

A router is a computer whose software and hardware are usually tailoredto the tasks of routing and forwarding information. For example on the

internet information

gets routed to different places using routers.

Types of routers

Routers for Internet connectivity and internal useSmall Office Home Office (SOHO) connectivityEnterprise Routers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:ERS-8600.JPG

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ROUTERS

A router is a computerwhose software and hardware are usually tailored tothe tasks ofrouting and forwarding information. For example on the internetinformation gets routed to different places using routers.

Routers connect two or more logical subnets, which do not necessarily mapone-to-one to the physical interfaces of the router.[1] The term "layer 3switch" often is used interchangeably with router, but switch is a generalterm without a rigorous technical definition. In marketing usage, it is

generally optimized for Ethernet LAN interfaces and may not have otherphysical interface types. In comparison a network hub does not do anyrouting, instead every packet it receives on one network line gets forwardedto the other network lines.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forwardinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_hubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_hubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forwardinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer

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ROUTERS

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ROUTERS

Routers operate in two different planes [2]: Control Plane, in which the router learns the outgoing interface that is most

appropriate for forwarding specific packets to specific destinations, Forwarding Plane, which is responsible for the actual process of sending a

packet received on a logical interface to an outbound logical interface.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Planehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forwarding_Planehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forwarding_Planehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Planehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Cisco1800seriesrouter.jpg

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CISCO 1800 ROUTER

CISCO 7600 ROUTER

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Cisco7600seriesrouter.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Cisco1800seriesrouter.jpg