electricity for kitchens & baths. electricity amber

ELECTRICITY

for kitchens & baths

Electricity

Amber

Electricity

We know that electricity behaves in a consistent predictable manner, in given situations, but electricity has never clearly been defined.

Atoms –neutrons, protons and electrons Atoms are neutrally charged Most of the weight of an atom is found in

the protons and neutrons. Protons are more or less attached to the

nucleus Electrons revolve around the nucleus like

planets revolve around the sun

Electricity

Atom

Electricity

Some electrons, particularly in metals are loosely bound and can detach and become “free electrons”

Free electrons as the name implies can move freely from atom to atom

When a force or pressure is applied free electrons begin to move

Electricity

The materials that allow this movement are called CONDUCTORS

The three metals that make the best conductors: Silver Copper Aluminum

Electricity

Copper Atom

Electricity

Silver atom

Electricity

Insulators or Non Conductors: Dry Wood Glass Rubber Mica Asbestos

Semi-Conductors: Silicon

Electricity

Charged Bodies Like charges repel Unlike charges attract

Electricity

Electrical energy is transferred through conductors by means of movement of free electrons

A material’s ability to conduct current flow determines whether it is a good or bad conductor

Electricity Terms

Voltage Amperage (current) Resistance (Ohms) Wattage (power)

Electricity

++

+-

opposite charges attract

like charges repel

Electricity

The force that moves electrons in a conductor can be called

VOLTAGE

Electricityvoltage

Current that flows through electrical conductors is directly proportional to the difference in potential

Current is directly proportional to the amount of voltage

Voltage increases – current increases

Voltage decreases-current decreases

Electricityvoltage

Six Methods of Producing Voltage Friction – Static electricity Pressure – Compression of crystals Heating – In copper, electrons move

away from the heat. In iron they move to the heat.

Light – Photoelectric cells Chemical Action - Batteries Magnetism

Electricity charge

What is Charge? The stuff inside conductors It’s the free electrons

How do we measure charge?1 Coulomb = 6.28 x 1018

electrons6,280,000,000,000,000,000Ampere = 1 coulomb of charge flow per second

Electricity charge

The copper wire is full of “charged stuff” but there is no movement

copper wire

Electricity charge

- +

battery

Electricity charge

-+

batte

ry

The battery drives the ring of charge into motion, the charge moves along like a drive belt, and the light bulb filament “rubs” against the moving charge which makes it glow white hot.

Electricity charge

The higher the amperage the faster charge stuff moves

The more charge stuff that flows (though a larger wire) the higher the amperage

A fast flow through a narrow wire can have the same amps as a slow flow of charge through a bigger wire.

If you keep the speed constant and increase the size of the wire you also increase the amperage

Electricity watts

Watts is the name given to electrical flow – but what flows?

EnergyEnergy is measures in joulesA joule of electrical energy can

move from place to place along the wires.

The amount of energy that flows in one second is one watt

Electricity btu’s

BTU short for British thermal unit, a British standard unit of energy. One Btu is equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of liquid water by 1 degree Fahrenheit at its maximum density, which occurs at a temperature of 39.1 degrees Fahrenheit. One Btu is equal to approximately 251.9 calories or 1055 joules.

As a rough guide, 1 joule is the absolute minimum amount of energy required (on the surface of Earth) to lift a one kilogram object up by a height of 10 centimetres.

Electricity closed circuits

A closed loop of wire is not necessarily a circuit unless voltage is present.

In any electric circuit where electrons move around, three things are present: Voltage Current Resistance

Electricity closed circuits

The physical pathway for current flow is actually the circuit and it’s resistance controls the amount of current flow around the circuit.

By knowing any two of the three quantities, the third can be calculated.

Electricity ohms law

Ohms Law – The current in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage and indirectly proportional to the circuits resistance.

I = current measured in amperes (amps)

E = VoltageR = Resistance in Ohms

R

EI

R

EI

IRE

I

ER


-+

battery

Battery = 1.5 volts

Resistance = 1.5 ohms

Amperes = ?

Amperes = 1

R

EI

5.1

5.1I


-+

battery

Battery = 3 voltsResistance = 1.5 ohmsAmperes = ?Amperes = 2 R

EI

5.1

3I


-+

battery

R

EI

3

5.1IBattery = 1.5 volts

Resistance = 3 ohmsAmperes = ?Amperes = .5


Another way of writing ohms law:

I R

E

Electricity watts

Watts is the name given to electrical flow – but what flows?

EnergyEnergy is measures in joulesA joule of electrical energy can

move from place to place along the wires.

The amount of energy that flows in one second is one watt

Electricity watts

Power pertains to the rate at which work is being done.

Work is done whenever a force causes motioni.e. when voltage causes electrons to

move in a circuit work is done The rate at which this work is

done is called the electric power rate and is measured in WATTS

Electricity watts power

Watts = the amount of voltage across a circuit x the current through the circuit

or Watts = Volts x

Amperes or

P= EI


R

EI

1

11

EIP

WATTP 1

R

EI

1

22

EIP

22P

WATTSP 4


R

EI

5.1

3I

2I

WATTSP

P

EIP

6

23

5.1

95.1

32

2

P

P

R

EP

WATTSP 6


R

EP

2

10

1

100

E volts

R ohm

P watts


RIP 210

1

100

I amps

R ohm

P watts


15amp circuit *120volts =1800watts

100watt bulb*10 =1000watts

Electricity What you need to remember

Voltage – The force that moves electrons in a conductor. Electrical pressure

Amperage – The rate of flow of electrical current.

Watts – The measure of the amount of electrical power.

Watts = Volts X Amps

Kitchen Electricity Circuits

Four types of circuits for the Kitchen General Lighting Small Appliance Individual Appliance Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

Electricity Circuits

General Lighting – rules of thumb One 15 amp circuit per 600 square

feet Rule of thumb – 12 outlets

Or one 20 amp circuit per 800 square feet Rule of thumb – 16 outlets

Note: Lights in kitchens and baths must be permanently wired.

Kitchen Electricity Circuits

Receptacle Circuits – Rule of thumb 12 receptacles for a 15-amp circuit 16 receptacle for a 20-amp circuit Small appliance circuits

Two 20-amp circuits One or more 20-amp circuits in the

dining room or family room These circuits may not be used for

lighting

Electricity circuits

Individual Appliance Circuits are dedicated to devices that draw enough current to warrant their own circuit.


Appliance Voltage

Garbage Disposer 120

Electric Range/Cooktop 240

Gas Range/Cooktop 120

Dishwasher 120

Electric Tankless

Hot Water 240

Refrigerator 120

Microwave Oven 120

Exhaust Fan 120

Breaker Capacity Amps

20

50 20

20

30

20

20

20


Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter circuits are required for receptacles within 6 feet of a water source, such as a faucet or showerhead.

Most receptacles mounted above a kitchen countertop or bath lavatory fall into that category.

Receptacles that serve countertops must be spaced 4’ apart

For Universal Design place receptacles serving countertop spaces lower than 44” AFF.

Electricity Wiring

Island receptacles no more than 12” below the countertop surface.

Smoke detectors at least 12’ from kitchen

Electricity Kitchen Wiring

Kitchen Wiring Dedicated circuit for the dishwasher Dedicated circuit for the disposer Dedicated circuit for built-in microwaves At least two 20 amp dedicated small

appliance circuits for the outlets serving the countertops

All outlets serving the countertop surface to be GFCI protected

Dedicated range/cooktop/oven circuits Lighting Circuit General receptacles for the room 6’ from

the doorway and then every 12’

Electricity Bath Wiring

All Receptacles on dedicated circuit (GFCI)

One Receptacle installed within 36” of the sink (GFCI)

No receptacles placed within the tub or shower space.

No switches can be located within reach of a person standing in the tub or shower, unless part of a listed tub or shower assembly

Electricity Bath Wiring

Special Needs Hard wire electric towel warmers or

lighted or lighted magnifying mirrors Individual circuits for electrical

resistance heaters and electric floor heat Wiring for ceiling heaters and ventilation

systems Individual circuit for spas, whirlpools,

steam showers, some toilets and bidets Hard wire anti-fog mirrors behind glass Cloths washer/dryer

Electricity Outdated Wiring

The house is over 30 years old A fuse box 100 Amp breaker panel Ungrounded Aluminum wire

Electricity Outdated Wiring

No GFCI’s are not present Lights flicker when appliances

cycle Fuses blow Too few switches and

receptacles or lights present Extension cords must be used

Electricity wire types

Electricity Wiring Size

15 Amp Circuit – 14 gauge 20 Amp Circuit – 12 gauge 30 Amp Circuit – 10 gauge 40 Amp Circuit – 8 gauge 50 Amp Circuit – 6 gauge

Electricity wire


Adding Circuits to the Breaker Panel

Consult your electrician

Electrical Codes

Codes for Kitchens

Countertop receptacles every 4’-0”

24 48 48 24

Codes for Kitchens

54 36 5427 27

Sinks, stoves, & cooktops act divide countertops

Plug Strips

Codes for Kitchens

Receptacles no higher than 20” above countertop

Receptacles no more than 12” below countertop

Codes for Kitchens

Islands must be served by at least one receptacle

96

Codes for Kitchens

Peninsulas are measured from the connecting edge48 48

24

48

Power Grommet

Codes for Kitchens

Receptacles serving countertops must be on 2 dedicated 20amp circuits and must be GFCI protected.

They must also serve the dining room and pantry if applicable.

Lighting may not be included in these curcuits

Codes for Baths

At least one receptacle within 3’-0” of the outside edge of each basin

Vertical location same as kitchen This receptacle cannot be inside a

medicine cabinet Receptacle must be powered by a 20 amp

circuit with no other outlets. May serve two bathrooms and may power an exhaust fan and lighting provided it does not exceed the load max.

Must be GFCI protected

Codes for Baths

No receptacles over a bathtub or inside a shower stall.

Electrical Symbols

Electricity outlet symbols

SINGLE R ECEP TA CLE O UTLET

SINGLE R ECEP TA CLE O UTLET


D UP LEX R ECEPTA CLE O UTLETSP L IT - C IR C UIT

WP

WEA THER PR O O F R ECEP TA CLE O UTLET

Electricity symbols

EL EC TR IC R A NGE/CO O K TO P O UT LET


FLO O R SINGLER ECEP TA CLE O UTLET

FLO O R DO UB LER ECEP TA CLE O UTLET


GFC I

GR O UND FA ULT C IR CUITINTER UP TER R ECEP TA CLEO UTLET

F

FA N O UTLET


D W

SP EC IA L P UR P O SE O UTLET

WIR ED D IR ECT

HEA T LA MP

Electricity lighting symbols

WA LL SC O NC E


TR A CK L IGHT ING


HA NGING CEIL ING FIXTUR E


B UILT - IN LO W V O LTA GE TA S K L IGHT

TL

LO W V O LTA GETR A NSFO R MER


R ECESS ED CEIL INGV A P O R L IGHT


TV

TELEV IS IO N O UTLET

C

CA B LE O UTLET


B UILT - IN FLUO R ES CENT TA S K L IGHT


R ECESS ED CEIL INGD O WN L IGHT ING

Electricity special purpose symbols

C

CLO CK HA NGERR ECEP TA CLE


F

FA NR ECEP TA CLE

INTER CO M

TELEPHO NE O UTLET


T

THER MO STA T

SMO K E D ETECTO R

G

GA S S UP P LY


HEA T R EGIS TER

Electricity switch symbols

S 2

S 3

S 4

SDM

Single pole switch

Double pole switch

Three way switch

Four way switch

Single pole switch w/ dimmer

Three way switch w/dimmer

S 3 D M

S

electricity for kitchens & baths. electricity amber

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