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The questioning technique is themeans by which the critical

examination is conducted, each

activity being subjected in turnto a systematic and progressive

series of questions.

Select

Record

Examine

Develop

Evaluate

Define

Install

Maintain

METHOD STUDY - EXAMINE

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PRIMARY QUESTIONS

the PURPOSE for which

the PLACE at which

the SEQUENCE in whichthe PERSON by whom

the MEANS by which

Select

Record

Examine

Develop

Evaluate

Define

Install

Maintain


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ELIMINIATING

COMBINING

REARRANGING

OR

SIMPLIFING

those activitiesWith a view to

Select

Record

Examine

Develop

Evaluate

Define

Install

Maintain


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SECONDARY QUESTIONSCovers second stage of questioningtechnique

- answers to the primary questions aresubjected to further query

- to determine whether possiblealternatives of place, sequence, persons

and means are practicable and- preferred as a means ofimprovement upon the existing method.

Select

Record

Examine

Develop

Evaluate

Define

Install

Maintain


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SEQUENCE: When is it done?

Why is it done?

When might it be done?

When should it be done?

PERSON: who does it?

Why does that person do it?

Who else might do it?

Who should do it?

MEANS: How is it done?

Why is it done that way?

How else might it be done?

How should it be done ?

Select

Record

Examine

Develop

Evaluate

Define

Install

Maintain


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RECORDING TECHNIQUES

1. Outline Process Charts

2. Flow Process Chart

3. Two Handed Process Chart

4. Multiple Activity Chart

5. Simo Chart

6. Flow Diagrams

7. String Diagrams

8. Cyclegraph

9. Chronocyclegraph

10. Travel Chart

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QUICK RECAP

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FLOW PROCESS CHART Graphic representation of the process

Incl info on Time reqd, Distance moved.

3 types Man, Material & Eqpt Type

Objectives

visualise complete sequence

Study events in a sys way to improve layout,

Improve mtrl handling,

reduce delay,

eliminate/combine/rearrange events Compare alt methods

Select ops for detailed study

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TWO HANDED PROCESS CHART STUDY TO ANALYSE MOTIONS OF WORKER

WORKERS MOVEMENTS ARE RECORDED IN RELATION TO ONE

ANOTHER. USED FOR REPETITIVE & SHORT OPS

OBJECTIVE INVESTIGATE TO ELIMINATE / REDUCE UNWANTED MOTIONS

REARRANGE IN BEST SEQUENCE

IDEAS FOR IMPROVEMENT APPLIED TO ASSY, MACHINING AND EVEN OFFICE JOBS

Ser Symbol Activity Description

1 OPERATION WHEN HAND GRASPS, RELEASES OR ASSEMBLES TOOL, MTRL/COMPONENT ETC

2 TRANSPORT WHEN HAND MOVE FROM ONE POSITION TO ANOTHER ATTHE WORK PLACE (TOWARDS / AWAY FROM WORK , TOOL &MTRL)

3 DELAY HAND IS IDLENOT PERFORMING ANY JOB

4 HOLD WHEN HAND HOLDS AN OBJECT SO THAT THE OTHER HAND

CAN DO SOMETHING ON THE OBJECT

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TWO

HANDEDPROCESS

CHART

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STENOS

OFFICEACTIVITY COS OFFICE

MOVE TO COs

OFF

TAKE DICTATION

MOVE TOSTENOs OFFICE

PREPCOMPUTER

TYPE LETTER

CHECK TYPEDLETTER

PRINT LETTER

FLOW PROCESS CHARTMAN TYPE

Details

Name FLOW PROCESS CHARTMAN TYPE

Task STENO WRITING ALETTER

Method PRESENT / PROPOSED

Chart

Begins

STENO IN OWN

OFFICEChart Ends LETTER IN OUT TRAY

Prep by

1

2

3

4

1

1

2

S OS C COS O CFLOW PROCESS

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STENOS

OFFICEACTIVITY COS OFFICE

CHECK PRINTOUT

PLACE IN FILECOVER

MOVE TO COs

OFFICE

WAIT FOR COs

SIGNATURE

MOVE BACK TO

OWN OFFICE

PLACE FILE INOUT TRAY

FLOW PROCESSCHART

MAN TYPE

Summary

No of ops 6No of insps 2

No of transports 4

No of Delays 1

Total Activities 13

Details

Name FLOW PROCESS CHARTMAN TYPE

Task STENO WRITING ALETTER

Method PRESENT / PROPOSED

Chart

Begins

STENO IN OWN

OFFICE

Chart Ends LETTER IN OUT TRAY

Prep by

6

3

4

1

5

2

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Select

Record

Examine

Develop

Evaluate

Define

Install

Maintain

FLOW PROCESSCHART

COMPARISONMAN & MTRL TYPE

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18

RECORDING MOV OF WORKERS/ MTRLS

TOOLS USED ARE:

STRING DIAGRAM

FLOW DIAGRAM TRAVEL CHART

STRING DIAGRAM

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Select

Record

Examine

Develop

Evaluate

Define

Install

Maintain

STRING DIAGRAM

STRING DIAGRAM

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Select

Record

Examine

Develop

Evaluate

Define

Install

Maintain

STRING DIAGRAM

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FLOW DIAGRAMSVEH REPAIR / SERVICE FLOW DIAGRAM

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FLOW DIAGRAMSWASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT

FLOW DIAGRAMS

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FLOW DIAGRAMSGEOTHERMAL HEAT & POWER PLANT

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TRAVEL CHART

Tabular record of data

Giving details of mov of workers /mtrls /eqpt.

Each small square represents a station.

Along the x-axis, squares from left to right

represent the stations FROM where mov or traveloccurs.

Along the y-axis, the squares represent the stations

TO which the movement is made.

TRAVEL CHART MOVEMENT FROM

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Select

Record

Examine

Develop

Evaluate

Define

Install

Maintain

TRAVEL CHART MOVEMENT FROM

MO

VEMENT

TO

From To

5 7

7 3

3 4

4 7

7 6

6 1

TRAVEL

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Select

Record

Examine

Develop

Evaluate

Define

Install

Maintain

TRAVELCHART MOVEMENT FROM

MO

VEMENT

TO

1

8

7 6 5

43 2

9

10STEP 1 : FIND BUSIEST STNs WITH MAX MOV INTO (STN2:10, 9-7, 6-5)STEP 2 : FROM WHERE THE MAX MOV TO THESE STNS HAVE OCCURRED (STN2-9:6, 5-2:5,6-2:2)

STEP 3: IDENTIFY BUSIEST ROUTE 5-2-9STEP 4: LOCATE THE STNs TOGETHER.

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PRINCIPLES OF MOTION ECONOMY

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TYPES OF STUDIES

MACRO-MOTION STUDIES

o

Studies of overall flow of process.o Does not go into details of human body part mov.

o Carried out for lengthy ops involving multiple stages

MICRO-MOTION STUDIESo Suited for repetitive ops involving short cycle time.

o Goes into greater details to save mov & effort.

o Aims to develop best possible pattern of mov.

o Minimise ops to reduce effort and fatigue.

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METHODS & MOV AT THE WORKPLACE

PRINCIPLES OF MOTION ECONOMY

Principles help in

Work design,

Reducing the human fatigue and

Improving the work efficiency.

Principles of Motion Economy is presented underthree subgroups related to:-

Use of human body Arrangement of the workplace

Design of tools & equipment

[A] PRINCIPLES OF MOTION ECONOMY

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AS RELATED TO THE USE OF HUMAN BODY

1.The two hands should begin and completetheir

movements at the same time.

2. The two hands should not be idle at the sametime.

3.Motions of the arms should be symmetrical andin opposite directionand should be made

simultaneously.


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4.Hand and body motions should be made at thelowest classification at which it is possible to do

the work satisfactorily.

CLASSIFICATION OF HAND MOTIONCLASS PIVOT BODY MEMBERS MOVED

1 Knuckle Finger (F)

2 Wrist Hand (H) + F3 Elbow Fore Arm (FA) + H + F

4 Shoulder Upper Arm (UA) +FA+H+F

5 Trunk Torso + UA + FA + H + F




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5. Momentum be employed to help the worker.

6.Continuous curved motions are to be preferred

to straight line motion involving sudden and sharp

changes in direction.

7. Ballistic (free-swinging) motions are faster,

easier, and more accurate than restricted orcontrolled motions.




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8. Rhythm is essential to the smooth and

automatic performance of a repetitive operation.

The work should be arranged to permit an easy

and natural rhythm whenever it is possible.

9. Work should be arranged so that eye-

movements are confined to a comfortable area,

without the need for frequent changes of the

focus.



[B] PRINCIPLES OF MOTION ECONOMY AS RELATED

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[B].PRINCIPLES OF MOTION ECONOMY AS RELATED

TO THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE WORKPLACE

1.Definite and fixed positions/stations should be providedfor all tools and materials to permit habit formation.

2.Tools and materials should be pre-positioned to reduce

searching.

3.Gravity-feed, bins and containers be used to deliver the

materials as close to the point of use as possible.

4.Tools, materials, and controls should be located withinthe maximum working areaand as near to the worker as

possible.

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FUNDAMENTAL HAND MOTIONS

Gilbreth observed that most work done by two hands

consists of a few fundamental motions.

He called EACH ONE of them as THERBLIG.

THERBLIG : G I L B R E T H

( read in reverse order)

Today we have 17 Therbligs

These are used in micro-motion studies (facts recorded

on films)

17 Th bli

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17 Therbligs

1. Transport empty (TE) reach for an object

2. Grasp (G) grasp an object

3. Transport loaded (TL) move an object with

hand and arm

4. Hold (H) hold an object

5. Release load (RL) release control of an object

6. Use (U) manipulate a tool

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17 Therbligs (continued)

12.Select (St) choose among several

objects in a group

13.Plan (Pn) decide on an action

14.Inspect (I) determine quality of object

15.Unavoidable delay (UD) waiting due to

factors beyond worker control

16.Avoidable delay (AD) worker waiting

17.Rest (R) resting to overcome fatigue

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Classification of Therbligs

Effective therbligs:Transport empty

Grasp

Transport loaded

Release load

Use

Assemble

DisassembleInspect

Rest

Ineffective therbligs:Hold

Pre-position

Position

SearchSelect

Plan

Unavoidable delay

Avoidable delay

STEPS INVOLVED IN

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Filming the job

Analysis of the film

Presenting DATA/FACTS graphically through

SIMO chart.

STEPS INVOLVED IN

MICRO MOTION ANALYSIS

FILM ANALYSIS

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FILM ANALYSIS

Film is run on projector

Details of the work-cycle are identified in terms of

THERBLIGS, for Left hand and Right hand

TIME ( in WINK) is noted from the Chronometer readings

of the film for each therblig.

[1 WINK = (1/2000) OF A MINUTE ]

ADVANTAGES OF MICROMOTION STUDIES

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Greater details are made available

More accurate

Easier in data collection

Better for record keeping

Help in work study personnel's devpt

ADVANTAGES OF MICROMOTION STUDIES

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SIMO CHART

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A graphic representation of the sequence of the

therbligs or group of therbligs performed by bodymembers of operator.

It is drawn on a common time scale.

In other words, it is a two-hand process chart

drawn in terms of therbligs and with a time scale.

SIMO CHART

SIMO CHART - EXAMPLE

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SIMO CHART - EXAMPLE

CYCLOGRAPH

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A small electric bulb is attached to the finger, hand, or any

other part of the body whose motion is to be recorded.

By using still Photography, the path of light of bulb (in otherwords, that of the body member) is photographed bykeeping the working area relatively less illuminated.

The resulting picture (cycle graph) shows a permanentrecord of the motion pattern employed in the form of aclosed loop of white continuous line with the working area

in the background.

CYCLOGRAPH

CHRONO CYCLOGRAPH

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Similar to the cycle graph, but the power supply to the bulbis interrupted regularly. The bulb is thus made to flash.

The resulting picture shows short dashes of line spaced inproportion to the speed of the body memberphotographed.

Wide spacing would represent fast moves while closespacing would represent slow moves.

The jumbling of dots at one point would indicate fumblingor hesitation of the body member.

A chrono cycle graph can thus be used to study the motionpattern.

CHRONO CYCLOGRAPH

CHRONO CYCLEGRAPH

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CHRONO CYCLEGRAPH

SERIES OF PEAR-SHAPED SPOTS instead ofcontinuous streak of light as shown below

PEAR-SHAPED SPOTS

MOTION DIRECTION

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190114 1710 method study

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