190 - ieee 519‐2014 - what has stayed the same (26-10-2015)

7/23/2019 190 - IEEE 5192014 - What Has Stayed the Same (26-10-2015)

1/23

12/18/20

IEEE5192014

MarkHalpin

November2014

WhatHasStayedtheSame?

Mostimportantly,theoverallphilosophy

Usersareresponsibleforlimitingharmonic

currents

Systemowner/operatorareresponsiblefor

managingvoltagequality

AllrecommendedlimitsapplyonlyatthePCC

Existingrecommendedlimitsareretained

Somenewonesadded


2/23

12/18/20

WhatHasBeenChanged?

Philosophyofchanges Drivenby20yearsofexperiencewith5191992andincreasedcooperationwithIEC

Multiplechangesrelatedto Measurementtechniques

Timevaryingharmoniclimits

Lowvoltage(


3/23

12/18/20

Indices

FromIEC61000430

3sveryshortvalue

10minshortvalue

2

15

1i

2i,nvs,n F

15

1F

2 200

1i

2i),vs,n(sh,n F

2001F

AssessmentofLimitCompliance

02

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69

Time (h)

TDD

(%)

Whatvalueshouldbecomparedagainstthelimit?


4/23

12/18/20

WeeklyStatisticalIndices

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011121314151617181920

TDD (%)

Frequency

.0%

20.0%

40.0%

60.0%

80.0%

100.0%

95th or99th

percentile

Valuetobe

comparedagainstlimit

ChangestotheLimits

Newvoltagelimitprovisionforlowvoltage(161

kV)

Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion in Percent of IL

Individual Harmonic Order (Odd Harmonics)

Isc/IL


5/23

12/18/20

PercentileBasedVoltageLimits

Daily99thpercentileveryshorttime(3s)values

shouldbelessthan1.5timesthevaluesgivenin

Table

Weekly95thpercentileshorttime(10min)values

shouldbelessthanthevaluesgiveninTable

PercentileBasedCurrentLimits

Daily99thpercentileveryshorttime(3s)harmonic

currentsshouldbelessthan2.0timesthevalues

giveninTable

Weekly99thpercentileshorttime(10min)harmonic

currentsshouldbelessthan1.5timesthevalues

giveninTable

Weekly

95th

percentile

short

time

(10

min)

harmonic

currentsshouldbelessthanthevaluesgiveninTable


6/23

12/18/20

Interharmonic Limits(Recommendations)

Voltageonly0120Hzlimitsbasedonflicker

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 510

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

Frequency (Hz)

Vo

ltage

(%o

fNom

ina

l

V1kV

1 kV


7/23

12/18/20

ExperienceSoFar

Granted,thisislimitedmostlytoexperimentsoverthelast612months

Userswithrelativelystableharmonicemissionsareessentiallyunaffected

Userswithrapidlychangingharmonicemissionsmayshowreducedlevelsinmeasurements

The200ms windowactsasasmoothingfilter

Percentilesandmultipliersappeartoberelativelyconsistentwithshorttimeharmonicmultipliersoftenusedwith5191992

PassiveMitigationofPower

SystemHarmonics

MarkHalpin

November2014


8/23

12/18/20

Outline

PassiveFilters

Basicresonanceconcepts

Singletunefilters

Ctypefilters

Performancecomparisons

Sensitivitiestonetworkconditions

Overalleffectiveness

Conclusions

SeriesResonanceConcept

CL

eq

XXj

C

1LjZ

LC

1r

Majorconcept: Theimpedancecanbecomeaverylowvalue

resonantfrequency,r

inductive

capacitive


9/23

12/18/20

SeriesResonanceInPractice

Harmonic

Voltages

harmonic

currents

Effectsinclude:

1. Heatingintransformer

2. Fuseblowingatcapacitorbank

Typicalresonances:

500kVA,12.47kV,5%

3001200kvar capacitor

r=173346Hz(3rd6th harmonic)

ParallelResonance

CLCL

eq

XX

XXj

Cj

1//LjZ

LC

1r

Majorconcept: Theimpedancecanbecomeaveryhighvalue

resonantfrequency,r

capacitive

inductive


10/23

12/18/20

ParallelResonanceinPractice

harmonic

voltages

Harmonic

Currents

Effectsinclude:

1. Excessivevoltagedistortion

2. Capacitorbankfuseblowing

Typicalresonances500kVA,480V,5%

400kVAload,80%pf lagging

pfcorrectionto95%lagging(120kvar)

r=547Hz(9th harmonic)

ResonanceSummary

Seriesresonance

Widelyexploitedinharmonicfilters

Canleadto(harmonic)overcurrents

Parallelresonance

Frequentlyleadsto(harmonic)overvoltages

Sometimes

used

in

blocking

filters


11/23


12/23

12/18/20

ApplicationConsiderations

Ratings

Capacitor RMSvoltage

Peakvoltage

RMScurrent

kVA

Reactorcurrents Peakcurrent

RMScurrent Losses

FilterApplicationProcedure Usefrequencyscanandharmonicstudytodetermine

requirements

Numberoffilters(estimate)

Tunedfrequencyforeach

Ratings(estimate)

Startwithlowestfrequencyfilterandworkupward(infrequency)

Eachfilterhasparametersthancanbeatleastpartiallyoptimized

Considercrediblesystemchanges

Assessimpactsoffilterparametervariations(10%,maybemore)

Evaluatetotalperformancevs.requirements

Considercrediblesystemchanges

Specifyrequiredratings(tweakdesignasnecessary)


13/23

12/18/20

CommentsonFrequencyScans

Theseresultsindicatethepotentialforaproblem

Theyareextremelyusefulfordesigningfilters Identificationofhigh/lowimpedancefrequencies

(resonantconditions)

Assessmentoffilterimpactsonfrequencyresponse Alterationofundesirableimpedancecharacteristics Demonstrationofintentionallowimpedancepath(s)

Theyaresubjecttotheaccuracyofthemodelsused

Completeassessmentsrequireaharmonicstudy Resultssubjecttomodelaccuracyandassumptions

Limitcompliance Ratingsofcomponents

DemonstrationCase

Basicharmonicsituationandsensitivities Seriesandparallelresonanceconditions

Mitigationusingfilters Singletunedindustrial

Ctypeutility


14/23

12/18/20

NormalConditionFrequency

ResponseLVFilterApplication(Areimpedanceshighorlowatknownharmonicfrequencies?)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

Impe

dance

()

Harmonic#

SystemNormal

SensitivitiesSubstation

SC

Power(equivalentimpedanceatLVbus)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

Impe

dance

()

Harmonic

#

130

MVA

150

MVA

170

MVA

IncreasingseverityandfrequencywithfaultMVA

Decreasingseverityand

IncreasingfrequencywithfaultMVA

Increasingseverity(lowerZ)

andincreasing

frequencywithFaultMVA

Thesesensitivitieswouldbeconsideredprettysmallandinsignificant


15/23

12/18/20

SensitivitiesCapacitorStatus(equivalentimpedanceatLVbus)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

Impe

dance

()

Harmonic#

AllCaps

LVOnly

MVOnly

NoCaps

Low(er)frequencyresonancenotmuchaffectedbyMVcap

High(er)frequency

resonancesignificantly

affectedbyMVcap

inductive

capacitive

Low(er)frequencyresonancesnotmuchaffectedbythingsthat

impacthigh(er)frequencyresponseoppositenottrue!!

SensitivitiesConclusions

Largechangesinsystemimpedances,

equivalents,etc.,(faultMVA)areusually

neededforsignificanteffects

Relativelysmallchangesincapacitorbank

status(orsize)canhavemajorimpacts

Filters

must

function

under

all

of

the

potential

scenarios


16/23

12/18/20

DesignApproach

Convertexisting480Vcapbanktofilterbankbyaddingseries

reactor

Capacitorvoltageratingoftenwillbeexceededintheend!

X/Rratioofreactorcanhavesignificantimpact

Losses

Performance

Additionalresistancecanbeaddedinseriesifneeded(losseswill

increase!)forperformance

m4.15X

H7.40L

006908.L2

1300

LC2

1f

L

tune

Note: Tunedfrequencynormally

taken 5%belowtargetAvoidoverload

Parametervariation

5th HarmonicSingleTuneDesign

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

Impe

dance

()

Harmonic#

X/R=100

X/R=10

X/R=1

R=0.0770Ohm


17/23

12/18/20

FilterQuality(Q)Factor

Thesharpnessofthefrequencyresponseofafilter

isoftenindicatedbythefilterQ

ThefilterQindicates

Damping(lesssharpcharacteristicmore damped)

LowerQ,moredamping

Losses

LowerQ,morelosses

Forthepreviousslide

Q=500,50,5,1

R

Lf2

R

XhQ tune

)60(Ltune

ACloserLookatQ

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

Impe

dance

()

Harmonic

#

Q=500

Q=50

Q=5

Q=1

AllthisdiscussionofQdoesntlooklikeabigdeal


18/23

12/18/20

PerformanceEvaluation(480VBusImpedance)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

Impe

dance

()

Harmonic#

NoFilter

5thFilter(Q=500)

5thFilter(Q=1)

5thFilter(Q=10)

FilterQhasanobviousimpactontheentireresponse!

5th harmoniccurrents

producemuchless5th

voltageafterfilter

Performance

Evaluation(LVFilterImpactonMVSystematCapBank)

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

Impe

dance

()

Harmonic#

NoFilter

HighQ(500)

LowQ(10)

LowerQ: Notasmuchfilteringat5th harmonic

muchlessamplificationathigherfrequencies

5th harmoniccurrents

producemuchless5th

voltageafterfilter


19/23

12/18/20

Filteringon12kVNetwork

Discussionsofarbasedonfilteringoncustomerside

(LV)

Presumablyassociatedwithlimitcompliance

Ifallnetworkusersareincompliance(currents),

excessivevoltagedistortionmaystillexist

Strongresonancescancreatelarge(noncompliant)voltage

effectsfromsmall(withincompliance)currents

SolutionistofilteronMV(utility)side

FilterdesignsmustaccountforLVfilterpresence(ornot)

SameApproachforFilterDesign

367.10X

mH5.27L

235.10L2

1300

LC2

1f

L

tune

Q=100R=0.5184Q=10R=5.1835

Note: Tunedfrequencynormally

taken 5%belowtarget

Avoidoverload

Parametervariation


20/23

12/18/20

12kVFilterPerformance

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

Impe

dance

()

Harmonic#

NoFilter

HighQ(100)

LowQ(10)

Filtereliminates5th resonance,butcreatesnewonesthatcouldbeasbad(orworse).

Bestsolutionprobablytosplit600kvar into2x300kvar andmaketwofilters5th and7th

TheCtypeFilter Tuning(selectionofparameters)ismore

difficultthanforsingletunedfilters

StartingfromanexistingcapbankCtotal Step1 ChooseLtotunefilterfrequencyasfor

singletuneddesigns(basedonCtotal)

Step2 Divideexistingcapacitanceintotwo

parts

C2

chosen

so

that

L

and

C2are

series

resonant

(Z=0)

atthepowerfrequency

C1 determinedfromCtotalC2(Cinseriescombines

asparallel)

Step3 PickRtoprovidedesiredhigh(er)

frequencydamping


21/23

12/18/20

CtypeFilterExample

Willa12kVCtypeperformbetterthanthe

conventionalsingletuneddesign?

Existing600kvar bankCtotal=10.235FL=10.367(27.5mH)forftune=300Hz(fromST

design)

For60Hzbypasstuning,C2=255.85F C1=10.66F

SelectRfordesireddamping NoteQdefineddifferently

Lf2R

Xh

RQ

tune)60(Ltune

Ctypevs.STFilterPerformance

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

Impe

dance

()

Harmonic

#

NoFilter

STQ=100

STQ=10

CTQ=5

CTQ=10


22/23

12/18/20

12kVFilterSensitivities(LVCap/FilterOffline)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

Impe

dance

()

Harmonic#

ST

Q=10

(No

LV)

CT

Q=15

(No

LV)

STQ=10

CT

Q=15

CTQ=0.5(noLV)

TherealadvantageoftheCtypeiscontrolofHFresponse

CommentsonComparisons

Bothfiltertypesareeffectiveatthetunedfrequency

Ctypehasverylowpowerfrequencylosses Singletunedfilterhasresistivelossesproportionaltocapbank

reactivecurrentsquared

LowQsingletuneddesignsarehelpfultoreducesecondaryresonancescreatedbyfilteradditions Alternativeistoaddsecondaryfilters

LowQCtypedesignsprovidegooddampingofsecondaryresonancesbydefault

Muchlesslikelytoencountersecondaryproblems

Ctypedesignsmakepoorutilizationofexistingcapbanks Considerusingonebankforvar compensationwithaseparate

filterinstallation


23/23

12/18/20

PassiveFilterConclusions

Twomaintypesexistbothwork

Singletuned Mainadvantages: Simplicity,upfrontcost

Maindisadvantages:losses,cancreatesecondaryproblems

Ctype Mainadvantages: Lowlosses,HFresponse

Maindisadvantage:upfrontcost,poorutilizationofexistingcapbanks

Frequencyscansareagreattoolforfilterdesign

Aharmonicstudyisrequiredtodeterminenecessaryratings

190 - ieee 519‐2014 - what has stayed the same (26-10-2015)

Documents