18th and 19th CENTURY VILLASAsa Darmatriaji . 4053184

Hampshire, Portsmouth, The Arrival of the Fleet 18th century Source: http://www.janeausten.co.uk/joseph-bramah-inventor-extraordinaire/

V.1 18th and 19th Century’s Important Events and Social Condition(Source: http://www.localhistories.org/18thcent.html and http://www.localhistories.org/19thcent.html)

• In late 18th century, Britain was transformed by the industrial revolution and in 19th century,

Britain became the first industrial society and urban society;

• From18th until late19th century, population was increased from 6,5 to 41 million people;

•15 million people left Britain in 1815-1914 emigrated to North America or Australia to

escape poverty, which resulted in early 19th century Britain was dirty, unsanitary and

overcrowded;

• In the 1890s, for the wealthy family, a new art and decoration appeared called Art Nouveau.

It involved swirling and flowing lines and stylized plant forms;

• The industrial revolution transformed warfare. Railways meant armies could be transported

much faster than before. The telegraph meant that messages could also be transmitted much

faster.

V.II Few Inventions in 18th and 19th century

• In 1769 James Watt (1736-1819) patented a steam engine;

• In 1778 Joseph Bramah invented modern water closet;

• Alexander Graham Bell, invented the telephone in 1876; and etc

Source: http://gardenofpraise.com/ibdbell.htm

Source: http://www.janeausten.co.uk/joseph-bramah-inventor-extraordinaire/

Source: http://laugalaekjarskoli.is/verk/declar2/Sida/Jamesw.html

V.III 18th and 19th Century’s Villa Architect Influences (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa)

Venetian architect, Andrea Palladio (1508–1580);

• Andrea Palladio,Villa Emo, Fanzia (1564)

• British architect, Inigo Jones, Queen House (July 15, 1573 – June 21, 1652);

• The earliest Neo-Palladians, Domenico Rossi, Church San Daniele (1657–1737)

and Andrea Tirali, Chiesa San Nicolo (1657–1737);

Source: http://www.venetovaldo.de/index.php?page=2&lang=de

Source: http://llamabutchers.mu.nu/Queen%20House.gif

Source:http://www.agenzia-lignano.it/images/san_daniele.jpg

Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Chiesa_di_San_Nicol%C3%B2_da_Tolentino_in_Venice1.JPG

V.IV NEO PALLADIAN (18th Century Villa) (BRITISH PALLADIAN, IRISH PALLADIAN, AMERICAN PALLADIAN)

V.IV. I BRITISH PALLADIAN VILLA

Stourhead house (1720 and 1724)

Holkham Hall (1734-1764)

Woburn Abbey House (1744-1970)

Chiswick House (1729)

Marble Hill House (1724-1729)

a) Stourhead House (Sourcehttp://www.architecture.com/HowWeBuiltBritain/HistoricalPeriods/GeorgianWestAndIreland/PalladianismAndLandscapeGardening/StourheadHouse.aspx)

Architect: Colen Campbell (1720-1724)

Site Area : 2,650 acre (11 km²)

Location: River Stour near Mere, Wiltshire, South West England

Owner: Henry Hoare I

In the 18th century a small minority of the population lived in luxury and owned comfortable upholstered furniture.

Picture gallery

(1792-1804)

Library

(1792-1804)

Original Square Block

consisted bedrooms,

kitchen, living, dining

Main Axis of Symmetry

Arrangement for

Façade and Plan

Entry

Lawn View

Lawn View

Square block and it has pediment supported by Corinthian columns;

FoyerFoyerLibrary Picture GalleryBalustradesPediment consisted of Cornice, Frieze, Architrave

Rustication Wall on the ground floor

EightCorinthian Columns/Portico

Statue

Building characteristics:• Roofline was flat and crowned by the long balustrade;• Symmetrical arrangement on elevation;• Walls were mostly blank expanses part from rusticated blocks of the lower storey;• Only few statues nudging above the strong horizontal;• Deep portico, Attic storey; Entrance steps (built in 1841);• On both side it has extension wings; The central block of the house was gutted by fire (built in 1902);- Green expanse of lawns (after 1900).

b) Holkham Hall(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holkham_Hall)

Architect: William Kent and Lord Burlington

Site Area : -

Location: Village of Holkham, on the North Coast of the English county of Norfolk

Owner: Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester (fifth creation)

Chapel

Marble Hall

Main Axis of Symmetry

Arrangement for

Façade and Plan

Entry

N

The Saloon

Portico

Statue Gallery

Dining Room

Library

Apartments

Kitchen Office

Laundry

Dressing Room

& Closet

Bed Chamber

Great

Dressing Room

Venetian Windows

Rustication Wall Base

Chapel & Service Block

Library & Apartment Wing

Gable end roof

Pediment consisted of Cornice, Frieze, Architrave

Rustication Wall on the ground floor

SixIonicColumns/Portico

Vault door

Building characteristics:• Its severity of its design close to Palladio's ideals;• The interior of the Hall is opulently decorated both private and state rooms in the same simple style;• The main entrance is through the "Marble" Hall, which leads to the first floor, and state rooms;• The most impressive of these rooms is the saloon, walls lined with red velvet;• Each of the major state rooms is symmetrical; for some, false doors are necessary to achieve this effect.

Main squareblock

c) Woburn Abbey House( Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woburn_Abbey)

Architect: Henry Flitcroft and Henry Holland

Site Area : -

Location: Woburn, Bedfordshire, England

Owner: Russel Family and Dukes of Bedford

Main Block

Main Axis of Symmetry

Arrangement for

Façade and Plan

Service Block

Venetian Windows

Roof/Attic Windows

Hip roofPediment consisted of Cornice, Frieze, Architrave

Rustication Wall on the ground floor

Four IonicColumns/Portico

Building characteristics:• On the roof level it used balustrade to strengthen the edge as a straight line;• Plan was arranged of square central block and it has two wings that are serving as service function;• Venetian windows being implemented on both wings;• Portico and pediment were projected out slightly;• No rustication concept on the base, generally walls made out of same material;

Balustrades

d) Chiswick House(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiswick_House)

Architect: Lord Burlington and William Kent as Landscape architect (1685–1748)

Site Area : 65 acres (0.26 km2)

Location: in Burlington Lane, Chiswick, in London Borough of Hounslow in England

Owner: Cavendish family and William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire

Bedroom

Main Axis of Symmetry

Arrangement for

Façade and Plan

Entry

Dining Room

Drawing Room

Central Mall

Boudoir

Library

Garden Mall

Portico

Obelisks Roof

Pediment consisted of Cornice, Frieze, Architrave

Rustication Wall on the ground floor

Six CorinthianColumns/Portico

Building characteristics:• It has Obelisks in the center and Venetian windows;• Portico and Pediment served as an entry porch;• Symmetry on plan and elevation;• Two main entry steps.

Hip Roof

e) Marble Hill House(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Hill_House)

Architect: Roger Morris, who collaborated with Henry Herbert, Earl of Pembroke

Site Area : 66 acres (2.67 km²)

Location: River Thames in southwest London, situated halfway between Richmond and Twickenham.

Owner: Henrietta Howard, Countess of Suffolk, mistress of King George II

Main Axis of Symmetry

Arrangement for

Façade and Plan

Entry

Portico

Main Square Block

Hip roof Pediment consisted of Cornice, Frieze, Architrave

Rustication Wall on the ground floor

Four TuscanyColumns/Portico

Building characteristics:• The Great Room has five architectural capricci was abundantly covered bydecoration and it is stored early Georgian furniture and paintings as well as the Lazenby Bequest Chinoiserie collection;• Its compact plan and tightly controlled elevations;It is regarded as a model for plantation houses in the American colonies, where sucha house was a "mansion”;• It is now owned by English Heritage, 1986. The function nowadays was added withmodern facilities including a cricket pitch and nets, tennis courts, and a children's playarea.

V.IV. II IRISH PALLADIAN VILLA

Castletown house (1722 )

Russborough house (1741-1755)

a) Castletown House(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castletown_House)

Architect: Alessandro Galilei and the wings were added by Edward Lovett Pearce

Site Area : 550-acre (2.2 km2) estate

Location: Celbridge County Kildare, Ireland

Owner: William ConollyMain Axis of Symmetry

Arrangement for

Façade and Plan

Entry

Kitchen

Bedrooms

Study, Drawing, State,

Entrance Hall, Dining,

State Bedroom. Healy,

Map Room

Main Block (Ground Floor) Main Block (1st storey)

Hip roof Rustication Wall on the ground floor

Ionic Columns

Building characteristics:• It has a grand staircase outside leading to a large Entrance Hall which was gracedwith Stucco gilding and pictures of the family. To the left is the Dining Room whichwas made out of two smaller rooms. To the right of the hall was the huge staircaseitself. This was made of Portland Stone and is cantilevered. Straight on is the GreenDrawing Room and was also known as the Saloon because of its position in thehouse. This was the room that the family used to receive their guests in beforeleaving and (staying on the left hand side of the house) entering the Red DrawingRoom;• Another fascinating room, although odd by today's standards, is the Print Roomwhich was decorated by Lady Louisa and friends, following the fashion of the 1760s,with cut-outs of favorite images. This room is on the right side and is thought to bethe only surviving example of this in Ireland from this period;• Further on is the State Bedroom, which was never used by royalty as such, but bythe various viceroys, based in Dublin. In it are chairs which were from Venice;Another feature of Castle town is the Long Gallery, an 80-foot (24 m) long roomdecorated in the Pompeian manner by O'Reilly in the 1770s in blue, red and gold.

Balustrades Ionic ColumnsIonic ColumnsRustication Wall on the ground floor

b) Russborough House(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russborough_House)

Architect: Richard Cassels

Site Area : frontage measuring 210 m/700 ft

Location: Blessington Lakes in County Wicklow, Ireland

Owner: Joseph Leeson

Main Axis of Symmetry

Arrangement for

Façade and Plan

Main Square Block

Kitchen

Bedrooms

Hip roof Rustication Wall on the ground floor

Ionic Columns

Building characteristics:• Plasterwork on the ceilings by the Lafranchini brothers, who alsocollaborated with Cassels on Carton House;• Russborough has housed two fine art collections,;• Two paintings, Gainsborough's Madame Bacelli and Vermeer's Ladywriting a Letter with her Maid;• Amongst the paintings returned are four Claude Joseph Vernetpaintings entitled ‘Morning’ ‘Midday’ ‘Sunset’ and ‘Night’. Thesepaintings were actually painted for Russborough in the 1750s and hadremained in the house for most of the last 260 years. Vermeer's LadyWriting a Letter With Her Maid and Goya's Portrait of Dona AntoniaZarate were recovered in 1993;• February 7th, 2010, a fire severely damaged the west wing andcaused part of the roof to collapse.

Hip Roof Ionic ColumnsIonic ColumnsRustication Wall on the ground floor

V.IV. III AMERICAN PALLADIAN VILLA

Barrington Hall

Monticello

Hammond Harwood

a) Barrington Hall(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington_Hall_%28Roswell,_Georgia%29)

Architect: Roswell Family

Site Area : -

Location: Roswell, Georgia

Owner: Barrington King

Main Axis of Symmetry

Arrangement for

Façade and Plan

Main Square Block

consisted of bedrooms,

bathrooms, Kitchen, and Foyer

Entry

Gable end roof with Pediment on both ends

Textured Wall

Building characteristics:Antebellum architecture (sometimes spelled ante-bellum, meaning"pre-war", from the Latin ante, "before", and bellum, "war") is a termused to describe the characteristic neoclassical architectural style ofthe Southern United States, especially the Old South, from after thebirth of the United States in the American Revolution, to the start ofthe American Civil War. Antebellum architecture is especiallycharacterized by neoclassical and Greek revival style plantation housesand mansions.

Entry Steps Ionic ColumnsRustication Wall on the ground floor

b) Monticello House(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticello)

Architect: Thomas Jefferson

Site Area : 5,000 acres

Location: Charlottesville, Virginia, United States

Owner: Thomas Jefferson

Main Axis of Symmetry

Arrangement for

Façade and Plan

Cellar

Entry

House Servants Room

Daisy

Storage

Ware Room

Storage Cellar

All weather passage

House Servants Room

Storage, Washing Room

Carriage Ways

Kitchen

Cook’s Room

All weather passage

Building characteristics:• It was based on the neoclassical principles ( Italian Renaissancearchitect Andrea Palladio);• The most dramatic element of the new design was an octagonaldome, in place of a second-story portico;•Mars yellow" walls and a painted green floor;

Entry Steps

Service blockService block Obelisk Roof

Ionic columnAll weather passage

c) Hammond Harwood House(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond-Harwood_House)

Architect: William Buckland in 1773-74

Site Area : 5,000 acres

Location: Annapolis, Maryland, United States

Owner: Matthias Hammond of Anne Arundel CountyMain Axis of Symmetry

Arrangement for

Façade and Plan

Office

Entry

Office A

Hall

Dining Room

Drawing Room

Reception Room

Stair Hall

Kitchen

Service

Foyer

Building characteristics:• Architect William Buckland cleverly adapted Palladio's Villa Pisanidesign to satisfy the tastes of colonial Annapolis. He re-designed theplan to accommodate the tastes for asymmetrical regional preferencesand modified the hyphens from Palladio's arched entries to morepractical single storey connecting links.• The Hammond-Harwood House is a five-part brick house with afive-bay two-story central block, two-story end wings and one-storyconnecting hyphens on either side.• The central block has a shallow hipped roof. The wings projecttoward the street with three-sided hipped-roof bays;• The hyphens are rendered as a blind arcade, with the central bay adoor opening with a pediment above. There is little decoration, withplain rubbed brick flat arches over the windows;• Ornament is confined to the central bay, whose door is framed byengaged Ionic columns and topped by a fanlight. Above the door thesecond floor window is framed with a surround and entablature;• The interior presents the appearance of symmetry where it is in factnot symmetrical, using false doors where necessary to maintain theillusion;

Foyer Service blockOffice block Pediment Ionic column

V.V. 19th CENTURY VILLAS

V. V. 1 19th Century’s Villa(Source: http://www.localhistories.org/18thcent.html and http://www.localhistories.org/19thcent.html)

In the nineteenth century, villa was extended to describe any large suburban house that was

free-standing in a landscaped plot of ground. By the time 'semi-detached villas' were being

erected at the turn of the twentieth century, the term collapsed under its extension and

overuse. The second half of the nineteenth century saw the creation of large "Villenkolonien"

in the German speaking countries, wealthy residential areas that were completely made up of

large mansion houses and often built to an artfully created masterplan. The Villenkolonie of

Lichterfelde West in Berlin was conceived after an extended trip by the architect through the

South of England. In France the Château de Ferrières is an example of the Italian Neo-

Renaissance style villa and in Britain the Mentmore Towers by John Ruskin.

a) Lichterfelde West(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichterfelde_West)

Lichterfelde West is part of Lichterfelde in the Steglitz-Zehlendorf borough of Berlin. It wasdeveloped from 1860 through 1900 by a wealthy businessman Carstenn from Hamburg and isa remarkable example of 19th-century Villenkolonie, a German concept of settlementscompletely made up of mansion houses or villas. Lichterfelde West became part of GreaterBerlin in 1920. Although some houses were destroyed in World War II and many have beenconverted into rentals, the quarter has kept its 19th century charm and pleases with a largeassortment of villas in an often extravagant mix of architectural styles. It still features itsoriginal tree-lined and cobbled streets, small squares and working gas lights.

b) Château de Ferrières(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ferri%C3%A8res)

Château de Ferrières built between 1855-1859 by Baron James de Rothschild in GoutRothschild. It is sitting at the crest of a long entry drive, the château was designed by theBritish architect Joseph Paxton. The inspiration for the design of Ferrières was MentmoreTowers in Buckinghamshire, England and also architecture of the Italian Renaissance, withsquare towers at each corner.The house sits on a formal terrace that gives way to 1.25 km² of gardens in a parklandlandscaped a langlaise that was part of a surrounding 30 km² forest contained in the estate.The showpiece central hall is 120 feet (37 m) long and 60 feet (18 m) high, its roof a full glassskylight. The sculpting of the interior atlas columns and caryatids was by Charles Henri JosephCordier and the decorative painting supervised by Eugene Lami. The massive library heldmore than 8,000 volumes. Because lavish entertaining was important, in addition to the privateRothschild apartments, the Château de Ferrières was built with eighty guest suites.

c) Mentmore Towers(Sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentmore_Towers)

Mentmore Towers is a 19th century English country house in the village of Mentmore inBuckinghamshire. The house was designed by Joseph Paxton and his son-in-law, GeorgeHenry Stokes, in the revival Elizabethan and Jacobean style of the late 16th century calledJacobethan. The house was built between 1852 and 1854 for Baron Mayer de Rothschild,who required a house close to London. Paxton, who had previously designed the CrystalPalace, was responsible for the ridge and furrow glass roof which covered the central hall,designed to imitate the arcaded courtyard of a Renaissance palazzo, while Stokes was co-architect and clerk of works. The builder was the London based firm George Myers,frequently employed by members of the Rothschild family. The dining room, the boiseries, orelaborately carved wood panels were from the Hotel de Villars, Paris, and are the firstexample of this type of decoration to be used in an English house. The fragments of theboiseries not used at Mentmore were later installed at Waddesdon Manor.

Mentmore, the ground floor; many of the rooms named for the collections they once contained. 1:GrandHall; 2:White Drawing Room; 3:Dining Room; 4:Library; 5:Amber Room; 6:limoges Room; 7:Imperialstaircase; 8:Study; 9:Vestibule; 10:Green drawing Room; 11:South Enrance Hall; 12:Blarenberghe Room;13:du Barry Room; 14:Billiards Room; 15:Smoking Room/Armoury; 33: Italian garden; 34:Servants'courtyard; 35:Cour d'honneur; 36:South Terrace; ST:minor service staircases. For other rooms, please seeServants' quarters

V.VI. CONCLUSION

• Design standard seemed overcrowded with furniture and ornaments;

• Villa was designed as a place for living, studying, exhibiting, storing

activities mainly;

• In 18th and 19th century majorly the architectural design was

emphasizing the main axis of symmetry arrangement in the center for

façade and plan treatment;

• By having a main square block sitting in the center, it has been proved

that the villa could be extended on both sides for several houses;

• In Great Britain, Ireland, and America the architecture development

was mainly influenced by Italian Renaissance architect, Palladio, although

in America they are trying to emphasize asymmetry on the interior by

the use of false doors;

• Generally the villa transformation from early 18th until late 19th

century, it is getting lesser ornaments;

• The used of columns, portico, and pediment has been extensively

used and modified in each decade.