17405 - bai giang quan ly du an cntt

8/2/2019 17405 - Bai Giang Quan Ly Du an CNTT

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2MC LC

Chng 1. Gii thiu v qun l d n 51.1. Cc khi nim c bn 51.2. Cc nhn t nh hng n d n (Stackholders) 51.3. Cc lnh vc qun l trong d n (Knowledge areas) 61.4. Vai tr ca ngi qun l d n 8Chng 2. D n Cng ngh Thng tin 102.1. Cc c im ca d n Cng ngh Thng tin 102.2. Cc giai on ca d n (Project phases) 102.3. Cc nhm tin trnh trong mt giai on (Process groups) 12Chng 3. Qun l phm vi d n 133.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l phm vi d n (Project scope) 133.2. Xc nh phm vi d n 133.3. To bng phn r chi tit cng vic (Work Breakdown Structure- WBS) 153.4. Xt duyt v iu khin phm vi 18Chng 4. Qun l thi gian ca d n 19

4.1. Tm quan trng ca lch trnh d n (Project schedules) 194.2. Cc hot ng ca d n (Activities) 194.3. c lng thi gian thc hin (Duration) 214.4. Xy dng lch trnh 244.5. iu khin lch trnh 26Chng 5. Qun l chi ph ca d n 285.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l chi ph d n (Project cost) 285.2. c lng chi ph d n 285.3. Xc nh ngn sch d n (Budget) 315.4. iu khinchi ph d n 33

Chng 6. Qun l cht lng ca d n34

6.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l cht lng 346.2. Lp k hoch cht lng (Planning quality) 346.3. Thc hin m bo cht lng (Quality assurance) 35Chng 7. Qun l ngun nhn lc ca d n 377.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l ngun nhn lc 377.2. Xy dng k hoch qun l ngun nhn lc (Human resource) 377.3. Xy dng nhm d n (Project team) 38Chng 8. Qun l cc ri ro ca d n 418.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l ri ro 418.2. Lp k hoch qun l ri ro 41

8.3. Xc nh cc ri ro 438.4. Phn tch nh lng cc ri ro 468.5. Lp k hoch i ph ri ro (Risk responses) 478.6. Gim st v iu khin cc ri ro 48Mt s thi mu 49


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3Tn hc phn: Xy dng v qun l d n Cng ngh Thng tin Loi hc phn: 4B mn ph trch ging dy: H thng Thng tin Khoa ph trch: CNTTM hc phn: 17405 Tng s TC: 3Tng s tit L thuyt Thc hnh/Xemina T hc Bi tp ln n mn hc

60 30 15 0 c khng

Hc phn hc trc:Nhp mn Cng ngh Phn mm.

Hc phn tin quyt: Khng yu cu.Hc phn song song: Khng yu cu.Mc tiu ca hc phn:

Cung cp cc kin thc c bn v k nng Xy dng& Qun l d n Cng ngh Thng tincho sinh vin.Ni dung ch yu:

Gii thiu v qun l d n; Cc c im ca d n Cng ngh Thng tin; Qun l phm vid n; Qun l thi gian ca d n; Qun l chi ph ca d n; Qun l cht lng ca d n; Qunl ngun nhn lc ca d n; Qun l ri ro ca d n.Ni dung chi tit:

TN CHNG MC

PHN PHI S TIT

TS LT TH BT KTChng 1. Gii thiu v qun l d n 6 41.1. Cc khi nim c bn1.2. Cc nhn t nh hng n d n (Stackholders)1.3. Cc lnh vc qun l trong d n (Knowledge areas)1.4. Vai tr ca ngi qun l d nChng 2. D n Cng ngh Thng tin 3 22.1. Cc c im ca d n Cng ngh Thng tin2.2. Cc giai on ca d n (Project phases)2.3. Cc nhm tin trnh trong mt giai on (Process groups)

Chng 3. Qun l phm vi d n 6 43.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l phm vi d n (Projectscope)3.2. Xc nh phm vi d n3.3. To bng phn r chi tit cng vic (Work BreakdownStructure- WBS)3.4. Xt duyt v iu khin phm viChng 4. Qun l thi gian ca d n 6 44.1. Tm quan trng ca lch trnh d n (Project schedules)4.2. Cc hot ng ca d n (Activities)4.3. c lng thi gian thc hin (Duration)4.4. Xy dng lch trnh4.5. iu khin lch trnhChng 5. Qun l chi ph ca d n 6 45.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l chi ph d n (Project cost)5.2. c lng chi ph d n5.3. Xc nh ngn sch d n (Budget)5.4. iu khin chi ph d nChng 6. Qun l cht lng ca d n 6 46.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l cht lng6.2. Lp k hoch cht lng (Planning quality)

6.3. Thc hin m bo cht lng (Quality assurance)6.4. Cc tiu ch cht lng hin iChng 7. Qun l ngun nhn lc ca d n 6 47.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l ngun nhn lc


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4

TN CHNG MCPHN PHI S TIT

TS LT TH BT KT7.2. Xy dng k hoch qun l ngun nhn lc (Humanresource)7.3. Xy dng nhm d n (Project team)Chng 8. Qun l cc ri ro ca d n 6 48.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l ri ro

8.2. Lp k hoch qun l ri ro8.3. Xc nh cc ri ro8.4. Phn tch nh lng cc ri ro8.5. Lp k hoch i ph ri ro (Risk responses)8.6. Gim st v iu khin cc ri ro

Nhim v ca sinh vin:Tham d cc bui hc l thuyt v thc hnh, lm cc bi tp c giao, lm cc bi thi gia

hc phn v bi thi kt thc hc phn theo ng quy nh.Ti liu hc tp:

1.

Ng Trung Vit,Phng php lun qun l d n Cng ngh Thng tin, NXB Khoa hc vk thut H ni. 2002.2. Kathy Schwalbe,Information Technology Project Management, 4th edition.3. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, Project Management Institute,

Newtown Square, Pennsylvania USA, 2000.Hnh thc v tiu chun nh gi sinh vin:

- Hnh thc thi: thi vit.- Tiu chun nh gi sinh vin: cn c vo s tham gia hc tp ca sinh vin trong cc buihc l thuyt v thc hnh, kt qu lm cc bi tp c giao, kt qu ca cc bi thi gia hc

phn v bi thi kt thc hc phn.Thang im: Thang im ch A, B, C, D, F.

im nh gi hc phn: Z=0,4X + 0,6Y.

Bi ging ny l ti liu chnh thc v thng nhtca B mn H thng Thng tin, KhoaCng ngh Thng tin v c dng ging dy cho sinh vin.

Ngy ph duyt: / /

Trng B mn


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6tin trnh v cht lng, ct bng khai trng, khnh thnh, k v cng b tn ch d

n.

- Nh qun l d n (gimc d n):

Lm vic vi cc i tng lin quan nh ngha d n

Lp k hoch, sp xp lch trnh v d tho ngn sch cc hot ng ca d n vi i

ng ban u; chi huy nhm d n thc thi k hoch

Gim st hiu qu hot ng v thc hin cc hot ng hiu chnh.

Thng xuyn thng bo cho nh ti tr v cc i tng lin quan d n: a ra yu

cu v trnh by nhng thay i v phm vi

ng vai tr l ngi trung gian gia nhm d n v cc i tng lin quan

- Nh qun l chc nng: Cc nh qun l ny chu nh hng bi cc hot ng hay

kt qu ca d n.

Kim sot v ng gp ngun lc cho d n (con ngi, trang thit b )

C th c nhng yu cu tri ngc vi kt qu d n

Trong mt s trng hp l cp trn ca nh qun l d n

- Khch hng: Trong trng hp nh ti tr khng phi l n v trin khai sn phm

ca d n th nh ti tr chnh l khch hng. i tng ny c nhim v nh sau:

Nhn u ra cad n

Thanh ton cho u ra d n

Xc nh nhu cu cho u ra d n

C th l nhiu cng ty hay c nhn vi nhng c im v yu cu tri ngc nhau

- Nh cung cp: mtd n thng bao gm nhiuhng mc khc nhau, trong c nhng

hng mc khi xem xt yu t kh thi, nh ti tr quyt nh mua. Nh cung cp c trch

nhim cung cp cc thitb,snphm hay dchv cnthitphcv cho hot ngca d n

thng qua hnh thc hp ng, mbo d n t c mc tiu ra.

1.3. Cc lnh vc qunl trong d n (Knowledge areas)Theo i tng qun l, qun l d n bao gm 9 lnh vc chnh cn c xem xt,

nghin cu l:

- Lpkhoch tngth: lp khoch cho d n l qu trnh t chcd n theo mt trnh t

l gch, chi tit ho cc mc tiu ca d n thnh nhng cng vic c th v hoch nh

mtchng trnh thc hin nhng cng vic nhmm bo cc lnh vc qun l khc

nhau ca dn c kt hp mt cch chnh xc v y .

- Qun l phm vi: L vic xc nh phm vi, gim st vic thchin mcch, mc tiu

ca d n, xc nh cng vic no thuc v d n v cn phi thc hin, cng vic no

nmngoi phm vi ca d n.


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7- Qun l thi gian: L vic lp k hoch, phn phi v gim st tin thi gian nhm

mbo thi hn hon thnh d n. N ch r mi cng vicphi ko di bao lu, khi no th

bt u, khi no th kt thc v ton b d n ko di bao lu, phi hon thnh khi no.

- Qun l chi ph: L qu trnh d ton kinh ph, gim st thchin chi ph theo tin cho

tng cng vic v tonbd n. C th l tchc, phn tch s liu, bo co nhng thng tin

v chi ph.

- Qun l chtlng: L qu trnh trin khai gim st nhng tiu chunchtlng cho vic

thchind n, mbocht lng ktqu cad nphipng mong munca nh ti

tr(ch u t).

- Qun l nhn lc: L qu trnh hng dn,phi hp nhng n lc ca mi thnh vin

tham gia d n vo vic hon thnh mc tiu ca d n. N cho thy vic s dng lc

lng lao ng ca d n hiu qu n u?

- Qun l thng tin (truyn thng): L qu trnh bo m cc dng thng tin thng sut,nhanh chng v chnh xc gia cc thnh vin d n v vi cc cp qun l, gia cc t

nhm qun l d n. Thng qua qun l thng tin c th tr li cc cu hi: ai cn thong tin

v d n? mc chi tit? cc nh qun l d n cn bo co cho h bng cch no?

- Qun l ri ro: L vic nhn din cc nhn tri ro trong d n, sdng ccphng php

nh tnh, nh lng xc inh tnh cht, mc ri ro v c k hoch i ph cng

nh qun l tng loi ri ro.

- Qun l hpng v cc hotng mua sm: L qu trnh lachn nh cung cp hngho v dch v; thng lng vi h, qun l cc hp ng v iu hnh vic mua bn

nguyn vt liu, trang thitb,dchv nhm gii quytccvn:bng cch no cung cp

cc hng ho, vt liu cn thit cho d n? tin cung cp, chtlng cung cp n u?

1.4. Vai tr ca ngi qun l d nPhn ln kin thccn thitqun l d n l kin thc ring ca ngnh QLDA. Ngoi

ra, Ngi qun tr d n cnphi c kin thc v kinh nghim trong:

- Qun l tng qut

- Lnh vc ng dng ca d n

Cc k nngcn thit ca nh qun ld n:

- K nng lnh o: Lnh o l k nng c bn nh qun l d n ch o, nh hng,

khuyn khch v phi hp cc thnh vin trong nhm cng thc hin d n. y l k nng

quan trng nht. N i hi cc nh qun l d n c nhng phm cht cn thit, c quyn lc

nht nh thc hin thnh cng mc tiu d n.

- K nng lp k hoch v kim sot d n: Nh qun l d n phi l ngi chu trch nhimv k hoch tng th trc nh ti tr v khch hng. V vy, nh qun l d n phi c k

nng lp lch trnh d n v xc nh cc tiu ch nh gi cng vic hon thnh. ng


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8thi, nh qun l d n phi bit thit lp cc quy trnh h thng nh gi v kim sot

mc thnh cng ca bng k hoch.

- K nng giao tip v thng tin trong qun l d n: Nh qun l d n c trch nhim phi

hp, thng nht cc hot ng gia cc b phn chc nng v nhng c quan lin quan

thc hin cc cng vic ca d n nn bt buc phi thnh tho k nng giao tip. Nh qun

l d n phi c kin thc, hiu bit cc cng vic ca cc phng chc nng, c kin thc

rng v mt s lnh vc k thut. Nh qun l d n cng cn gii k nng thng tin,

truyn thng, k nng chia s thng tin gia cc thnh vin d n v nhng ngi lin

quan trong qu trnh trin khai d n.

- K nng thng lng v gii quyt kh khn vng mc: Nh qun l d n trong qu

trnh thc hin trng trch ca mnh c quan h vi rt nhiu nhm. ng thi, cng vi s

pht trin t chc ca d n, trch nhim ca nh qun l d n ngy cng tng nhng quyn

lc ca h ccp khng tng xng. Do thiu quyn lc, bt buc cc nh qun l phi ck nng thng lng gii vi cc nh qun l cp trn v nhng ngi ng u cc b phn

chc nng chuyn mn nhm tranh th ti a s quan tm, ng h ca cp trn, ngi ng

u trong vic ginh ngun lc cn thit cho hot ng ca d n.

- K nng tip th v quan h khch hng: Mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng nht ca

nh qun l d n l tr gip cc n v, doanh nghip trong hot ng Marketing. Lm tt

cng tc tip th s gip n v gi c khch hng hin ti, tng thm khch hng tin nng.

- K nng ra quyt nh: La chn phng n v cch thc thc hin cc cng vic d n lnhng quyt nh rt quan trng, c bit trong nhng iu kin thiu thng tin v

c nhiu thay i, bin ng. ra c quyt nh ng v kp thi cn nhiu k nng tng

hp ca nh qun l nh: k nng t chc bao gm lp k hoch, xc nh mc tiu, phn

tch; k nng xy dng nhm nh thu hiu, thc y, tinh thn ng i v k nng cng

ngh lin quan n kinh nghim, kin thc v d n.

Bi tp1) D n l g? Cc yu t nh hng n d n?

2) Vai tr ca ngi qun l d n?


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Chng 2. D n Cng ngh Thng tin2.1. Cc c im ca d n Cng ngh Thng tin

- CNTT = Phn cng + Phn mm, s tch hp phn cng, phn mm v con ngi

- D n CNTT = d n lin quan n phn cng, phn mm, v mng

V d: D n xy dng h thng tnh cc v chm sc khch hng ti cc Bu in Tnh/Thnh,

phc v hot ng sn xut kinh doanh.

2.2. Cc giai on ca d n (Project phases)D n l mtthcth thngnht, thi gian thc hin xc nh v c btnhnhtnh

nn cc tchc,n vthng chia d n thnh mts giai onqun l thc hin.Mi gian

on c nh du bng vic thchin mt hay nhiu cng vic.Tng hp cc giai on nyc gi l chu k hay vng i ca d n. Chu kcad n xc nh thi im bt u, thi

imkt thc v thi gian thchind n. Chu kd n xc nhnhng cng vic no sc

thchin trong tng giai on v ai s tham gia thchin. N cngch ra nhng cng vic no

cn ligiai oncui sthucv hoc khng thucv phm vicad n. Thng qua chu k d

n c th nhn thy mt s c im:

- Mc chi ph v yu cu nhn lcthng l thp khi mi btud n, tng cao hn vo

thi k pht trin, nhnggimnhanh khi d n bc vo giai on kt thc.

- Xc sut hon thnh d n thnh cng thpnht v do mcri ro l cao nht khi d

nbtu thc hin. Xc sut thnh cng s tng ln khi d nbc qua cc giai on sau.

- Khnngnh hng ca nh ti tr ti c tnh cui cng casnphmd n v do

ti chi ph l cao nht vo thi kbtu v gim mnh khi d n tip tc trong cc giai on

sau.

Vng i d n xc nh cc giai on m mtd nphitri qua tnh t lcbtu cho ti

khi kt thc d n. Cc giai onthng c cch t hon thin kim sot qun l thng qua cc

cng vic gim st, nh gi. in hnh, s chuyn tip gia cc giai on thng c im mc

nh du v mtktqu chuyn giao cth, km theo nhng ph duyt, tn thnh canh ti tr

trc khi bc sang giai on tip theo.

Vng i pht trin d n (Systems Development Life Cycle - SDLC) l khung lm vic

dng m t cc giai on trong qu trnh pht trin v duy tr hthng. SDLC cbn l nhm

cc giai oncad n. Cc giai oncad n thay i ty theo d n, tchchoc lnh vc

kinh doanh, thng c chia thnh 4 giai on nh sau:

- Giai on xy dng tng: Xy dng tng l vic xc nh bc tranh ton cnhv

mc tiu, ktqucui cng cad n vphng php thc hin dn ti kt qu.Xy dng

tng d nbtu ngay khi hnh thnh d n. Kho st-tp hp sliu, xc nh yu cu,nh


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10gi ri ro, d tnh ngun lc, so snh lachnd n, l nhng cng vic trin khai v cn

c qun l trong gian on ny. Quyt nh la chn d n l nhng quyt nh chin lc

da trn mc ch, nhu cu v cc mc tiu lu di ca t chc, doanh nghip. Trong giai on

ny nhng ni dung c xt n l mc ch yu cu ca d n, tnh kh thi, li nhun tim

nng, mc chi ph, mcri ro v c lng cc ngun lc cn thit. ng thi cng cn

lm r hn na tng d n bng cch phc thonhng ktqu v phng php thc hin

trong iu kinhnchv ngun lc. Pht trin tng d n khng cn thitphi lng ho

htbng cc ch tiu nhng n phi ngngn,c dint trn csthc t.i vi cc d n

CNTT, tnh hthng v kh nngtng hp c vai tr quan trng,da trn nntng mt kin trc

CNTT do nh nc quy nh. Kin trc ny c vai tr hngdn vic xy dng cc d n sao

cho chng c thktni, tng hp vi nhau, to ra mtmngquc gia lin thng, thng nht

cch ktni, chia s v cung cpdchv.Kt thc giai on ny l s ph duytvchtrng

thc hin d n ( tng).- Giai on pht trin: L giai on chi tit xem d n cn c thc hin nh th no, ni

dung chyu ca giai on ny tp trung vo cng tc thit k v lp k hoch. y l giai on

cha ng nhng cng vic phc tp nht ca d n.Ni dung ch yu bao gm:

+ Thnh lp nhm d n, xc nh cu trc t chc.

+ Lp k hoch tng th

+ Phn tch, lp bng chi tit cng vic WBS

+ Lp k hoch tin thi gian+ Lp k hoch ngn sch

+ Lp k hoch ngun lc cn thit

+ Lp k hoch chi ph

+ Xin ph chun thc hin tip

Kt thc giai on ny, tin trnh d n c thbtu. Thnh cng cad nph thuc rt

ln vo cht lng v s chun bk lng cacc k hoch trong giai on ny.

- Giai on thchin: L giai onqun l t chc trin khai cc ngun lc bao gm cccng vic cn thitnh xy dng phng c,h thng,lachn cng c, mua sm trang thitb,

lp t y l giai on chim nhiu thi gian v n lc nht.Nhng vn cn xem xt

trong giai on ny l nhng yu cuk thutc thnhm so snh, nhgi la chn cng c

thit b, k thut lp rp, mua thitb chnh, pht trin h thng. Kt thc giai on ny, cc

h thng c xy dng v kim nh, h thng c th chuyn sang giai on vn hnh,a

vo khai thc th nghim.

- Giai onkt thc: Trong giai onkt thc ca chu k d n, cnthc hinnhng cng

vic cn li nh hon thnh snphm, bn giao hthng, cng trnh v nhng ti liu lin quan;

nh gi d n, gii phng cc ngun lc. Di y l mts cc vic c th:


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11+ Hon chnh v lp k hoch lu tr h s lin quan n d n

+ Kim tra li s sch k ton, tin hnh bn giao v bo co

+ Thanh quyt ton

+ i vi pht trin, xy dng h thng cn chun b v bn giao s tay hng dn lp t,

qun tr v s dng

+ Bn giao d n, ly ch k ca khch hng v vic hon thnh

+ B tr lao ng, gii quyt cng n vic lm cho nhng ngi tng tham gia d n

+ Gii phng v b tr li thit b

Cc d n thng bao gm mt s quy trnh lin kt vi nhau. Cc quy trnh ny lp i lp li

v din ra trong tng giai onca vng i d n v tc ng ln nhau. C 5 quy trnh qun l

d n uhotng ti tng giai on vng i d n, nhng mi quy trnh hot ng c mc

khc nhau tu theo mi giai on. Chnghn nhslplica qu trnh khi totin hnh

phnuca mi gian on nhmtp trung vo cc yu cu v mc tiu nghip v tronggiai on. Cc quy trnh ny l:

- Khi to: S cp php cho d n hay giai on no

- Lp k hoch: Sng lc cc mc tiu ca d n v la chn phng n hnh ng tt nht

t c cc mc tiu

- Thc thi k hoch: Qun l, phn b cc ngun lc thc hin k hoch

- Kim sot: L giai on gim st v xem xt mc tin hnh trn c s nguyn

tc nhm xc nh nhng im khc bit so vi k hoch ra thc hin cc hot ngcn thit nhm hiu chnh, m bo d n ang i ng hng, p ng cc mc tiu ca d

n ban u.

- Kt thc: t c k kt hon tt t nh ti tr v a d n hoc giai on n mt kt

thc theo th t

Bi tp1) c im ca cc d n Cng ngh Thng tin

2) Cc giai on ca mt d n


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12

Chng 3. Qun l phm vi d n3.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l phm vi d n (Project scope)

- Phm vi (Scope) l mt danh sch tt c nhng g d n phi lm (v cng c th l mt

danh sch ttcnhngiu m d n khngphi lm). D nphi c mtphm vi c

vit ra r rng, nu khng d n s khng bao gikt thc.

- Cc kt qu chuyn giao (Deliverables) l nhng sn phm ca d n m s

chuyn giao: nh l phn cng, phn mm (mua hoc pht trin), bo hnh, ti liu, o

to v phng thc chuyn giao.

- Nhm d n v cc bn lin quan (Stakeholders) phi cng hiu nhng sn phm no

c to ra nh l kt qu ca d n v chng c to ra nh th no.

Qui trnh qun l phm vi

- Khi tho: Bt u mt d n hoc chuyn tip sang giai on tip theo.

- Lp k hoch phm vi: pht trin cc ti liu nhm cung cp nn tng cho cc quyt nh

v d n trong tng lai

- Xc nh phm vi: chia nh cc sn phm trung gian ca d n thnh cc thnh phn nh

hn, d qun l hn

- Kim tra phm vi: hp thc ha vic chp nhn phm vi ca d n

- iu khin thay i phm vi: iu khin nhng thay i ca phm vi d n.

3.2. Xc nh phm vi d nQuy nh phm vi dng th mc gay go cho mi yu cu thay i m bn nhn

c. Quy nh phm vi l chdn duy nhtcabn khi ai hi liuiu g s xy ra v liu

lic c sa cha hay khng, liuc tnh c c xy dng hay khng, liu giao din

c thay i hay khng hay liu hc c o to hay khng ?

Tho quynh phm vi l cng vic kh khn v bunt nhng cn thit. Quynh phmvi phi

c ti liu yu cu c nghin cu cn thn.

Nguyn tc:

Tp hp thng tin ph hp cho kt lun tun theo cc nguyn tc sau:

m bo rng loi d n v quy m d n c xc nh r

Xem xt vic s dng k hoch d n tch hp cho d n thm / chuyn / thay i v

cc d n vi m.

Chun b cho quy nh phm vi phc tp hn v ln hn cho c d n v m.

m bo rng cc phn c th chuyn giao v ranh gii d n c xc nh r:

Ti liu c xc nh r ci s c hon thnh v khng c hon thnh nh mt

phn ca d n hay khng?


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13 Cc yu cu bt buc v khng bt buc c xc nh r hay khng? Cc tiu ch

chp thun cho cc kt qu chuyn giao c phc tho cha?

Ti liu c xc nh r mi phn c th chuyn giao no s bng ngn ng khng

bit ng hay khng?

Bn c bit khi no d n hon tt khng?

Tnh n ngy thng bt u v ngy thng hon tt theo mc tiu trong c thi

on tng i vi ngy thng bt u theo l thuyt v / hoc ngy thng bt u /

kt thc.

Tnh n hu qu ca nhng ngy thng b tr hn theo ton b d n cng nh cc

mc quan trng c th.

m bo rng trch nhim c xc lp r:

m bo rng tt c cc bn lin quan hiu vai tr v trch nhim ca h trong d

n.

Cn nhc vic s dng ma trn trch nhim.

Mi ngi c hiu chui yu cu cho d n hay khng?

C mt s quy nh hay chun ca ngnh nh hng ti cc phn c th chuyn giao

hay khng? Giao cho ai nghin cu v chu trch nhim v cc phm vi ny.

m bo rng tam gic thp c t ng ch:

Ci no l u tin gia chi phi, lch trnh v cht lng?

Tnh nng, lch trnh hay kinh ph c th thng lng li c gi cho d n

theo ng lch trnh hay ng kinh ph nu cn thit?.

Bn ngun lc c ngha khng? Cc phn c th chuyn giao c th thc hin

c hay khng?

Cc mc quan trng ra c ngha khng?

c tnh chi ph ra c ngha khng?

m bo rng quy nh phm vi phc tho r ri ro lin quan ti d n:

Cn thn cc ri ro nghip v nh cc iu kin th trng xu khng tr thnh

b phn ca quy nh ri ro cho d n.

Cn nhc vic s dng ma trn ri ro trnh hng lot nhng iu xu c th xy

ra.

3.4. To bng phn r chi tit cng vic (Work Breakdown Structure -WBS)

Bng k cng vic phc v cc mc ch khc nhau trong cc t chc khc nhau

ph thuc vo phng php lun qun l d n thng dng. Tuy nhin trong bt k trng

hp s dng no th bng k cng vic lbc sng cn trong vic lp khochd n. Trong


14/54

14phn ny nybn s xem xt cc yu tca bng k cng vic v cc cch thc khc nhau m

n c trin khai trong cc t chc khc nhau.

Bng k cng vics gipbn kim chs cng thng khi tr li cc cu hi ai, ci g, khi

no, u, nh th no v bao lu bng cch tp hp ttc cc chi tit kh khnv cng vic

yu cu to ra phn c th chuyn giao trong d n.

a) nh ngha:

Bngk cng vic l ti liukim sot d n c thc s dng nh mt hp ng php l, ti

liuphm vi hay ti liu kim sot nhng thng thng nn phc tho mts chi titquan trng:

- Cng vic c thc hin.

- Ngy thng, thi gian v a im cng vic c thc hin.

- Ai chu trch nhimthchin cng vic.

- Nguyn vt liu v k thut c dng thc hin cng vic.

- Chi ph thc hin cng vic.- Tiu ch chp thun cng vic.

Mtstchc dngbng k cng vicnh mt hp ng php l vi mt nh cung cp

ang cung cp mt hay nhiuphn c th chuyn giao cho d n. Trong nhng trng hp

ny, bng k cng vics tnh niu kin thanh ton, thng vphthiu qu v cc tiu ch

chp nhn hay t chi cng vic.

Mts tchc dngbng k cng vicnh mt ti liu kim sot cho cc phn c th

chuyn giao cad n c xy dng trong cc bphn khc. Trong cc trng hp nybngk cng vic c th rt ging vi trnh t cng vic gia cc b phn. Mcch u tin ca

bng k cng vic trong nhng trng hp ny l thu mua ngun lc thng qua ccng chc

nng.

Mt s t chc dng bng k cng vic nh mt ti liu phm vi cho cc d

n thm/chuyn/ thay i v d n vi m. Phm vi d n ch c xc nh khi cc kt qu

chuyn giaoc ghi r mt cch cth trongbng k cng vic.Ttc cc cng vic theo

yu cu khng c chi tit ho trong bng k cng vic l do nh ngha ngoi phm vi vcng khng c thc hin hoc c thc hin trong mt bng k cng vic sa i.

b) Tho bng k cng vic

Bng k cng vic c th l mt ti liukim sot ttnhng bncnphihiutchcca

bn s dngbng k cng vic lm n hiu qunh th no.

Xy dng bng k cng vic hiu qu tun theo cc nguyn tc sau:

- mbo rng bn hiu v loi d n:

Cn nhc cn thn cc phn c th chuyn giao lin quan xc nh xem d n l

v m, vi m hay thm/ chuyn/ thay i.

m bo rng bn hiu r mi quan h gia loi d n v k vng cho ti liu d n


15/54

15trong tchc ca bn.

- mbo rng bn hiu tchc ca mnh s dng bng k cng vic nh th no:

T chc c mu bng k cng vic hay khng?

Xem xt cc tp d n khc xem h s dng bng k cng vic nh th no.

- i vo c th trnh nhng nhmln v hiu lm:

m bo rng bn tnh n tt c cc thng tin cn thit ( l ai, ci g, u, khi

no v nh th no).

Nn trnh cc thut ng k thut, cc t thng dng, cc t vit tt, hoc

nh ngha m bo rng mi ngi ang tin hnh cng vic t nh ngha dng

chung.

- Lych k nu bn mun n mang tnh php l hoc rng buc:

Nu bn ang dng bng k cng vic nh mt hp ng vi cc b phn khc nhau

th bn cn ch k lm cho hp ng c gi tr.

c) Cu trc bng k cng vic

Mtbng k cng vic c chiuhng trn xung.Btu t snphm tonb v chia n ra

thnh nhng yutnh hn. Do , ngi ta c th so snh xy dng BKCV gingnh cng tc

chunb dn bi cho mt bi vn. Michuc chia thnh nhngch con, v mich

con li c chia thm na thnh cc phn nh. Tuy nhin, cng cn ch ti quan h gia m

t cng vic v m tsnphm. Trong ,sn phm: danh t (bao gm: u vo, u ra, ng tc

x l); cng vic: ng t, m t mt qu trnh hot ng, x l. BKCV c thc phn thnhnhiu mc. Khngphittc "nhnh" ca BKCV u cn chi tit cng s mc. Mi mc cho php

to ra lch biu v bo co tm tt thng tin ti tng mc .

BKCV ch vit "ci g", ch khng vit "nh th no";

Trnh t ca tng cng vic l khng quan trng cho d quen c t tri sang phi. Xc nh trnh

t nm trong giai on lp lch trnh

BKCV bao gm hai thnh phn chnh.

- Danh sch sn phm: DSSP (Product Breakdown Structure)- Danh sch cng vic: DSCV (TaskBreakdown Structure)

Lu : Na trn ca BKCV bao gm cc m t snphm, Na di ca BKCV bao gm cc

m t cng vic ( rac sn phm)

d) Cc bc xy dng BKCV

Vic xy dng mt BKCV tt, phi mtnhiu gi- thm ch hng ngy lm vicct lc

v sa cha.

Bc 1. Vit ra sn phm chung nht. Dng danh t hay thutng m t trc tip 1 cchvntt (v d: Hthngphn mm qun l nhn s,Bnhvina khoa, Cu mi, ....). Thng tin

ly t ti liu "Phc tho d n"


16/54

16Bc 2. To danh sch snphm: Phn r snphm chung nht thnh cc snphm con

cc mc thp hn. Ni chung, khong 2-3 mc di l .

Bc 3. To lp Danh sch cng vic M t cc cng vic di mi sn phm mc thp

nht. Sau phn r tng cng vicra thnh cc mc thp hn.

Cu hi: Phn r chi tit cng vic n mc no?

Tr li: Nu mt cng vic cn lm nhiu hn 2 tun (hoc 80 gi) th nn phn r tip.

Bc 4. nh m cho mi ca Bng k cng vic. Mc 0: nh m 0.0 cho sn phm chung

nht. Mc 1: nh cc m 1.0, .2.0, 3.0 cho cc sn phm con. nh s tip mi trong BKCV mt

m s duy nht, theo cch sau:

- T trn xung di

- T tri sang phi

- Nu l 1.0. => nh s tip l 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, ....

- Nu l 1.1 => nh tip l 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3, ...- Nu l 1.2 => nh tip 1.2.1, 1.2.2, .....

- Khng phn bit ni dung trong 1 l sn phm hay cng vic

Bc 5. Xt duyt li BKCV

- Tt c cc thuc danh sch sn phm u c danh t (v c th tnh t i km),

- Tt c cc thuc danh sch cng vic c ng t ra lnh v b ng,

- Tt c cc u c m duy nht.

3.5. Xt duyt v iu khin phm viMt k hoch qun l thay i c tun th tt v cht ch s ngn nga vic m rng phm

vi nh hng n tin , cht lng d n.

Nguyn tc

qun l hiu qu vic m rng phm vi, hy tun theo nguyn tc sau:

- Gim st thay i khng c kim sot bng cch phn tch cc gi cng vic tm ra

cng vic khng c php:

+ Gim st cc bo co hiu sut, cc nh gi hiu sut, v cc cuc hp bo co hin

trng tm cc du hiu ca vic m rng phmvi tim nng.

+ Kim tra- thc hin kim nh cng vic ang tin trin.

+ Gim st lch biu v ngn sch.

- m bo mi yu cu thay i c ghi li v sng lc chp thun hoc t chi.

- Lc cc yu cu thay i:

+ Loi b nhng thay i ngoi phm vi tr khi chng quan trng cho d n.

+ i vi nhng thay i c kh nng c chp thun, nh gi nh hng ca vic sali k hoch v lit k cc vn c th c.

+ Nu nh hng nh, gim c d n v i c th x l thay i.


17/54

17+ Nu nh hng va phi, hy chun b mt bo co v nh hng v tm s ng ca

cc i tng lin quan n d n.

+ Nu nh hng ln, hy c m phn v nhng thay i khc c th hnch nh hng.

Hy chun b mt bo co v nh hng cho nh ti tr v nhn c s ph duyt chnh

thc trc khi tin hnh.

- Nu thay i c chp thun, hy thc hin nhng iu chnh cn thit cho k hoch d n

b sung thay i.

- Nu yu cu thay i b t chi, hy m bo rng quyt nh ny c thng bo ti ngi

yu cu.

- Nu thay i c chp nhn, hy thng bo v s chp nhn cho i d n, i tng

c lin quan v cc nh cung cp, theo ng nguyn tc k hoch truyn thng.

Bitp1) Tm quan trng ca qun l phm vi d n2) Trnh by k thut to bng phn r cng vic


18/54

18

Chng 4. Qun l thi gian ca d n4.1. Tm quan trng ca lch trnh d n (Project schedules)

- Kt thc d n ng hn l mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht

- Thi gian c linh hot b nht; n tri qua bt k iu g xy ra

- Cc vn lch biu l l do chnh dn n xung t trong d n, c bit l trong na sau

ca d n, sc p tin gy cng thng, ph v nhng quy nh ca d n

4.2. Cc hot ng ca d n (Activities)a) Hnh ng theo n lc hay thi on

Snhm ln xung quanh n lc v thiontn ti t lu v rtph bin. C mt kin

sai lm tn ti trong mt thi gian di l bnqun l cng nhiungun lc cng thchin mtnhim vcth th nhimvthchin cng nhanh. iu ny c thng hoc khng ng. Cch

hiu r rng v nlc v thi on c th mt rt lu ci thinc tnh v khoch lm vic

c xy dng cho cc d n cng ngh thng tin.

nhngha.

Nlcl thc onng lng hay lao ng dng hon tt mt nhim vcth hay gi

cng vic. Cc chs dng th hin iu ny c tnhbng thi gian trn dngn v. V d

nh ba gikthut hay nm ngy nghin cu.

Theo nng lc l thut ng dng m t nhim v c th hon tt nhanh hn thng qua

vic p dng cc ngun lc lao nghay nng lng ph.

Thion l thc o xem mt gi cng vic hay nhimv c th s mt bao lu hon tt.

Cc ch s dng th hiniu ny c tnh bng cc n v thi gian. Vdnh trong xy

dng nh dn dng, sau milntrn, ngi ta thng 1 tuntrnnnh trc khi tip

tc xy cc tng tip theo.

Khong thi gian cnh l mt thutng dng m t nhimv hay gi cng viccn

n mtlng thi gian hon tt. Vic p dng cc ngun lcphs khng lm thay i thi

gian yu cu.

V d.

Mtvic s mt bao lu hon tt c th hay khng th ph thuc vo vo vicn lc

c p dng bao nhiu. Hy ni rng bn mun to ra mt chai ru. Nhiungi tham gia s

lm cho vic hi nho trong vn trnn nhanh hnnhng khi ru ct vo trong thng

th khng c lng nlc no c th lm cho ru ln men nhanh hn. Cng vic hi nho l theo

nng lc, trong khi v ln men ru l trng hp khong thi gian c nh.

b) Xc lp cc mc quan trng

Mc quan trng l cc trng hp im kim sot trong d n, thng l vic hon ttphn c th


19/54

19chuyn giao chnh to ra yu cu bo co hoc yu cu snghca khch hng hay nh ti

trtrc khi tip tcd n. Mc quan trng c thi on bng 0. Cc mc quan trng ng vai tr

nh nhng mcnhdu v c xc nh bi gim cd n v/hoc khch hng. Chng phi

c xc lp c chn la s dng cc gic quan thng thng, v d nhi vi mtnh gi

thitk chnh, th nghimbn mu,ngun vo cnn tngun bn ngoi, xc tinqung co.

Cc mc quan trng c ch trong vicch ra stin trinti cc im chnh nhng chstin trin

thc sl cc gi cng vic vc lng nn c thc hin sao cho ph hp.

V d:

Mt cng ty t vn xy dng c lng thi gian cho d n khch hng v c cc mc quan

trng ti thi imbtu v kt thc d n v mi giai on ca hp ng c cc phn c th

chuyn giao do sng thunca khch hng c yu cu trc khi h c th tip tc tng

phn mt vbngsng thun,hcng c th trin khai quy trnh qung co. S mc quan

trng cho d n ny c ch ra trong hnh sau:Thng 3 Thng 4 Thng 5 Thng 6 Thng 7 Thng 8

Hon tt hnh ng A

Hon tt hnh ng B

Hon tt hnh ng C

Hon tt hnh ng D

Hon tt hnh ng E

S mc quan trng

c) Cc dn theo lch trnh so vi cc d n theo ngun lc.

Trong nhiu trng hp, thng k knng cn hon tt cc d n cng ngh thng tin

hoc khng tn tihoc lun trong tnh trng thiuht thi gian. Ktqu l huht cc d n

cng ngh thng tin ui mt vi cc rngbucngunlc v khoch lm vicchtch. Tm

hiu v mc chimuth trong cuc u tranh ny c thng vai tr quytnh xy dng

mt c lng ng.nhngha:

Dn hng theo lch trnh khi thi hn chuyn giao cui cng l rng buc quan trng


20/54

20hn c m nh ti tr hay khch hng mong mun. N chi phi mi quytnh trong d n.

Cc d n theo lch trnh s dng htbt cngunlc no cnmbochuyn giao trong thi

hn c xc lp.

Dn hng theo ngunlckhi gi tr cc ngunlc,cth l cc ngunlck nng v chi ph

rng buc quan trng hn c m nh ti trhay khch hng mong mun. N chi phi mi quyt

nh trong d n. Cc d n theo ngun lcphi mrng thi gian hoc tb cht lng gi

li cc rng bucv ngun lc.

Trong c hai trng hp th thutnghng theoc dng din t rng buc quan

trng hn ccho d n ang c a ra.

V d:

C l vd ttnhtv cc d n theo lch trnh trong cng ngh thng tin l cc d n c

tnh cht nh cc chng trnh Y2K va qua. Mi gim c d n c mt thi hn cui cng

khng th thng lng c, chnh xc l 12gi tra ngy 31 thng 12 nm 1999. Cc cng tybtbuc phi dng ht cc ngunlc khng l nng cp hoc thay th cc hthng khng th

thc hin cc mnh lnh ng gi.

Huht cc d n mngnibu theo ngun lc. Trong nhiu trng hp, cc d n c

c s truy cp cc ngun lc pht trin Web rthnch,in hnh l phi mnhn cc d n

thng mi in t v Web site tp trung theo b ngoi.

4.3. c lng thi gian thc hin (Duration)a) Cc k thut c lng thi gian

c lng phi khoa hc:

- Da trn kinh nghimch quan, cm tnh.

-Nhanh v d dng.

- Kt qu thiu tin cy.

Ch nn dng trong cc trng hp

- i ng chuyn mn rt c kinh nghim, c k nng cao, i hnh c nh.

- D n quy nh, bt buc phi theo.

c lng PERT:

Thch hp i vi nhngd n.

- i hi tnh sng to.

- Coi trng cht lng ktqu cng vic hn l thi gian hon thnh d n.

Cng thc PERT.

- Cn lm 3 c lng thi gian cho mi cng vic.

- Kt hp li c con s cui cng.c lngkhdnht (ML-Most Likely): Thi gian cn hon thnh cng vic trong

iu kin bnh thng hay hp l.


21/54

21c lng lc quan nht (MO-Most Optimistic): Thi gian cn hon thnh cng

vic trong iu kinttnht hay l tng (khng c trngi no).

c lng bi quan nht (MP-Most Pessimistic): Thi gian cn hon thnh cng vic

mt cch ti nht (y trngi).

c lng cui cng tnh theo cng thc: (MO + 4(ML) + MP)/6

- Vd:c lng thi gian cho cc cng vic lin quan n lp mngnib cho cquan.

(EST: estimation - c lng thi gian lmd n)

n v tnh: Ngy

Tn cng vic MO ML MP EST

V s v khoan tng 2 3 5 3.2

Lp ccng gen 1 2 4 2.2

i dy 1 2 4 2.2

Lp cc hpni 0.5 1 2 1

Lp cc my tnh my ch 2 3 3 2.8

Ktni cc my tnhmy ch vo

h thng dy mng 1 2 4 2.2

Th xem mng thngcha 0.5 1 10 2.4

Tng thi gian 8 14 32 16

Sau tng thm mt t thi gian cho mi cng vic (thi gian lng ph gia chng).

Thng thng tng thm 7% - 10%

Tn cng vic EST % EST cui cng

V s v khoan tng 3.2 10% 3.52

Lp cc ng gen 2.2 10% 2.42

i dy 2.2 10% 2.42

Lp cc hpni 1 10% 1.1

Lp cc my tnh my ch 2.8 10% 3.08

Kt ni cc my tnh my ch

vo h thng dy mng 2.2 10% 2.42

Th xem mng thngcha 2.4 10% 2.64

Tng thi gian 16 10% 17.6

Phng phpng ti hn (CPM)

Trong thi gian Hi qun M pht trin biu PERT, Dupont cng ang xy dng

Phng php ng ti hn (Critical Path Method, vit tt l CPM). Trong nhng nm 1960,

Dupont nghin cu pht trinrt nhiu cht liu mi ihiphi c cc qui trnh snxut chi tit.


22/54

22Nhu cu ca cc doanh nghip t nhn v quc doanh v nhng vt liu mi vt qu

kh nng ca Dupont trong vic xydng nhng thit b v qui trnh cn thit sn xut hng lot,

v th Dupont xy dng CPM nhm gip xc nh chnh xc hn nhng rng buc v ti

nguyn c nh hng th no n thi gian a ra th trng. Ngy nay rt nhiu ngi coi

CPM l phng thc tip cn mc nh trong vic v s mng cho nhng d n c rng

bucv ti nguyn.

Phng php ng ti hn (Critical Path Method) l mt k thut mng dng mt c

tnh thi gian chnh xc (khng ging vi PERT dng n 3 c tnh) tnh ton thi lng, thi

gian d tr cng vic hay thi gian tr hon, v ng ti hn.Phng php ny c 4 cim

tiu biu:

- Tt c cc gi cng vic phi c t vo mt s mng.

- Cc gi cng vic trn s mngphic sp xptun t sao cho th hin c ttc

cc ph thuc v ng i n kt thc.- CPM mang tnh tinnhch n ch dng mtc tnh thi gian chnh xc ch khng

dng 3 c tnh tnh ton thi lng, v do c kh nng theo di phn trm hon thnh

vi mt mc chnh xc hp l.

- Cui cng, cnphi tnh ton thi gian d tr (float) hay thi gian tr hon (slack) cho

mi gi cng vic v tnh tonng ti hn.

Phng php ng ti hnrt c ch cho nhng d n tng lm trc , cho php c

lng thi gian vi chnh xc hp l.b) Mts hng dn tr gip c lng thi gian cho d n CNTT

Chi ph thi gian ca lp trnh vin

(iu tra ca Bell Labs)

Vit chng trnh 13%

c ti liu hng dn 16%

Thng bo, trao i, vit bo co 32%

Vic ring 13%Vic linh tinh khc 15%

Hun luyn 6%

Gi mail, chat 5%

(iu tra ca IBM)

Lm vic mt mnh 30%

Trao i cng vic 50%

Lm nhng cng vic khc,khng phcv

trc tip cho cng vic 20%


23/54

23Kh khn trong vic c lng thi gian lm phn mm:

- Phn mm cha lm bao gi(khc vi cc d n k thut khc)

- Kh dng li nhng kinh nghimca cc d n trc y

- Cng ngh thay i

- Kh phn danh gii r rng gia cc giai on.

Vd:

+ Kimth c bao gmvic gri hay khng?

+ Thit k c bao gmvicv s cutrc chng trnh hay khng? Cng sc v thi

gian cnph thuc vo mt vi yu t khc

Loi d n Mi trng p dng H s nhnd phng

C C 1

C Mi 1.4

Mi C 1.4

Mi Mi 2

(Loi d nl c nu c hn 2 nm kinh nghim;

Mi trngp dng lc nu chn 2 nm kinh nghim)

Cng sc v thi gian cnph thuc vo tay ngh ca nhm pht trin (nhm lp trnh)

S nm kinh nghim H s nhn

10 0.5

8 0.6

6 0.8

4 1

2 1.4

1 2.6

4.4. Xy dng lch trnh trin khai c lchbiu xy dng,bncnphi tinh thng v cc phng php c

th gim st c lch biu, ts cp nht tnh trngd n v binnglch trnh (SV) v bin

ng ph (CV).

a) Cc thnh phn cagi tr thuc

BCWS Budgeted Cost ofWork Scheduled

Chi ph dton ca vic xp lch


24/54

24BCWP Budgeted Cost ofWork Performed

Chi ph dton ca vic c thc hin. c hiu nh Gi trthu c

ACWP Actual Cost ofWork Performed

Chi ph thc ca cng vic thc hin

Qun l gi tr thu c (EVM) l mt k thutqun l lin kt vic lpkhoch cho cc

ngun lcvi lch trnh v chi ph tng theo tng giai on.Kthut ny cho php nh gi chnh

xc tnh trng v cp nht; ng thi, tnh ton cc khon c lng hon thnh d n.

Gi tr thu cl cng co hiusut chi ph, trong , so snh lng cng vic ln k

hoch vi lng cng vic c thchin xc nh xem chi ph v lch trnh c tin trin

nhkhoch t ra khng. Vic phn tch gi tr thu c em li mt tm nhn chnh xc hn l

da trn vic nhn nhn vnhng binng lch trnh hay chi ph mt cch tch bit. Thng tin

ny s cnh bo cho Gim cd n bit liu d n c ang gp vn hay khng; ng thi

cung cpngun thng tin gi trv cc hnh ng hiuchnhcn thit hon thnh d n mtcch tt p.

V d:

Mtd n trin khai cthchin vi thi lng c tnh l hai thng v chi ph d ton

l 30.000 la. Sau mt thng thchin,d n hon thnh 60% khi lng cng vic, v

chi ht 17.000 la. Trong , chi ph BCWS l 15.000 la. Chi ph BCWP l 18.000 la. V

chi ph ACWP l 17.000 la.

b) Chi ph c bnChi phcbn l khonc lng c tnh bng cch cng ttc cc chi ph t chi ph

lao ng v trang thitb, nguyn vt liu, v tng chi ph cho tng gi cng vic, bao gm c chi

ph d phng. Chi ph ny c s dng o hiusut chi ph.

Cc quy tc ny cng c p dng vo vic lp k hoch.

Phn trm hon thnh (Percent complete) l khon c tnh lng cng vic hon thnh

trong mthotng hay mt nhm cc hotng,c biudinbng phn trm. C nhiu cch

tnh phn trm hon thnh:- Quy tcphntrm 0/100. Cng vics khng c cng nhn cho n khi n c hon

thnh. Khi hon tt, 100% gi tr cng vic s c ng gp vo hot ng .

- Quy tc phn trm 050100 hoc 5050. Mt nhimv c th c ba iu kin:

+ Hon thnh 0% = nhimv cha btu

+ Hon thnh 50% = nhim v bt u nhng cha hon thnh

+ Hon thnh 100% = nhim v hon thnh.

Quy tc ny khng m t chi tits tin trin ca hiu sut nh l 15%, v c th thy rng s

hon thnh nhimv ch c m t theo hai giaion.

- Quy tc hon thnh theo phn trm. Cc con s phn trm hon thnh c nh gi ti


25/54

25cc thi im bo co c th.Mc d y l mt quy tc mang lihiuqu cao khi kim sot

hiu sut chi ph, nhng iu quan trng l phi nhn ra rng phng php ny vn mang tnh

ch quan, v ch yu l do cc con sc tnh qu lc quan. Vn c khnng, nht l trong cc

d n ln, cc ch thu gi cng vic giu cc vn xy ra bng cch d ton cao cho phn

trm cng vic hon thnh, v sau h s lm vic gp rt trong thi gian ti. V dhon

thnh 95%.

- Cc mc quan trng. Phng php ny c p dng thnh cng cho cc gi cng vic c

thi gian di v nhiu hotng.Tng gi tr gi cng vicc chia ra v phn thnh cc ct

mc quan trng trong qu trnh thc hin gi cng vic . Mi ct mc u c mt gi tr d

ton. Gi tr s t c khi d n hon thnh c mt ct mc.

c) Biu theo di Gantt

Biu theo di Ganttl mtbiu Gantt c dng hin thhiusutthc t so vi

hiusutd ton; ng thi c th hinth cng vicc hon thnh cng vi khong tr chomihotng. Mc d khng hinthc mt cch r rng cc mi quan hphthuc gia cc

hotng hay ng ti hn,biu Gantt li l mt cng c rthiuqu trong vic cung cp

thng tin tngktcpnht v c th rt c ch khi phn tch tnghiu sut thi gian cad n.

Biu Gantt cng c thhin th thi gian ca cc ct mc quan trng v cho bit liu c theo

kp cc thi hn khng.

d) Tnh ton gi tr thuc

Tnh Chi ph d ton ca vic xp lch (BCWS) cho mt giai on nht nh. Cckhon ny c xc nh trong qu trnh trin khai kinh phd n v c trong Cutrc chi tit

cng vic (WBS)cp gi cng vic.

c tnh phn trm hon thnh cng vic d ton trong khon thi gian .

- Cnphi xem xt cc nhn t sau khi chnphng php tnh phn trm hon thnh

cng vic:

+ Lng thi gian dnh cho cc gi cng vic

+ phc tpca d n+ Kh nng chu ng sc p ca cc th tc hnh chnh.

+ Phng php no l ph hp nht gimthiu ti a s chmtr.

Tnh ton Chi phd ton cavicc thchin (BCWP), hay cn gi l gi tr thu c

trong khon thi gian , bng cch ly phn trm hon thnh cng vic nhn vi Chi ph d

ton ca vic xp lch (BCWS).

Tnh ton Chi phthcca cng victhchin (ACWP) trong khong thi gian bng

cch xc nh s lng tin thc t c chi.

4.5. iu khin lch trnha) Sdng thng tin cp nhtv lch trnh dn


26/54

26Cc thnh phn ca Hiusut theo lch trnh (SPI) v Bin nglch trnh (SV)

SV (Binng lch trnh) SV = BCWPBCWS

SPI (Hiu sut theo lch trnh) SPI = BCWP / BCWS

Cc d n CNTT thng khng theo st lch trnh d n, cho d k hoch c lp cng

phu chng na.Mt cuc kho st cc nh lnh o CNTT (CIO) gny cho thy ch 10% ccsng kin CNTT c hon thnh ng k hoch v kinh ph, mc d cc d n ny theo st

lch trnh v thi gian sut nachngu.D n cng di th quynu tin s thay i v ngun

nhn lc cng b dch chuyn qua d n khc. Nhcc phng php tnh Hiu sut lch trnh

(SPI) v Bin ng lch trnh (SV), cc Gim c CNTT s nmc lch trnh ang tin trin

theo xu hng tch cc, tiu cc, hay trung ha (Baker and Field, 2001).

SV(Binng lch trnh) l chnh lchoc giakhon thi gian d ton thc hin

hotng so vi khon thi gian thcthchinhotng. Ni cch khc, l chnh lch

gia Chi phd ton ca vicc thc hin (BCWP) v Chi phd ton ca vicxp lch

(BCWS). Cng thc tnh ca Binng lch trnh l SV = BCWP - BCWS.Nukt quca Bin

ng lch trnh (SV) l sdng (+), ngha l nhim v ang vt tin . Cn nu kt qu ca

Binng lch trnh (SV) l s m (-), ngha l thi gian thchin nhimvangb tt li so

vi lch trnh.

SPI(Hiu sut tnh theo lch trnh) l tsgia cng vic hon thnh vi cng vicd ton.

Cng thc tnh Hiusutlch trnh l: SPI = BCWP / BCWS. Nu gi tr SPI ln hn 1, iu

c ngha l cng vic ang vt tin d tnh.

b) Cp nhtlch trnh

tin hnhcp nht lch trnh d n, hy thc hin cc bc sau:

1. S dng thng tin cpnhtv lch trnh d n xc nhc khon thi gian c

chia.

2. Tnh ton Chi ph d ton ca vic xp lch (BCWS)

3. Tnh ton Chi ph d ton ca vic c thc hin (BCWP)

4. Tnh ton Bin ng lch trnh (SV) xc nh xem d n c theo kp tin (s

dng +) hay b tt li (s m -) so vi lch trnh.

5. Tnh ton Hiu sut tnh theo lch trnh (SPI) xc nh xem d n ang theo ng

tin (ln hn 1) hay tt li (b hn 1) so vi lch trnh.

Bi tp1) Lch trnh d n?

2) c lng thi gian d n?

3) iu khin lch trnh d n?


27/54

27

Chng 5. Qun l chi ph ca d n5.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l chi ph d n (Project cost)

Nhng d n v CNTT thng c h s theo di km hiu qu cho vic t c mc

ch v gi c.

- Chi ph trung bnh vt qu d ton ban u theo nghin cutnm 1995 ca CHAOS l

189%; c ci thin 145% trong nghin cu nm 2001

- M cc dn CNTT b hu lm tn trn 81 t la nm 1995

5.2. c lng chi ph d na) Nguyn tc c lng chi ph

nh gi cc ti liu yu cu vi con mt ph bnhv nhng sai lm v b st:- Cc yu cu nghip v c r rng v c th khng?

- Cc yu cu chc nng ch trcc yu cu nghip v khng?

- Quan trng nht l cc yu cu k thut c c phc tho r rng v y khng?

- mborngbn hiuyv mcch cac tnh v ang dng kthutc lng

ng hay khng?

- c tnh sc dng nh gi timlc d nhay qun ld n hay khng?

Khng s dng c lng trn xungnu d n cha tng c thc hin trc y.

mbo rng c lng chnh quy ca bn c cc thnh phn chnh sau:

- Danh sch cc gi nh dng trong xy dng c lng.

- Phm vi bin ng cho c lng ra.

- Giai on thi gian d n c hiu lc.

mborng thi hnc tnh ca ttc cc d n theo ngun lcc chuyn gia vni

dung chuyn ngnh xt duyt cn thn. Chuyn gia vni dung chuyn ngnh hiu cc yu cu

ngun lc v cc kthut lin quan ti vic thc hin hot ng thc s:

- Bn c bit nhng nhimv no l theo nng lc khng?

- Bn c bit k nng no cn thc hin cng vic khng?

mbo rng n lc cnn c trnh bybngcc thut ng c th:

- Trnh by c tnh bng n v o lng ph hp vi nhng th c theo di v

phng dinlch s.

- ng qun tnh c chi ph ngun lc bn trong qu trnh tnh ton ton b n lc.

mbo rng cs vtcht, nguyn vt liucnnc trnh by bng cc thut ng,

trong sc mua s c hiu l:

- Lp chi ph theo n gi, nh mchoc gi thtrng theo cch tnh trn n v tnh ca nguyn

vt liu, csvtcht.


28/54

28- Lp ho n, chng t nguyn vt liu cho d n.

- mbo rng yu cu csvtcht, nguyn vt liuc trnh by bng thutng ti

chnh.

V d:

Hon ttvicc lng thi gian cho d n tng ho lc lng bn hng quy m ln.

Amy ang trong qu trnh thng qua cc c tnh chi ph. c tnh ban u do nh thu tim nng

cung cp cho bit rng dn s chi ph 1,5 triu USD. Do khng ai trong vnphng qun l d n

c btk kinh nghim g vi loin lc ny nn chuyn gia vni dung chuyn ngnh c

annh gi cng vic lin quan trong d n ny. Cc con s chi ph do nh cung cpa

ra da vo mtsd n c hon tt v chuyn gia v ni dung chuyn ngnh thy cc con

s l chnh xc. Tuy nhin c tnh chi phcsvtcht v n lcc mong i m cng ty

mong munng gp cho d n. Sau khi hon tt xt duyt cn thn, Amy cung cp cho nh

ti trca mnh c lng sa li 4,0 triu USD. c lng ny tnh n ttc cc chi ph kthp vi nlc, nguyn vt liu,csvtchtc cung cp bi nh cung cp v cng ty cn

hon tt d n.

b) Chi ph nguyn vt liu

Chi ph nguyn vtliul loi chi ph dng chi ttc cc thnh phn,bphn v ngun

cung cp hoc c dng trong cc d n hoc tr thnh bphn ca cc phn c th chuyn

giao. Cc cng c c dng thc hin cng vic khng phi l nguyn vt liu nu chng

khng trthnh b phnca cc phn c th chuyn giao.V d:

Cc my tnh bn, my dchv, my ch truy cp v si cp quang s l nguyn vt liu

dng trong cc d n nng cp mng. Mbn quyn v phnmm c th l nguyn vt liu trong

nhiud n cng ngh thng tin. Tuy nhin quan trng lphinhrng mbn quyn chophn

mm dng thchin cng vic khng c xem l nguyn vt liutr khi chng c chuyn

giao ti thi im hon tt d n.

c) Chi ph c s vt chtChi phcsvtchtl loi chi ph dng ch cc cng c, thitbvtcht hay csh tng

dng trong sutd n khng tr thnh b phn ca cc phn c th chuyn giao. Trong nhiu t

chc, mc ny n thun c xem nh tng chi ph hay chi ph c nh.

V d:

id n ang tin hnh pht trinngdng thng mi mi cn c khng gian, bn lm

vic, my tnh bn, my dchv, mng LAN/WAN v ngunincnchy mi th. Cc

cng c pht trinphn mm dng to ra mi trng chy cc dchv dng kimt tra cng

s c xem nh phn chi ph csvt cht.

a. c lng chnh quy


29/54

29c lng chnh quy c dng chc lng gnng. Trn thc t chng thng

tt hn cht so vi mtc on khng r rng. Phng php khng c chunb trc ny to

ra k vng rng mt iu g c th c thc hin vi mt lot ngun lc c th v trong

mt lng thi gian nh.

c lng chnh quy v khng chnh quy l cc cng c ta dng don thi gian v

ngun lc cn thit thchin mtd n c th. c lng chnh quy da trn s phn tch.

Trong mt th gii l tng, phn tch ny sc tin hnh theo chiu su. t nht l mt phn

tch mu phi c tin hnh. Mt c lng gmc 3 thnh phn chnh:

- Danh sch cc ginhc s dng trong vic xy dng c lng (V dnh cc chi ph u

vo v lao ng v nguyn vt liu).

- Phm vi bin ng cho c lng c a ra (V d +/- 50%).

- Khong thi gian c lng c hiu lc (Vdnhc lng ny c hiulc trong vng

60 ngy).Ngc li, c lng khng chnh quy l c on da trn s suy on,phng on v

bn nng.

b. c tnh s dng ktqu cho thu

c tnh l mt ti liud n dng don bao nhiu thi gian v tng sngun lc m

d n cnn. Cho thu l mt ti liu thng mi ghi r thi gian v tin bccn hon tt

cng vicd n trong c li rng cho d n. Cho thuc thkt hp chtch cc c tnh t

cc mt s nh thu ph.cgidkina ra s khcbit quan trnggia cho thu v c tnh. Cho thuhu

nhnhhng v khch hng v nh ti trv c stng gi ng thi trong c tnh n li

rng cho d n, trong khi c tnh thng c dng bn trong hoc gia cc nh thuph vi

mc ch thhin chi ph thc.

Nh mt quy tc chung, cc gim cd n cng ngh thng tin khng xy dng cho thu

ph chun m php lut vuthu hin hnh quy nh bi v cc nh ti trkhng trbtk li

rng hay tng gi no cho vics dng cc ngun lc bn trong. Tuy nhin nhiu b phn cngngh thng tin hotng trong hthng khch hng tchi thanh ton, nhngh khng cho php

tng gi dchvca mnh. Ktqu l ti liuh cung cp cho khch hng ca mnh c chcnng

gingnh cho thunhngchth hinnhng chi ph m h cho php sali.Nhiu khi cc ti

liu ny l trnh t cng vic gia cc b phn thay v cc c tnh v cho thu.

d. c lng theo giai on

c lng cc d n cng ngh thngtin thng a ra mt nghch l. Cc s liu thng k

ca ngnh ch ra rngmtd n cng ngh thng tinbtk vi hn 6 triu la c khong 10%

chi hon ttng thi im v ng kinh ph. (Gartner 2000, 107) Phnngca qun l cao

cpi vi tnh hung ny l yu cugii trnh trch nhim ln hn v cc chdc a ra


30/54

30cho c tnh cngrn cng sm cng tt trong quy trnh cad n. Thc t th phng php

c v hp l ny li lm cho mi th xui nhiu. Hy nhrng phn ln cc d n cng ngh

thong tin cha tngc thc hin trc y. Donnhng lng cha xc nh vi schc

chn tuyt i l iu khng th thm chi vi nhngngi c lng c kinh nghim.

Xc nh giai onlphng php tch cc nhm hotngcad n thnh hng lot cc

giai on lin tip. nh gi hiu qu v cc phn c th chuyn giao ca d n din ra cui mi

giai ontrc khi d n chuyn sang giai on tip theo. i khi cc nh gi ny ch cc cng

ca giai on,cngcachngng hay cc im cht. Phng php ny c sdng u tin

khi khng thtchcchnvnhng th thcs lin quan nd n hay thchin vng i sn

phm v tch thnh cc vng i d n nh hn. y cngc gi l xy dngcng ca giai

on. Phng php ny c sdng khi cc nhnh c iu kin cbittrc. Ni cch khc,

khiphnu tin cavnc gii quyt trc khi cc quyt nhc a ra xem ccbc

no cn thit sau .c lngtheo giai on l mtk thut trong c tnh chi ph v lch trnh c xy

dng ring cho tng giai oncad n. Phng php ny c s dngu tin khi khng tht

chcchnvnhngth thcs lin quan nd n. Hn na xy dng mtc tnh ln hunh

ch l cng vicdon, d n c chia thnh cc phn v c tnh mi c xy dng cho

tng phn ca d n.

e. c lng theo thams

c lng theo tham s l k thutu tin cho cc d n cng ngh thng tin cha tng cthc hin trc y v cc d n cng ngh thng tin khng c d liu lch s. Cn cc d n

cng ngh thng tin tng t nh cc d n khc hoc l s kt hp ca cc d n khc nhau

khng c d liu lchsngmcnhimv th sao? Khi cc tnh hung chnh xc c th

khng phi i mt th mtc tnh ngvn c thc xy dngsdng k thutc lng

theo tham s.

c lng theo tham s lykin thc thu c t cc d n tng t nhng khng chnh

xc, ng thi sdng cc tham snh chi ph trn n vc tnh thng tin lch trnh v chiph.

c lng theo tham s c ths dng cho cc d n lnbng cch phn chia chng thnh

cc n v cng vicnh v a vo mt m hnh ton hc.Phng php c lng ny c hiu

qunht khi d liulch sng c sn mcnhimvthm chnussp xptht v s

kt hp c th cc nhimvcha tngc nlctrc y. c lng theo giai onihi

bn phi c3 ngun vothen cht:

- Thng tin lch s bngn v cng vic c s dng lm cs tnh ton.

- Tp hp cc c tnh, yu cu v k hoch chi tit.

- M hnh ton hc c xy dng cn thn c gi l cng thc theo tham s trnh by mi


31/54

31quan h cng vic lin quan.

Mt s t chc s dngc lng theo tham s cc mccu trc chi tit cng vic

thp hn, h c nhiud liu chnh xc v chi tit hn v sau kt hp kt qu vo cc

mu c xy dng trc hp li thnh c lng chi tit c chnh xc cao.

Cc phngphp c lng theo tham s ph bin hin nay l:

- Phng php COCOMO da trn KLOC (Kilo Line Of Codes)

- Phng phpimchc nng Function Point

- Phng phpimtrng hp s dngUseCase Point

- Phng php COSMIC FFP: Full Function Point

- Ngoi ra, trn th gii hinsdngnhiuphng php khc nhimi tng, im

c tnh (Feature Point)

f. c lng di ln

c lngdi ln l mtkthutc lng mtnhiu thi gian nhngcck chnh xc.c lng di ln c tnh chi ph v lch trnh mc gi cng vicca cu trc chi tit

cng vic v sau tng hp cc con s ny tnh tngs cho d n. c lng di ln l k

thut chnh xc nht c gi tri vi gim cd n cng ngh thng tin. c tnh cho d n

theo nghaen l tng ca ccphn, do vy nuc tnh gi cng vic khng hon thin th c

tnh d n cng nh vy. Phng php ny cn mtcu trc chi tit cng vic v da vo mts

gi nh:

- Kh nng. Ngi angc tnh chi ph v lch trnh cho cc gi cng vicphibitcng victhc sc tin hnh nh th no.

- Tnh chnh trc.Nungi angthc hin cng vic tham gia vo c tnh th hkhng th nh

gi qu cao hocqu thp v thi gian cn hon thnh cng vic.

- chnh xc. Tng tng xem iu g s xy ra i vi cc con s chi ph v lch trnh cabn

nu ai lin quan n quy trnh tnghp thm mt cht yu t gian lnvo c tnh tng

giai on.

g. c lng trn xungclngtrn xung l mtk thutbtubng mtc tnh cho ton bd n v sau

chia ra thnh t l phn trm trong tngsi vi mi giai on hay loi cngvicd n. iu

ny c thchinda vo cng thc thu c t cc dliu lch s do cc d n tng t cung

cp. Phng php ny cn mt cu trc chi tit cng vic v da vo mt s ginh rt nguy

him:

- Tnh tng t cad n. Cng thc phn chia cc ngunlcda vo cc d liulchs

ca mtloid n cth.Nud n angc c tnh khc nhau vcbn so vi d n dng

xy dng cng thc th cng thc s khng chnh xc.

- chnh xc ca tonbc tnh. Do kthut trn xung phn chia c tnh cho tonb


32/54

32d n thnh cc giai on khc nhau nn chnh xc caton bc tnh mang tnh cht quyt

nh.

Do c lng trn xungcn c thng tin lch s nn khng th thc hin c lng trn

xung cho mt d n cha tng cthc hin trc y.

C ba c s lp lun gii thch l do ti sao nhiu c lng trn xung chocc d n cng

ngh thng tin c xu hng tht bi:

- Shiubit r rng caqun l v quy trnh trn xungbin n tr thnh mtk thut

ph bin nht dng trong c lng v d ton cc d n cng ngh thng tin.

- Phn ln cc d n cngngh thng tin cha tngc thc hin trc y.

- c lng trn xung cn c mt cu trc chi tit cng vic v cc dliulchs, do

khng th dng cho d n cha tng c thc hin trc y.

V vy k thut c lng trn xungt khi c s dng trong cc d n cng ngh thng tin.

5.3. Xc nh ngn sch d n (Budget)D ton ngn sch cho cc chi ph l mthotngnghip v theo di tt c cc chi ph

trctip v gin tip cho cng tybng d n. Khi doanh thu cho d n c so snh vi ttc

cc chi ph trc tip v gin tip tnh ton li nhun ca tngd n. Hotng ny rtph bin

trong ngnh xy dng vi khic xem nh k ton cng vic.

V d:

Mt cng ty t vn nh chuyn nng cp mng LAN cho cc hng vi t hn 50 my tnh

bn s dng k ton ohiuqu ti chnh cah trong mid n. Cc chi ph trc tipnh

bn hng, lao ng, nguyn vt liu c theo di cho tng mng m h nng cp. Chi ph gin

tip hay tng chi phnhkhong khng gian vn phng, inthoi,k ton v qun l c phn

ra thnh cng thc chi ph mi ngy v thm vo cc chi ph ca mid n. Phng php ny cho

php nh lnh o phn tch xem cc chi ph trc tip v gin tipnh hng ti li nhunnghip

v nh th no?

5.4. iu khin chi ph d na) Theo di kinh ph qua cc ch tiu

Cc thnh phn ca Hiu sut chi ph (CPI) v Bin ng chi ph (CV)

CV (Bin ng chi ph) CV = BCWPACWP

CPI (Hiusut chi ph ) CPI = BCWP / ACWP

Mt nghin cu thc hin nm 1998 cho bit 51% cc d n CNTT tr gi t 6 triu la

trln sdngvt qu kinh phd tnh, trung bnh l 189 %. (Garner 1999, 107). Pht hinsm xu hng chi tiu khng hp l c th gip ci thin c con s ny rt nhiu. Qua ,

ngi ta nghin cu, tng hp v a ra nhng chs quan trng c thoc chi ph tiu


33/54

33hao, t ra cc phng n qun l hiu qu ngun kinh ph khi d n ang i vo nhng

giai on quan trng. Cc chtiu quan trng l:

- CV(Bin ng chi ph) l chnh lch gia chi ph d ton cho mt hotng v chi ph

thc hon thnh hotng. Ni cch khc, l chnh lch gia Chi phd ton ca vic

c thc hin (BCWP) v Chi ph thc ca vic thc hin (ACWP).Cng thc tnh Bin

ng chi ph l CV = BCWPACWP.Nu kt qucaBinng chi ph (CV) l s dng (+),

ngha l d n chasdng ht kinh ph; ngc linu l s m (-), ngha l dn s dng

vt qu kinh ph d ton.

- CPI (Hiu sut chi ph) l t s gia chi ph d ton thc hin cng vic vi chi ph

thc hon thnh cng vic, hay ni cch khc l t s gia Chi ph d ton ca vic c

thchin (BCWP) vi Chi phthcca cng vic thc hin (ACWP). Cng thc tnh Hiu

sut chi ph l CPI = BCWP / ACWP. Nu gi tr CPI ln hn 1, iu c ngha l chi phd

n chac sdng trit. Ngc li,nu gi tr CPI nhhn1, ngha l chi ph thc hindn vt qu chi ph d ton. Nhccphng php tnh Hiu sut chi ph (CPI) v Binng chi

ph (CV), cc Gim c CNTT snmc vic chi tiu ang tin trin theo chiu hng tch

cc, tiu cc, hay trung ha so vi cng vic c thc hin, v ccc ng thi kp thi.

b) Kim sot - iu chnh ph

- Gim st hot ng chi ph.

- Bo mrng ch c s thay i hp l u c ghi nhn trongng mc (Base line)

- Thng bo nhng thay i n nhngngi c thm quyn.c) Tin hnh cp nht kinh ph

tin hnhcp nht lch trnh d n, thc hin theo cc bc sau:

1. Tnh ton chi ph d ton ca vic c thc hin (BCWS)

2. Tnh ton chi ph thc ca cng vic thc hin (ACWP)

3. Tnh bin ng chi ph (CV) xc nh xem d n ny cha s dng trit kinh ph (kt

qu mang s dng +) hoc vt qu kinhph (kt qu mang s m -).

4. Tnh ton hiusut chi ph (CPI) l ts xc nh xem d n s dng kinh phcha trit (ts ln hn 1), hay vt qu chi ph d ton (t s nh hn 1).

5. Xc nh c nn ln sang cc khon d tr d phng/ d tr cho qun l da trn k hoch

qun l ri ro m bn a ra hay khng?

Bi tp1) Tm quan trng ca qun l chi ph d n?

2) c lng chi ph d n?


34/54

34

Chng 6. Qun l cht lng ca d n

6.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l cht lngL mt gim c CNTT, nhim v cabn l phi bn giao sn phm t yu cu, tiu

chunt ra trc . Ch ny s gii thiu chobn cc kthutqun l chtlng cad

n m khng gy bin ng ln v ti nguyn.

Trong sut qu trnh thchind n, lm cch no bitc bnanginghng

ca mc tiu ra? Bn khng th dng qu nhiu thi gian v tinbc,nhngvnphi bn giao

snphm. Thch thc ca mt Gim cd n CNTT l phi thng xuyn cn bng giacht

lng vi lch trnh v chi ph. Vic cn bng nh th khng phi l mt vic d thc hin. Ch

ny s gii thiu cc bc gip bn duy tr dn n nh.

6.2. Lp k hoch cht lng (Planning quality)Trong vi thp k gn y, c mt phong tro hng ti nng cao cht lng v thay i

trng tm t thanh tra kim sot chtlng ti a im sn xut (pht hin vn ) sang m bo

cht lng. Trong cht lng l mt phn khng th thiu ca qu trnh thit k (phng trnh

vn ). Nhiu t chc p dng cc h thng qun l cht lng tng th (Total

Quality Management, vit tt l TQM), trong coi cht lng l mt qu trnh pht trin lin tc

ch khng phi l mt s kindin ra mt ln. Nhng h thng cht lng ny khng ch cdng trong trong qu trnh pht trin sn phm v dch v m cn c dng trong cc qui trnh

qun l d n. Nhng ngi ng gp quan trng cho thnh cng ca phong tro cht

lng ny l W.Edwwrds Deming, Joseph M, Juran, Phillip B.Crosby, Genichi Taguchi.

K hoch qun l cht lng (quality management plan) l mt ti liu d n nh ra nhng

tiu chun cht lng p dng cho d n v cch thc t c nhng tiu chun ny.

K hoch qun l cht lng c hp nht trong k hoch tng th ca d n. N c xy

dng trong qu trnh lp k hoch cht lng v phi bao gm cc k hoch cho m bo cht

lng, kim sot cht lng, nng cao cht lng trong vng i ca d n.N cng cn phi bao

gm c phng thc trao i thng tin c dng bo co ma trn hiu qu hot ng cho nh

ti tr, i d n, nhng ngic lin quan v nh cung cp. K hoch qun l cht lng theo

chiu su c vai tr rt quan trng i cc d n pht trin ng dng. Cn phi duyt v cp nht k

hoch qun l cht lng thng xuyn nhm m bo k hoch phn nh c yu cu ca nhng

ngi lin quan n d n.

xy dng mt bn k hoch qun l cht lng, cn lm theo cc bc sau:

1. Kim duyt cc ti liu v yu cu v hi li nh ti tr nu cn, nhm m bo tt c

cc yu cu ca nh ti tr c nh ngha r rng.

2. Xc nh thc o (metric) cht lng dng cho d n, t ra nhng tiu chun cht


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35lng v mc tiu v hiuqu tun theo nhng tiu chun v quy tc cng nghip.

3. Thit lp lch trnh kim nh kim th da trn nhng ph thuc v c im k thut

ca d n.

4. Thit lp vai tr v trch nhim qun k cht lng, a cc cng vic vo lch trnh d

n.

5. iu ha bo co hiu qu hot ng v kt qu kim nh thc t vi tiu chun cht

lng v mc tiu v hiu qu hot ng.

6. Xy dng vng lp cho hnh ng hiu chnh trong vic x l bin ng cht lng.

7. Xy dng cc phng php gii quyt bt ng gia cc thnh vin trong i v s ph

hp ca cc kt qu chuyn giao.

8. Lp k hoch bo co hiu qu hot ng bng cch xc nh c ch phn hi cho nh

ti tr, ngi c lin quan n d n, v cc nh cung cp v tiu chun cht lng v mc tiu

hiu qu cng vic.9. Bo m k hoch tun th yu cu ca nh ti tr v nh ngha c cc tiu ch, bao

gm kim th chp nhn cho vic k kt hon tt ca nh ti tr khi d n kt thc.

6.3. Thc hin m bo cht lng (Quality assurance)m bo cht lng (Quality Assurance) l hot ng thng xuyn nh gi mt cch c h

thng cht lng tng th ca d n trong qu trnh thc hin cc c ng tin rng d n s t

c nhng tiu chun cht lng ra cng nh cc tiu chun ngnh, tiu chun quc gia.

m bo cht lng l hotng theo hng phng nga.

a) Bin ng v cht lng

Nh c tho lun cc ch trc, nhiu t chc p dng H thng Qun l Cht

lng tng th (TQM) theo m hnh Pht trin Quy trnh lin tc. Gim c d n l ngi chu

trch nhim cui cng trong khu qun l cht lng; tuy nhin, vic nh gi cht lng li l

trch nhim ca b phn bo m cht lng.

b) Tm quan trng ca bin ng

Tm quan trng l mc quan trng c t cho cc bin ng xc nh c cc hnh

ng hiu chnh cn thit m Gim c d n phi thc hin. Qun l d n khng phi l mt mn

khoa hc chnh xc, v cc d n u c rng buc v ngun lc. Gim c d n phi xc nh

tm quan trng ca cc bin ng v n lin quan n tng th d n v im cn bng trong tam

gic thp (iron triangle balance). Gim c d n phi xc nh cc ngng gii hn m nh ti tr

d n t ra cho cc bin ng trong phm vi d n, cng nh trong bi cnh ca t chc; v s

dng ngun lc hp l.

V d: Bin ng chi phGi s trong mt d n tr gi 5 triu la, bin ng chi ph l 5.000 la, tm quan trng

ca bin ng s rt thp. Nhng vi bin ng chi ph l 5.000 la trong mt d n tr gi 50.000


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36 la, tm quan trng s cao hn nhiu.

Bi tp1) Tm quan trng ca qun l cht lng d n?2) Lp k hoch cht lng?

3) Thc hin m bo cht lng?


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37Chng 7. Qun l ngun nhn lc ca d n

7.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l ngun nhn lcCon ngi quyt nh s thnh cng hay tht bi ca t chc hay d n.

Cc con s thng k gn y v nhu cu lc lng lao ng lm vic trong lnh vc pht trinv ng dng cng ngh thng tin tng nhanh, v d di y cho thy r iu :

M: 12/2002 c hn 10,1 triu k s CNTT, tng t 9,9 triu t thng 1/2002. Cc nh

qun l CNTT d on trong tnglai gn h s cn thm 1,2 triu k s. Cc cng ty khng thuc

lnh vc CNTT thu k s nhiu hn cc cng ty CNTT theo t l l 12:1.

7.2. Xy dng k hoch qun l ngun nhn lc (Human resource)a) Cc dngt chc

Cc dngtchc l cc cu trc m thng qua mt cng ty tchc cc hotng hng

ngy tiu ho hiuqu. C ba dngtchc chnh l theo chcnng, ma trn v theo d n.

Chng c nhng c im sau:

Cc dng tchc c im

Cu trc chc nng Mibphn chu trch nhim thc hin mt tp hp hot

ng c th,thng xuyn, v tng i n nh.

Nhiu ngi cng thc hin mt dng hot ng.

Bo co theo thbc, bo co ca tng c nhn vi mtnh qun l

Cu trc ma trn Cc c nhn vn bo co ln trn theo thbcv chcnng, nhngh

cng bo co theo chiu rng vi t mtgim c d n trln

Trong mt s t chc, s bo co theo ma trn ny c th

l hnh thc tn ti lu di.

Trong mtd n c cu trc ma trn th ma trnch l tm thi

Cu trc ma trn c th c m t nh hi t yu, cn bng hay hi

t mnhph thuc vo chcnng tng i ca gim c d n so vi

gim cchcnng.Miquan h ny c minh ho trong hnh 7-1


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38Cu trc theo d n

Hay d n thun tu

Gim c d n v i d n nng ct hot ng nh mt n v t

chc hon ton c lpvi tchc m(tchc truyn thng)

Trong mt s t chc, cu trc d n thun tu c thbao gm nhng

h thng t h tr, chng hn nh mt phng nhn s hay phng thu

mua ring. Trong cc t chckhc, cu trc d n thun tu li chia s

hthnghtrny vi

t chc m.Cc dng t chc

b) Chc nng c bn trong cc cu trc t chc

Chc nng cbn l chc nngca gim cd n thng qua d n .Phi lu rng

trong mtcu trc chcnng thun tu th chcnng ca gim cd n tung ithp so vi

gim cchcnng trong khi mtcu trc theo d n th hon ton ngc li.

7.3. Xy dng nhm d n (Project team)Cc hotng pht trinid n l mt yu t tt yu khi tin hnh d n. Ch ny

a ra cc phng php pht trin i d n mt cch hiu qu.

L Gim cd n CNTT, bnphii mt vi thch thcv pha nhn s.i d n c

thc hnh thnh tmt nhm ngi c nng lc v c xp lch trnh kh dy c. Nhng

ngi ny thng coi trng kinthckthut hn l v tr. Nhimvca Gim cd n chnh

l tp hp nhng con ngi khc nhau ny thnh mt i, y khng phi l mt nhim v d

dng thc hin. Hiuqu lm viccaid n chnh l trch nhim m Gim cd n phignh vc. Ch ny s gip xc nh cc vnnhhng nhiuqu lm vic ca id

n.

Cc giai on pht trini d n

Mingi khng phi sinh ra l mt c nhn c y cc khnng.Hphi tri qua

cc giai on pht trin v hctp cn thit cho n khi trng thnh. Tng tnh vy, id

n cngphitri qua cc giai on pht trinnhtnh. Hiuc vn, cngnhbit cc

ch tiu cho tng giai on pht trin.Gim cd n schng gip id n phn utnng sut lm vic cao nht c th.

Cc giai on pht trin i d n

Giai on c im

Hnh thnh Thnh vin id n lm quen vi nhau, tho ra cc quy tc v s hp tc gia

cc thnh vin.

Mu thun Ny sinh cc xung t gia cc thnh vin i d n v cc vn tranh lun.

Ha gii Cc vn gia cc thnh vin i d n c gii quyt,tp trung vo cc vn v quy trnh v nng xut lao ng.

Thc hin i d n lm vic vi nng xut caonht.


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39a) Giai on hnh thnh

Trong giai onHnh thnh, cc thnh vin i d n thng phn vn khng bit tham gia

id n c phi l quytnh sng sut khng? Ha ra nhngnh gi ban u vknng

v chtlng lm vic ca cc thnh vin cng lm trong i, v hcng lo lng xem cc thnh

vin cn li trong inh gi vhnhth no?. Khi mtd n angc hnh thnh th cc

cuc trao i thng mang tnh cht lchs v khng c g b buc, v cc thnh vin vnngn

ngithhin nhiu quan im c nhn.Nhng buihpd n trong giai on ny thng kh ln

xn, v cc thnh vinang c gng tm hiu nhim v ca nhng ngi khc trong d n.

Mtiulu rng cc hotng pht trinid n c a ra cc thnh vin trong

i cng nhau thchin,ch khng phi l s p tcacp trn cho i. C th tchc cchot

ng ny theo tng nhm nh, hoc theo phm vi ton i. Mc ch chnh l nhm gip cc

thnh vin i d n dncmthythoi mi khi lm vic v trao i vi mi ngi trong i.

V d: Hnh thnh i d nPhong hon tt vic tuynchn cc thnh vin d n, v ang suy nghtm cch no

id n c thbtu mt cch ttp. Anh btubng mt buihpd n, trnh by v

tng quan ca d n v tm quan trngca n i vi t chc. Mi thnh vin d n uc

pht ti liuvvn c trnh by. Phong tip tcbui hpbng cuc trao iv mng

li. Mi thnh vin id n t gii thiuv mnh v k mt cu chuyn khng lin quan n

cng vic,ng thi ng gp kinvvn chuyn mn c nu ra. Bui hp hm

gip ph vmikhong cch gia cc thnh vin trong i d n. Sau , Phong ln khochcho cc buihp tip theo hon thnh hot nglp k hochcho i d n.

b) Giai on ny sinh muthun

Trong giai on mu thun, cc thnh vin d n thng rt bo th v v th ny sinh

nhiu mu thun.S khc nhau v tnh cch btubcl,hquca cc cuc xung t l cc

thnh vin mun lm cng vicd n, hoca ra quytnh theo cch ring ca mnh. Trong

giai on ny, Gim c d n cn phi s dng cc knng gii quyt xung t v k nng y

thc gip i d n gii quyt c vn .V d:Mu thun ny sinh trong i d n:

Hiu v Cngu l k s Web y kinh nghim, hin ang lm vic cho mtd n v

mngnib.Hiu th nht mc rng nn ci cc Applet vo my trm, cn Ton th qu quyt

nn ci vo my ch. Cui cng Gim c d n Phong phi nhy vo v m cuc hp gia

Hiu, Cng v DBA cad n cng nht tr tin hnh theo cch tt nht.

c) Giai on ha gii

giai onHagii,id nbtu lm vicmt cch nngsut m khngphi lo lng

g v quan im c nhn hoc cc vn tranh ci. Khi xung tvn cn xy ra th ngi ta ch

tp trung vo cc vn lin quan n quy trnh hn l lin quan n c nhn. id nbtu


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40hot ng trn cstin tng v trng cy ln nhau.

Trong giai on ha gii, Gim c d n phi thm vo cc tiu chbng cch tp trung

vo cc vn v hiu qu lm vic ca d n. Chng hn nh Gim c d n phi:

- Tp trung nng cao nngsut ca inhmt c mc tiu ca d n.

- Nu i d n mcphi nhng vn c bn th hy lp cc nhm chc nng gii quyt

vn .

- Xa b ttc nhng ro cn gy tn hi n hiu qu lm vic ca i.

- Tochi ban qun l, khch hng, cngnh cc i khc ghi nhn hiu qu lm vic ca i

d n.

V d:Ha gii cc xung t trong i d n.

id n va lm vic c hai thng trong khoch 6 thng nng cp hiu hnh

ca my trm, nhng liny sinh mtsvnvcu hnh giahiu hnh v cc ngdng

doanh nghip. Gim cd n c mt nhm tp trung gii quytvncu hnh, v hdngii quytc vn. Tinca d n hi chm so vi lch trnh, v id n rt mt mi v

nhnggilm vic di v cngthng.Bitc rng nh ti trrt thng cm vi nhng nlc

ca i, Gim cd n tchc mtbuintra cho icng vi nh ti trd n, vi mc

ch ghi nhn nhng nlc ca i v to lng nhit huyt mi cho d n.

d) Giai on thc hin

Trong giai onThc hin, id n s lm vic vi nng sut cao nht. Viccng tc v

trao i trnn d dng, cc xung t c gii quyt. Cc thnh vin trong icm thy thoimi khi trnh by c cc vn , tin tng vo ng i tm ra gii php tt nht cho ton i

d n. Vai tr Gim cd n trong giai onthchin lphi cng nhnhiuqu lm vicca

i, nhng li ng ngoinh th i d n t gii quyt vn ny.

V d:Giai on thc hin i d n.

Tincaid n ang chm so vi lch trnh, iu ny i hi cc thnh vin trong i

phi lm vic ngoi gi. Mc d l ngi lun ht mnh v d n, Nguyn vnphi lo cho con

nh, nn vic lm ngoi gii vi anh ta qu tht l rtvtv. Thay v gp Gim cd n trnh by vn , Nguyn t thu xp vi mt thnh vin khc trong i l Hin. Nguyn s

lm nhng cng vic m Hinvndrt ght, v ngc li c s lm thm gigii quyt cng

vicca Nguyn. y l mt v d kh hay trong giai on thc hin, v id n thhin

c s cng hin v mc tiu cad n, v t gii quyt cc vn mt cch m thm m khng

h c xungt g.

Bitp

1) Tm quan trng ca qun l ngun nhn lc?2) Xy dng k hoch qun l ngun nhn lc?


41/54

41

Chng 8. Qun l cc ri ro ca d n8.1. Tm quan trng ca qun l ri ro

Qun l ri ro d n l mt ngh thut v k nng nhn bit khoa hc, l nhim v, v s i

ph vi ri ro thng qua hot ng ca mt d n v nhng mc tiu i hi quan trng nht ca

d n.

- Qun l ri ro thngkhng c ch trong cc d n, nhng n li gip ci thin c

s thnh cng ca d n trong vic gip chn la nhng dn tt, xc nh phm vi d n, v pht

trin nhng c tnh c tnh thc t.

8.2. Lp k hoch qun l ri ro

K hoch ri ro bao gm k hoch d phng, k hoch rt lui, qu d phng :- K hoch d phng (i ph nhng bt ng) l nhng hot ng xc nh trc m thnh

vin ca d n s thc hin nu mt s kin ri ro xut hin

- K hoch rt lui c thc hin cho nhng ri ro c tc ng ln ti nhng yu cu mc

tiu ca d n

- Qu d phng (bt ng) hay tin tr cp c gi bi nh ti tr v c th dng gim nh

chi ph hay ri ro lch biu nu c nhng s thay i v phm vi hay cht lng. Xy dng k

hoch qun l ri ro bao gm mt s bc sau:

1. Xc nh chin lc v phng php qun l ri ro bng cc phng php nh lng v nh

tnh, cng nh cc k hoch xp loi.

2. Lp k hoch d phng bng cch xc nh cc phng php i ph v cc chin lc gim

thiu, ng thi xy dng mt bn k hoch da trn tnh hung, tch hp cc bin php i ph v

cc chin lc gim thiu thnh mt tng th ton din.

3. Lp k hoch qun l ri ro trn ng ti hn bng cch xc nh bn cht c trng v tm

quan trng ca cc ri ro i vi ng ti hn.

4. nh ngha cc du hiu ri ro lm du hiu cnh bo sm khi c th v nhn bit ri ro.

5. Ch nh ngi chu trch nhim cho mt ri ro hoc mi e da nht nh. nh ra nhng du

hiu ri ro m h cn gim st v cc bin php i ph m h cn thc hin.

6. Lp qu d phng ri ro (contingency reserve) nhm h tr cho khoch.

7. Lp quy trnh cp nht k hoch trong sut vng i ca d n.

8.3. Xc nh cc ri ro1. Nhn din ri ro k hoch, lin quan ti:

- Pht biu v cng vic

- Cu trc phn vic


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42- c lng thi gian

- Lp lch biu

- Xc nh sn phm

- Qun l d n tng

- K hoch d n

- Vng i

2. Nhn din ri ro t chc lin quan ti

- Phn b nhim v

- Tuyn nhn vin

- Hun luyn

- Phn mm

- D liu

- cung cp- Tin nghi

- S t chc

- S tham d ca khch hng

- H tr ca qun l cao cp

3. Nhn din ri ro kim sot lin quan ti

- K hoch d phng

- Theo di k hoch so vi thc t+ Chi ph

+ Lch biu

+ Cht lng

- Hp:

+ Xt duyt hin trng

+ Xt duyt kim im

+ Nhn vin- Kim sot thay i

- Qun l cu hnh

- m bo cht lng

- Bng chun ct mc

4. Nhn din ri ro k thut lin quan ti

- Th tc kim th

- Pht trin chuyn giao theo vng i nh:

+ Ti liu nghin cu kh thi

+ Ti liu xc nh yu cu


43/54

43+ Ti liu phn tch cc phng n

+ Ti liu c t chc nng

+ Ti liu thit k s b

+ K hoch kim chng/ lm hp l

+ K hoch thit lp v ci t

- Kim sot d liu

- Cng c pht trin

- K thut pht trin

- Ti liu ngi dng

- Cht lng sn phm

- Hun luyn

- An ninh H thng

- Ti liu vn hnh- Thit k i vi

+ Chng trnh

+ D liu

+ Th tc

+ An ninh

+ Ti liu

8.4. Phn tch nh lng cc ri ronh gi ri ro l bc cui cng trong qu trnh khm ph v phn tch. Trong ch ny

bn s s dng mt ma trn ri ro xc nh v u tin cc ri ro ca d n.

Bn l mt Gim c d n ang c sp xp vo h thng th in t. Tht khng may cho

bn l h thng th ca bn ang cho Virus trn ngp cng ty ca mnh. in thoi bn tr gip

ang treo! Khng ai trong mng ca bn c th truycp th in t, WEB hay thm ch my in

trong mng. Bn tng b mt Virus tn cng v cng vic trong vn phng ca bn tm ngng

hot ng lm cho c khch hng v nh qun l cp cao v cng tc gin. iu g xy ra? Nu bn

t k hoch cho kch bn ny th bn c cc chin lc nhm gii quyt cc hng hc trong khi thu

xp cc vn cng nhanh cang tt. Bng cch thc hin nh gi ri ro, bn c th trnh b s h

cc tnh hung khng may.

a. Bn cht ca ri ro

Ri ro khng kim sot c c th dn ti s tht bi ca d n. Theo mt nghin cu vo

nm 1998 ca nhm Gartner th c ti 40% cc d n CNTT c m nhn hoc tht bi, hoc b

t b. Tt c cc d n CNTT c ngn sch 6 triu usd tr ln th c ti 90% l tht bi. Theonghin cuny th s tht bi c xem l khng c kh nng thc hin 90% tnh nng ha hn v

thi gian v ngn sch. Do , ri ro l thc o tnh trng khng chc chn. N gm 3 thnh phn:


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44- Bn thn s kin ri ro

- Thc o kh nng c th m s kin ri ro xy ra.

- nh hng hay tnh nghim trng ca s kin ri ro vo d n ca bn.

Ri ro trong cc d n CNTT: D n CNTT i mt vi mt vi yu t ri ro nht nh lm

cho chng d tht bi hn:

- T l rt ln cc d n CNTT cha tng c thc hin trc , vy l i tng vn s

khi u nan thng khng c tnh ton trong quy trnh c lng.

- Thiu nhm chuyn gia CNTT nhiu kinh nghim cn hon tt d n. y thng l mt

p lc rt ln, p buc ban qun l d n.

- Cng ngh s dng nh nhng nguyn vt liu xy dng trong cc d n CNTT rt d li

thi nh mt nguyn tc chung l li thi c sau 18 thng.

-Nhiu d n CNTT ln c kt ni vi cc quy trnh nghip v quan trng, do vy i hi

nhng cng vic kht khe hn nhiu nu nh cc hot ng b ph v.- Quy tc qun l d n CNTT tng i mi m v kt qu l cha c nhiu kinh nghim

pht trin so vi cc lnh vc khc nh xy dng

Hy xem xt mt d n CNTT b hy b bi mt chui cc siu th ln Canada. D n l

victhi hnh SAP trn ton quc mang th ghi gi tin 89 triu usd. Do trng hp ny l in hnh

vi cc d n hoch nh ngun lc doanh nghip (ERP) nn vic thc thi h thng mi lien kt

cht ch vi mt vi quy trnh nghip v chnh. Khi h thng mi ngng hot ng 5 ngy th n s

a cc cng ty v khch hng vo tnh trng xo trn hon ton trong 2 tun. Chi ph ca d n,hu qu v mt ti chnh t s xo trn nghip v trong 5 ngy v s h hi n danh ting ca

cng ty gn nh chng t tai hacho t chc

Hu qu ca ri ro: Nhn thc v hu qu ri ro trong mt d n CNTT c th c tc ng

tn ph ln cng ty.

V d:

- Trong bn bo co u qu I nm 2001, ng Phillip Knight Gim c iu hnh cng ty

Nike cho cc i tng lin quan dn v cc nh phn tch bit rng s gim st 30% tin lil do d n qun l chui cung cp tr gi 400 triu usd tht bi.

- Randstad l mt cng ty nhn s ln th ba trn th gii nhn thy hot ng Bc M

ca h t li nhun 46,2 triu usd trong na u nm 2000 cho ti thit hi 42,7 triu usd trong na

u nm 2001. L do vin dn trong bo co ca cc i tng lin quan d n l vic gim ng

k trong tuyn dng v la chn hi ng. Doanh thu t cc hi ng ny ph thuc rt ln vo cc

ng dng b phn giao tip khch hng (Front office) khng cn hot ng thch hp na. D n

CNTT thay th h thng hin nay vt qu ngn sch hng triu usd v qu thi hn 12 thng.

b. T l ri ro Thnh cng

JP Morgan c ghi vo vi bo co Hy i mt vi thc t, c bn kinh doanh kh hn


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45mt cht so vi nh bc l c x hi tn trng v c hp php ha. Nu l s tht th

cc d n CNTT chng t l mt dng bi Poke c tin t cc ln nguy him. Cc cng ty chp

nhn ri ro cao, vn c cho cc d n CNTT v mt hoc 2 l do: u tin h thng chp nhn ri

ro bi v h khng hiu y nhng th m bn thn h ang theo. Th 2 l nhng ngi ra quyt

nh tin rng thnh cng tim n ln hn ri ro. Ngn ng nghip v c mt vi cch trnh by mi

quan h ri ro thnh cng ny.

T l ri ro Thnh cng l mi quan h v mt ton hc t nh hng ti chnh

ca nhng tht bi ln mt bn ca t s cn thnh cng v ti chnh ln bn kia. C mt vi cch

khc nhau trnh by khi nim c bn ny:

- Ch s hon vn u t (ROI). Bin s u t th hin vn m nh u t c th phi chu

ri ro trong khi bin s ch s hon vn u t th hin thnh cng m nh u t nhn c.

Ch s hon vn u t l t s gia u t v kt qu c tnh di dng phn trm.

- Thi gian thu hi u t. Lng thi gian cn thit thu hi li vn u t d n khngtnh n chi ph vn.

- T l hon vn ni ti (IRR). Ph chit khu lm cho gi tr hin ti rng (NPV) ca tin mt

trong tng lai tr li bng vi u t vn ban u.

- Dng tin mt c chit khu (DCF). Gi tr dng tin mt tng lai ca u t c chit

khu tnh gi tr ca tin thu c qua thi gian.

- Gi tr hin ti rng (NPV), Gi tr hin ti ca dng tin mt tng lai ca u t tr i chi

ph u t ban u.c. Phn tch nh tnh

Phn tch nh tnh l hnh ng lit k cc ri ro tim n trong mt ma trn ri ro v phn

chia chng theo im s v kh nng c th xy ra hay mc nghim trng. im s v kh nng

c th c xc lp c trngcho kh nng c th xy ra m mt ri ro c bit c th c trng

cho hu qu hay nh hng tim n m mt ri ro c bit c th mang li.

d. Phn tch nh lng

Phn tch nh lng l phntch kh nng c th xy ra mt ri ro c th v nh hng ca n ln ton b d n. Khi phn tch ri ro nh tnh c thc hin tt th tng kh nng cho tt c

cc ri ro c th cung cp s hiu bit su sc i vi ton b ri ro ca d n. Phn tchri ro nh

lng cn lin quan n ch ngha hin thc v cc thnh qu v chi ph, lch trnh v cc mc tiu

cht lng. Phn tch nh lng c th thc hin s dng mt vi cng c:

- Phng vn cc i tng lin quan d n v cc chuyn gia v ni dung chuyn ngnh

xc nh kh nng hn ch ri ro.

- Dng cy quyt inh phn tch ri ro.

- M phng d n (xy dng m hnh) xc nh cc nguy c c bit c th tng tc vi

nhau nh th no.


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46Lc cy quyt nh: Dng lc cy thc hin cc phn tch chi ph/li nhun da

trn cc kh nng phc tp khi c tnh bng ng la so vi gi tr thc t trong trng hp d

n CNTT. N cung cp mt c ch so snh to vi cam nhm lm ni bt ri ro v mc thnh

cng khc nhau khi i theo cc nhnh trn cy. Phng n cho s liu c on tt nht, kt hp

vi cc kin thc chuyn ngnh s tng cng kt qu cho phn tch SWOT.

V d:

Mt cng ty cung ng nhn s quc gia ra quyt nh mua gi phn mm qun l

ti nguyn doanh nghip (ERP) tr gi 10 triu la cha tng c pht trin t mt nh cung cp

ln. Bi v h nhn c trit khu 3 triu la so vi gi cc pht trin hon ton tr gi 10 triu

la t mt nh cung cp nh hn s khng trit khu phn mm ca h. Mt nm sau, cng ty

cung ng nhn s mt doanh thu 95 triu la bi v h thay i m hnh nghip v ca mnh

p dng phn mm mi nhng phi mt thm 1 nm na b sung v hon thin cho phn

mm ny. Nh cung cp m h mua c ting xu trong ngnh l chm ch giao hng, thng lihn. Nu h thc hin mt phn tch cy thc t xem xt chi ph c hi khi khng c phn mm, h

s c mt ch dn chc chn rng gia tit kim 3 triu la v tn tht doanh thu ng k c no,

trong trng hp ny l 92 triu la trong mt nm.

8.5. Lp k hoch i ph ri ro (Risk responses)Sau khi nhn bit mc ri ro, bn phi quyt nh i ph nh th no. Ta c 4 chin lc

chnh:

- Trnh ri ro: loi tr mt cc r rng mi e da hay ri ro,thng loi tr nguyn nhn

- Chp nhn ri ro: chp nhn kt qu nu ri ro xy ra

- Thuyn chuyn ri ro: lun phin hu qu ri ro v giao trch nim qun l cho bn th ba

- Gim nh ri ro: vic gim bt nh hng mt s kin ri ro bng vic ct gim nhng g

c th khi s c xy ra.

a) Cc bin php i ph

Bin php i ph (countermeasure) l mt hnh ng phng nga do i d n la chn

nhm loi b hoc trung ho mt ri ro.Cc bin php phng nga l mt phng php tn cng

tch cc nhm ngnnga xy ra.

V d: t mt ngn hi ng trn mt b bin y l mt bin php i ph v n gip

cho tu thuyn trnh c nhng tng tim n nguy him nht nh.

Gim thiu (mitigation) l mt hnh ng c thc hin nhm gim thiu tc ng ca mt

ri ro khi n xy ra.Gim thiu l phn ng nht nhanh nhay sau khi ri ro xy ra.

V d: t nhng ti kh trong t l mt v d v gim thiu,v chng c thit k phn

ng ngay lp tc nhm gim thiu thng tch-ri ro-khi c tai nn. Thut ng gim thiu i khic dng vi ngha ca cc bin php i ph v gim thiu.

b) K hoch d phng (Contingency Planning)


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47Lp k hoch d phng bao gm d on cc p ng vi hon cnh c th gy tc ng

tiu cc ln d n.Tin trnh ny yu cu ngi qun l d n xc nh cc bc cn thit vt

qua nhng vn d kin.

Trong chng mc no , cc k hoch d phng c th c thc hin thng qua phn tch

ri ro. Vi mi ri ro nhn din,ngi qun l d n a ra mt m t, xc sut xut hin (nh

thp, va, hay cao), tc ng(nh thp, va, hay cao) v p ng thch hp.

Mt xem xt quan trng cho vic xy dng cc k hoch d phng l c c s h tr t

mi ngi tham d b nh hng bi tnh hung ny. S chp thun ny l cn thit k lm cho

d n tin ln.Thiu s chp thun c th gy ra vic thc hin k hoch d phng b chm tr.

8.6. Gim st v iu khin cc ri roGim st v kim sot ri ro lin quan ti vic hiu bit tnh trng ca chng

- Kim sot ri ro lin quan n vic thc hin k hoch qun l ri ro khi chng xy ra

- Kt qu chnh ca vic gim st v kim sot ri ro l iu chnh hot ng, yu cu thay

i d n, cp nht nhng k hoch mi

- Kim sot i ph ri ro lin quan n vic chp hnh nhng quy trnh qun l ri ro v

k hoch ri ro i ph vi nhng s kin ri ro.

- Ri ro phi c kim sot c bn theo c im tng giai on c th, c s quyt nh

i vi nhng ri ro v c chin lc lm gim nh ri ro

Bi tp1) Tm quan trng ca qun l ri ro?

2) Lp k hoch qun l ri ro?


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48

TI LIU THAM KHO[1] Nguyn Hu Quc, Gio trnh Qun l d n, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu Chnh Vin Thng, H

Ni, 2007.[2]A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, Project Management Institute,Newtown Square, Pennsylvania USA, 2000.


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49

MT S THI MU


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50Trng i Hc Hng Hi Vit Nam

Khoa Cng ngh Thng tinB MN H THNG THNG TIN

-----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN

Tn hc phn:XY DNG& QUN L D N CNTTNm hc: x

thi s: K duyt :

x x

Thi gian: 60 pht

Cu 1: (2 im)D n l g? Qun l d n l g? Trnh by cc lnh vc trong qun l d n?

Cu 2: (2 im)Trnh by cc giai on ca d n?

Cu 3: (3 im)Trnh by vai tr v quy trnh qun l phm vi d n?

Cu 4: (3 im)Trnh by tm quan trng ca lch trnh? Qu trnh xy dng v iu khin lch trnh ca d n?

----------------------------***HT***----------------------------Lu : -Khng sa, xa thi, np li sau khi thi


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-----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN


thi s: K duyt :

x x

Thi gian: 60 pht

Cu 1: (2 im)Trnh by cc nhn t nh hng n d n?

Cu 2: (2 im)

Trnh by cc im v cc lnh vc qun l ca d n Cng ngh Thng tin?Cu 3: (3 im)Trnh by tm quan trng ca qun l chi ph d n v cc nguyn tc c lng chi ph?

Cu 4: (3 im)Trnh by tm quan trng ca qunl cht lng d n v k hoch qun l cht lng?



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-----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN


thi s: K duyt :

x x

Thi gian: 60 pht

Cu 1: (2 im)Trnh by cc nhn t nh hng n d n?

Cu 2: (2 im)

Vai tr ca ngi qun l d n?Cu 3: (3 im)Trnh by v vn iu khin lch trnh d n?

Cu 4: (3 im)Ly mt v d v phn tch vic lp k hoch qun l ri ro?



53/54


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-----***-----

THI KT THC HC PHN


thi s: K duyt :

x x

Thi gian: 60 pht

Cu 1: (2 im)Tm quan trng ca qun l cht lng d n?

Cu 2: (2 im)

Vai tr ca ngi qun l d n?Cu 3: (3 im)Trnh by v vn iu khin lch trnh d n?

Cu 4: (3 im)Ly mt v d v phn tch vic xy dng k hoch qun l ngun nhn lc?


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