1607-1754

• 1607– The first permanent English settlement in the New

World at Jamestown, Virginia• 1754

– The beginning of the French and Indian War (aka The Seven Years War) between England and France

• We have just engaged in what historical thinking skill?– Periodization

Patterns of Settlement in the New WorldSpanish French and Dutch British

Florida, Texas to California and most everything to the south;Caribbean Islands

French – St. Lawrence and Mississippi River ValleysDutch – Hudson River; Valley in present day NYCaribbean Islands

East Coast of North America from Maine to Georgia;Caribbean Islands

Desire to subjugate and Christianize the natives

Developed trade alliances and often intermarried with the natives

Mostly hostile relationship with the natives; sought to remove them from the land

Encomienda system; Sugar plantations, African Slavery

Relatively few colonists; French fur trappers; Dutch trade (New Amsterdam/New York

Large numbers of colonists, Mostly agricultural (wheat, tobacco, rice, indigo); Indentured servants then African slaves

JAMESTOWN, 1607

• First permanent English settlement• The Virginia Company• November 1606 with 3 ships and

104 settlers• The passengers were employees of

the Virginia Company

Jamestown

• Their Goals– Find material wealth – Gold– Find a passage through the continent to

Asia– Establish a military presence to counter the

Spanish

Jamestown

• 57 miles inland up the “James” River• Only 38 of the original 104 survived the

first year• The James River was “very salty” and

“full of slime and filth”

Jamestown – The Early Years

• Natives provided food for settlers at first• Despite fertile ground, the search for

treasure took precedence over agriculture

• Settlers were skilled in extracting and shaping gold, not in surviving in a wilderness

• Go to Website Page 2 – The Starving Time

Virginia 1619

• Established the House of Burgesses (1st representative assembly in U.S. history)

• Increase the female population• The Headright System – offer land to

attract settlers• Arrival of the first African slaves (not

the beginning of widespread slavery)

THAT EVIL WEED!

• Virginia was built on SMOKE!• Tobacco became the cash crop

(staple) of both Virginia and, later, Maryland

Virginia and Maryland – The Cheseapeake

• Both established early in the 17th century

• Both depended upon tobacco as a cash crop

• Both had relative religious freedom (Maryland Act of Toleration – 1649)

Virginia and Maryland – The Cheseapeake

• Both depended upon large numbers of INDENTURED SERVANTS for their early source of labor

• Indentured Servants – From the poor in England; young men and women– Many came to work tobacco plantations in the

Chesapeake– Passage to America was paid for by a Chesapeake

man of wealth (or the ship’s captain)

Virginia and Maryland – The Cheseapeake

• Indentured Servants– In exchange for passage, they agreed to a labor

contract for usually 4-7 years– Worked very hard with no pay. Social life was

restricted (marriage often prohibited). Many died before the end of the contract

– When/if contract completed, given some clothes, maybe a gun, maybe a few dollars, and sent on their way

Virginia and Maryland – The Cheseapeake

• Both Virginia and Maryland had unrest caused by large numbers of ex-indentured servants with not much of anything and forced to move to the west to the dangerous frontier

• Richard Frethorne Primary Source – Website Page 2

Primary Source – Ship’s List

• Early Virginia 1635• Merchant’s Hope• What does this source tell

us about early Virginia?

Colonial Regions

• New England – Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island (Connecticut and

New Hampshire) (Early 17th)• The Middle Colonies

– New York (New Jersey), Pennsylvania (Delaware) (Late 17th)

• The Chesapeake– Maryland and Virginia (Early 17th)

• The Deep South– The Carolinas, Georgia (Late 17th, Early 18th)

The 13 Colonies

Contrasting the Colonial RegionsNew England

Middle The Chesapeake

The Deep South

Close knit, homogenous population; Puritans dominate into the 18th century; Mixed economy based on trade and subsistence agriculture

Most diverse population (ethnic and religious); Export economy of cereal crops such as wheat

Tobacco Plantations as well as small scale tobacco farms; Labor intensive economy (indentured servants at first, then African slave labor)

Rice and Sugar Plantations; Economic ties to the Caribbean (West Indies); Heavily dependent upon African slave labor (“More like a negro country”)

Similarities Between the 13 Colonies up to the French and Indian War

• Anglicanization (influenced by the Church of England and English Protestantism)

• Influenced by the English political and legal system

• Relative religious tolerance (Maryland, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania)

• Enlightenment ideas will spread in the 18th century

Similarities Between the 13 Colonies up to the French and Indian War

• Class structure existed as did class tensions

• History of self government; History of relative freedom from English control

• Most colonists are engaged in subsistence agriculture

The New England Colonies

• Primarily influenced by English Puritans

• WHO WERE THEY?–English Protestants that

established the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies

THE SEPARATIST PILGRIMS

• Who were The Pilgrims?–A minority group among Puritans–Aka Separatist Puritans

– Desired a separation from the COE – refused allegiance to the COE

THE SEPARATIST PILGRIMS

–Established the Plymouth Colony in 1620 (eventually becomes part of the Mass. Bay colony)

–Led by William Bradford–The Mayflower Compact – early

example of self-government

The Mayflower Compact (1620)

• “We whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James…Having undertaken, for the Glory of God and advancement of the Christian Faith and Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the First Colony in the Northern Parts of Virginia,

The Mayflower Compact (1620)

• do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one of another, Covenant and Combine ourselves together into a Civil Body Politic, for our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid;

The Mayflower Compact (1620)

• and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute and frame such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the Colony, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience.

The Mayflower Compact (1620)

• In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cape Cod, the 11th of November, in the year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord King James... Anno Domini 1620.”

THE NON-SEPARATIST PURITANS

• What about the Puritans led by John Winthrop?– Boston 1630; begins the Great Puritan

Migration (1630-1645)– Had the greatest influence on

Massachusetts (established the Mass. Bay Colony)

– Non-Separatist Puritans (majority)– Wanted to reform the COE by setting a

shining example (“for wee must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty upon a Hill…)

Winthrop’s Model of Christian Charity (1630)

• “for wee must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty upon a Hill, the eies of all people are uppon us; soe that if wee shall deale falsely with our god in this worke wee have undertaken and soe cause him to withdrawe his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a byword through the world,

Comparison

• Compare the Ships log from a New England ship to the Virginia ship’s log we examined earlier

The Puritan Experiment

• A Christian Utopia• Sought to create a “pure” church of

Visible Saints (those chosen by God)• Suspicion of those “contrary minded”

–Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson–Quakers–“Strangers”

THE GREAT MIGRATION

• 21,000 English Puritans to Massachusetts during the Great Migration

• Today, over 16 million Americans trace their family roots to this Puritan migration

The Chesapeake vs. New England

• What do we find when we compare the establishment and development of the Chesapeake to the establishment and development of New England?

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ENGLAND

Geography of New EnglandRocky soilShort growing seasonNatural harbors (Merchant class

emerges)Few inland navigable rivers

Subsistence farming was the main way of life for most New Englanders (**and most colonists)

Coastal towns in New England established trade with Europe and the Caribbean

Leading exports were fish and timber Shipbuilding became an important

industry

New England Population Growth

1640 – 14,000 1670 – 33,000 1700 – 93,000

*** 7X as many went to the Chesapeake yet the population there (88,000) was less than New England’s in 1700

New England Population Growth

High rate of natural increaseSafe and plentiful drinking

waterCold climate destroyed some

deadly organisms

New England Population Growth

Other contributing factors Most came in family groups Balanced sex ratio Marriage almost universal Avg. female lived long enough to give

birth to eight or nine children

ConclusionColonial New England was a

relatively stable society in the 17th century with order existing among towns and families.

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLONIAL

CHESAPEAKE Short life expectancy Climate was a breeding ground for malarial

mosquitoes Large indentured servant class

Literally worked to death at times Marriages took place after freedom therefore later

in life

Family Life in the Colonial Chesapeake

Unbalanced sex ratio 1630’s – 6-1 men to women 1704 – 3-2

One half of marriages broke up w/in 7 years One third of children orphaned by age 18 Numerous step parents, step siblings, etc…

Family Life in the Colonial Chesapeake

Families were small Typical Chesapeake woman had

2-3 children live beyond infancy (7 or 8 in New England)

In most years deaths outnumbered births

Economics

Most people were subsistence farmers (may grow tobacco as well)

People of wealth invested in land, indentured servants, slaves, and tobacco

Numerous inland navigable rivers so ocean going vessels sailed inland and traded directly with tobacco planters

Tobacco exhausts the nutrients in the soil

CONCLUSION

The Colonial Chesapeake was a very unstable society in the 17th century

Class tensions between Tobacco planters (of the east) and

farmers (ex-indentured servants) on the frontier (Bacon’s Rebellion)

A growing African slave population

The Origins of Slavery

Read summary of Edmund Morgan’s analysis – The Central Paradox of American

History– Why did Virginia planters come to rely

on African slave labor instead of indentured servitude?

Follow that with excerpts from Africans in America

The Write Stuff!!

Historian Edmund Morgan argues that the origins of African slavery in America can be attributed to ….

Africans in America Video

Defining Slavery (Chapter of video)– 2 problems faced in Virginia after the

first 50 years– How did the 1676 Bacon’s Rebellion

impact slavery in Colonial Virginia?– Why did Virginia planters come to rely

on African slave labor instead of indentured servitude?

– Examine slave laws from Website Page 2

Unrest during the Colonial Era

• Identify these events and put them in chronological order– The Salem Witch scare– King Philip’s War– The Pequot War– Bacon’s Rebellion– The Stono Rebellion– The Pueblo Revolt

Wrap it all together day

• Video clip from Africans in America – The Stono Rebellion

• Discuss the influence of The Great Awakening and The Enlightenment in the 18th century

• Discuss Monday’s Quiz• Talk about Essay Writing