ANKOLA ALANGIUM SALVIFOLIUM

BOTANICAL NAMEAlangium salvifolium (L.f.) Wangerin

Syn. Alangium lamarkii Thw.

NATURAL ORDERAlangiaceae

CLASSICAL NAMESAnkola, Ankota, Deerghakeela, Tamraphala, Guptasneha, Rechi, Pitasara, Gandhapushpa.

VERNACULAR NAMESEng.- Sage-leaved alangium. Hindi- Ankol, Ankola, Akola, Angol, Dhera, Dhela, Akhaul, Anedhera, Ankora, Kweli, Thaila-ankil. Beng.- Akar-kanta, Ankola, Baghankura, Angkula, Angkura, Ankoda, Dhalakura. Guj.- Ankola, Onkla, Ankoli, Ankolya. Kan.- Ankolimara, Ansaroli, Arinjil, Lucki, Uru, Ankola, Ankolamara, Anisaruli, Udagina-gida. Mal.- Ankolam, Azhinni, Chemmaram, Velittondi, Alinnil, Karankolam, Kimri, Irinjil. Mar.- Ankoli, Ankol, Ankul. Tam.- Alangi, Ankolum, Atikoevam, Alangi, Adigolam, Alinjil, An, Angolam, Angolavayirravan, Arulavam, Attigolam, Eralinjil, Karikkolam, Karuppuvalinjil, Oru, Sem, Egimam, Ashinji, Maram. Tel.- Ankolamu, Amkolam-chettu, Udagu, Urgu, Udugachettu, Kudagu, Nallankolamu, Nalluduga, Udugathettu. Oriya- Ankula, Ankulo, Baghonokhiya, Dolanku, Konkonolo. Urdu- Ankola.

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTIONA deciduous spinescent shrub or small tree upto 10 m high, root yellowish, strong, root- bark dark brown; stem bark pale brown, rough with shallow cracks. Leaves alternate, variable, narrowly oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 6-13 x 2-5 cm, rounded or acute at base, acute or acuminate, entire. Petioles 0.6-1.3 cm long. Flowers white, fragrant, in axillary umbellate fascicles. Fruit (drupe) elliptic or subglobose, 2-2.5 cm long, blackish-purple when ripe, crowned with persistent calyx limb. Seed oblong, brown, enclosed in red, mucilaginous pulp. Flowering : February-April; Fruiting : May-August.

Two sub-species i.e. ssp. salvifolium and ssp. hexapetalum are recognized by some workers, based on the size of the fruit and character of leaf apex.

1

DISTRIBUTIONWidely distributed over the plains and foothills throughout the greater part of Tropical India from North-West Himalayas down South extending upto Sri Lanka. Distributed in Malaya, South China to Philippines, East Africa and Tenasserim.

PART(S) USEDRoot, root bark, leaf, fruit, seed

ACTIONS AND USESThe roots are acrid, astringent, emollient, anthelmintic, thermogenic, diuretic, purgative and are used as external application in rheumatism, leprosy and inflammation. The root bark is astringent, bitter, pungent, purgative, anthelmintic, emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning. The fruits are cooling, sweet, nutritive, tonic and are useful in treating burning sensation and haemorrhages. Leaves are used as poultice in rheumatic pains.

Ayurvedic propertiesRoot bark FruitRasa – Tikta, Katu, Kashaya MadhuraGuna – Laghu, Snigdha, Tikshna, Sara Guru, SnigdhaVeerya – Ushna SheetaVipaka – Katu MadhuraPrabhava - VishaghnaDoshaghnata – Kaphavatashamaka (root bark), Vatapittashamaka (fruit)Rogaghnata – Vedana, Mushikavisha, Atisara, Sarpavisha, Dantakshatha-visha, Sandhivata, Nadishoola, Vatavikara, Garadosha, Jalodara, Yakritodara, Arsha, Krimi, Raktavikara, Pooyameha, Kshaya, Raktapitta, Kushtha, Visarpa, Phiranga, Twagdosha, Jwara, Shwavisha, Matsyavisha, Kamala.Karma – Swedajanana, Vedanasthapana, Vranaropana, Vishaghna, Shothahara, Rechana, Shoolaprashamana, Krimighna, Yakriduttejaka, Vamaka, Shothahara, Mootrala, Sheetala, Brihana, Balya, Dahaprashamana, Veeryasthambhaka, Rasayana.Doses : Root bark (powder)- Therapeutic – 125-750 mg; Emetic – 3-6 gm.

PHARMACOGNOSYLeaf- Leaves 8 to13 cm in length and 3 to 5 cm in width, simple, petiolate, petiole 6 to13 mm long, lanceolate, narrowly oblong or ovate, base rounded or acute, glabrous above, pubescent on the nerves, venation reticulate.

2

Petiole - Epidermis single layered, covered by cuticle; nonglandular, mostly unicellular, rarely bicellular, uniseriate trichomes, measuring upto 280 in length and upto 16 in width; 7 to10 layered collenchyma present just beneath the epidermis, followed by parenchymatous tissue; collateral vascular bundles 3 to10 in number arranged in an arch and surrounding parenchymatous pith; vascular bundles composed of xylem and phloem; xylem consists of fibres, tracheids and xylem parenchyma; abundant rosette crystals of calcium oxalate present in the parenchyma tissue, measuring upto 45 in diam.; granulated pigments noticed in all tissues except in the vascular bundle.Midrib – Transverse section shows biconvex outline; epidermis on both surfaces covered by cuticle; abundant nonglandular, unicellular trichomes measuring upto 385 in length and upto 16 in width present on epidermis; 4 or 5 layered collenchyma situated just beneath the epidermis; collenchyma followed by 3 or 4 layered chlorenchyma; vascular bundle surrounded by sclerenchymatous tissue except on lateral sides; phloem located on the outer peripheral parts of xylem; xylem mainly consists of tracheids, vessels and fibres; central part of the midrib occupied by parenchyma cells, containing rosettes of calcium oxalate crystals, measuring upto 20 in diam. Lamina – Transverse section shows dorsiventral structure; epidermis on both the sides covered by cuticle; in surface view the lower epidermis shows straight walled, polygonal cells with prominent cuticular striations and anomocytic type of stomata; upper epidermis either devoid of stomata or with rare ones; cuticular striations also absent; nonglandular, unicellular trichomes similar to midrib abundant on lower epidermis; upper epidermis followed by a two layered palisade; mesophyll traversed by veins. Dispersed in the region are rhomboid calcium oxalate crystals, measuring 10 to 26 in length and 6 to 16 in width; palisade ratio 7 to 11; vein islet number 8 to 12; stomatal index 7 to 14.Physical constantsForeign matter- Not more than 2 %; Total ash- Not more than 10 %; Acid insoluble ash- Not more than 1 %; Alcohol soluble extractive- Not less than 5 %; Water soluble extractive- Not less than 15 %.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTSTubulosine, isotubulosine (root); alangicine, demethylpsychotrine, marckine, marckidine, tubulosine, cephaeline, ceryl alcohol, alangium A and B (root bark); alacine, demethylcephaeline, cepheline, tubulosine, demethylpsychorine, lamarckinine, akharkantine, akoline, lamarkine (stem bark); N-methylcephaeline, deoxytubulosine, emetine, psychotrine (bark of

3

root and stem); venoterpine, ankorine, cephaeline, psychotrine (branches); deoxytubulosine, alangimarckine, ankorine, cholin, choline chloride, stigmast-5,22,25-trien-3-ol (leaves); 1-methyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione and 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(24 beta)-ethylcholesta-5,22,25 triene (flower); tetrahydroisoquinoline - monoterpene and iridoid glycosides, 1',2'-dehydrotubulosine, alangine, tubulosine, isotubulosine, deoxytubulosine, cephaeline, isocephaeline, psychotrine, neocephaeline, 10-O-demethylcephaeline, 2'-N-(1"-deoxy-1"--D-fructopyranosyl) cephaeline, protoemetine, protoemetinol, salsoline, alangiside (fruit); alangimarine, alamarine, alangimaridine, venoterpine, salsoline, isocephaeline, deoxytubulosine, 10-dimethylprotoemetinol, 11-methoxyprotoemetinol, 9-dimethylprotoemetinol, bharatamine, betulinic acid and its hydroxy lactone, betulin aldehyde, betulin, lupeol, -sitosterol, alangamide, alangol (seeds); ankosine (+)9-dimethylpsychotrine, dimethyltubulosine, alangicine, dimethylpsychotrine, (-) emetine, emetamine, campesterol, episterol, alangiside, N-benzoyl-l-phenylalaninol, alangidiol, isoalangidiol, () alangicine, alangimarkine, cephaeline, psychotrine, venoterpine, 10-dimethylprotoemetinol, tubulosine, alangine A, ankorine, alangine (3-anisyl-2-piperidyl-n-propanol), alangidiol and its isomer, N-benzoyl-l-phalaninol, loganic acid, lacinilene,5-methylbenzopyridoquinolizine, 3-O-dimethyl-2-O-methylalangiside (plant).

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIESAntispasmodic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic, antiprotozoal, anthelmintic, androgenic, analgesic, antimicrobial, mild adrenolytic, anti-cholinesterase, antitubercular, abortifacient, antiimplantation, cytostatic activity, cytotoxic, antitumour.

FORMULATIONS AND PREPARATIONSKalkuta rasa, Amrita ghrita, Ankothamulani kwatha.

TRADE AND COMMERCERetail market price – Fruit- Rs.80/- per Kg (2004).

SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERANTSAlangium salvifolium sub. ssp. hexapetalum Lamk. is often used as substitute.

4

PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATIONIts growth is slow and it can be propagated by seeds and by air layering (gootees). The plant is available in nature, hence agro-techniques not available.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Achari, B.; Pal, A. & Pakrashi, S.C. (1974), Indian Medicinal Plants. XXXI. N-Benzoyl-L-P-henlalaniol from Alangium lamarckii, Indian J. Chem., Vol. 12 (11), P. 1218-1219.

Achari, B.; Pal, A. & Pakrashi, S.C. (1975), Studies on Indian Medicinal Plants. Part XXXVI. New D:E-cis neohopane derivatives from Alangium lamarckii, Tetrahedron Lett. No. 48, PP. 4275-4278.

Ali, E.; Sinha, R.R.; Achari, B. & Pakrashi, S.C. (1982), Studies on Indian Medicinal Plants. Part 70. Demethylprotoemetinols from Alangium lamarckii, Heterocycles, Vol. 19, PP. 2301-2304; Chem. Abstr., 1983, 98, 68838h.

Anjum, A.; Haque, M.K.; Rahman, M.M. & Saker, S.D. (2002), Antibacterial compounds from the flowers of Alangium salvifolium, Fitoterapia, Vol. 73 (6), PP. 526-528.

Anonymous (1961), Dhanvantari Vanaushadhi Visheshank (Hindi), ed. K.P.Trivedi, Dhanvantari Karyalaya, Vijaygarh, Vol. I, PP. 53-64.

Anonymous (1962), The Wealth of India, Raw Materials, revised edition, Publications & Information Directorate, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, Vol. I (A), PP. 121.

Anonymous (1970), Charaka Samhita, Commentary by Shastri, K.N. et al., Chaukhambha Vidyabhavan, Varanasi, Su. 27. 159; Ci. 23. 244.

Anonymous (1976), Medicinal Plants of India, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, Vol. I, PP. 32.

Anonymous (1980), Sushruta Samhita, ed. Acharya, J.T., Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, Su. 37. 12; Ci. 7. 17; 17. 37; 19. 14; Ka. 1. 50, 72; 5. 77; 7. 15, 18, 34; U. 21. 14.

Anonymous (1982), Ashtanga Hridayam, ed. Kunte, A.M. et al., Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, Su. 6. 120; Ci. 11. 27; 13. 34; U. 5. 20; 37. 75, 76; 38. 21, 29, 30, 36.

Anonymous (1987), Flora of Rajasthan, ed. by Shetty B.V. and Singh, V., Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, Vol. 1, PP. 366.

Anonymous (1988), Medicinal Plants Bibliography of CSIR Contributions (1950-1987), Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, PP. 11, 18-20, 24, 28, 30-31, 35, 38, 41, 43-44, 46, 51, 62, 66, 70, 89, 95, 98, 103, 105, 115, 125, 128.

5

Anonymous (1989), Bharatiya Ayurved Yog Sangraha, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Nirman Bhavan, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part-2, PP. 149.

Anonymous (1996), Indian Medicinal Plants, ed. Warrier, P.K. et al., Orient Longman Ltd., Madras, Vol. I, PP. 77.

Anonymous (1996), Pharmacological Investigations of Certain Medicinal Plants and Compound Formulations Used in Ayurveda & Siddha, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha, Govt. of India, New Delhi, PP. 7.

Anonymous (1998), Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda, ed. Sharma, S.K. et al., National Academy of Ayurveda, New Delhi, PP. 30.

Anonymous (2000), The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Deptt. of ISM&H, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part- II, PP. 327.

Anonymous (2000), The useful plants of India, National Institute of Science Communication, CSIR, New Delhi, PP. 25.

Anonymous (2001), Flora of Maharashtra State, Dicotyledones, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, Vol. 2, PP. 114.

Anonymous (2004), Reviews on Indian Medicinal Plants, ed. by Gupta A.K. & Tandon Neeraj, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, PP. 432-444.

Aonymous (2003), Export Potential of Indian Medicinal Plants and Products, Occasional Paper No.98, Export-Import Bank of India, Quest Publications, PP. 95.

Asolkar, L.V.; Kakkar, K.K. & Chakre, O.J. (1992), Second Supplement to Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants with Active Principles, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, Part I (A-K), PP. 35.

Basu, N.K. & Gode, K.D. (1957), Alkaloids of Alangium lamarckii, J. Indian Chem. Soc., Vol. 34, PP. 629-639.

Basu, N.K.; Nail, N.S. & Bhattacharya, N.N. (1950), Chemical investigation of Alangium lamarckii, Indian J. Pharm., Vol. 12, PP. 98-99.

Battersby, A.R. & Kapil, R.S. (1966), New alkaloids from Alangium lamarckii Thw., Tetrahedron Letter No.41, PP. 4965-4971.

Battersby, A.R. et al. (1965), Structure, synthesis and stereochemistry of Deoxytubulosine, Chem. Commun., Vol. 14, PP. 315-317.

Bennet, S.S.R. (1987), Name Changes in Flowering Plants of India and Adjacent Regions, Triseas Publishers, Dehra Dun, PP. 19-20.

6

Bhakuni, D.S.; Dhar, M.M.; Dhar, M.L. (1960), Structure of Alangine A, an alkaloid from Alangium lamarckii, J. Sci. Ind. Res. (India), Vol. 19 B, No.1, PP. 8-10.

Bhakuni, D.S.; Jain, S. & Chaturvedi, R. (1949), Biosynthesis of the ipecac B-carboline alkaloid tubulosine, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin. Trans. 1, Vol. 9, PP. 1949-1952.

Bhargava, P.N. & Dutt, S. (1942), Chemical examination of the seeds of Alangium lamarckii. Isolation of alangol, Proc. Indian Acd. Sci., Vol. 16A, PP. 328-331.

Bhattacharya, A. et al. (1998), Studies on Indian Medicinal Plants, Part 91. Structure and synthesis of alamaridine, A novel 5-methylbenzopyridoquinolizine alkaloid from Alangium lamarckii, Tetrahedron, Vol. 44 (12), PP. 3477-3488.

Billore, K.V.; Audhichya, K.C.; Mishra, R. & Joseph, T.G. (1997), Prospects of ethno-botanical lores in birth control, Bull. Medico Ethnobot. Res., Vol. XVIII (3-4), PP.97-103.

Budzikiewicz, H.; Pakrashi, S.C. & Vorbruggen, H. (1964), Die isolierung von emetin, Cephaeline und psychotrin aus Alangium lamarckii und die identifizierung von almarckine mit N-methylcephaelin, Tetrahedron, Vol. 20, PP. 399-408.

Chatterjee, A. & Pakrashi, S.C. (1995), The Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants, National Institute of Science Communication, CSIR, New Delhi, Vol. 4, PP. 49.

Chattopadhyay, S.K.; Slatkin, D.J.; Schiff, P.L. & Ray, A.B. (1984), Alancine, a new benzoquinolizidine alkaloid from Alangium lamarckii, Heterocycles, Vol. 22, PP. 1965-1968.

Chen, M.; Hou, L. & Zhu, H. (1980), Isolation and identification of alkaloids from Alangium salvifolium (Linn.f.) Wangerin, Chin Wu Hsuch Pao, Vol. 22 (3), PP. 257-259; Chem. Abstr., 1981, 94, 12818b.

Chopra, R.N. & Chowhan, J.S. (1934), Alangium lamarckii: its chemistry and pharmacological action, Indian J. Med. Res., Vol. 121, PP. 507-512.

Chopra, R.N.; Chopra, I.C. & Varma, B.S. (1992), Supplement to Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, PP. 4.

Chopra, R.N.; Chopra, I.C.; Handa, K.L. & Kapur, L.D. (1958), Indigenous Drugs of India, U.N.Dhur & Sons Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta, PP. 270, 271, 493, 600, 607.

Chopra, R.N.; Nayar, S.L. & Chopra, I.C. (1986), Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, reprinted edition, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, PP. 10.

Chunekar, K.C. (1999), Bhavaprakasa Nighantu, reprinted edition, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, PP. 365.

Cooke, T. (1967), The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay, reprinted edition, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, Vol. II, PP. 1.

7

Dasgupta, B. & Sharma, S. (1966), Chemical investigation of Alangium lamarckii. III. Isolation of steroid and terpenoids from the leaves, Experientia, Vol. 22 (10), PP. 647-648.

Dasgupta, B. (1965), Chemical investigations of Alangium lamarckii. i. isolation of a new alkaloid, ankorine, from the leaves, J. Pharm. Sci., Vol. 54, PP. 481-483.

Dasgupta, B. (1966), Chemical investigations of Alangium lamarckii. II. Isolation of choline from the leaves, Experientia, Vol. 22 (5), PP. 287-288.

De-Eknamkul, W.; Ounaroon, A.; Tanahashi, T.; Kutchan, T.M. & Zenk, M.H. (1997), Enzymatic condensation of dopamine and secologanin by cell-free extracts of Alangium lamarckii, Phytochemistry, Vol. 45 (3), PP. 477-484.

De-Eknamkul, W.; Suttipanta, N. & Kutchan, T.M. (2000), Purification and characterization of deacetyllpecoside synthase from Alangium lamarckii Thw., Phytochemistry, Vol. 55, PP. 177-182.

Dhar, M.L. et al. (1968), Screening of Indian plants for biological activity, Part-I, Indian J. Exp. Biol., Vol. 6, PP. 232.

Dharam, B.P. & Dutt, S. (1946), Chemical examination of the bark of Alangium lamarckii Thwaites. Isolation of alkaloids alangine, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., vol. 23A, PP. 325-329.

Diwakar, P.G. & Sharma, B.D. (2000), Flora of Buldhana District Maharashtra State, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, PP. 166.

Donald, A.J. et al. (1965), Alkaloid studies. IV. Isolation of cephaeline and tubulosine from Alangium lamarckii, Lloydia, Vol. 28 (3), PP. 212-217.

Dubey, M.P. & Gupta, I. (1968), Some studies on the anthelmintic activity of Alangium lamarckii Thwaites- (Hindi-Akol) root bark. A preliminary report, Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., Vol. 12 (1), PP. 25-31.

Duthie, J.F. (1960), Flora of the Upper Gangetic Plain and of the Adjacent Siwalik and Sub-Himalayan Tracts, reprinted edition, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, Vol. I, PP. 368.

Dutta, A.K. & Pakrashi, S.C. (1960), Heart vascular agents. I. Preliminary pharmacological investigations of new alkaloid from Alangium lamarckii Thw., Ann. Biochem. Exp. Med. (Calcutta), Vol. 20, PP. 279-280.

Dutta, A.K. & Pakrashi, S.C. (1961), Studies on cardiovascular drugs. II. Further investigations on pressure response of the new alkaloid from Alangium lamarckii Thw., Ann. Biochem. Exp. Med., Vol. 21, PP. 109-110.

Dutta, A.K. & Pakrashi, S.C. (1962), Studies on cardiovascular drugs. IV. Effect of the new alkaloid from the stem-bark of Alangium lamarckii thw on cardiovascular system and smooth muscles, Ann. Biochem. Exp. Med., Vol. 22, PP. 129-146.

8

Dutta, A.K. & Pakrashi, S.C. (1962), Studies on cardiovascular drugs. III. Preliminary studies on the total alkaloids from the seeds of Alangium lamarckii Thw., Ann. Biochem. Exp. Med., Vol. 22, PP. 23-24.

Dutta, A.K. & Pakrashi, S.C. (1963), Studies on cardiovascular drugs. v: pharmacological investigations of the total alkaloids from the seeds of Alangium lamarckii Thw., Ann. Biochem. Exp. Med., Vol. 23, PP. 285-298.

Dymock, W.; Warden, C.J.H. & Hooper, D. (1893), Pharmacographia Indica, Thacker Spink & Co., Calcutta, Vol. 2, PP. 164.

Fujii, T. & Masashi, O. (1979), Structure and synthesis of desmethylpsychotrine, Tetrahedron Lett., No. 51, PP. 4955-4958.

Fujii, T. & Ohba, M. (1985), Quinolizidines. XV. A racemic synthesis of 10-demethyl-tubulosine, an alkaloid from Alangium lamarckii, Chem. Pharm. Bull., Vol. 33 (10), PP. 4314-4319.

Fujii, T. (1983), Structure and synthesis of benzoquinolizidine alkaloids isolated from Alangium lamarckii, Yakugaku Zasshi, Vol. 103 (3), PP. 257-272.

Fujii, T. et al. (1983), Quinoliidines. VIII. Structure and synthesis of the Alangium alkaloid Alangicine: Synthesis of ()-and ()Alangicines, Chem. Pharm. Bull., Vol. 31, PP. 2583-2592.

Fujii, T.; Hiroshi, K. & Masashi Ohba (1978), (-)-alangimarckine: Synthesis and absolute configuration of an Alangium alkaloid, Tetrahedron Lett., No. 34, PP. 3111-3114.

Fujii, T.; Ohba, M. & Akiyama, S. (1983), A general synthetic method for benzoquinolizidine alkaloid isolated from Alangium lamarckii, Tennen Yuki Kagobutsu Toronkai Koen Yoshishu, Vol. 26, PP. 422-429.

Fujii, T.; Shigeyuki, Y. & Hiroshi, K. (1977), Structure and relative stereochemistry of alangimarckine: A total synthesis of ()- alangimarckine, Tetrahedron Lett., No. 39, PP. 3477-3480.

Fujii, T.; Shigeyuki, Y. & Koichiro, Y. (1980), Quinolizidines – IV. Total synthesis of (), ankorine and ()-11-methoxyprotoemetinol, Tetrahedron, Vol. 36, PP. 965-968.

Fujii, T.; Yoshifuji, S. & Yamada, K. (1975), Structure and stereochemistry of ankorine. Total synthesis of ()-ankorine, Tetrahedron Lett., Vol. 19-20, PP. 1527-1530.

Gamble, J.S. (1967), Flora of the Presidency of Madras, reprinted edition, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, Vol. I, PP. 404.

Garg, Sunita (1992), Substitute and Adulterant Plants, Periodical Experts Book Agency, New Delhi, PP. 129.

9

Gond, G.S. & Shankhapal, K.V. (1998), Antimicrobial activity of some tribal plants, Indian Drugs, Vol. 35 (12), PP. 778-779.

Haines, H.H. (1961), The Botany of Bihar & Orissa, reprinted edition, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, Vol. II, PP. 437.

Hooker, J.D. (1973), Flora of British India, reprinted edition, B. Singh & M.P. Singh and Periodical Experts, Delhi, Vol. II, PP. 741.

Hou, L.; Chen, M. & Zhu, H. (1981), Alkaloids in some species of Alangium, Zhongcaoyao, Vol. 12 (8), PP. 352-353; Chem. Abstr., 1982, 96, 139464r.

Itoh, A. et al. (2001), Tetrahydroisoquinoline-monoterpene and iridoid glycosides from Alangium lamarckii, Phytochemistry, Vol. 56 (6), PP. 623-630.

Itoh, A.; Ikuta, Y.; Tanahashi, T. & Nagakura, N. (2000), Two Alangium alkaloids from Alangium lamarckii, J. Nat. Prod., Vol. 63 (5), PP. 723-725.

Itoh, A.; Janahashi, T.; Nagakura, N. & Nayeshiro, H. (1991), Tetrahydroisoquinoline-monoterpene glucosides from Alangium lamarckii and Cephaelis ipecancuanha, Phytochemistry, Vol. 36 (2), PP. 383-387.

Itoh, A.; Tanahashi, T. & Nagakura, N. (1994), Three tetrahydroisoquinoline- monoterpene glucosides from Alangium lamarckii: The first occurrence of glucosides with the same absolute configurations such as deacetylisoipecoside, a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of ipecac alkaloids, Chem. Pharm. Bull., Vol. 42 (10), PP. 2208-2210.

Itoh, A.; Tanahashi, T. & Nagakura, N. (1995), Five tetrahydroisoquinoline- monoterpene glucosides and tetrahydro-beta-carboline-monoterpene glucoside from Alangium lamarckii, J. Nat. Prod., Vol. 58 (8), PP. 1228-1239.

Itoh, A.; Tanahashi, T. & Nagakura, N. (1996), Acylated tetrahydroisoquinoline- monoterpene glucosides from Alangium lamarckii, Phytochemistry, Vol. 41 (2), PP. 651-656.

Itoh, A.; Tanahashi, T. & Nagakura, N. (1996), Biogenetic conversion of tetrahydroisoquinoline- monoterpene glucosides into benzopyridoquinolizine alkaloids of Alangium lamarckii, J. Nat. Prod., Vol. 59 (5), PP. 535-538.

Jain, R.K. (1992), Fuelwood characteristics of certain hardwood and softwood tree species of India, Bioresour. Technol., Vol. 41 (2), PP. 129-133; Chem. Abstr., 118, 42203d.

Jones, B.R. & Ofosu, G.A. (1977), Cytotoxic effects of emetine hydrochloride in the kidney of long-evans rats, Cytobios, Vol. 19 (74), PP. 109-118; Chem. Abstr., 1978, 89, 173715c.

Joshi, M.C. & Audichya, K.C. (1981), Medicinal plants of the Rajpipla forests, Gujarat State, Bull. Medico Ethnobot. Res., Vol. 2, No. 2, PP. 150-192.

10

Joshi, P. (1993), Tribal remedies against snake-bites and scorpion stings in Rajasthan, Glimpses in Plant Res. Med. Plants: New Vistas of Res., Vol. 10 (Part 1), PP. 23-30.

Kapil, R.S.; Bhakuni, D.S.; Nityanand & Dhar, M.L. (1961), On the structure of Alangine- A., J. Sci. Ind. Res., Vol. 20 B, PP. 136.

Kar, A.K. & Mohapatra, H.S. (1981), New host records of Colletotrichum species from India, Indian Phytopathol., Vol. 34 (2), PP. 219-221.

Karthikeyan, S. & Anand Kumar (1993), Flora of Yavatmal District Maharashtra, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, PP. 119.

Khan, N.H. & Ali, M.S. (1965), Alkaloids of Alangium lamarckii, Pak. J. Biol. Agr. Sci., Vol. 8 (1), PP. 211-213; Chem. Abstr., 1966, 64, 9785f.

Khory, R.N. (1887), The Bombay Materia Medica and Their Therapeutics, Ranina’s Union Press, Bombay, PP. 347.

Kirtikar, K.R. & Basu, B.D. (1989), Indian Medicinal Plants, reprinted edition, L.M. Basu, Allahabad, Vol. II, PP. 1237.

Kirtikar, K.R. (1895), The poisonous plants of Bombay: Alangium lamarckii Thaweites (Cornaceae). Part XIV, J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 10 (3), PP. 260-279.

Kumar, K.A. & Nisteswar, K. (1983), An enquiry into folk-lore medicines of Addateegala- an agency tract of east Godavari District, AP, Vaghbhata, Vol. 1 (6), PP. 43-44.

Lakshmi, N. & Jagadamma, A. (1996), Pharmacognosy of Ayurvedic Drugs Kerala, Pharmacognosy Unit, Ayurveda Research Institute, Poojapura, Thiruvananthapuram, Series 1, No. 11, PP. 141-155.

Lakshminarasimhaiah, A.; Manjunath, B.L. & Nagaraj, B.S. (1942), Chemical investigation of the seeds of Alangium lamarckii. I., J. Mysore Univ., Sect. B, Vol. 3 (Part 15), PP. 113-116.

Mitra, R. (1985), Bibliography on Pharmacognosy of Medicinal Plants, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, PP. 17.

Mosaddik, M.A.; Kabir, K.E. & Hassan, P. (2000), Antibacterial activity of Alangium salvifolium flowers, Fitoterapia, Vol. 71 (4), PP. 447-449.

Mukhopadhya, R.; Ghosh Dashdar, P.P.; Ali, E. & Pakrashi, S.C. (1987), Studies on Indian medicinal plants Lacinilene c- A rare sesquiterpene from Alangium lamarckii, J. Nat. Prod., Vol. 50 (6), PP. 1185.

11

Murugan, V.; Gulhane, S.; Badami, S.; Ramanathan, M. & Suresh, B. (2002), Androgenic activity of the total alkaloid fraction of Alangium salvifolium (Linn.f.), J. Nat. Remedies, Vol. 2 (1), PP. 66-70.

Nadkarni, A.K. (1976), K.M. Nadkarni’s Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., Bombay, Vol. I, PP. 58.

Naik, V.N. et al. (1998), Flora of Marathwada, Amrut Prakashan, Aurangabad, Vol. I, PP. 429.

Pakarashi, S.C. et al. (1985), Bharatamine- a novel protoberberine alkaloid of aberrant biogenetic origin from Alangium lamarckii Thw., J. Indian Chem. Soc., Vol. 62 (12), PP. 1003-1007.

Pakrashi, S.C. & Achari, B. (1970), Demethylcephaeline, a new alkaloid from Alangium lamarckii. Characterization of AL 60, the hypotensive principle from the stem-bark, Experientia, Vol. 26 (9), PP. 933-934.

Pakrashi, S.C. & Achari, B. (1971), Stigmast-5,22,25-trien-3-Ol: A new sterol form, Tetrahedron Lett., No. 4, PP. 365-368.

Pakrashi, S.C. & Ali, E. (1967), Newer alkaloids from Alangium lamarckii Thw.,Tetrahedron Lett., Vol. 23, PP. 2143-2146.

Pakrashi, S.C. & Esahak Ali (1969), Alangamide, a new alkaloid from the seeds of Alangium lamarckii Thw., Indian J. Chem., Vol. 7, PP. 635-636.

Pakrashi, S.C. & Ghosh, P.P. (1964), Indian Medicinal Plants. IX. Isolation of emetine, cephaeline and psychotrine from the root bark of Alangium lamarckii, Indian J. chem., Vol. 2 (9), PP. 379-380.

Pakrashi, S.C. (1964), Studies on Indian Medicinal Plants. XI. A new alkaloid from the root bark of Alangium lamarckii, Indian J. Chem., Vol. 2 (11), PP. 468.

Pakrashi, S.C. (1966), Chemical investigation of root-bark and stem-bark of Alangium lamarckii. A correction, Curr. Sci., Vol. 35 (18), PP. 468-469.

Pakrashi, S.C. et al. (1983), Bharatamine- A unique protoberberine alkaloid from A. lamarckii Thw., Biogenetically derived from monoterpenoid precursor, Tetrahedron Lett., Vol. 24, PP. 291-294.

Pakrashi, S.C. et al. (1985), Studies on Indian medicinal plants: Part LXXX. Benzopyridoquinolizine alkaloids of Alangium lamarckii, Ind. J. Chem., Sec. B, Vol. 24B (1), PP. 19-28.

Pakrashi, S.C.; Achari, B.; Ali, E.; Ghosh Dastidar, P.P. & Sinha, R.R. (1980), Novel benzopyridoquinolizine bases from Alangium lamarckii Thw., Tetrahedron Lett., Vol. 21 (27), PP. 2667-2670.

12

Pakrashi, S.C.; Bhattacharya, J.; Mookerjee, S. & Samanta, T.B. (1968), Studies on Indian Medicinal Plants. XVIII. The non alkaloidal constituents from the seeds of Alangium lamarckii Thw., Phytochemistry, Vol. 7, PP. 461-466.

Popelak, A.; Haack, E. & Spingler, H. (1966), New alkaloid from Alangium lamarckii, Tetrahedron Lett., Vol. 10, PP. 1081-1085.

Porchezhian, E.; Ansari, S.H. & Ahmad, S. (2001), Analgesic and antiinflammatory effects of Alangium salvifolium, Pharmaceut. Biol., Vol. 39 (1), PP. 65-66.

Prain, David (1963), Bengal Plants, reprinted edition, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, Vol. I, PP. 399.

Prajapati Narayandas (2002), Jadi-Butiyon Ki Saral Kheti, Rajasthan Agro Forestry Corporation, Jodhpur, PP. 117.

Prajapati, N.D.; Purohit, S.S.; Sharma, A.K. & Kumar, T. (2003), A Handbook of Medicinal Plants, Agrobios, India, PP. 25.

Prasad, D.N. et al. (1966), A study of anti-inflammatory activity of some indigenous drugs in albino rats, Indian J. Med. Res., Vol. 54 (6), PP. 282.

Rajan; Vinay & Jain, S.K. (1994), Some ethno-medicinal plants of Lalitpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India, 4th Int. Congr. Ethnobiol., NBRI, Lucknow, 17-21 November, PP. 286.

Rastogi, R.P. & Mehrotra, B.N. (1992), Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, reprinted edition, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, Vol. I, PP. 19.

Rastogi, R.P. & Mehrotra, B.N. (1993), Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, reprinted edition, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, Vol. II, PP. 25.

Rastogi, R.P. & Mehrotra, B.N. (1993), Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, Vol. III, PP. 27.

Rastogi, R.P. & Mehrotra, B.N. (2002), Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, Vol. IV, PP. 29.

Raymond-Hamet (1941), Some pharmacological characteristics of Alangium salvifolium Wangerin, ssp. hexapetalum Wangerin, Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Vol. 135, PP. 1011-1017; Chem. Abstr., 1944, I, 169.

Saily, A.; Sahu, R.; Mohan, D.; Gupta, B. & Sondhi, S.M. (1994), Determination of mineral elements in some medicinal plants used for the cure of various diseases, Indian J. Pharm. Sci., Vol. 56 (5), PP. 186-187.

Salgar, S.S. & Merchant, J.R. (1964), Alkaloids from fruits of Alangium lamarckii (Thwaites), Curr. Sci., PP. 745-746.

13

Salgar, S.S. & Merchant, J.R. (1966), Chemical investigation of root-bark and stem-bark of Alangium lamarckii Thwaites, Curr. Sci., Vol. 35, PP. 281-282.

Salimuzzaman, S.; Amajad Ali, M. & Viguruddin, A. (1965), Chemical examination of root bark of Alangium lamarckii, Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res., Vol. 8 (4), PP. 161-165; Chem. Abstr., 1968, 68, 899d.

Sanyal, A.K. et al. (1965), Studies of Alangium lamarckii Thw. Part-I, Pharmacological studies of the total alkaloidal extract of the leaves, Indian J. Med. Res., Vol. 53, PP. 1055.

Sanyal, A.K. et al. (1966), Studies on Alangium lamarckii Thw. Chemical and pharmacological studies with a quarternary base from the leaves, Indian J. Med. Res., Vol. 54, PP. 1060.

Sanyal, A.K.; Dasgupta, B. & Das, P.K. (1965), Studies of Alangium lamarckii, Thw. I. Pharmacological studies of the total alkaloidal extract of the leaves,Indian J. Med. Res., Vol. 53 (11), PP. 1055-1061.

Sharma, B.D.; Singh, N.P.; Raghavan, R.S. & Deshpande, U.R. (1984), Flora of Karnataka Analysis, Botanical Survey of India, Deptt. of Environment, Howrah, PP. 121.

Sharma, P.V. (1981), Dravyaguna-Vijnana, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, Vol. II, PP. 778.

Sharma, P.V. (1996), Classical Uses of Medicinal Plants, Chaukhambha Visvabharati, Varanasi, India, PP. 6.

Sharma, R.K. & Gupta, P.C. (1966), Aceryl alcohol and a wax from the root bark of Alangium lamarckii, Vijnana Parishad Anusandhan Patrika, Vol. 9, PP. 147.

Shastri, A.D. (1981), Bhaishajyaratnavali, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, PP. 762.

Shoeb, A.; Kapil, R.S. & Popil, S.P. (1969), Studies in the biosynthesis of the alkaloids of Alangium lamarckii Thw. Natural occurrence of a cyclogentanoid monoterpene carboxylic acid, Indian J. Pharm., Vol. 31, PP. 170.

Shoeb, A.; Raj, K.; Kapil, R.S. & Popli, S.P. (1975), Alangiside, the monoterpenoid alkaloidal glycoside from Alangium lamarckii Thw., J. Chem. Soc. [Perkin 1], Vol. (13), PP. 1245-1248.

Siddiqui, S.; Ali, M.A. & Ahmad, V.U. (1965), Chemical examination of root bark of Alangium lamarckii, Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res., Vol. 8 (4), PP. 161-165; Chem. Abstr., 1968, 68, 29931u.

Siddiqui, S.; Amajad Ali, M. & Ahmad, U.V. (1964), A new alkaloid from Alangium lamarckii, Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res., Vol. 7 (2), PP. 144.

14

Singh, B. & Chunekar, K.C. (1972), Glossary of Vegetable Drugs in Brihattrayi, Chaukhamba Amarabharati Prakashan, Varanasi, PP. 5.

Singh, M.P. & Tewari, J.d. (1948), Chemical examination of the root bark of Alangium lamarckii, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. India, Vol. 17a, PP. 1-6.

Singh, R.S. (1969), Vansushadhi Nirdeshika (Ayurvediya Pharmacopoeia) (Hindi), Hindi Samiti, Suchana Vibhag, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, PP. 1-2.

Singh, V.K.; Govil, J.N. Singh, Gurudip (2002), Recent progress in medicinal plants, Ethnomedicine and Pharmacognosy, BCI Tech Publishing LLC, U.S.A., Vol. 1, PP. 91, 224, 235.

Subbaratnam, A.V. & Siddhiqui, S. (1956), Chemical examination of the seeds of Alangium lamarckii Thwaites: Part I- Alkaloidal constituents of the seed kernels, J. Sci. Ind. Res., Vol. 15B, PP. 432-437.

Szantay, C.; Szentirmay, E. & Szabo, L. (1974), Revised structure of ankorine, Tetrahedron Lett., No. 42, PP. 3725-3728.

Takayama, H.; Arai, M.; Kitajima, M. & Aimi, N. (2002), First total synthesis of a novel monoterpenoid isoquinoline alkaloid, ()- alangine, Chem. Pharm. Bull., Vol. 50 (8), PP. 1141-1143.

Thippeswamy, G.; Lokesh, S. & Ravishankar Rai., V. (2003), Influence of some indigenous medicinal plants extracts on seed mycoflora and seedling growth of some oil seed crop species, Adv. Plant Sci., Vol. 16 (1), PP. 67-74.

Tozo, F.; Koichiro, Y. & Shigeyuki, Y. (1976), Structure and stereochemistry of alangicine: Synthesis of ()-alangicine, Tetrahedron Lett., No. 29, PP. 2553-2556.

Tripathi, I.D. (1982), Rajnighantu of Pandit Narhari, Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, PP. 278.

Vaidya, Bapalal (1982), Some Controversial Drugs in Indian Medicine, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, PP. 192.

Vaidya, Bapalal G. (1968), Nighantu Adarsha (Purvardha), Chaukhambha Vidya Bhawan, Varanasi, Vol. I, PP. 702.

15

Valsaraj, R.; Pushpangadan, P.; Smitt, U.W.; Adsersen, A. & Nyman, U. (1997), Antimicrobial screening of selected medicinal plants from India, J. Ethnopharmacol., Vol. 58 (2), PP. 75-83.

Venkatachalam, S.R.; Kunjappu, J.T. & Nair, C.K. (1994), DNA binding studies on deoxytubulosine, an alkaloid from Alangium lamarckii, Indian J. Chem., Vol. 33B (8), PP. 809-811.

Watt, G. (1972), A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, reprinted edition, Periodical Expert, Delhi, Vol. I, PP. 153.

Wuthi-udomlert, M.; Prathanturarug, S. & Wongkrajang, Y. (2002), Antifungal activity and local toxicity study of Alangium salviifolium subsp hexapetalum, Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public. Health., Vol. 33 (Suppl. 3), PP. 152-154.

Yoganarasimhan, S.N. (1996), Medicinal Plants of India (Karnataka), Interline Publishing Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, Vol. I, PP. 22.

Yoganarasimhan, S.N. (2000), Medicinal Plants of India (Tamil Nadu), Dr. S.N.Yoganarasimhan, Bangalore, Vol. II, PP. 29.

Yoshifuji, S. & Fujii, T. (1975), Absolute configuration of ankorine: Chemical correlation with Cinchona alkaloids, Tetrahedron Lett., No. 24, PP. 1965-1968.

16