15520007_dyutisree_analytical and automated plotters

8/18/2019 15520007_Dyutisree_analytical and Automated Plotters

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Analytical &

AutomaticPlotters

Dyutisree HalderEnrollment No. -

15520007

M. Tech (Geomatics


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Time–Line of Photogrammetry

Major photogrammetric phase as a result of technological innovation

•Photogrammetry = ‘Photos’+ ‘Gramma’ + ‘Metron’.

• It is e!ne as the science of o"taining information on o"#ectsthrough measuring an inter$reting imagery an $hotogra$hs.

• Photogrammetry has a %' year history an its $o$ular name hase(ol(e accoring to a(ances of technology such as ANALOG) ANALYTICAL an DIGITAL $hotogrammetry) res$ecti(ely.


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Process in Photogrammetry

Photogrammetry portrayed as systems approach. The input is usually referred to as data acquisition, the “black box" involvesphotogrammetric procedures and instruments; the output comprises photogrammetric products.


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Stereo Pair

Overlap Region

60% Overlap

In a stri$) a $air of aerial $hotogra$hs *ith a ', for*ar o(erla$ iscalle a STEREO-PAIR.

-tereo ision


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-tereo ision

ertical aerial $hotogra$hs are ta/enalong $arallel $asses calle 0ightstri$s. -uccessi(e $hotogra$hs alonga 0ight stri$ o(erla$ is calle en la$– ', area of common co(eragecalle STEREOSCOPIC OVERLAP

area.


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-tereosco$ic instruments that$ro(ie the stereo image$ro#ection *hich creates a 12moel of the o(erla$ area. Thismoel is calle a STEREO-MODEL.

-tereo ision

i


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Introuction to Automate-ystems

The term ‘Automation’ is e!ne as 3the re$lacement of human oranimal la"or "y machines4 or 3the operation of a machine ordeice a!tomatica""# or "y remote control4.

• In o$erating a stereo5$lotter) the o$erator’s eye5"raincom"ination continually $erforms image correlation ) i.e.)

matching sha$es) si6es an ensities of corres$oning imagesfrom a stereo5$air of $ositi(es or ia5$ositi(es.

• The ingenious instruments calle electronic image correlatorsha(e "een esigne *hich can re$lace the human o$erator. The

chief $otential a(antages of such automate stereo5com$ilatione7ui$ment are greatly increased the speed) precision) fexibility an versatility of the instrument8 to !ermit editin" data8 to!ro#ide a uni$orm out!ut in any $articular moe8 an to!re!are the out!ut data $or $urther !rocessin".

i


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Introuction to Automate-ystems

Automate system *ill "e consiere in the follo*ing categories9

i. Interfacing regular analog stereo$lotters *ith on5line com$onents to$ro(ie ca$a"ility for igital storage an retrie(al.

ii. :orrelation com$onents for the automatic matching of corres$oning

images in o(erla$$ing $hotogra$hs an their incor$oration intoanalog $lotters.

iii. :om$uter5controlle $lotters *ith or *ithout correlation com$onents.

i(. Totally 2igital -ystems.


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2i;erence "et*een Analytical & AutomatePlotters

The function of electronic image correlation system is toautomatically etect the $resence of $aralla< "et*een corres$oningimagery. This function is $erforme in t*o ste$s9

%. :on(ersion of imagery to electronic signals through an o$erationcalle scanning an

. :om$arison of the electronic signals from the t*o ia5$ositi(es of

a stereo5$airs) an o$eration calle :orrelation.In general) the scanning o$eration is $erforme electronically) *hilecorrelation may "e one either numerically or electronically.

>hen the correlation is "eing one through numerically then is calle

ANALYTICAL MET$OD%If the correlation is "eing one through electronically then is calle A&TOMATED MET$OD%


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Analog -tereo$loters *ith:orrelators

•

In '()*) Gi"+ert $o+ro!,h emonstratean analog im$lementation of stereo imagecorrelation.

• An electronic image correlation system has"een com"ine *ith the stanar >il ? @A(iogra$h stereo$lotter to $rouce an

instrument /no*n as the >il ? @-tereomat.

>il ? @ -tereomat>il ? @ A(iogra$h


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The >il ?5@ -tereomat

•

A i;erence in $hase suchas TL an T of Big.inicates the $resence of$aralla


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•

A D0ying s$otD of light systematically scans "ac/ an forth across theface of each of the cathoe ray tu"es a"o(e the ia$osi!(es.

• The lens "et*een the cathoe ray tu"es an the ia$ositi(es focus the0ying s$ots of light onto the ia$ositi(es) an the lenses "elo* theia$ositi(es $ro#ect the s$ots onto the $hotomulti$lier tu"es "elo*.Electronic currents FI generate "y the $hotomulti$lier tu"es alternate

accoring to the intensity of light recei(e.• The 0ying s$ots a"o(e the t*o ia$ositi(es mo(e synchronously *ith

res$ect to the left an right ia$ositi(es. As the s$ots scan) if they crosscorres$oning light5ar/ "orers of the t*o ia$ositi(es at i;erenttimes) the resulting alternating currents generate "y the$hotomulti$lier tu"es *ill ha(e i;erent $hases.

• -ince the 0ying s$ots ha(e "oth < an H com$onents) it is $ossi"le toautomatically etect "oth < $aralla< an H $aralla< in a stereomoel. The instrument can relati(ely orient itself through automatic etectionof H $arallail ?5@ -tereomat


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Analytical Photogrammetry

• In analytical $hotogrammetry) as istinguishe from instrumental) amathematical moel is constructe to re$resent relations "et*een$oints in the o"#ect s$ace) the $ers$ecti(e centre in the lens an theimages on the $hotogra$hs.

•

The a$$lication of numerical analysis to this moel results in thesolution of $ro"lems of camera cali"ration) s$ace resection anorientation) s$ace intersection an triangulation of grou$s) stri$s or"loc/s of aerial or terrestrial $hotogra$hs.

Ki f A l i l


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• Se+atian .inter/a"der esta"lishe the real founation of analytical

$hotogrammetry in a series of $a$ers $u"lishe aroun %@) %'')%'1) %1.

• Car" P!"frich of the Jeiss >or/s) in %'%) he announce thee(elo$ment of the !rst stereocom$arator.

• Brom %1' to %') Ear" Ch!rch an his stuents $u"lishe a series of$a$ers e(elo$ing analytical solutions to s$ace resection) orientation)intersection) recti!cation an control e


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Analytical Plotters

• The conce$t of the analytical $lotter *as !rst $atente in '()* "y Dr%&% V% $e"aa.

• Analytical $lotters form neither an o$tical nor a mechanical moel)rather they com$ute a mathematical moel using the COLLINEARITY or

COPLANARITY e7uations.

• Analytical $lotters consist "asically of a $recision STEREO-COMPARATOR an a CO-ORDINATOGRAP$ interface *ith acom$uter.


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Analytical Plotters

• E2terna" inp!t for the solution of the e7uations consists ofcamera interior orientation $arameters an groun coorinates ofcontrol $oints

• Interna" inp!t consists of image coorinates measure "y theinstrument itself.

• Brom these ata the com$uter calculates the moel coorinatesan then is$lays the information on a screen) $rints it in harco$y form) or transmits it to a co5orinatogra$h for $lotting.


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Ty$es of Analytical Plotters

Aam Technology A- '''Intergra$h Inter5ma$ Analytic Plotter

Jiss :%' Analytic PlotterMI Analytic Plotter AP:N


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Analytical Plotter rientation

Analytical $roceures in $hotogrammetric control e


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Platform Moel FE


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Platform Moel FE


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:ollinearity E7uations

The collinearity conition e7uation is use

for s$ace intersection) s$ace resection orrelati(e orientation. The funamental characteristic of frameimaging is that the $ers$ecti(e center) theimage $oint an the corres$oning o"#ect$oint lie on a line in s$ace. This line can

"e e


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:ollinearity E7uations

. The matri< M can "e e


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:o$lanarity E7uations

A $air of o(erla$$ing frame

$hotogra$hs are relati(ely oriente *ithres$ect to each other) then the o"#ects$ace rays e!ne "y t*o image $ointsan their res$ecti(e $ers$ecti(e centres*ill intersect e


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The (olume of the $arallel$i$e *ill "e 6ero if the thir (ector lies in the $lane the

"ase) ma/ing it co$lanar *ith the !rst t*o (ectors.

. The "ase (ector " re$resent the is$lacement "et*een the $ers$ecti(ecentres. The (ector a% re$resents the o"#ect s$ace (ector from the image $oint

on the left $hotogra$h an the (ector a re$resents the o"#ect s$ace (ector

from the image $oint on the right $hotogra$h. :om$onents of these three(ectors may "e ee use the tri$le scalar $rouct to e


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A(antages f AnalyticalPlotters

•

Analytical $lotters ha(e no optica" or mechanica" "imitation in theformation of their mathematical moels. They can hanle any ty$e of$hotogra$hy) incluing (ertical) tilte) lo* o"li7ue) con(ergent) higho"li7ue) $anoramic) an terrestrial.

• They can also "e use *ith radar ima,er# . In aition) they can

accommoate $hotogra$hy from any focal length camera to form amoel.

• In com$arison *ith analog $lotters) analytical $lotters can $ro(ieresults of su$erior accuracy for "asically three reasons.

%. "ecause they o not form moel $oints "y intersecting $ro#ecte

light rays or mechanical s$ace ros.. they can e;ecti(ely correct for any com"ination of systematic

errors cause "y camera5lens istortions) !lm shrin/age ore


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Moes f Sse f AnalyticalPlotters

• The i;erent instruments $erform p"anemetric an topo,raphic

ma$$ing.

• The com$uter sol(es the e7uations to transform machine imagecoorinates into the groun system through sim$ly traces outfeatures an contours.

• The information can "e transmitte on line to an automatic $lottingta"le to $ro(ie a gra$hic renition Fma$) or the ata can "estore in igital form for su"se7uent o; line $lotting or thee(elo$ment of igital terrain moels.

• Analytical $lotters can also "e o$erate in a pro3"in, mode.

• Another common a$$lication of analytical $lotters is inaerotrian,!"ation.

• >hen the aerotriangulation is com$lete) the ia$ositi(es can "euse in other tereop"otter or orthophoto instruments.


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Proucts of Automate -ystems

The automate systems are ca$a"le ofe(elo$ing a (ariety of $roucts9

'% Line Map 5 The $rouction of thecon(entional line ma$ in automatesystems is same as *ith con(entional

$lotters.

4% Orthophoto Map – ortho$hotos are$rouce either o$tically using one$hoto of the stereo5$air) or electrically"y moulating a :T.

5% Conto!r and conto!r re"ated,raphic – Automate systems ha(e a(ariety of out$uts *ith contours. Thei;erent out$uts name as ro$5line)ro$5$oint) hy$socline etc.


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Than/ Hou

15520007_dyutisree_analytical and automated plotters

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