1/5/20161 another school year —what for? john ciardi lesson one

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Another School YearAnother School Year—What For?—What For?

John Ciardi

Lesson One

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Part One: Warm-up

Part Two: Background InformationPart Three:

Text Appreciation (Key Points)

Part Four: Language Study (Difficult Points)

Part Five: Resource Extension

Lesson One

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Lesson 1 Another School Year—What For?

B T L EW

Part OnePart One Warm Warm upup

I. Questions

II. The Differences Between A University And A College

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B T L EW

Questions:

1. What is your purpose of going to college?

I. Questions

• better jobs

• academic study

• parents' advice

• no purpose just follow others

• ...

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B T L EW

2. What is the ideal higher education?

I. Questions

• systematic mastery of knowledge

• competitive atmosphere

• opportunities of sharing experiences

• professional instructors

• ...


B T L EW

II. The Difference between A

University And A College Colleges in the United States first got that name because

they didn’t seem to measure up to the size and stature of

the large English universities. Some of the biggest

differences are the size and prestige.

It’s still widely understood that a university is typically

larger and can grant more advanced degrees like

doctorates and master’s degrees.

A university may also have several separate colleges that

operate under its umbrella. It’s acceptable to call a large

university a college because the terms are so

interchangeable. But you’ll rarely see anyone call a

college a university because of that size distinction.


B T LW E

I. Author

II. Aristotle, Chaucer, Bach

III. Dante, Homer, La Rochefoucauld

IV. Virgil, Shakespeare

V. Neanderthal

Part TwoPart Two Background Information Background Information


B T LW E

John Ciardi

American poet, editor, critic, author of books for children, nonfiction writer, and translator (of Dante’s The Divine Comedy: “The Inferno”, “The Purgatorio”, and “The Paradiso”).

I. AuthorI. Author


B T LW E

“ The day will happen whether or not you get up.”

“You do not have to suffer to be a poet. Adolescence is enough suffering for anyone.”

“A university is what a college becomes when the faculty loses interest in students.”

I. Author I. Author

Author ’s qAuthor ’s quotesuotes


B T LW E

One of the greatest thinkers of all time, an ancient Greek philosopher. His work in the natural and social sciences greatly influenced virtually every area of modern thinking.

Aristotle threw himself wholeheartedly into Plato’s pursuit of truth and goodness. Plato was soon calling him the “mind of the school”.

II. Aristotle, Chaucer, BachII. Aristotle, Chaucer, Bach

Aristotle


B T LW E


In the early Middle Ages the only works of

his known in Western Europe were parts of

his writings on logic. They became the basis

of one of the three subjects of the medieval

trivium ( 三学科 )—logic, grammar, and

rhetoric. Early in the 13th century other

books reached the West.


B T LW E


The best known of Aristotle’s writings that

have been preserved are Organon ( 工具论 ) (treatises on logic), Rhetoric, Poetics, History

of Animals, Metaphysics ( 玄学 ), De Anima

(on psychology), Nicomachean Ethics, Politics

and Constitution of Athens.


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The Father of the English Language as well as the Morning Star of Song, one of the three or four greatest English poets.

• Playfulness of mood and simplicity of expression.

• Most famous work was the Canterbury Tales.

Chaucer


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Bach is considered by many to have been the greatest composer in the history of western music.

Bach's main achievement lies in his synthesis and advanced development of the primary contrapuntal idiom of the late Baroque, and in the basic tunefullness of his thematic material.

Bach


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III. Dante, Homer, La RochefoucauldIII. Dante, Homer, La Rochefoucauld

One of the greatest poets in the history of world literature, Italian writer Alighieri Dante composed poetry influenced by classical and Christian tradition.

Dante’s greatest work—epic poem: The Divine Comedy, 1802. It includes three sections:

• the “Inferno” (Hell), in which the great classical poet Virgil leads Dante on a trip through hell;

• the “Purgatorio” (Purgatory), in which Virgil leads Dante up the mountain of purification; and

• the “Paradiso” (Paradise), in which Dante travels through heaven.

The illustration shows Dante standing in front of the

mountain of Purgatory, with hell on his right and heaven on

his left.

Dante


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Homer, name traditionally assigned to the

author of The Iliad and The Odyssey, the two

major epics of Greek antiquity.

The Iliad The Odyssey

III. Dante, Homer, La RochefoucauldIII. Dante, Homer, La Rochefoucauld

Homer


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The literary reputation of La Rochefoucauld rests on one book: Maxims, published in 1665. These moral reflections and maxims are a collection of cynical epigrams, or short sayings, about human nature—a nature that the author felt is dominated by self-interest.

“We always like those who admire us; we do not always like

those whom we admire.”

“We seldom find such sensible men as those who agree with us.”“Virtues are lost in self-interest as rivers are lost in the sea.”“The surest way to be deceived is to think oneself cleverer than the others.”

III. Dante, Homer, La RochefoucauldIII. Dante, Homer, La Rochefoucauld La Rochefoucauld


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The greatest of the ancient Roman poets His works:

• “Eclogues” ( 牧歌 )—pastoral poems

• the “Georgics” ( 田园诗 )—a more serious work on the art of farming and the charms of country life (This established his fame as the foremost poet of his age.)

• his great epic, the “Aeneid” ( 叙事诗 ), which exercised a tremendous influence upon Latin and later Christian literature

IV. Virgil, ShakespeareIV. Virgil, Shakespeare Virgil


B T LW E

English playwright and poet whose body of

works is considered the greatest in English

literature. His plays, many of which were

performed at the Globe Theatre in London, include

historical works, such as Richard II, comedies,

including Much Ado About Nothing ( 庸人自扰 ), The

Merchant of Venice, Twelfth Night, and As You

Like It, and tragedies, such as Romeo and Juliet,

Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear. He also composed

154 sonnets.

Shakespeare

IV. Virgil, ShakespeareIV. Virgil, Shakespeare


B T LW E

Part ThreePart Three Text Appreciation Text Appreciation

I. Text Analysis 1. Theme

2. Structure 3. Discussion

II. Writing Devices 1. Language Style & Tone 2. Metaphor

III. Sentence Paraphrase


B T LW E

I. Text AnalysisI. Text Analysis

The author tries to clarify the

purpose of a university: to put the

students in touch with the best

civilization that human race has

created.

Theme


B T LW E

Part 1 (Paras. 1— ):

Part 2 (Paras. ):


Structure

8

9—14

The writer describes his

encounter with one of his

students.The author restates what he still believes to be the purpose of a university: putting its students in touch with the best civilizations the human race has created.


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Discussion

As a college student, what do you think of the

question put forward by the author? Give your

own answer to the question, and compare it

with the author’s.

After finishing reading the whole text, how do

you evaluate the author’s answer?


B T LW E


At the beginning:He introduces the topic with his encounter with a student and with two questions:

1. Why should we go to university? 2. Why should we learn literature, arts, philosophy, politics,

etc.? Then: He proceeds to give evidence to support his view.In the end: Reiteration and summary: the function of university and its

faculty.

How does the writer present his argument?


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II. Writing DevicesII. Writing Devices

Language Style & Tone

Style:

Colloquial, familiar style

Tone:

Humorous and mildly sarcastic

By way of using direct speechBy way of

using metaphors


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II. Writing DevicesII. Writing Devices

Metaphor Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.

Part of the student body was a beanpole with

hair on top who came into my class, sat down…

(Para. 1)

New as I was to the faculty, I could have told this

specimen a number of things. (Para. 2)

That is about what I said, but this particular pest

was not interested. (Para. 7)


B T LW E

III. Sentence Paraphrase 1III. Sentence Paraphrase 1… I was fresh out of graduate school

starting my first semester at the University

of Kansas City. (Para. 1)

… I had just completed my graduate studies and began teaching at the University of Kansas City.

go to 2

to have just come from a particular place, to have just had a particular experience, e.g. students fresh from college


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III. Sentence Paraphrase 2III. Sentence Paraphrase 2I could have pointed out that he had enrolled, not in a drugstore-mechanics school, but in a college and that at the end of his course meant to reach for a scroll that read Bachelor of Science. (Para. 2) Subjunctive mood: I

didn’t point it out in fact.

go to 3

I could have told him that he was now not getting training for a job in a technical school but doing a B.Sc. at a university.

to intend to do sth.to indicate, register,

or show


B T LW E

III. Sentence Paraphrase 3III. Sentence Paraphrase 3

Here the word education is used in a broad sense, which involves not only the process of acquiring knowledge and developing skills, but also that of improving the mind.

go to 4

That is to say, he had not entered a technical training school but a university and in universities students enroll for both training and education. (Para. 2)

What is the difference between training and education, according to the writer? Training is preparation for a job, or a career, such as the training in a certain skill. Education, on the other hand, is learning to develop one’s mental and moral powers.


B T LW E

III. Sentence Paraphrase 4III. Sentence Paraphrase 4“For the rest of your life,” I said, “your days are going to average out to about twenty-four hours.” (Para. 4)

to come to an average or ordinary level or standard, esp. after

being higher or lower

More examples: Meals at the university average out to about 10 yuan per day. The restaurant’s monthly profits averaged out at 30% last year.

go to 5


B T LW E


You will see to it that the cyanide stays out of the aspirin, that the bull doesn’t jump the fence, or that your client doesn’t go to the electric chair as a result of your incompetence. (Para. 5)

go to 6

You have to take responsibility for the work you do. If you’re a pharmacist, you should make sure that aspirin is not mixed with poisonous chemicals. As an engineer, you shouldn’t get things out of control. If you become a lawyer, you should make sure an innocent person is not sentenced to death because you lack adequate legal knowledge and skill to defend your client.


B T LW E


In addition to all other things these professions offer, they provide you with a living so that you can support a family—wife and children.

Noun clause, used as predicative

go to 7

Along with everything else, they will probably be what puts food on your table, supports your wife, and rears your children. (Para. 5)


B T LW E


I hope that your income will always be enough.

go to 8

They will be your income, and may it always suffice. (Para. 5)

Inverted sentence, used in a blessing. e.g. May they live

long!


B T LW E


go to 9

“I hope you make a lot of it, ” I told him, “because you’re going to be badly stuck for something to do when you’re not signing checks.” (Para. 8)

Notice the sarcastic tone of the writer. If you don’t have any goal in life apart from making money to satisfy your desire for material riches, go ahead and make a lot of it.

not to know what to do in a particular

situation


B T LW E


More examples: You’ve no business telling me what to do.She has no business reading your mail.

go to 10

If you have no time for Shakespeare, for a basic look at philosophy, for the continuity of the fine arts, for that lesson of man’s development we call history—then you have no business being in college. (Para. 9)

to have no right to do sth., shouldn’t have been/be doing sth.


B T LW E


If you are too anxious to make money, too ignorant to see your limitations, then you couldn’t regard those great people’s minds as a gift to your humanity, and thus you can’t be a developed human.

go to 11

If you are too much in a hurry, or too arrogantly proud of your own limitations, to accept as a gift to your humanity some pieces of the minds of Aristotle, or Chaucer, or Einstein, you are neither a developed human nor a useful citizen of a democracy. (Para. 12)

“too… to…” structureobject of the verb “accept”


B T LW E

III. Sentence III. Sentence Paraphrase 11Paraphrase 11

… when I say that a university has no real

existence and no real purpose except as it

succeeds in putting you in touch, both as

specialists and as humans, with those human

minds your human mind needs to include.

(Para. 14)

“ except” used as a conjunctive, introducing an

adverbial clause both as specialists and as humans: as persons who

havespecialized and are trained in a certain subject or skill

andas civilized creatures and thinking animals


B T LW E

I. Word Study

II. Phrases and Expressions

III. Word Building

IV. Grammar

Part FourPart Four Language Study Language Study


B T LW E

I. Word StudyI. Word Study

Word list:

1. accomplishmet

2. assume

3. certify

4. expose

5. faculty

6. generate

7. nevertheless

8. rear

9. species

10. suffice


B T LW E

1. accomplishment

n. sth. completed successfully; an achievement

Examples:

a girl of many accomplishments.

Among her accomplishments were

sewing, cooking, playing the piano and dancing.



B T LW E

v. to succeed in doing; to reach the end of

Examples:

accomplish one’s object

accomplish one’s mission

He can accomplish more in a day than any other boy in his class.


accomplish


B T LW E

2. assume

v. a. to take for granted; to suppose

b. to take upon oneselfn.n. assumption assumption

a.a. assumptive assumptiveExamples:

They had assumed that prices would rise

these days, but in fact they were wrong.

assume responsibilities

assume another’s debts

Word formation



B T LW E

3. certify

v. to confirm formally as true, accurate, or

genuine

Examples:

The accounts were The accounts were certifiedcertified (as) correct. (as) correct.

He was He was certifiedcertified (as) insane. (as) insane.

certifiedcertified accountant accountant

nn. certification. certification

aa. certified . certified

Word formation



B T LW E

4. expose

v. a. to subject or allow to be subjected to an

action or an influence

b. to subject (a photographic film, for

example) to the action of light

c. to make known (sth. discreditable);

to reveal (the guilt or wrongdoing of)



B T LW E

Examples:

The parents exposed their children to

classical

music at home.

This film has been exposed.

The crime of the corrupt officials must be

exposed without any reserve.



B T LW E

5. faculty n. a. any of the powers of the body or mind

b. department or group of related departments in a university

c. the whole teaching staff in one of the departments or in the whole university

Examples: the faculty of the sight; mental faculties

the Faculty of Law

The entire faculty of the university will attend

the meeting.



B T LW E

cf.

staff n.a. group of assistants working together in a

business, etc. responsible to a manager or a

person in authority

b. those people doing administrative work


Examples:the hotel staff, the shop staffWe need more staff in the office.I have a staff of ten. a head teacher and her staff The school staff are expected to supervise school meals.


B T LW E

n. generation n. generatora. generative

Word formation

v. to produce as a result of a chemical or

physical process

6. generate

Examples:

a generating station

When coal burns, it generates heat.

generative reproduction



B T LW E

7. nevertheless

adv. in spite of that, however

Examples:

She was very tired, nevertheless she kept

on working.

We are going nevertheless we shall return.



B T LW E

8. rear v. a. to care for (children or a child) during the

early stages of life; to bring up

b. to tend (growing plants or animals)

c. to rise high in the air; to tower

n. a hind part

Examples: to rear a child to rear poultry to rear a monument to a person’s memory the rear of the hall



B T LW E

9. species

n. a fundamental category of taxonomic

classification, ranking below a genus or

subgenus and consisting of related organisms

capable of interbreeding

Examples:

Some species of animals have become

extinct because they could not adapt to a

changing environment.

The Origin of Species



B T LW E

v. to meet present needs or requirements

10. sufficeWord formation

aa. sufficient. sufficient

nn. sufficiency. sufficiency

Examples:

These rations will suffice until next week.

Fifty dollars will suffice me.

Fifty dollars will suffice for my needs.



B T LW E

List:

1. enroll in

2. specialize in

3. put it…

4. go through

5. see to it that

6. preside over

7. be out to do sth.

8. be on one’s/the way to

9. The chances are that…

10. in essence

11. make… available

II. Phrases and ExpressionsII. Phrases and Expressions


B T LW E

to place one’s name on a roll or register; to

sign up

1. enroll in


Word formation

nn. enrollment. enrollment

Example:

We enrolled in the army.


B T LW E

to concentrate on a particular activity or

product

2. specialize in


Example:

The shop specializes in mountain-climbing

gear.


B T LW E

to express; to state

3. put it…


Examples:

to put it another way

to put it mildly

to put it strong


B T LW E

to try to make sure that

5. see to it that


Example:

The parents asked the girl to see to it that

her younger brothers behave well at the

table.


B T LW E


4. go through

a. to examine carefully

b. to experience

Examples:

John went through the students’ papers.

We went through hell while working on

this project.


B T LW E

to be in charge of

6. preside over


Examples:

preside over a meeting

preside at tea

The manager presides over the business of

this store.


B T LW E

to try to do sth.

7. be out to do sth.


Example:

You professor raise your kids your way; I’ll

take

care of my own. Me, I’m out to make money.


B T LW E

to be in the process of coming, going, or traveling

8. be on one’s/the way to


Examples:

She is on her way out the door.

Winter is on the way.

You are on your way to being that new species of mechanized savage, the push-button Neanderthal.


B T LW E

It is possible that…

9. The chances are that…


cf.cf.

Examples:

The chances are ten to one that the guest team

will win.

If you have some one on your mind, let her know.

Chances are you are on hers as well. There is a chance that I will see him these

days.

Is there any chance of rain?


B T LW E


Examples:

It chanced that the train was late that

day.

Although there is still hope, he is not not

willing to chance it.

vi. to come about by chance; occur 偶然发生，出现

vt. to take the risk or hazard of 冒 ······ 的危险

chance


B T LW E


by nature; essentially

10. in essence

Example:

In essence, leadership involves accomplishing

goals with and through people.


B T LW E


11. make… available

to do sth. so that one thing can be used or can

easily be bought or found

Examples:

Dental clinics shall be made available within ten

miles of each community.

Parking facilities were made available for the

disabled.


B T LW E

III. Word BuildingIII. Word Building

List:

1. Suffix –ize

2. Suffix –fy


B T LW E


a. to cause to be or to

become 使成为

b. to cause to conform to

or resemble 使 ······ 一致，

使 ······ 相像

c. to treat as 当作 ······ 对待

d. to treat or affect with

对待或影响

dramatize 戏剧化

Hellenize 使希腊化

idolize 偶像崇拜

anesthetize 施以麻醉

e.g.e.g.capitalizecapitalize suffix


B T LW E


e. to subject to 使服从f. to treat according to or

practice the method of

根据 ······ 对待或实施办法g. to become; become like

成为；变得像h. to perform, engage in,

or produce 完成，从事于，生产

tyrannize 压制

pasteurize 施行巴氏消毒

materialize 具体化

botanize 采集植物

e.g.e.g.capitalizecapitalize suffix


B T LW E


capitalize

centralize

finalize

hospitalize

idealize

naturalize

socialize

capital (a.)

central (a.)

final (a.)

hospital (n.)

ideal (a.)

natural (a.)

social (a.)

suffix— -ize


B T LW E

suffix— -ize


apologize

civilize

fertilize

industrialize

realize

specialize

westernize

apologetic (a.)

civil (a.)

fertile (a.)

industrial (a.)

real (a.)

special (a.)

western (a.)


B T LW E


clarifyclarify suffix

-fy—to cause to become; to make

base (n.)

clear (a.)

class (n.)

intense (a.)

just (a.)

note (n.)

basify

clarify

classify

intensify

justify

notify


B T LW E


clarifyclarify suffix

-fy—to cause to become; to make

pure (a.)

quality (n.)

simple (a.)

unity (n.)

terror (n.)

purify

qualify

simplify

unify

terrify


B T LW E

IV. GrammarIV. Grammar

I. Observe the following sentences and

study the related grammar.


specimen a number of things.

There is not time enough in a single lifetime to

invent for oneself everything one needs to know

in order to be a civilized man.

As this is true of the techniques of mankind, so it

is true of mankind’s spiritual resources.


B T LW E


specimen a number of things.

II. Grammar 1: concessive clauseII. Grammar 1: concessive clause

IV. GrammarIV. Grammar

More examples:More examples:

GreatGreat as as the author was, he proved a bad the author was, he proved a bad

model. model. RidiculousRidiculous as as it seems, the tale is it seems, the tale is

true.true.

Concessive clause, inverted sentence, meaning

“though…”


B T LW E

IV. GrammarIV. GrammarII. Grammar 2: infinitiveII. Grammar 2: infinitive

There is not time enough in a single lifetime to invent for

oneself everything one needs to know in order to be a

civilized man.More examples:More examples:

a lot of things a lot of things to doto do

last one last one to leaveto leave

a man a man to rely onto rely on

Infinitive, functioning as modifie

r of “time”


B T LW E

IV. GrammarIV. GrammarII. Grammar 3: as… so structureII. Grammar 3: as… so structure

As this is true of the techniques of mankind, so it is true

of mankind’s spiritual resources.

More example:More example:

Just Just asas the French love their wine, the French love their wine, soso the English love the English love

their beer.their beer.

as… so (conjunctive adverbs)


ELTBW

Part FivePart Five Resource Resource ExtensionExtension I. Quiz

II. Writing


ELTBW

I. Quiz I. Quiz List

1. Quiz 1

2. Quiz 2

3. Quiz 3


ELTBW

be exposed to sth. to be in charge

see to it that approximately

go through to make sure that

more or less to be quickly excreted

preside over to be given experience of it

average out to come to an average orordinary level or standard

Match the phrases with

their corresponding explanations.

I. Quiz 1I. Quiz 1


ELTBW

I. Quiz 2I. Quiz 21. She _____ useful knowledge of the English by

careful study.

A. acquired B. gained

C. sacrificed D. earned

2. Their ____ that their project under way was

something entirely new proved to be untrue.

A. belief B. assumption

C. faith D. suggestion

A B


ELTBW

A D

3. The class has a/an ____ of 27 students.A. enrollment B. registerC. staff D. record

4. Fifty dollars will ____ for my needs. A. fill B. satisfyC. content D. suffice

I. Quiz 2I. Quiz 2


ELTBW

C A

5. They had a/an ____ agreement not to raise the

touchy subject.

A. obvious B. complacent

C. implicit D. explicit

6. The lecture provided ____ insight into foreign

affairs.

A. penetrating B. pendular

C. pensive D. penal

I. Quiz 2I. Quiz 2


ELTBW

A D

7. The popularity of the film shows that the

reviewers’ fears were completely _____.

A. unjustified B. unjust

C. misguided D. unaccepted

8. The head of the museum was _____and let us

actually examine the ancient manuscripts.

A. promising B. agreeing

C. pleasing D. obliging

I. Quiz 2I. Quiz 2


ELTBW

9. North American fur trade ___ in the early 1800’s

mainly due to the diminishing number of

fur-bearing animals.

A. ceased B. staggered

C. waned D. collapsed

10. The place did not seem to be popular, for it was

completely deserted, and in any case _____ to

traffic.

A. inaccessible B. inadequate

C. insignificant D. incompatible

C A

I. Quiz 2I. Quiz 2


ELTBW

11. Mary hopes to be ___ from hospital next week.

A. dismissed B. discharged

C. expelled D. resigned

12. Once a picture is proved to be a forgery, it

becomes quite ___.

A. invaluable B. priceless

C. unworthy D. worthless

B D

I. Quiz 2I. Quiz 2


ELTBW

13. We have been hearing ______ accounts of your

work.

A. favoured B. favourable

C. favorite D. favouring

14. Drive straight ahead, and then you will see a ___

to the Shanghai-Nanjing Expressway.

A. sign B. mark

C. signal D. board

B A

I. Quiz 2I. Quiz 2


ELTBW

17. As it turned out to be a small house party, we

___ so formally.

A. need not have dressed up

B. must not have dressed up

C. did not need to dress up

D. must not dress up

18. I’d just as soon ___ to me.

A. that you won’t listen B. you didn’t listen

C. your not listening D. you not listening

A B

I. Quiz 2I. Quiz 2


ELTBW

15. A well-written composition ____ good choice of

words and clear organization among other things.

A. calls for B. calls on

C. calls up D. calls off

16. It’s a mistake to think of Florida only __ its

tourist attractions.

A. by means of B. in terms of

C. in connection with D. by way of

A B

I. Quiz 2I. Quiz 2


ELTBW

19. Windstorms have recently established a record

which meteorologists hope will not be equaled

for many years ___.

A. that will come B. that are coming

C. to come D. coming

20. He said it was impossible for ___ a mistake in a

computer’s calculation, so we can rely on that.

A. there being B. there would be

C. there to be D. there was

C C

I. Quiz 2I. Quiz 2


ELTBW

1. A degree in English does not ______ you to

teach English. (quality)

2. You must realize that it is _________ that has

cramped your progress. (arrogant)

3. The hostess bustled about with an __________

of authority. (assume)

4. After the election, the coalition __________.

(fragment)

I. Quiz 3I. Quiz 3qualify

arrogance

assumption

fragmented

Fill in the blanks with the proper

form of the given words.


ELTBW

5. The man has ________ income for a comfortable

retirement. (suffice)

6. He __________ when he saw the dead animal.

(shudder)

7. I am ________ that a good deal more is still

to be done. (sense)

8. He nearly died of ________ on the cold mountain.

(expose)

I. Quiz 3I. Quiz 3sufficient

shuddered

Fill in the blanks with the proper

form of the given words.

sensible

exposure


ELTBW

II. WritingII. Writing

What enlightenment have you got

from this text? (In about 130

words)

1/5/20161 another school year —what for? john ciardi lesson one

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