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  • 15,000 Cal. Students MILITANT Protest Vietnam WarTHE MILITANT Published in the Interest of the Working People Vol. 29 - No. 22 Monday, May 31, 1965 Price 10c 15,000 Cal. Students Protest
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THE MILITANT Published in the Interest of the Working People Vol. 29 - No. 22 Monday, May 31, 1965 Price 10c 15,000 Cal. Students Protest Vietnam War • * & Pentagon Pushes Vietnam Build-Up By David Herman MAY 24 — The United States’ direct involvement in the war in Vietnam continues to grow at a rapid pace. President Johnson promised a “blank check” for U.S. military forces in Vietnam on May 18 and released a memorandum by Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara on the planned spend- ing of the latest “emergency” ap- propriation of $700 million for the war. While no equivalent “ blank check” lor troops has yet been signed, plans for the vast expan- sion of U.S. forces are certainly being considered, and steps in that direction are being taken. Hanson W. Baldwin, m ilitary expert for the New York Times, reported in the May 19 issue of that paper that U.S. ground forces may be utilized in an “inkblot” strategy for reconquering territory held by the National Liberation Front. The plan involves the U.S. occupation of several areas of South Vietnam, each centered on a port city from which the troops could be supplied. As troops and supplies were built up, the oc- cupied areas would be expanded. Thus they would spread out “ink- blot” fashion until they finally coalesced'.' Such a strategy would require years of fighting and ulti- mately involve an estimated 500,000 U.S. troops, Baldwin re- ports. Part of this strategy is already being implemented. U.S. combat troops are already assigned to sev- eral coastal enclaves. Plans are well under way to send the equi- valent of an army combat division to Vietnam next month, according to Jack Langguth in the May 24 Times. Thfs would increase U.S. forces to well over 60,000 men. There are indications that the government plans to increase U.S. military strength generally. The Wall Street Journal of May 12 re- ported: “When crisis clouds appeared over the Dominican Republic, about 30 large Air Force trans- ports were pulled off the urgent transpacific Vietnam run . . . But had a much hotter Dominican up- rising drawn in a far larger U.S. force, the strain on airlift capacity, and sealift too, would have been felt half a world away in Saigon.” The Journal article goes on to describe a multibillion-dollar ar - mada of fast air and sea transport that m ilitary officials plan to have built by the early 1970’s. Robert McNamara Why Johnson Moved to Crush the Workers By Barry Sheppard MAY 25 — The armed workers of Santo Domingo, who have been battling the forces of the United States and U.S.-backed m ilitary juntas for over a month, have written a heroic chapter in the long history of Latin American resistance to U.S. domination. The rebellion which swept San- to Domingo was not another pal- ace coup taking place over the heads of the masses of people. The backbone and strength of the rev- olution were the poor themselves, who received arms from the rank- and-file soldiers in the first days of the uprising against the m ili- tary dictatorship. The fact that the workers were armed opened the possibility that the revolution would not stop at smashing the hated police and m ilitary appa- ratus left over from Trujillo, but would proceed to raise the de- mands of those same armed workers for a fundamental change in their horrible economic and so- cial conditions. The potential was present for the armed workers to follow the trail blazed by the Cuban masses in their revolution. The Cuban revolution, too, began as a strug- gle against a hated m ilitary dicta- torship. Once the rebel army under Fidel Castro smashed the Batista dictatorship with the aid and sup- port of the workers and peasants, the Cuban revolution turned to the problems of land reform, unem- ployment, poverty, disease; illi- teracy — problems which are universal in Latin America and in the Dominican Republic in particular. Under a leadership which proved its revolutionary mettle in action, the Cuban work- ers and peasants carried out a series of reforms beginning with the land reform and culminating in the creation of a workers’ state with a nationalized and planned economy. The big capitalists in the United States dominate, own and control the important sectors of the econ- omy in all the Latin American countries, except Cuba. The land- owning oligarchies and native cap- italists are junior partners with the U.S. capitalists in the exploita- tion of Latin America. Any movement to change the condition of the Latin American masses, who suffer under this imperialist system, comes into conflict with both the U.S. cap- italists and the native capitalists. Land reform, which is acutely needed throughout Latin America, cannot be won without a struggle against the land-owning oligarchy and the U.S. financial interests they are intertwined with. In the Dominican Republic the important sugar industry is controlled by U.S. interests, and the land re- form must come into head-on col - lision w ith U.S. big business and its agents, the land-owning oli - garchy. An indispensable condition for the victory of the Cuban revolu- tion was the destruction of the Batista army and police, which de- fended the positions and property of the U.S. corporations and the Cuban capitalist class. As the rev- olution deepened, the rebel army was augmented by the armed workers and peasants, who de- fended gains of the revolution against both the U.S. and the na- tive capitalists. When the U.S. ruling class saw that the workers in Santo Do- mingo were armed and had routed the m ilitary regime, they decided to intervene to prevent a develop- ment similar to Cuba. The initial victory of the armed workers created a situation of “disorder” for the U.S. capitalists, because there was no armed force left in the Dominican Republic pledged beforehand to defend the interests of U.S. capitalism. The swift and brutal U.S. inter- vention has made it crystal clear that there is no “middle road” in Latin America between U.S. dom- ination on the one hand and free- dom through the kind of revolu- tion carried out in Cuba on the other. The action by the U.S. Marines demonstrates once again the lesson of the Cuban revolution that every movement for social (Continued on Page 4) THE DOMINICAN CRISIS Baldwin points out in the May 23 Times that the Vietnam war has already caused m ilitary of- ficials to worry about the person- nel situation in all of the services except the A ir Force. He reports that one of the measures tentative- ly planned to meet the Navy’s problem is the mandatory exten- sion of Navy enlistments if the present call for voluntary exten- sions does not work. Other pos- sibilities being considered by the services include: utilization of the draft by the Navy; an increase in the Marine Corps of 3,000 to 5,000 men; a small increase in the Army; and a limited call-up of re - serves in any or all of the m ilitary branches. Baldwin quotes an “informed source” as saying that the recent extra appropriation of $700 m il- lion for the war in Vietnam “just scratched the surface” of what is needed. The air losses over North Viet- nam have been played down in the press. “ Official figures show that for A ir Force fighter-bomber sorties, not including flak suppres- sion missions, the loss rate has been about two per cent, as com- pared to an average loss rate of nine-tenths of one per cent for all fighter-bomber sorties flown in World War II,” reports Baldwin. The pretense of the U.S. gov- ernment that it seeks a negotiated settlement rather than greater in- volvement in the war was further exposed when the Canadian gov- ernment denied the reports ema- nating from Washington that Can- ada was acting as a go-between in contacting Hanoi. These Washing- ton articles appeared during the “lull” in the bombings of North Vietnam, and suggested that the White House made contact with Hanoi “through the Canadians.” Now the Canadian press is won- dering whether any contact was made during the “lull.” WANT PEACE. Part of crowd of 15,000 that gathered in Berkeley, Calif., to protest against U.S, war in Vietnam. By Hal Verb BERKELEY, May 22 — Some 15,000 people from all over the West Coast participated in the 34- hour marathon teach-in and pro - test against the Vietnam war that began at noon, yesterday, at the University of California campus here. Throughout the meeting three empty chairs were prominently placed on the speaker’s platform with a huge sign reading “Re- served fo r the IJtate Department."- The State Department originally had agreed to present its case at the Berkeley Vietnam Day, and was going to send W illiam Bundy as part of a “truth squad.” But W illiam Bundy pulled out, just as his brother McGeorge did at the Washington teach-in. Berkeley professor Robert Sca- lapino, who pinch-hit for Mc- George Bundy in Washington, backed out of presenting the John- son side at the Berkeley teach- in. Scalapino and another pro-ad - ministration professor, Eugene Burdick, who also backed out, complained that the teach-in was not “balanced” but was in reality a “protest.” No one defended the administration. Realist editor Paul Krassner, who was one of the speakers, com- mented on Scalapino and author Burdick: “There is a new book out by Eugene Burdick — It is called I Was a Teach-in Drop- out ... I understand they changed the menu in the student cafeteria — instead of veal scaloppini, they’re having chicken scalapino.” Professor Steven Smale, Profes- sor Hirsch and Jerry Rubin, the three organizers of the Vietnam Day—xcommittge, ■■ "sMcr, ’ "T h e y (Scalapino and Burdick) refuse to take part because they fear four aspects of the meeting: 1) Viet- nam Day is giving a platform to intellectuals who are not favored by the State Department as Sca- lapino is, but who nevertheless have much to say about Vietnam; 2) the meeting goes beyond the narrow definition of academic ex- perts and challenges the authority of professors Scalapino and Bur- dick; 3) the meeting w ill spread some dangerous ideas to masses of people; 4) the protest move- ment against the war is success- ful and spreading.” The first speaker, I.F. Stone, set the tone of the protest. After re- ceiving a standing ovation from the crowd, Stone attacked U.S. policy in Vietnam and the Domi- nican Republic. Praising the stu- dents who are voicing their pro- test, he stated, “It is you who are fighting to preserve American traditions and not your detrac- tors.” When asked from the floor why the U.S. was in Vietnam, Stone replied, “We are there because the U.S. is trying to seek the domina- tion of the world ; .'. We don’t want a democratic government in' South Vietnam, we want a m ili- tary base.” Other speakers hit hard on the same theme of American imposi- tion of its w ill on small nations^ with both Vietnam and the Domi- nican Republic receiving most of the attention. The editor of the hard-hitting liberal Catholic maga - zine Ramparts, Edward Keating, charged that U.S. m orality rests upon power. “Np man has the right to pull the rest of civiliza- tion down because of his stupidity and barbarism,” he said. Senator Ernest Gruening of Alaska received a standing ova- tion on the night of the first day of the talkathon when he called (Continued on Page 5)

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  • THE

    MILITANTPublished in the Interest of the Working People

    V o l. 29 - N o . 22 M o n d a y , M a y 31, 1965 P r ic e 10c

    15,000 Cal. Students Protest Vietnam War

    • * &

    Pentagon Pushes Vietnam Build-Up

    B y D a v id H e rm a nM A Y 24 — The U n ited States’

    d ire c t in vo lve m e n t in the w a r in V ie tn am continues to g row at a rap id pace. P resident Johnson prom ised a “ b lan k check” fo r U.S. m il i ta ry forces in V ie tn am on M ay 18 and released a m em orandum by Secre tary o f Defense R obert S. M cN am ara on the p lanned spendin g o f the la test “ em ergency” app ro p ria tio n o f $700 m illio n fo r the w a r.

    W h ile no equ iva len t “ b lank check” lo r troops has y e t been signed, p lans fo r the vast expansion o f U.S. forces are c e rta in ly be ing considered, and steps in th a t d ire c tio n are be ing taken.

    Hanson W . B a ld w in , m il ita ry e xp e rt fo r the New Y o rk T imes, repo rted in the M ay 19 issue of th a t paper th a t U.S. g round forces m ay be u tiliz e d in an “ in k b lo t” s tra tegy fo r reconquering te r r ito ry he ld b y the N a tio n a l L ib e ra tio n F ro n t. The p lan invo lves the U.S. occupation o f several areas o f South V ie tnam , each centered on a p o rt c ity fro m w h ic h the troops cou ld be supplied . As troops and supplies w ere b u i l t up, the occupied areas w o u ld be expanded. Thus they w o u ld spread ou t “ in k b lo t” fash ion u n t il they f in a lly coalesced'.' Such a s tra tegy w ou ld re q u ire years o f f ig h tin g and u l t i m a te ly in v o lv e an estim ated500,000 U.S. troops, B a ld w in re ports.

    P a rt o f th is s tra tegy is a lready be ing im p lem ented . U.S. com bat troops are a lready assigned to seve ra l coastal enclaves. P lans are w e ll unde r w a y to send the equ iva len t o f an a rm y com bat d iv is io n to V ie tn am n e x t m onth , according to Jack La ng gu th in the M ay 24 Tim es. T h fs w o u ld increase U.S. forces to w e ll over 60,000 men.

    There are in d ica tion s th a t the governm ent p lans to increase U.S. m il i ta r y s treng th genera lly . The W a ll S treet J o u rn a l o f M ay 12 reported:

    “ W hen cris is clouds appeared ove r the D om in ican Republic, abou t 30 la rge A ir Force transpo rts w ere pu lle d o f f the u rgen t transp ac ific V ie tn am ru n . . . B u t had a m uch h o tte r D om in ican up r is in g d ra w n in a fa r la rg e r U.S. force, the s tra in on a i r l i f t capacity, and s e a lift too, w o u ld have been fe lt h a lf a w o r ld aw ay in Saigon.”

    The Jo u rn a l a rtic le goes on to describe a m u lt ib il l io n -d o lla r a rmada o f fas t a ir and sea transp o rt th a t m il ita ry o ff ic ia ls p lan to have b u ilt by the e a rly 1970’s.

    R o b ert M c N a m a ra

    Why Johnson Moved to Crush the WorkersB y B a rry S heppard

    M A Y 25 — The arm ed w o rke rs o f Santo D om ingo, w ho have been b a ttlin g the forces o f the U n ited States and U .S .-backed m il ita ry ju n ta s fo r over a m onth , have w r it te n a he ro ic chap te r in the long h is to ry o f L a tin A m erican resistance to U.S. dom ination .

    The reb e llio n w h ich sw ept Santo D om ingo was no t ano the r p a lace coup ta k in g place ove r the heads o f the masses o f people. The backbone and s treng th o f the re v o lu tio n w e re the poor themselves, w ho received arm s fro m the ra n k - a n d -f ile sold iers in the f ir s t days o f the u p ris in g against the m i l i ta ry d ic ta to rsh ip . The fa c t th a t the w o rke rs w ere arm ed opened the po ss ib ility th a t the re vo lu tion w o u ld no t stop a t sm ashing the hated police and m il i ta ry apparatus le f t over fro m T ru ji l lo , bu t w o u ld proceed to ra ise the demands o f those same arm ed w o rke rs fo r a fun dam e n ta l change in th e ir h o rr ib le economic and soc ia l conditions.

    The p o te n tia l was present fo r

    the arm ed w o rke rs to fo llo w the t r a i l blazed by the Cuban masses in th e ir re vo lu tion . The Cuban re vo lu tio n , too, began as a s tru g gle against a hated m il ita ry d ic ta to rsh ip . Once the rebe l a rm y under F id e l Castro smashed the B a tis ta d ic ta to rsh ip w ith the aid and supp o rt o f the w o rkers and peasants, the Cuban re vo lu tio n tu rned to the problem s o f land re fo rm , unem p loym ent, pove rty , disease; i l l i te racy — problem s w h ich are un ive rsa l in L a t in A m erica and in the D om in ican R epub lic in p a rtic u la r. U nde r a leadership w h ich proved its re v o lu tio n a ry m e ttle in action, the Cuban w o rk ers and peasants ca rried ou t a series o f re fo rm s be g inn ing w ith the la nd re fo rm and cu lm in a tin g in the crea tion o f a w o rke rs ’ state w ith a na tiona lized and planned economy.

    The b ig cap ita lis ts in the U n ited States dom inate, ow n and con tro l the im p o rta n t sectors o f the econom y in a ll the L a t in A m erican countries, except Cuba. The land ow n in g o liga rch ies and na tive cap

    ita lis ts are ju n io r pa rtne rs w ith the U.S. cap ita lis ts in the e x p lo ita tion o f L a t in A m erica .

    A n y m ovem ent to change the con d ition o f the L a t in A m erican masses, w ho s u ffe r unde r th is im p e r ia lis t system, comes in to c o n flic t w ith bo th the U.S. capita lis ts and the na tive cap ita lis ts . Land re fo rm , w h ic h is acu te ly needed th rou gh ou t L a t in A m erica , cannot be w on w ith o u t a s trugg le against the la n d -o w n in g o liga rchy and the U.S. f in a n c ia l in terests they are in te r tw in e d w ith . In the D om in ican R epub lic the im p o rta n t sugar in d u s try is con tro lled by U.S. in terests, and the land re fo rm m ust come in to head-on co llis io n w ith U.S. b ig business and its agents, the la n d -o w n in g o ligarchy.

    A n indispensable con d ition fo r the v ic to ry o f the Cuban re v o lu t io n was the destruction o f the B atis ta a rm y and po lice , w h ich defended the positions and p ro p e rty o f the U.S. corpora tions and the Cuban ca p ita lis t class. A s the re v o lu tio n deepened, the rebe l a rm y

    was augm ented b y th e arm ed w o rke rs and peasants, w ho defended gains o f the re vo lu tio n against bo th the U.S. and the nativ e cap ita lis ts.

    W hen the U.S. ru l in g class saw th a t the w o rke rs in Santo D om ingo w ere arm ed and had rou ted the m il ita ry reg im e, the y decided to in te rvene to p re ven t a developm ent s im ila r to Cuba. The in it ia l v ic to ry o f the arm ed w o rke rs created a s itu a tio n o f “ d iso rd e r” fo r the U.S. cap ita lis ts , because there was no arm ed force le f t in the D om in ican R epub lic pledged beforehand to defend the in terests o f U.S. cap ita lism .

    T he s w if t and b ru ta l U.S. in te r ven tion has made i t c ry s ta l c lear th a t the re is no “ m id d le road” in L a tin A m erica between U.S. dom in a tio n on the one hand and free dom th rou gh the k in d o f re v o lu tio n ca rried ou t in Cuba on the other. The action b y the U.S. M arines dem onstrates once again the lesson o f the Cuban re v o lu tio n th a t eve ry m ovem ent fo r social

    (Continued on Page 4)

    THE DO M IN ICAN CRISIS

    B a ld w in po in ts ou t in the M ay 23 Tim es tha t the V ie tnam w a r has a lready caused m il ita ry o ffic ia ls to w o rry about the personne l s itua tion in a ll o f the services except the A ir Force. H e reports th a t one o f the measures te n ta tive ly p lanned to meet the N a v y ’s prob lem is the m anda to ry extension o f N a vy en lis tm ents i f the present ca ll fo r v o lu n ta ry extensions does no t w o rk . O the r poss ib ilit ie s be ing considered by the services inc lude : u t iliz a t io n o f the d ra ft by the N avy ; an increase in the M a rine Corps o f 3,000 to5,000 m en; a sm a ll increase in the A rm y ; and a lim ite d ca ll-up o f re serves in any o r a l l o f the m il ita ry branches.

    B a ld w in quotes an “ in fo rm ed source” as saying th a t the recent e x tra ap p ro p ria tio n o f $700 m illio n fo r the w a r in V ie tn am “ ju s t scratched the surface” o f w h a t is needed.

    The a ir losses over N o rth V ie tnam have been p layed dow n in the press. “ O ff ic ia l figu res show th a t fo r A i r Force figh te r-bom ber sorties, no t in c lu d in g f la k suppression m issions, the loss ra te has been about tw o pe r cent, as com pared to an average loss ra te o f n ine-tenths o f one pe r cent fo r a ll figh te r-bom ber sorties f lo w n in W o rld W ar I I , ” reports B a ld w in .

    The pretense o f the U.S. gove rnm en t th a t i t seeks a negotiated se ttlem ent ra th e r than g reater in vo lvem en t in the w a r was fu r th e r exposed w hen the Canadian gove rnm en t denied the reports eman a ting fro m W ash ing ton th a t Canada was acting as a go-between in con tacting H anoi. These W ash ington a rtic les appeared d u r in g the “ lu l l ” in the bom bings o f N o rth V ie tnam , and suggested th a t the W h ite House made con tact w ith H ano i “ th rou gh the Canadians.” N ow the Canadian press is w ond e rin g w h e the r any contact was made d u rin g the “ lu l l . ”

    W A N T P E A C E . P a r t o f crow d o f 15,000 th a t g ath ered in B e rk e ley , C a lif ., to protest against U .S , w a r in V ie tn am .

    B y H a l V erbB E R K E LE Y , M ay 22 — Some

    15,000 people fro m a ll over the W est Coast pa rtic ipa ted in the 34- ho u r m ara thon tea ch -in and p ro test against the V ie tnam w a r th a t began a t noon, yesterday, at the U n iv e rs ity o f C a lifo rn ia campus here.

    T h roughou t the m eeting three em p ty cha irs w ere p ro m in e n tly placed on the speaker’s p la tfo rm w ith a huge sign read ing “ Reserved f o r th e IJtate D e p a rtm e n t."- T he State D epartm ent o r ig in a lly had agreed to present its case at the B erke ley V ie tn am Day, and was going to send W ill ia m B undy as p a rt o f a “ t ru th squad.” B u t W ill ia m B un dy pu lle d out, ju s t as h is b ro th e r M cGeorge d id a t the W ashington teach-in .

    B e rke ley professor R obert Sca- lap ino , w ho p in c h -h it fo r M cGeorge B un dy in W ashington, backed o u t o f presen ting the Joh n son side a t the B e rke le y teach- in . Scalap ino and another p ro -a d m in is tra tio n professor, Eugene B u rd ic k , w ho also backed out, com pla ined th a t the tea ch -in was no t “ ba lanced” b u t was in re a lity a “ pro test.” No one defended the a d m in is tra tion .

    Realist e d ito r P au l K rassner, w ho was one o f the speakers, com m ented on S calap ino and au thor B u rd ic k : “ There is a new book ou t by Eugene B u rd ic k — I t is ca lled I Was a Teach-in D ro p ou t . . . I understand the y changed the m enu in the s tudent ca fe te ria — instead o f vea l scaloppin i, th e y ’re ha v in g ch icken scalap ino.”

    Professor S teven Smale, P ro fessor H irsch a n d J e rry R ub in , the th ree organizers o f the V ie tnam Day—xcom m ittge, ■■"sMcr, ’ "T h e y (Scalap ino and B u rd ic k ) refuse to take p a rt because they fea r fo u r aspects o f the m eeting : 1) V ie tnam D ay is g iv in g a p la tfo rm to in te lle c tua ls w ho are n o t favored by the State D epa rtm en t as Scala p in o is, b u t w ho nevertheless have m uch to say about V ie tnam ; 2) the m eeting goes beyond the n a rro w d e fin it io n o f academic ex perts and challenges the a u th o r ity o f professors Scalap ino and B u r d ick ; 3) the m ee ting w i l l spread some dangerous ideas to masses o f people; 4) the pro test m ovem en t against the w a r is successfu l and spreading.”

    The f irs t speaker, I.F . Stone, set the tone o f the pro test. A f te r re ce iv ing a s tand ing ova tion fro m

    the crow d, Stone attacked U.S. po licy in V ie tn am and the D o m inican R epublic. P ra is ing the s tu dents w ho are vo ic ing th e ir p ro test, he stated, “ I t is you w ho are f ig h t in g to preserve A m erican tra d itio n s and not y o u r de tractors.”

    W hen asked fro m the f lo o r w h y the U.S. was in V ie tnam , Stone rep lied , “ W e are there because the U.S. is t ry in g to seek th e dom ina tio n o f the w o r ld ; . ' . W e don ’t w a n t a dem ocra tic governm ent in ' South V ie tnam , we w a n t a m i l i ta ry base.”

    O th e r speakers h it ha rd on the same them e o f A m erican im pos it io n o f its w i l l on sm a ll nations^ w ith both V ie tn am and the D o m inican R epub lic rece iv ing m ost o f the a tten tion . The e d ito r o f the h a rd -h it t in g lib e ra l C a tho lic magazine Ram parts, E dw ard K ea ting , charged th a t U.S. m o ra lity rests upon pow er. “ N p m an has the r ig h t to p u ll the rest o f c iv i liz a tio n dow n because o f his s tu p id ity and ba rba rism ,” he said.

    Senator E rnest G ruen in g o f A laska received a s tand ing ovation on the n ig h t o f the f i r s t day o f the ta lka th o n w hen he ca lled

    (Continued on Page 5)

  • Page Two THE M ILITA N T Monday, May 31, 1965

    Cowardly Textile Union Heads Anger New England Workers

    Labor Bureaucrats Look to Johnson

    Will Taft-Hartley Law Be Revised?B y G eorge A u d et

    BO STO N — On A p r i l 16, s ix m il ls be long ing to the “ b ig fo u r ” o f the cotton-rayon in d u s try were s tru c k by 6,000 N ew Eng land te x t i le w orkers . W hen the s tr ik e began, w o rke rs said the y w o u ld “ ra th e r s ta rve ” than accept the com pany o ffe r o f a f iv e pe r cent wage increase. The s tr ike rs w an ted a 15 pe r cent wage h ike , w h ic h w o u ld have ra ised th e ir wages to a le v e l 50c an h o u r be low the nat io n a l average fo r in d u s tr ia l w o rk ers. H ow ever, the s tr ik e lasted less tha n fo u r days, w hen the un ion leadersh ip gave in on the com pany o ffe r.

    Such action is n o t new fo r the leadersh ip o f the T e x tile W orkers U n io n o f A m erica . F o r a num ber o f years m il ita n t sen tim en t has been increas ing w ith in the T W U A , and the bu rea ucra tic leadership, be ing an y th in g b u t m il ita n t , has had to use eve ry tr ic k , l ie and pressure possib le to keep th is sent im e n t in check.'jj One bu rea ucra tic g im m ic k is to encourage eve ry lo ca l to settle w ith its ow n com pany even i f o th e r locals desire to s tr ike . The loca ls th a t decide to s tr ik e m ust go i t alone, w ith o u t suppo rt fro m the n a tio n a l o ffice (th e m eager s tr ik e bene fits cannot be collected u n t i l the s ix th w eek o f the s t r ik e ) . T he o n ly com m un ica tion l in k betw een loca ls is the bureaucracy, w h ic h m akes no a ttem p t to re la y m il i ta n t sen tim en t fro m one lo ca l to another. Consequently, eve ry lo ca l fee ls th a t i t faces the bosses alone.

    The s tr ik e began w ith three loca ls n o t p a rtic ip a tin g because th e y had a lready accepted the com pany o ffe r. W ith the un ion sp lit, the com panies opened a ba rrage o f fu ll-page ads in the loca l press “ e x p la in in g ” the s tr ik e and a tta ck in g the un ion . U n io n b u reaucra ts made l i t t le a ttem p t to p u b lic ly ju s t i fy the s tr ike , b u t in-

    M A Y 25 — There are o n ly three weeks le f t in the M il ita n t Fund Cam paign, and w e s t i l l have 40 per cent o f ou r to ta l to raise. W h ile Boston, Chicago, and D e tro it have a lready fu lf i l le d th e ir quotas, and O a k la n d /B e rke le y and D enver are do ing w e ll, m ost areas are cons id e ra b ly beh ind w here they should be at th is p o in t in the cam paign.

    The dead line fo r ra is in g the funds w h ic h are abso lu te ly necessary to keep The M il ita n t pu b lis h in g is June 15, w h ic h means th a t w e should have collected 77 pe r cent o f o u r $20,300 goal by now . W e are o n ly at 60 per cent, and we are th a t fa r thanks to Boston, Chicago and D e tro it.’ ’ Each area w h ich is be low 77 p e r cen t needs to p u t on a bu rs t o f steam to catch up. Those areas

    stead w en t fro m one general un ion m eeting to another, t ry in g to pe rsuade the s tr ike rs to postpone fu r th e r action pend ing “ recom m endation s ” o f a specia l un io n adv isory com m ittee.

    A t these m eetings the bu reaucrats had to contend w ith the ra n k and f ile . T hey w ere jeered, booed and laughed a t as they tr ie d to defend th e ir pos ition o f a llo w in g o the r locals to sign contracts in sp ite o f the s trike . In the end, they ou t-ta lked and w o re ou t the opposition , w h ic h had l i t t le fa ith in the “ annua l side show ” in the f i r s t place. •

    The decision o f the adv iso ry com m ittee to accept the com pany o ffe r was announced la te S a tu rday; A p r i l 17. W ith the leadersh ip o f f ic ia lly and p u b lic ly deserting the ra n k and f ile , the s tr ik e w ith ered.

    The de feat o f the s tr ik e d id no t settle accounts. Each new “ contra c t t im e ” f ind s the ra n k and f i le m ore vocal, and the bureaucracy m ore unpopu la r.

    D u r in g the 1950’s te x t ile w o rkers made wage “ concessions” to keep the “ a ilin g ” in d u s try a live . Consequently the wage scale in te x tile s is the low est o f the mass p ro du c tion industries . The new p ro sp e rity has n o t a ffec ted the wage scale, and no e f fo r t has been made to compensate the w o rkers fo r past sacrifices. In fac t, w ith in ven to ries d w in d lin g and orders p o u rin g in , w o rk loads have been he a v ily increased and au tom ation has been d isp lac ing w o rke rs a t a h igh rate.

    The un ion bureaucracy is in a d i f f ic u lt position . D u r in g the re cent s trike , the re was m ore rank- and -file anger d irec ted against the bureacracy than the re was against the companies. S im ila r moods p re ceded the recent upheavals in the steel and e lec trica l un ions, and T W U A pres iden t W ill ia m P o llock m ust be acu te ly aw are o f it .

    be low 50 per cent are in rea l tro u b le and w i l l have to concentra te th e ir energies in the n e x t few weeks (and th a t ’s a ll th a t’s le f t ! ) on ra is in g m oney and sending i t in to us r ig h t away. E ve ry area has got to m ake its quota, o r the paper w i l l have to s u ffe r because o f the sca rc ity o f funds.

    O n ly $429 came in d u rin g the past week. W ith a l i t t le e ffo rt, we should see a b ig increase w hen the scoreboard is p r in te d again in n e x t w eek ’s issue — and i t ’s tim e fo r M ilita n t supporters to see th a t th is is so.

    E ve ry in d iv id u a l w ho is a M il i ta n t suppo rte r b u t n o t p a r t o f a supporte r group, is encouraged to send in h is c o n trib u tio n to The G eneral. Send con tribu tions to The M il ita n t , 116 U n iv e rs ity Place, N ew Y o rk , N. Y .

    B y T om K e rryW hen the un ion-busting T a ft-

    H a rtle y m easure was enacted in 1947 i t was s tigm atized by the la b o r leaders as a “ slave la b o r” la w . They avowed then th a t no th in g sho rt o f o u tr ig h t repeal w o u ld be acceptable to the organized la bo r m ovem ent. In the 1948 p res id e n tia l cam paign, H a rry T rum an set ou t to ga rne r la b o r support by w r i t in g in to the D em ocratic P a rty p la tfo rm a p la n k c a llin g fo r repeal o f T a ft-H a rtle y . A f te r hook ing his fish , H irosh im a H a rry dismissed the p la tfo rm prom ise as so m uch boob-bait.

    In subsequent p res iden tia l campaigns, the la bo r statesmen, p r id in g themselves on be ing “ p o lit ic a l rea lis ts ,” je ttisoned the demand fo r o u tr ig h t repea l and begged on ly fo r am endm ents to e lim in a te some o f the m ore repressive p ro v isions o f T a ft-H a rtle y . H a lf a loaf, the y reasoned, w o u ld be be tte r than no th ing . Such a stra teg ic re tre a t was presum ed to be the last w o rd in p o lit ic a l w isdom .

    T he ne t re su lt was an ad d itiona l boot in the backside w ith enactm en t o f the K ennedy-Landrum - G r if f in la w w h ic h fu r th e r s tra it- jacke ted the un ions b y tig h te n in g governm ent con tro l ove r organized labo r.

    H a v in g learned a lesson in p ract ic a l po litics , the la b o r “ s tra teg is ts” abandoned th e ir “ ha lf-a -loa f” approach in the 1964 p res iden tia l e lection and pleaded o n ly fo r a fe w crum bs w ith w h ic h to nourish the illu s io n th a t coa litio n po litics was in the best in te rests o f the w o rk in g people. W ith m agnanim ous gesture the Dem ocrats w ro te in to th e ir p la tfo rm the pledge to repea l section 14 (b ) p f T a f t -H a r t le y unde r whose p ro v is io n 19 states have enacted the so-called “ r ig h t-to -w o rk ” laws.

    Closed ShopU n de r T a ft-H a rtle y a s tr ic t ban

    is imposed upon the closed shop. The closed shop p rov ides tha t o n ly m em bers o f the un ion can be h ire d by em ployers opera ting u n der a closed shop con tract. W h ile dec la ring the closed shop ille g a l, T a ft-H a r t le y pe rm itte d un ion shop contracts.

    T he un ion shop provides tha t non-union w o rke rs can be h ired b u t m ust jo in the un ion a fte r a

    Weekly CalendarAD RATES

    The rate for advertising in this column is 40 cents a line. Display ads are $2 a column inch. Thara is a ten per cent discount for regular advertisers. Advertising must reach us by the Monday prior to the date of publication.

    LOS ANGELES THEODORE EDWARDS presents a

    M arxist view o f the news in his bi-weekly radio commentary. Tues., June I, 6:30 p.m. (repeated W ed., June 2, 9 a.m.) KPFK-FM (90.7 on your d ia l) .

    * * *

    C O M E H O M E YANKEEI End John- son's Policy of Intervention and Escalation! Speaker: Hayden Perry, socialist lecturer. F ri„ June 4, 8:30 p.m. 1702 East Fourth St. (4th St. exit Santa Anna Fwy.) Door donation. Ausp. M ilita n t Labor Forum.

    •MINNEAPOLIS

    C A N A NATIVE BORN CITIZEN BE DEPORTED? Hear de fendant Joseph Johnson, Twin C ity SWP organizer, just back from national tour. Fri., June 4, 8:30 p.m. 704 Hennepin Ave., H all 240. Ausp. Friday N ig h t Socialist Forum.

    * * *This w ill be the fina l forum o f the sea

    son. W e will resume our regular forums in Sept. Regular classes on socialism will be held during the summer.

    •NEW YORK

    THE CURSE O F AM ERIC AN C U LTURE: W H A T IT DOES TO A M ERICAN CHARACTER. Speaker: ConstanceWeissman, con tribu to r to The Militant. Fri., June 4, 8:30 p.m. 116 University PI. C ontrib . $1. Ausp. M ilita n t Labor Forum.

    b r ie f “ t r ia l p e rio d ” in w h ich the com pany determ ines w h e the r o r n o t the em ploye is to be re ta ined on a pe rm anent basis. T he un ion shop con trac t u s u a lly contains a checko ff p ro v is io n un de r w h ich dues are au to m a tica lly deducted b y the em p loyer and fo rw a rde d to un ion headquarters.

    H ow ever, unde r section 1 4 (b ), T a ft-H a rtle y grants the states the r ig h t to impose fu r th e r curbs on the un io n shop. W h ile a fe w state “ r ig h t-to -w o rk ” law s had been enacted p r io r to 1947, the adoption o f T a ft-H a rtle y led to a ra p id ex tension o f such state law s. U nder “ r ig h t- to -w o rk ” statutes, the un ion shop is banned. Even w h ere a un ion has w on a N a tion a l La bo r Re lations Board representative e lection and barga ins fo r a l l the employes in the b a rga in ing u n it, o n ly those em ployes are ob ligated to jo in o r re ta in m em bersh ip in the un ion w ho do so on a vo lu n ta ry basis.

    Source of VictoryState “ r ig h t- to -w o rk " law s cut

    across in d u s try -w id e contracts betw een the la rge corpora tions and the b igger un ions, and created sources o f fr ic t io n w h ic h tended to unse ttle na tio n a l union-m an- agement re la tions. T h a t is w h y b ig business, as a genera l ru le , has not been too open ly id e n tifie d w ith the N a tion a l R ig h t to W o rk Com m ittee w h ic h has spearheaded the m ovem ent. *.

    T o get around the problem , m any o f the la rg e r corpora tions had entered in to “ agency shop” agreements to c ircu m ve n t “ r ig h t- to -w o rk ” res tr ic tio ns on the un ion shop. U nde r the agency shop agreem ent, em ployes are n o t obliga ted to jo in the un ion b u t th e ir dues are “ checked o f f ” and fo r w arded to the un ion.

    T h is m o llif ie d the top la b o r brass b u t in a Suprem e C ourt r u lin g handed dow n in the sp ring o f 1963 i t was decided th a t states w ith “ r ig h t-to -w o rk ” law s had the a u th o r ity to ban agency shop clauses in co llec tive ba rga in ing agreements. T h is th rea t to the dues incom e o f un ions opera ting under agency shop clauses in “ righ t-to - w o rk ” states, a la rm ed the la bo r leaders and led to increased pressure fo r repeal o f section 14 (b ) o f T a ft-H a rtle y .

    Repeal was g iven top p r io r ity by the un ion heads on the lis t of le g is la tive demands fo r the present session o f Congress. H ow ever, in deference to Johnson’s expressed w ish to postpone “ con tro ve rs ia l” issues, i t was agreed to de lay the in tro d u c tio n o f the a d m in is tra tio n ’s la bo r proposals to Congress. They w ere subm itted on M ay 18 in a message w h ich played the “ recom m enda tion” fo r repea l o f section 14 (b ) in lo w key. The “ r ig h t- to - w o rk ” cham pions d id no t seem to be u n d u ly alarm ed.

    The M ay 15 issue o f Business W eek quotes cha irm an F rede rick C. F o w le r o f the N a tion a l R igh t to W o rk C om m ittee w ho a ffirm s th a t “ we do no t expect the p res ident to take an active p a r t” in the repea l f ig h t. To bo ls te r his conten tion , F ow le r asserts th a t Johnson has been “ on record d e fin ite ly in fa v o r o f r ig h t-to -w o rk in years gone b y .”

    Johnson’s RecordH e then cites the reco rd w h ich

    shows th a t Johnson “ backed the 1947 T a ft-H a rtle y la w con ta in ing 14 (b ), voted to ove rride P resident T ru m a n ’s veto, voted in 1950 fo r the eq u iva len t o f an anti-un ion- shop clause in the R a ilw a y L a b o r A c t, and in 1960 ran on the Texas D em ocra tic p la tfo rm th a t ‘had strong pra ise fo r re ten tion o f the rig h t-to -w o rk la w ’ in th a t state.”

    I f Johnson was lu k e w a rm in his “ recom m endation” fo r repea l o f 1 4 (b ), he was stone cold to la b o r ’s proposal to boost the present lo w $1.25 h o u r ly m in im u m wage to $2.00, and d o w n rig h t f r ig id to the un ion dem and fo r a reduc tion in the w o rkw e e k fro m 40 to 35 hours. T h is doughty cham pion o f s the

    “ w a r against p o v e rty ” thus bestowed the kiss o f death on the o n ly tw o m ea n ing fu l item s in his “ la b o r message” w h ic h held any prom ise o f com ba tting unem p loym en t and ra is ing the standard o f l iv in g o f the un de rp riv ile g e d poor.

    F u rthe rm o re , as the M ay 22, Business W eek po in ts out: “ Because o f the p res iden t’s long dela y in advancing his la b o r p ro gram , i t appeared u n lik e ly th a t wage-hour la w am endm ents o r the unem p loym ent com pensation proposals w o u ld get v e ry fa r by ad jo u rn m e n t —• p a r t ic u la r ly in v ie w o f the opposition they were ce rta in to arouse.”

    W h ile the “ r ig h t-to -w o rk ” forces are m o b iliz in g fo r a b itte r campa ign to ho ld the lin e against re peal o f section 1 4 (b ), the labo r statesmen are re ly in g p r im a r ily on th e ir “ fr ie n d s ” in the Johnson a d m in is tra tio n to w in the f ig h t fo r repeal. B y th e ir co llus ion w ith th e W h ite House in shu n tin g aside the strugg le fo r a h igh e r m in im u m wage and sho rte r hours, the la b o r brass has fo rfe ite d the support o f la rge sections o f the w o rk in g class, organized and unorganized, w ho are la rg e ly in d if fe re n t to w h a t they v ie w as a c o n flic t in v o lv in g p r im a r ily the n a rro w in terests o f the un ion bureaucracy.

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    Fund ScoreboardCity Quota Paid PercentBoston $ 900 $ 900 100Chicago 1,800 1,800 100D etro it 1,400 1,400 100O a k la n d /B e rke le y 900 650 72D enver 300 204 68T w in C ities 1,400 900 64A lle n to w n 200 125 63C leveland 800 490 61N ew Y o rk 5,800 3,330 57M ilw a u ke e 400 179 45St. Lou is 200 87 44N e w a rk 200 85 43Los Angeles 4,000 1,419 37San D iego 250 88 31P h ila de lph ia 300 87 29San Francisco 900 220 24Seattle 500 50 10G enera l 250 319 127

    T ota ls th ro u g h M ay 24 $20,300 $12,130 60

    MILITANT FUND i i iu m iii i iu iim iu i i i i i i i i i iH m ii i i t i im ii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iw i in m ii i i i i i i i i i i t i i i i i i i i i ig

    We’re Not Alarmed, But. . .B y B a rry S heppard

    M ilita n t Fund Director

  • Monday, May 31, 1965 THE M IL ITA N T Page Three

    2 Critics of Black Nationalism

    Did White Press Make Malcolm X?

    -T H E G U E R R IL L A M O V E M E N TIN G U A T E M A L A , b y A d o lfoG illy . M o n th ly R eview , M ay,1965, pp. 9-40, 50 cents.

    A d o lfo G il ly has done i t again. In th is a rtic le , w h ich can be best understood i f one is acquainted w ith h is book, Ins ide the Cuban R evo lu tion , he gives tes tim ony to the im p ac t the Cuban R evo lu tion has had on the consciousness o f the m ost advanced elem ents o f the a n ti- im p e ria lis t strugg le . G il ly spent several weeks w ith the guerr i l la s in G uatem ala in Jan ua ry and F e b ru a ry th is year.

    The G uatem alan people suffe red a severe setback in 1954 w hen the m ild ly re fo rm is t governm ent o f Jacobo A rbenz, ha v in g refused to g ive the people arm s, was overth ro w n b y a U.S.-sponsored coup. T he s p ir it o f resistance was re awakened by the Cuban successes and G uatem ala, th rou gh several years o f tes ting unde r f ire , has produced an in flu e n t ia l g u e rr illa f ro n t w ith a f irm base among the peasantry.

    As g u e rr il la leader A n to n io M a rco Y on Sosa to ld G illy , the p u rpose o f the g u e rr il la m ovem ent is o rgan iza tion o f the peasantry fo r mass s trugg le ; arm ed con fro n ta t io n o f the g u e rr illa s themselves w ith governm ent sold iers is secondary.

    The peasants welcom e the guerr illa s , say ing “ One o f these days I m ight, p ic k U® m y gun and jo in you in th e m ou n ta ins .”

    T hey b i t te r ly p o in t ou t the lessons the y learned fro m the A r benz reg im e ’s experience: “ Thel» r td -o v e r -there;’Wa -peasant to ld G illy , po in ting , “ was d is tr ib u te d . Then came the ‘lib e ra tio n ’ [th e rea c tion a ry coup] and i t was taken aw ay. The land ove r the re ,” he po in ted in another d irec tio n , “ th e y d id n ’t d is tr ib u te . I t ’s the best land, be longing to r ic h people, so they d id n ’t touch it . ”

    In h is discussions w ith the peasants and w ith the g u e rr il la leaders, G il ly fou nd th a t the “ peacefu l road” had been abandoned: “ The e lec to ra l pa th is ba rred in G uatem ala no t o n ly because the bourgeoisie cannot p rov ide dem oc ra tic elections and con tinue to rem a in in power. I t is also barred because the w o rke rs and peasants do n o t be lieve in e lections; they have no illu s ion s . . .”

    The p rogram o f the g u e rr illa m ovem ent — “ a governm ent o f w o rke rs and peasants, based on a people arm ed and organized in com m ittees, unions, and com munes — meets w ith im m ense re sponse because i t defends its e lf w ith arm s . . .’ ’

    One o f the m ost revea ling parts o f G il ly ’s a rtic le is an in te rv ie w g iven h im b y Am ado Granados, a g u e rr il la leader, in w h ich the soc ia lis t pos ition o f the G uatem alan re vo lu tiona rie s is contrasted w ith the p ro g ra m o f the M oscow -orien ted C om m unis t P a rty o f G uatem ala:

    “ In the re v o lu tio n a ry strugg le the goal de term ines the means . . . I f the goal is a governm ent of ‘na tion a l dem ocracy,’ w h ic h no one has as ye t de fined — a fte r a ll, M a rx ism recognizes o n ly tw o k inds o f states, in the present epoch, the bourgeois and the w o rke rs state — then the means w i l l be ta ilo re d to th is goal. Such a governm ent, i t is said, w o u ld be made up o f a four-class bloc: w orkers, peasants, p e tty bourgeoisie, and na tio n a l bourgeoisie. T o begin w ith , the re is no n a tion a l bo u rgeoisie in G uatem ala ; fu rthe rm o re , to specify the fo rm a tio n o f th is b loc as one’s goal means to exc lude a ll m ethods o f re v o lu tio n a ry s trugg le app rop ria te to the w o rk in g class . . . I t w o u ld lead to defeat o r to an impasse . . .

    “ In a l l a lliances i t is no t subje c tiv e in te rp re ta tion s th a t dete rm in e each g roup ’s ro le , i t is the program . I f the p rog ram is bo u rgeois, then the forces o f the bourgeoisie w i l l exercise leadership, how ever tenuous i t m ay be. Le n in tau gh t us th is. I f the p ro le ta r ia t is to assume leadersh ip in any a lliance, i t m ust do so th rou gh its ow n p rog ram . . .”. The im p ac t o f the Cuban Rev

    o lu tio n and the S ino-Soviet dispu te on the ed ito rs o f M o n th ly R eview is ev iden t in the in tro d u c t io n th e y have w r it te n to G il ly ’s piece. So fa r as the co lon ia l w o r ld is concerned, th e ir pos ition is m ovin g closer to th a t o f re v o lu tio n a ry socialism . T hey are to be cong ra tu la ted n o t o n ly fo r p r in t in g G il ly ’s a rtic les b u t also fo r unde rstand ing th e ir im portance.

    — Jay Garnett

    Labor Herald Recommends Preis’ Book

    La b o r’s G ian t Step — 20 years o f the C IO by A r t Preis, received a v e ry favo rab le re v ie w by Sandy M u n ro in the La b o r H era ld , a B a ltim o re w eek ly . The long-tim e la b o r ed ito r o f The M il ita n t , P reis died last Decem ber s h o rtly a fte r h is book appeared.

    The L a b o r H e ra ld re v ie w quotes ex te ns ive ly fro m the book to in d icate the na tu re o f I ts contents and characterizes i t as “ d iffe re n t fro m a ll the o the r books on la bo r pub lished in recent years . . . I t is w r itte n . . . fro m a p o in t o f v ie w no t seen fo r m ore than a generation .”

    “ The au tho r is pa rtisan ,” the re v ie w says, “ and is p roud o f the fa c t.”

    “ The younger genera tion ,” i t adds, “ w i l l appreciate th is book fa r m ore tha n th e ir elders, because here is recorded the th ings w h ich are ha rd to f in d in the sta id books on la b o r.”

    The re v ie w e r found the book va luab le because i t is “ a fo r th r ig h t n a rra tiv e o f a period o f A m erican h is to ry . I t has the facts and figu res w h ich students o f labo r h is to ry w i l l w a n t fo r re fe rence. W h ile i t is pa rtisan in scope, i t does con ta in m a te ria l no t found in the p lac id k in d .”

    “ W ith tim e ,” the re v ie w concludes, “ La b o r’s G ia n t Step w i l l become m ore appreciated b y in q u ir in g m inds.”

    The book, w h ich is 538 pages long, m ay be purchased fo r $7.50 fro m P ioneer Pub lishers, 5 East T h ird St., New Y o rk , N. Y . 10003.

    A r t Preis

    B y R o b ert V erno n[T h is is the second o f tw o a r

    tic les discussing the c r it ic is m o f the la te M a lco lm X b y B aya rd R ustin and Tom K ah n . T h e ir a rt ic le appeared in the M arch 24 New A m erica , a S oc ia lis t P a rty pe riod ica l, unde r the t it le o f “ The M a rk o f Oppression,” and in the S p ring D issent unde r the t i t le o f “ The A m biguous Legacy o f M a lco lm X .” ]

    Attitudes on Non-ViolenceN o n -v io le n t “ lo ve ” and opposi

    tio n to i t is a c ru c ia l and comp lex top ic, and o u r tw o libe ra ls present the usual lin e th a t “ the on ly a lte rn a tiv e [ to n o n -v io le n t lo ve ] is pa ss iv ity .” T h is p ro v in c ia l a rgum ent is a n a rro w v ie w w ith a c iv i l r ig h ts pro test focus, n a iv e ly im p ly in g th a t outside th e pro test m ovem ent p e r se the re is no s trug gle w o rth ta lk in g about. W h ile non-v io lence ph ilosophy and nonv io le n t G andh is t tactics have been p ro m in e n t in the S outhern in te g ra tion strugg le , the re is no e v id ence th a t th is approach has been essentia l (except in the sense tha t, i f m ore f le x ib le tactics were b ro ug h t in to p lay , the libe ra ls m ig h t cu t o f f the m oney and the re b y c rip p le the m ovem en t).

    B u t i t has been possible to b u ild a mass pro test m ovem ent on a nonvio lence basis (o r despite the r ig id lim ita tio n s o f th a t approach) in the ru ra l South. T h is is no t tru e fo r b lack ghettos in the N o rth — or even in the South, as B irm in g ham proved. In the ghetto s itu a tion , the n o n -v io le n t approach has l i t t le o r no appeal to b lack m i l i tan ts o r to the b lack masses, and even meets w ith h o s tility and d is gust.

    Should Probe QuestionInstead o f sneering, condem n

    ing, and dism issing proponents of n o n -v io le n t • ph ilosophy as maso- chists, cowards, etc., o r d ism issing opposition to n o n -v io le n t ph ilo s ophy as loud ta lk by passive onlookers, etc., i t w o u ld be use fu l to probe the question w h y n o n -v io le n t ph ilosophy appeals to m any ac tiv is ts and w h y i t repels m any o ther ac tiv is ts in disgust. “ M anhood” o r “ cow ard ice” have n o th in g to do w ith the m atter.

    Jay Jenkins, w ho was shot to death b y cops in the H a rlem “ r io ts ” o f J u ly 1964, a lleged ly fo r h u r lin g b ricks a t the cops, was a hero w ho d ied w ith h is boots on, fac ing the enem y. No less a hero was James Chaney, b ru ta lly m angled and m urdered a t the hands o f fiend ish M ississipp ians the same sum m er. W hatever d iffe re n t a ttitud es these tw o fa lle n bro thers m ay have had on non-v io lence , w h ite a llies, in te g ra tion , Negro leaders, etc., re fle c t d iffe rences in the h is to ry and na tu re o f the strugg le and the d iffe re n t prob lem s b lack people face in H a rle m and in ru ra l M ississipp i.

    The flo u r is h in g o f non-v io len t ph ilosophy in the South is encouraged by attem pts to w in the “ lo ve ” o f Southern w h ites, o r at least neu tra lize th e ir obsessed o ve rt s ick racism , by the lim ita -

    A Correction On Malcolm X

    W e deeply reg re t ha v in g p a n te d the w ro ng date o f M a lco lm X ’s b ir th , w h ich was M ay 19, 1925.

    We also reg re t typog raph ica l e rro rs in las t w eek’s a rtic le , “ P rev io u s ly U npub lished Rem arks by M a lco lm X .” In tw o places the om ission o f a subhead made the end o f an answer to one question ru n in to the s ta rt o f an answer to another question. The subhead, “ The Seduction o f God,” should have appeared ju s t be fore the 4th lin e fro m the bo ttom of the second co lum n o f the a rtic le . The subhead, “ The John B ro w n School,” should have appeared be fore the 25th lin e fro m the bo ttom o f the fo u rth colum n. E d it o r .

    tio n o f goals to c iv i l r ig h ts and in te g ra tio n , and b y the need to ho ld the “ fr ie n d s h ip ” o f w h ite libe ra ls . Cautious tactics are o ften d ic ta ted by the re la tio nsh ip o f forces and the un restra ined b ru tis h v io lence o f S ou thern racists.

    In b ig -c ity ghettos, on the o ther hand, the re can be no illu s io n about so lv ing prob lem s o f housing, schools, po lice b ru ta lity , unem p loym ent, p o ve rty , th rou gh reachin g the hearts o f w h ites . “ L o ve ” goes wasted, the re is nobody to get n o n -v io le n t w ith . W h ites in b ig c ities do n o t p a r t ic u la r ly ha te N egroes, n o r are th e y obsessed a ll day long w ith keeping each and eve ry in d iv id u a l Negro in his place: “ W e don’t ha te niggers, w e ’d ju s t ra th e r n o t have them around,” as the la d y to ld the Newsweek o p in ion po llste rs.

    “L et I t Be O ur Blood . .P ic tu re a H a rle m fa th e r try in g

    to w o rk the n o n -v io le n t lo ve b it on a ra t about to chew up his baby ’s arm . “ I f any b lood m ust be sp illed , dear L o rd , le t i t be the blood o f m y b lack baby, and no t the b lood o f ou r roden t b ro th ers.” T h a t approach w i l l get h im now here w ith the rats, o r w ith the la nd lo rd , the police, h is boss, o r any o the r p ro b lem re la ted to the society.

    Since the n o n -v io le n t approach f i l ls no em otiona l need, is o u t of tune w ith the fee lings o f ghetto residents, and is obv ious ly useless in the so lu tion o f ghetto problem s, i t is no t on ly re jec ted b u t re jected w ith suspicion and disgust.

    B u t re jec tio n o f M a rt in L u th e r K in g ’s p e cu lia r vers ion o f G andhism is no t in its e lf a program , fo r N o rth , South, o r anyw here. I t is o n ly a m in o r p re requ is ite , and a negative one a t tha t, fo r reachin g the mass o f b lack people and deve lop ing a m ea n ing fu l and liv e program . Those ghetto m ilita n ts w ho re ly on b la ta n t s u p e rm ilitancy, shock tactics, and w ild ta lk (o r w i ld acts) are t ry in g o ther fu t i le ways o f im pressing w h ites, instead o f ge tting dow n to the serious business o f o rgan iz ing b lack people and ra is in g the p o lit ic a l consciousness and pow er pote n tia l o f the ghetto masses.

    M a lco lm X , as soon as he b roke free o f the N a tion o f Is lam , addressed h im se lf to the d if f ic u lt task o f ge tting an o rgan iza tion o ff the ground, o f deve lop ing a p ro gram fo r the im m ed ia te strugg le and a long -range p rogram fo r the lo ng hau l, o f s o lic itin g and s if t in g th rou gh new ideas and fresh th in k in g , m ak ing contacts w ith a llies abroad. Y e t R us tin and K ahn, w ho should kno w be tte r and w ho g ive the im pression o f be ing in fo rm e d on th ings, a t t r ib u te to M a lco lm X the in fa n tile postu ring , obsession w ith v io lence and bom bastic m ilita n c y w h ich w ere a lien to h im .

    British In terv iewB u t w h a t else should w e expect?

    In an in te rv ie w pub lished in the B r it is h L a b o rite T ribu ne la s t Dec. 4, th is is the w a y B aya rd R ustin “ analyzes” the psychology o f ghetto dw e lle rs w h o fo u g h t back against po lice a ttack in the long, ho t sum m er o f 1964:

    “ R a the r l ik e a c h ild w h o feels he’s un loved and so creates a ta n t ru m b y scream ing and y e llin g ; he is saying, essentia lly , ‘M o the r, fa the r, I am in need o f love, care and a ffec tion . I ins is t th a t you hear me, I in s is t th a t you attend to m e.’ ”

    Isn ’t th a t a dam n shame! B aya rd R ustin is so obsessed w ith the need to appeal to the “ conscience” o f w h ite A m erica , w a llo w s so deep in m o rb id dependency and ch ild - pa ren t re la tio nsh ip to the lib e ra l pow e r s tru c tu re and to B ig D addy in the W h ite House, th a t he canno t he lp p ro je c tin g h is ow n o u tlook on l i fe onto a strange people whose w ays and though ts he is in

    capable o f com prehend ing o r pene tra ting .

    Am ong the o th e r potshots f ire d b y R u s tin and K ahn , the re is. ar a ttem p t to equate M a lco lm X tc B ooker T . W ashington. “ W ash ington was appo inted the Negro lead e r by w h ite p h ila n th ro p is ts . .- .* ! M a lco lm ’s p u b lic im age was large* ly the c rea tion o f the w h ite press.’ O u r tw o lib e ra ls also fee l a com pu ls ion to lash o u t a t M alco lm X ’s “ conception o f m anhood and d ig n ity ,” w h ich , the y fin d , "a t least d u r in g h is career w ith the B la ck M uslim s — was tho ro u g h ly p e tit bourgeois.”

    These attacks are fasc inating. O ver and ove r again w e hear ex perts and au th o ritie s (on us) te ll i t th a t the M u s lim id ea l o f m anhood — ho ld in g dow n a steady job , w e a rin g clean, w e ll-p ressed clothes, s tud y ing and learn ing , keeping aw ay fro m a lcoho l and o the r vices, p ro te c tin g b lack w om en, etc. — is petty-bourgeois, th a t is, m iddle-class.

    A cco rd ing to these experts, if you are a fa m ily man, i f you s tay sober instead o f ge tting h igh ' on cheap w ine, and b r in g the paycheck home instead o f ga m b ling it away, you have gone stone m idd le - class. Is i t possible to express g reater con tem pt fo r w orking-class people in fe w e r wOrds?

    B u t how d id o u r tw o lib e ra ls ■gfet in to th is argum ent? R ustin and K ah n are petty-bourgeo is ih social ou tlook, pe tty-bourgeo is in th e ir po litics and ideology, pe tty -bou rgeois in th e ir live lih o o d , w r ite a rtic les in petty-bourgeois pu b lica tions to a petty-bourgeois aud ience — the re is n o th in g about them th a t is no t petty-bourgeois. So eager are they to get a t M a lco lm X ’s m anhood th a t the y stum ble in to a degrad ing a ttack on th e ir ow n selves.

    Booker T . W ashington., r sThe same applies to the p a ra lle l

    w ith B ooker T . W ashington. B ro th e r Booker T . tro d the w e lcome m a t a t the W h ite House in h is day, he was b u i l t up b y the w h ite com m unica tions m edia as a great and responsib le N egro statesman, and was backed by w h ite greenery. T h a t m uch can be said o f Negro c iv i l r ig h ts lib e ra ls today (w ith the im p o rta n t d iffe re nce th a t today’s responsible leaders do pa rtic ip a te in mass protests fo r c iv i l r ig h ts ) . Here again, R us tin im p lic i t ly sneers a t his ow n se lf in h is eagerness to deprecate M a lcolm X .

    In contrast, the savage tre a tm ent o f M a lco lm X b y the w h ite m edia could h a rd ly be ca lled a “ bu ild -u p ” (except fo r phys ica l m u rd e r) . The o rgan iza tions fou nd ed by M a lco lm X subsist on n ic k els and dim es fro m the ghetto poor, no t on subsidies fro m opu len t w h ite sugar daddies. A n d B ig D addy no m ore en te rta ined the no tion o f in v it in g M a lco lm X to see the in te r io r fu rn ish in g s o f the W h ite House than he w o u ld have tho ugh t o f in v it in g F id e l Castro.

    No f in e r com p lim en t could be pa id to M a lco lm X .

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  • Page Four THE M IL ITA N T Monday, May 31, 1965

    A MILITANT INTERVIEW

    Fighter for Dominican Freedom

    The fo llo w in g is a le tte r a m em be r o f the Chicago A rea W omen fo r Peace received fro m a fr ie n d ’s son w h o is sta tioned in V ie tnam . The bo y ’s fa th e r sends h im the W om en fo r Peace b u lle tin . The le tte r has been m im eographed and d is tr ib u te d by the Chicago w om en’s peace group.

    * * *

    A p r i l 4, 1965Dear -------

    I don’t kno w i f you rem em ber me b u t I never fo rg o t you. I ’m 's o ldest boy. I ’m in V ie tnamand eve ry day I p ra y fo r on ly tw o th in gs — to be out o f th is h e ll and back hom e o r to be k il le d before I m ig h t have to k i l l someone.

    So fa r e v e ry th in g you w ro te in y o u r b u lle t in is tru e about V ie tnam , b u t w e w a n t you to w r ite abou t a fe w th ings none o f the papers are w r it in g .

    The go ing here is p re tty rough and a ll the d ir ty f ig h t in g isn ’t on one side. A week ago ou r p latoon leader b ro ug h t in th ree prisoners. I was p a rt o f the group th a t b ro u g h t them in . T hey set up a question ing sta tion and someone fro m In te llig ence was do ing the question ing. T h is was the f ir s t t im e I saw an y th in g lik e th is and found ' o u t th a t w e use d ir ty m e th ods too.

    T h is guy_ fro m In te llig ence had a ll th ree lin e d up. One was a w om an. H e s tripped he r dow n to the w a is t and s tripped the tw o men a ll the w ay. H e had a l i t t le gadget

    B y DougN E W Y O R K — F if ty C o lum b ia

    U n iv e rs ity students were censured b y the school’s a d m in is tra tio n fo r th e ir p a rtic ip a tio n in a dem onstrat io n on the campus M ay 7 against C o lum b ia ’s N a va l Reserve O ffice rs T ra in in g Corps.

    The a d m in is tra tio n described censure as “ m ore severe than p roba tion and ju s t sho rt o f suspension.” Thp students w e re w arned th a t “ any subsequent actions of yours w h ich re s u lt in in fr in g e m ents upon the tra d it io n a l freedom s o f any m em bers o f the Colu m b ia com m u n ity w i l l sub ject you to the p o s s ib ility o f im m ed ia te d ism issal.”

    N o c u rta ilm e n t o f the students’ academic o r e x tra c u rr ic u la r act iv it ie s was made, however, and those w h o are seniors w i l l be graduated as scheduled on June 1.

    T w e lve o f the students tes tifie d before a special board o f the adm in is tra tio n last week about th e ir a c tiv itie s in the M ay 7 dem onstrat io n . The o ther 38 students subm itte d statem ents to the adm in is tra t io n saying th a t they were e q ua lly responsible fo r the demon- tra tio n .

    T he 50 students w ere among n e a rly 200 w ho dem onstrated on M ay 7 and fo rced the a d m in is tra t io n to cancel its annual NROTC aw ards cerem ony. The dem ons tra tio n was ca lled by the Independent C om m ittee to End the W ar in V ie tnam .. A t C o rne ll U n iv e rs ity in Ithaca,

    N . Y ., 64 undergraduates were rep rim anded b y the adm in is tra -

    I though t was a w a lk ie -ta lk ie or som ething. He stuck one end o f th is w ire to the la d y ’s chest and i t was a k in d o f e lec tric shock because she got a rea l bad bu m . F rom w h a t she was scream ing m y buddy and I cou ld f ig u re she d id n ’t kn o w anyth ing .

    Then they took th is same w ire and tr ie d i t on the la d y ’s husband and b ro th e r b u t on th e ir lo w e r parts. I grabbed the dam n th in g and stuck i t to the backass o f the guy fro m In te lligence .

    E ver since th a t day I ’ve been sick to m y stomach and haven ’t been ou t on p a tro l o r anyth ing . M y Sgt. te lls me I ’m su ffe rin g fro m ba ttle fa tig ue and m ig h t get sent home.

    No one fro m o u r group w ants to b r in g any suspects in fo r questioning. W e don’t kno w w h a t to do. Some o f the V ie ts are good frien ds to us. Some we know p la y bo th sides b u t we don’t w a n t anybody to rtu re d and k ille d . One o f the guys fro m another p la toon said he saw th is happen be fore a few tim es and once the guy was k il le d by it .

    A n y h o w te ll y o u r W om en fo r Peace we are w ith them . W e w ish we could send you a couple o f those e lec trica l gadgets to use on the powers th a t sent and keep us here. T h is m ust end soon o r a lo t o f us w i l l go nuts. W e’l l t r y to do ou r p a rt to t r y to keep dow n the w a r i f you keep up y o u r p a rt back home to end it .

    Jennesstio n fo r p a rtic ip a tin g in a s im ila r an ti-R O TC dem onstra tion . The decision w i l l be rev iew ed th is week by the u n iv e rs ity ’s F a cu lty Com m ittee on S tuden t Conduct.

    The C o rne ll pro test was organized by the A d Hoc C om m ittee on V ie tn am and had abou t 100 p a rtic ipants.

    Lewis Mumford Blasts American Aggression

    Lew is M u m fo rd , pres ident of the A m erican Academ y o f A rts and Le tte rs , took the occasion of the Academ y’s annual awards cerem ony in N ew Y o rk M ay 19 to denounce U.S. p o lic y in V ie tnam as a “ m o ra l outrage.”

    “ I w ou ld g la d ly rem a in s ilen t,” he said, “ i f one could do so and m a in ta in one’s self-respect, and keep fa ith w ith the generations th a t are s t i l l to come . . . W e have a special d u ty to speak ou t open ly in pro test on eve ry occasion when hum an beings are threatened by a rb it ra ry pow er: n o t o n ly as w ith the oppressed Negroes in A labam a and M ississipp i, b u t the peoples of both N o rth and South V ie tnam w ho m ust now c o n fro n t our gove rnm en t’s coldb looded b lackm a il and ca lcu la ted vio lence . . . A ll ou r governm ent’s unctuous p ro fessions o f reasonableness, peace fu lness and re s tra in t have been un de rm ined by the in con tinen t actions i t has taken,” M u m fo rd asserted.

    Why Washington Unleashed ImbertO ne of the m a in reasons

    the U .S . p e rm itte d th e forces of D o m in ican Gen. Im b e rt to a ttack the C onstitu tionalists was a desire to re ta in the repressive a rm y apparatus th a t held th e D o m in ican peop le dow n so long. T h is is confirm e d by N ew Y o rk T im es correspondent M a x F ra n k e l w ho reported fro m W ash in g ton M a y 21 th a t a p rin c ip a l consideration in unleashing Im b e rt w as “ the ju d g m en t th a t W ash ington could not a ffo rd to do an yth in g to d estroy w h a t rem ains o f the D o m in ican a rm y . . .”

    — the s in is te r purposes o f the U n ited States.”

    C o n tin u in g his in d ic tm e n t o f U.S. po licy , D r. Moscoso said: “ W hen he was k ille d , o u r re vo lu tio n — w e were 33 years f ig h tin g h im — was no t a llow ed to w in . A n d th a t’s the m a in cause o f the present-day troub les. Instead o f p e rm ittin g the defenders o f democracy, w h ich w e were, to take over, the U n ited States m an ipu la ted th ings in such a w ay th a t the T r u j i l lo forces are s t i l l in pow er there .”

    D iscussing Juan Bosch’s b r ie f period as president, D r. Moscoso p u t h is f in g e r on the key fac t o f Bosch’s d o w n fa ll. The U.S., he said, “ re ta ined the o ld a rm y o f T r u j i l lo and the w ho le setup o f the T r u j i l lo governm ent. W hen Juan Bosch d id n ’t p ro ve as subserv ien t as T ru ji l lo , the U n ited States decided i t w o u ld be be tte r to restore a ltoge ther the T r u j i l lo regim e.

    A t T h e ir M e rcy

    “ Juan Bosch,” he continued, “ cou ldn ’t do as F id e l Castro d id in Cuba. Juan Bosch had to govern w ith the same T r u j i l lo a rm y supported by the U n ited States. So he was at the m ercy o f the group th a t o ve rth re w h im la te r on.”

    He th in k s the ’ present in te rv e n t ion was ordered because “ the pow er s tru c tu re is p a n icky about the Cuban re vo lu tio n ex tend ing to the D om in ican R epub lic . O r ra the r, o f the D om in ican R epub lic go ing the same w ay as Cuba d id f iv e years ago.”

    B u t he also feels tha t, by th e ir v e ry e ffo rts to p re ven t a new Cuba in the D om in ican R epublic, the U.S. is conv inc ing m ore and m ore L a t in A m ericans th a t the Cuban road is th e ir on ly hope.

    “ The actions o f the U n ited States,” he said, “ are conv inc ing m any people in L a t in A m erica , and the D om in ican R epublic, o f course, th a t the o n ly w a y the y can get r id o f the A m erican in te lligence and the Pentagon and a ll those o the r ca lam ities, is b y do ing w h a t the Cubans d id — p ro c la im in g a socia list state and becom ing a m em ber o f the b loc th a t is p ro tected by the socia lis t countries.”

    “ The re su lt o f the in te rv e n tio n ,” he added, “ w i l l be to the c o n tra ry o f the w ishes and purposes o f the U n ited States. Today the num be r o f people w ho be lieve in the necess ity o f es tab lish ing a socia lis t reg im e is increasing .”

    He believes the C o n s titu tio n a lis t forces o f Col. Caam ano Den6 d id the r ig h t th in g in a rm in g the people, a lthough he doesn’t fee l the y can w in against the U.S. pow er. H e th in k s some o f the Caamano forces w i l l resort to g u e rr illa w a rfa re and th a t the re m ay be a p ro longed period o f g u e rr il la w a rfa re in the coun try .

    No Illu s ion s

    He has no illu s ion s abou t the im m ed ia te prospects fo r h is country . “ A governm ent w i l l be appo in ted,” he said, “ w h ic h w i l l be m an ipu la ted by the O AS and the M arines. I t w i l l con ta in the rem nants o f the o ld T r u j i l lo forces. The same forces w h ic h represent the old T r u j i l lo reg im e w i l l contin u e in pow er.”

    B u t he rem ains o p tim is tic about how th in gs w i l l tu rn ou t in the long run . M ore and m ore people, he says, are le a rn in g fro m such experiences as the D om in ican in te rven tion . In d ic a tin g the ex te n t o f such th in k in g , he sm iled and said:

    “ I speak here fre q u e n tly w ith d ip lom ats, w ith presidents and ex presidents o f L a t in A m erican countries, and m any o f them w ho d id n ’t have the s ligh test in te res t in ideo log ica l questions be fore are be g inn ing to say, ‘W e ll, w e notice th a t Cuba, by s id ing w ith the soc ia lis t countries, is the o n ly free governm ent in the W estern H em isphere.’ ”

    A GI's Letter Describes What It's Like in Vietnam

    . Dominican Republic Crisis

    B y H a r r y R in gN E W Y O R K — The U.S. occupa

    tio n o f the D om in ican R epublic fro m 1916 to 1924, and the T ru ji l lo d ic ta to rsh ip th a t fo llow e d it, forced m any Dom in icans to leave th e ir coun try . In the U n ited States alone the re are an estim ated 80,000 D om in ican exiles. Last week one of the most p ro m ine n t o f the anti- T r u j i l lo ex iles granted an in te r v ie w to The M ilita n t. He is D r. O ctav io E lias Moscoso, a m em ber o f one o f the oldest and m ost d is tingu ished fa m ilie s in the D om in ican Republic.

    S eventy-five years o ld and at the present tim e s u ffe rin g i l l hea lth , D r. Moscoso gave the in te rv ie w because o f his intense concern about the present U.S. in te r ven tion in the D om in ican Republic.

    Fam ily BackgroundA descendant o f E lias Rodriguez,

    the f ir s t C a tho lic bishop o f the D om in ican R epublic, D r. Moscoso’s fa the r, Juan E lias Moscoso, was a ju s tice o f the D om in ican Suprem e C ourt, an ambassador to H a it i, and la te r secre tary o f state.

    The fo rtunes o f po litics have caused D r. Moscoso to liv e m ost o f h is li fe in the U n ite d States. B u t he re ta ins the cha rm and w a rm courtesy th a t seems to be a L a tin A m erican cha racteris tic . Even w h ile e m p ha tica lly condem ning U.S. aggression against h is country , he rem ained soft-spoken and gracious.

    Educated at the U n iv e rs ity o f Santo D om ingo and C o lum b ia U n ive rs ity , D r. Moscoso w o rked as a jo u rn a lis t here, se rv ing as ed itor- in -ch ie f o f a Spanish-language ed it ion o f Vogue and o ther magazines.

    Returned HomeW hen the M arines occupied his

    cou n try in 1916, he resigned his position and re tu rn ed hom e to o ffe r h is services to the D om in ican president, D r. F rancisco E nriquez y Carvagal. H e co llabora ted w ith E nriquez u n t il the U.S. forces squeezed h im ou t o f the presidency by ta k in g con tro l o f the c o u n try ’s fin a n c ia l system and w ith h o ld in g the funds needed to m eet the gove rnm en t pa y ro ll.

    D r. Moscoso then re tu rn e d to the U.S. w here he became active in the m ovem ent to w in w ith d ra w a l o f the U.S. forces fro m his coun try . In th is he w o rked closely w ith the la te Senator Borah, the Idaho R epublican w ho opposed U.S. in te rv e n tio n abroad. D u rin g

    (Continued from Page 1)re fo rm w i l l m eet w ith the u n hes ita ting opposition o f the U.S. im peria lis ts . T h is lesson has been b ro u g h t in to sharp focus fo r the masses in the D om in ican R epublic and th ro u g h o u t L a t in A m e rica by the U.S. in te rve n tio n .

    T he U.S. so fears the developm ent o f social re v o lu tio n in L a tin A m erica th a t i t now feels i t canno t to le ra te fo r a m om ent any genu ine ly po pu la r m ovem ent fo r even the sing le goal o f dem ocracy, ou t o f fe a r th a t such a m ovem ent w i l l begin to f ig h t fo r the in te r ests o f the poor and oppressed. T h is lesson, too, is bound to be d ra w n by the masses in L a tin A m erica.

    Another LessonThere is another lesson o f the

    D om in ican re v o lu tio n w h ich the people o f L a tin A m erica are le a rn ing. The U.S. hoped i t w o u ld be ab le to break up the u p ris in g and take con tro l o f the is land in a s w ift , p o w e rfu l m ove o f occupation . B u t the arm ed people o f one c ity , Santo Dom ingo, w ere enough to ho ld the U.S. a t bay fo r over a m onth now. T h e ir de te rm ina tion to f ig h t, th e ir s p ir it and w i l l to res is t made th e ir m il i ta ry defeat possible o n ly th rou gh a b loodbath. T h is forced the U.S. in to a

    pro longed occupation w h ile i t has tr ie d to d isa rm the revo lu tiona rie s th rou gh deals w ith the v a c illa tin g Caamano leadersh ip and th rou gh support to the “ m opping u p ” operations o f - th a t U.S. c reature, the Im b e rt ju n ta .

    I f the arm ed w o rke rs o f a s ingle c ity cou ld m ake the s itua tion so d i f f ic u lt fo r the U.S. im p e r ia lists, th in k o f the troub les they w o u ld have i f the re v o lu tio n a ry leadership ra llie d the support o f the peasants in the coun trys ide th rou gh a p rogram o f land re fo rm , and arm ed the peasant, too! T h in k o f the d iff ic u lt ie s "the U.S. w i l l have in the fu tu re as i t a ttem pts to occupy and suppress re v o lu tions w h ich are bound to break ou t in the w ho le L a tin A m erican con tinent.

    W hatever the outcom e o f the D om in ican re vo lu tio n a t th is stage, the strugg le w h ich was p u t up by the w o rke rs o f Santo D om ingo has m ore c le a rly exposed the true na tu re o f U.S. im p e ria lism to the masses o f the D om in ican R epublic and o f L a t in A m erica . T h e ir e x am ple and f ig h tin g s p ir it have shown w h a t a people f ig h t in g fo r themselves can do. These tw o lessons are bound to ra ise the leve l o f the s trugg le th rou gh ou t the w ho le o f L a t in A m erica .

    th is same pe riod the D om in ican un ions nom inated D r. Moscoso to represent them a t the In te rn a tio n a l L a b o r O rgan iza tion w h ich was then an agency o f the League o f Nations.

    B e fo re the U.S. w ith d re w its forces fro m the D om in ican R epublic , i t m ade sure i t had a puppet ready to ru le in its beha lf. T ha t puppet was T ru ji l lo .

    “ I opposed T r u j i l lo fro m the outset,” D r. Moscoso said, “ even though his crim es were no t ye t fu l ly kn o w n to us. I opposed h im because he had served the A m e r ican occupation.”

    T r u j i l lo was appa ren tly w e ll aw are o f D r. Moscoso’s a ttitu d e tow a rd h im . D u rin g h is f irs t weeks in o ffice he tr ie d h im in h is absence and sentenced h im to 30 years in prison . D r. Moscoso learned abou t th is as he was about to address an a n t i-T ru ji l lo r a l ly in N ew Y o rk . He to ld the ra l ly : “ L a te r on, w hen m y ch ild re n ask me, ‘A n d w h a t w ere you do ing d u r in g the te rr ib le reg im e o f T ru j i l lo ? ’ I sha ll be able to te ll them w ith p ride , ‘ I was condemned to 30 years.’ ”

    U.S. G uiltyThe g u ilt fo r T ru ji l lo , D r. Mos

    coso emphasizes, lies w ith the U n ite d States. “ T hey created T ru j i l lo , ” he said. “ They appointed h im C om m ander o f the N a tiona l G ua rd w h ic h was created by the U n ited States before they le ft there. A n d T r u j i l lo served them w e ll. To the end he served the purposes o f the State D epartm ent

    Columbia University Censures50 A n ti-W ar D em onstra to rs

  • Monday, May 31, 1965 THE M IL ITA N T Page Five

    O A A U Harlem Rally Marks 'Malcolm X Memorial Day'

    THE SOCIAL CRISIS IN BOLIVIA

    Tin Miners Wage Heroic FightB y G eorge Saunders

    “ The Yankee governm ent w ants to m ake B o liv ia a second D o m in ican R e pub lic !” T h is was the theme o f broadcasts fro m the rad io stations o f the B o liv ia n m iners beg in n in g M ay 16. L ik e the D o m in icans, the B o liv ia n w o rke rs are w ag ing a hero ic arm ed resistance against a fro n ta l assault by a U.S.- ins tiga ted m il i ta ry ju n ta , th a t of Gen. Rene B arrien tos. The a im of th is fu ll-sca le m il ita ry d r ive is to crack the la b o r un ions and snatch aw ay the econom ic gains th a t w o rke rs have long he ld, thanks to th e ir re vo lu tio n o f 1952.

    The e ru p tio n o f th is con flic t, w h ich has been s im m ering since the o v e rth ro w o f Paz Estenssoro la s t Novem ber, comes a t a tim e

    Supreme Court Voids U.S. Mail Interference

    N E W Y O R K , M ay 24 — The U.S. Suprem e C o u rt today u n an im ous ly uphe ld the s u it o f D r. C orliss L a m o n t against the Postm aster JSeneral o f the U n ited States. T he C o u rt he ld th a t a fed e ra l law , w h ic h requ ires persons sent “ C om m unis t p o lit ic a l p ropaganda” fro m abroad to m ake a special request fo r its de live ry , is un con s titu tion a l. In th is test case o f the Em ergency C iv il L ib e rtie s Com m ittee, D r. Lam on t, w ho is cha irm an o f the ECLC, was re p resented by Leonard B. B oud in , the general counsel o f the C om m ittee .

    D r. C la rk Forem an, the d ire c to r o f the C om m ittee said:

    “ The Em ergency C iv il L ib e rtie s Com m ittee is de ligh ted to have had a p a rt in the de liverance of the A m erican people fro m an u n con s titu tion a l invasion o f th e ir p r iv a te a ffa irs by the Postm aster G eneral . . .‘ N ow , p resum ably , a ll those w ho have been harassed by requests fo r w r itte n perm ission to d e liv e r m a il addressed to them w i l l get the m a il reasonably p ro m p tly .”

    Nahuel Moreno in DangerThe P eruv ian governm ent is t r y

    in g to ex tra d ite a lead ing A rge n tin e re vo lu tio n is t to P eru fo r a lleged p a rtic ip a tio n in re v o lu tio n a ry events in Peru in 1962. The case invo lves H ugo Bressano, w e ll kn o w n in L a t in A m erican rad ica l c irc les under the pen name “ N ahue l M oreno” and the cen tra l f ig u re in the m ovem ent fo rm ed around the Buenos A ire s socia list w e ek ly P alab ra O b re r a.

    Peru charges th a t Bressano transported g u e rr illa f ig h te rs in the Cuzco reg ion in association w ith peasant leader H ugo Blanco. I t also charges h im w ith in v o lv e m en t in a bank ho ldup in a L im a suburb in 1962 organized by a P e ru v ia n g u e rr il la group.

    The odd th in g about both charges is th a t the P eruv ian auth o ritie s have never b ro ug h t the P e ru v ia n defendants to t r ia l , b u t have k e p t them ro tt in g in ja i l fo r w e ll ove r tw o years. Because of the p o lit ic a l p o p u la r ity o f w h a t the P eruv ian defendants stood fo r, the reg im e dares n o t t r y them p u b lic ly .

    Bressano’s defense has argued th a t the P eruv ian b id fo r e x tra d it io n invo lves p o lit ic a l offenses. The T re a ty o f M on tevideo ru les ou t e x tra d it io n in p o lit ic a l crim es. In the f i r s t round o f the case, the lo w e r c o u rt judge uphe ld the defense con tention. H ow ever, re cen tly the federa l appeals court, instead o f u p ho ld ing th is p rinc ip le , reversed the lo w e r court.

    The defense has appealed the decision to the A rg e n tin e Suprem e C ourt. I f the P eruv ian governm en t is a llow ed to have its way,

    no t so favo rab le fo r W ashing ton; the ba ttle could re su lt in a m a jo r advance o f the B o liv ia n re vo lu tion , and thus o f the L a tin A m e r ican revo lu tion .

    F o r the s p ir it o f Santo Dom ingo is in the a ir th rou gh ou t the hem isphere. The s tubborn resistance of the D om in ican people in armed c o n flic t w ith the “ a ll-p o w e rfu l” Yankee M arines has in sp ired the masses o f L a t in A m erica and b ro ug h t to a head social con flic ts ju s t un de r the surface in several countries.

    F o r exam ple, in Ecuador a genera l s tr ik e has de fied the m il ita ry d ic ta to rsh ip . In Colom bia, day a fte r day, tens o f thousands o f students ba ttled police, and a state o f siege was declared. In G uatem ala, a state o f siege has been in fo rce fo r tw o m onths; fea r o f a re v o lu tio n was he ightened by the gunn ing dow n o f the num ber-tw o m an in the m il ita ry regim e.

    The B o liv ia n cris is was touched o f f by the e x ilin g o f Juan Lech in Oquendo, secretary general o f .the 30,000-man m iners un ion, the c o u n try ’s b iggest and m ost im p o rta n t la b o r organ iza tion . Lech in was ex iled to the b loody d ic ta to rship o f Paraguay as p a rt o f a d r ive to crack the unions, b u t also because the unions, and the w o rk ers’ parties based on them , rep re sent the ra l ly in g center fo r opposition to the pro -U .S . p o lic y o f B a rrien tos in the D om in ican crisis.

    F o r reasons o f bo th in te rn a l and fo re ign po licy , the ju n ta feels com pelled a t th is tim e to t r y to w ipe ou t the independent pow er o f the w orke rs . The arm ed m iners m il it ia and the m iners un ion have been a pow er in the tin -m ine distr ic ts ever since the w o rke rs rose up in 1952. A rm s in hand, they d rove o u t the t in barons and nationa lized the m ines. The reg im e o f Paz Estenssoro, w h ic h came to pow er on th e ir backs, ca rried ou t a p a r tia l la n d re fo rm arid accepted w o rke rs ’ p a rtic ip a tio n in the ru n n in g o f the mines.

    B o liv ia ’s tin , how ever, is its greatest w e a lth and m akes up 90 per cent o f its exports. U.S. b ig

    a dangerous precedent w o u ld be set fo r the e n tire L a t in A m erican rad ica l m ovem ent. R evo lu tion is ts cou ld be ex tra d ite d by any m i l i ta ry d ic ta to rsh ip and he ld in d e fin ite ly w ith o u t t r ia l in obscure prisons, w ith o u t r ig h ts o r recourse o f any k ind .

    Apartheid Fighters 'Guilty'A n aparthe id cou rt in P o rt

    E lizabeth, South A fr ic a , fou nd tw o m o r e p o lit ic a l opposition ists “ g u ilty ” A p r i l 26. Leo L . S ih la li, fo rm e r p res iden t o f the U n ity M ovem ent o f South A fr ic a , was sentenced to tw o and a h a lf years. Lou is L . M tshizana, fo rm e r ch a irm an o f the East London branch o f the Society o f Y oung A fr ic a (a ff il ia te d to the U n ity M ovem en t) was sentenced to fo u r and a h a lf years. They were charged under the notorious “ Suppression o f C om m unism A c t” and accused o f t ry in g to leave the nation-size prison w h ic h is South A fr ic a . T h e ir “ c r im e ” was le av in g th e ir home towns, to w h ich the y had been “ banned,” o r res tric ted .

    'Queen and Country' NoIn the 1930’s the re was a w id e

    spread a n tiw a r m ovem ent among B r it is h students, as i t became appa ren t tha t the cap ita lis t ru le rs o f W estern Europe and the U n it ed States w ere head ing fo r a w o rld w id e slaughter. The m ovem ent centered around a m otion passed by the O x fo rd U n iv e rs ity deba ting c lub th a t i t “ w o u ld no t f ig h t fo r K in g and cou n try .” Today, as the V ie tn am cris is signals the readiness o f W estern ru le rs to p lunge the w o r ld in to disaster once m ore, the O x fo rd U n ion has

    business in terests have eyed th is w ea lth g reed ily fo r years. T hrough the po w e rfu l le ve r o f economic “ a id ,” U.S. in te rests penetrated and bought over the Paz regim e. Paz undertook a d riv e to m ake the m ines m ore e ffic ie n t and p ro fita b le in re tu rn fo r U.S. and W est G erm an investm en t unde r the so- ca lled T r ia n g u la r P lan . T h is d r ive was the m ain source o f h is u n p o p u la r ity , o f h is reso rt to repressions, and e ve n tu a lly o f h is ove rth row .

    N ow the B a rrien tos c lique has ordered the a rm y to occupy the m ines. The m iners are res is ting ; th e ir rad io stations ca ll on the w o rke rs and peasants o f the count r y to smash the m il i ta r y d ic ta to rship. The key m ines are a t C a tavi and S ig lo V e in te ; i t was m iners fro m those m ines, w ith T ro tsky is ts o f the P a rtid o O brero Revolucio- n a rio [P O R ] in the vanguard, w ho tu rne d back a co lum n o f Paz’s troops at Sora-Sora las t Novem ber. T h a t sk irm is h m arked the tu rn in g p o in t in the fa te o f Paz.

    In a M ay D ay message o f excep tiona l in te res t as an an tic ip a tio n o f these events, the POR declared:

    “ . . . N o rth A m erican im p e ria lism demands even m ore drastic measures to refasten its chains o f oppression. I t has refused $20 m illio n to finance the th ird phase o f the so-called T r ia n g u la r P lan u n t i l the m ines are ‘p u t in o rd e r’ . . .

    “ T h is ‘o rd e r’ s ign ifies the use o f force and vio lence against the w o rke rs and m il ita ry occupation o f in d u s tr ia l centers and w o rke rs areas . . . the suppression o f trade- un ion libe rtie s , and the open re pression o f re v o lu tio n a ry M a rx is t p o lit ic a l tendencies. In short, im pe ria lism demands the app lica tion o f an u ltra -r ig h tis t po licy , o f fascist pa tte rn , as is be ing applied in B ra z il . . .”

    “ W e cannot stop to lam en t the dangers b ro ug h t to us b y im pe ria lism and the M il i ta r y Jun ta ; i t is necessary to overcom e these dangers arm s in hand, opening the socia list so lu tion to the presen t c ris is .”

    b ro ug h t the issue up fo r debate again. A m otion n o t to “ f ig h t fo r Queen and c o u n try ” n a rro w ly m issed passing M ay 21 in a vote o f 493 to 466.

    Mussolini Law Still UsedThe courts in ca p ita lis t I ta ly

    s t i l l recognize law s passed under the fascist d ic ta to rsh ip o f M usso lin i. N ine leaders o f a ra ilw a y w o rkers un ion have been ind ic ted in F lorence, Ita ly , un de r a M usso lin i la w p ro v id in g ja i l fo r those w ho keep tra in s fro m ru n n in g on tim e. The un ion called 90-m inute s low dow n s trikes las t Novem ber.

    Japan Unions Oppose W arA n a tion w id e m ovem ent oppos

    in g the w a r in V ie tn am is to be launched s h o rtly by the G eneral C ounc il o f Japan T rade U nions [S oh yo ], The g ian t federa tion made the decision a t a council m ee ting M ay 12. The un ion leaders ho ld th a t the U.S. has v io la ted the Geneva A greem ent and serio u s ly threatens w o rld peace. Sohyo also stated th a t th d Jap anese governm ent is suppo rting U.S. aggression in V ie tnam . The federa tion announced e a r lie r tha t i t w o u ld send a m ission o f so lid a r ity to the w o rke rs o f N o rth V ie tnam and begin co llec ting m ate r ia l aid, in c lu d in g m edica l supplies fo r N o rth V ie tnam .Gas in Santo Domingo?Agence France Presse reported

    th a t U.S. forces unloaded a tru c k load o f poison gas in Santo D om ingo M ay 14. Asked w h e the r the A m erican occupation forces in tended to use poison gas, G eneral John J. B ou ker rep lie d he cou ldn ’ t say. — George Saunders

    N EW Y O R K — A “ M em oria l C u ltu ra l T r ib u te ” to M a lco lm X was he ld M ay 19 a t the Rockland Palace in H a rlem . A b o u t 250 people attended the m eeting sponsored by the O rgan iza tion o f A fro - A m erican U n ity .

    The day o f M ay 19 was chosen fo r the m eeting because i t was M a lco lm X ’s b ir th d a y . M rs. E lla C o llins , pres ident o f the O A A U , declared M ay 19 “ M a lco lm X D ay.”

    James Shabazz, p res iden t o f the M u s lim M osque Inc., opened the m em o ria l p rogram w ith a eu logy o f M a lco lm X .

    M rs. C o llins, the m a in speaker, announced th a t the O A A U planned to establish “ The M a lco lm X In te rn a tio n a l M e m o ria l C en te r” in H a rlem . Its purpose w o u ld be to establish u n ity between A frican s ,

    LO S A N G E LE S , M ay 21 — The S oc ia lis t W orkers P a rty has urged its supporters to vo te fo r Rev. James E dw ard Jones, w ho is ru n n in g as an independent candidate fo r the Board o f Education O ffice No. 2 in the M ay 25 e lection. Rev. Jones is also supported b y the U n ited C iv il R igh ts Com m ittee, an o rgan iza tion o f Negro, M exican- A m erican , la b o r and c iv i l lib e rtie s groups.

    I f elected, Rev. Jones w i l l be the o n ly Negro on the Board o f Education. H is opponent, M a ria n M ille r , is a fo rm e r F B I undercover agent and fa v o rite o f extrem e rig h t-w in g groups.

    W h ile expressing Socia list W o rk ers P a rty suppo rt fo r Rev. Jones, SWP organ izer T . Edw ards noted inadequacies in h is p rogram in re la tio n to the need fo r desegregation , decent fa c ilit ie s a t a l l levels, up g ra d in g o f teachers regardless

    (Continued from Page 1)upon the audience to “ keep up ou r pro test . . . these are the k in d o f m eetings and dem onstra tions we need.”

    Isaac Deutscher, b iog rapher o f T ro tsky and an avowed M a rx is t, pu t th ings in th e ir perspective befo re a hushed and ra p t audience. T he West, he said, was “ s ick w ith the b ra in w ash ing o f n e a rly tw o decades o f cold w a r.” Deutscher traced the h is to ry o f the cold w a r and punc tu red w id e ly he ld m yths o f the W estern powers. He was g iven a pro longed s tand ing ovation .

    S taughton L yn d , professor fro m Y a le and d ire c to r o f the M iss is ip - p i Freedom Schools la s t sum m er, spoke on the second day o f the ta lka thon . H e began by reading the “ D ec la ra tion o f B erke ley, M ay 21,” th a t called fo r the recogn it io n o f the governm ent o f Colonel F rancisco Caamano Deno as the “ tru e and o n ly d u ly constitu ted governm ent o f the D om in ican Rep u b lic .” (A tab le was set up on

    Socialist Vote Reported In Denver Elections

    D E N VE R — The soc ia lis t cand idates fo r D enve r’s school board, B arbara T a p lin and H a ro ld W a llace, got between one and tw o per cent o f the vote in the M ay 18 election. M rs. T a p lin rece ived 546 votes fo r the tw o-year te rm , and W allace received 829 votes fo r the s ix-year te rm .

    P rop o rtio na te ly , th e ir vote was h igh e r than th a t gotten in Denver last N ovem ber by the pres iden tia l and congressional candidates of the S oc ia lis t W orkers P a rty .

    The election was considered a v ic to ry fo r the conservative, pro- schoo l-adm in is tra tion forces.

    Asians and A fro -A m ericans, she said. She exp la ined th a t i t w o u ld inc lude a lib ra ry , h a ll o f fam e, a school w here A fr ic a n languages were taught, and res ide n tia l quarters fo r A fr ic a n s and Asians.

    A num ber o f A fr ic a n s p a rtic ipa ted in the m em oria l. S id i A li , secre tary o f the P an -A frican S tudents Association, spoke. The G hanaian delegate to the U N spoke on be ha lf o f P resident K w am e N k ru m a h and the governm en t o f Ghana.

    A m ong the o th e r speakers w ere: B i l l Epton, v ice p res iden t o f the Progressive L a b o r P a rty ; LeR o i Jones, poet and p la y w r ig h t; and M ae M a llo ry , o f the H a rle m U n em p loym ent Center.

    A great v a r ie ty o f en te rta ine rs perfo rm ed, a lte rn a tin g w ith the speakers.

    o f co lo r o r ra c ia l o rig in , un ion ization o f the teachers and free speech on the campuses. T he cand ida te also has no b in d in g respons ib il i ty to the m any organ izations th a t p u t h im fo r th as a candidate.

    “ Nevertheless,” E dw ards said, “ a vote fo r Jam es E dw ard Jones is a vo te fo r the p r in c ip le o f rep resenta tion in governm ent fo r an oppressed m in o r ity . The e lection o f a Negro to the B oard o f Educat io n w o u ld be a step tow ards ach iev ing adequate representa tion fo r a l l m in o ritie s a t a l l leve ls o f governm ent. T h is is necessary as an e lem enta ry dem ocra tic r ig h t and p a rt o f the s trugg le fo r c iv i l r ig h ts fo r a l l. ”

    Rev. James was s im ila r ly endorsed by I r v in g K irsch , Y o u n g S ocia lis t A llia n c e rep resen ta tive w ho received 31,115 votes as cand ida te fo r Board o f E ducation O ffice No. 6 in the A p r i l 6 e lection.

    the grounds o f the m ee ting w h e re people cou ld sign up to g ive blood, to be sent to the revo lu tiona rie s in Santo D om ingo.)

    L y n d c ritic ize d Scalap ino fo r his; stand on the V ie tn am Day. “ I too be lieve in precise in te lle c tu a l d is course. B u t a n n ih ila tio n in ai B rooks B ro th e rs s u it is s t i l l m u rder.” He ca lled fo r a m assive c iv i l- •disobedience cam paign th a t w o u ld force Johnson, M cN am ara and B un dy to resign. “ W e cannot w a it u n t i l the ne x t p re s id en tia l election — w e m ust vote w ith o u r fee t.”

    Other SpeakersO ther speakers inc luded Jack

    Barnes, na tion a l cha irm an o f the Y oung S oc ia lis t A llia n ce , P au l P otte r, pres ident o f S tudents fo r a D em ocra tic Society; N orm an Thom as; L e v i L a u b fro m P rogressive L a b o r; N o rm an M a ile r ; W ill ie B ro w n ; P au l Jacobs; D r. B e n ja m in Spock; M a rio Savio; John B u rto n ; James A ronson fro m the N a tion a l G ua rd ia n ; Bob ( M oses)- P a rris o f SNCC; M ik e M yerson o f the D uBois C lubs; F e lix Greene; Dave D e llin g e r; and D ic k G regory. Taped messages fro m B e rtra n d ’ Russell and Ruben Brache, a represen ta tive o f the D om in ican re v o lu tionaries , w ere played.

    A key pamphlet

    In Defense of the Cuban RevolutionA n Answer to the State Departm ent

    and Theodore DraperB y Joseph Hansen

    32 pages 250

    PIO N E E R PU B LIS H E R S 5 East Th ird St.

    New York, N. Y . 10003

    World Events

    Los Angeles Socialists Urge Support for Negro Candidate

    ...15,000 Protest on Vietnam

  • Page Six THE M ILITANT Monday, May 31, 1965

    FREEDOM FIGHTERS

    Spartacus, Leader of Slave RevoltB y G eo rg e L a v a n

    M odern m an ’s he ritage contains names fro m anc ien t h is to ry w h ich have become sym bo lic . Thus Caesar, the nam e borne b y the ’ em perors o f ancient Rome, was conve rted in to Czar and K a ise r by the m onarchs o f Russia arid G erm any to stress th e ir om nipotence; arid o n ly 25 years ago M usso lin i s tru tte d th e stage o f Fascist I ta ly p ro c la im in g h im se lf a m odern Caesar.

    Jus t as the nam e Caesar sym bolizes ty ra n n ic a l pow er, another nam e fro m Rom an h is to ry — Spartacus— sym bolizes reb e llio n . Spartacus was the slave w ho w o u ld no t subm it, w ho rebe lled and fo u g h t to the death fo r freedom . F o r a l l t im e he person ifies the slave w ho refuses to be a slave any longer.

    S ig n ific a n tly , the re has been a re v iv a l o f in te res t in Spartacus in o u r tim es. H is s to ry lends its e lf to f ic t io n (th re e novels and a m ov ie ) because o f its d ram a and th e sparseness o f the facts w h ich have come dow n to us. A lso, the in fo r m a tio n w e have is fro m a biased soprce — the Rom an slave-ow ning class. I t -is as i f the re w o u ld be no o th e r sources o f in fo rm a tio n abou t the present freedom strugg le in th e S outh tha n w h a t the D ix ie - c ra t o ff ic ia ls and th e ir approved w r ite rs


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