15 - ncrs.fs.fed.us · 15.2.3 sources of variation in woody-tissue quality the authors acknowledge...
TRANSCRIPT
U_'FPRINTS FROM NUTRITIONAL ECOLOGY OF. INSECTS, MITES, AND SPIDERS
Edited by _)ri Frank Slansky Jr. and Dr. I. C. Rod.dguez, . Copyright 1987 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
15NutritionalEcologyofWood-FeedingColeoptera,Lepidoptero,
• and Hymenoptera
• ROBERTA. HAACK and
FRANKSLANSKYJR.
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Food Characteristics
15.2.1 Anatomy of the Woody Stem
15.2.2 Nutritional and Physical Nature of Woody Tissues15.2.3 Sources of Variation in Woody-Tissue Quality
15.2.3.1 Seasonal Variation
15.2.3.2 Inter- and Intraspecific Variation
15.2.3.3 Wood Seasoning15.2.3.4 Decay
15..2.4 Predictability and Persistence of Woody Tissues
15.3' Insect Adaptations to Woody Environments
15.3.1 Morphological and Anatomical Adaptations
15.3.2 Digestive Enzymes15.3.3 Quantitative Food Utilization
15.3.4 Host Range
... . . , , , ,
The authors acknowledge Dr.T.H. Atkinson and Dr. S. C. Mishra for supplying manuscripts in. pres_;, and to their many colleagues worldwide who sent reprints, books, and best wishes.
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Tab
le15
.2.
Che
mic
al,
Nut
riti
onal
,an
dP
hysi
cal
Cha
ract
eris
tics
ofth
eM
ajor
Stem
Tis
sues
ofT
empe
rate
-Zon
eT
rees
Per
cent
com
posi
tion
bytis
sue
Com
pone
nt"
Out
erba
rkIn
ner
bark
Cam
bium
Sap
wo
od
Hea
rtw
oo
d...
...
Cel
lwal
lco
nst
itu
ents
Cel
lulo
se20
"30
n_'
21-3
7yz
20-4
3ay
z40
-45
y43
-44
yH
emic
ellu
lose
No
data
9-30
yz30
-45
yz23
-35
y25
-34
y.
Lignin
27-58bnx
4-53bnxyz
2-20abxyz
21-30bxy
23-30bxy
"Pectin
Nodata
3-18xyz
3-22xyz
I-4xy
0.3-Iy
Sube
rin
2-40
n...
.
Nut
riti
onal
com
pone
nts
Star
ch+
suga
rN
oda
ta4-
23Im
w3-
37ab
xI-
5ce
o--
Nitrogen
0.2-
0.6
0.2-
2I-
50.
05-0
.30.
03-0
.I
•bk
rxy
bfkr
xyab
hkxy
bhkr
xybh
krxy
Lip
id1-
38dn
0.3-
4n
No
data
0.I-
7s
0.2-
20s
Min
eral
ash
0.2-
3bc
xy1-
10bc
xy3-
22ab
cxy
0.2-
0.7
abcj
xy0.
2-0.
8bc
jxy
Wat
er17
-28
qy38
-71
qy84
-94
ay28
-71
fguv
y23
-62
fguv
yD
ensi
ty0.
4-0.
7pq
0.3-
0.5
pN
oda
ta0.
3-0.
8it
0.3-
0.8
it
_'C
ellu
lose
,hem
icel
lulo
se,l
igni
n,an
dpe
ctin
valu
esca
lcul
ated
onan
extr
acti
ve-f
reed
ry-w
eigh
tbas
is;s
uber
in,c
arbo
hydr
ate,
nitr
ogen
,lipi
d,an
das
hva
lues
calc
ulat
edon
anun
extr
acte
ddry
-wei
ghtb
asis
;wat
erco
nten
tpre
sent
edon
afr
esh-
wei
ghtb
asis
.D
ensi
ty--
oven
-dry
wei
ghto
fsa
mpl
e/w
eigh
tof
wat
erdi
spla
cedb
yth
esa
mpl
ewhe
nin
the
gree
n(f
resh
)con
diti
on.
_'R
efer
ence
s:a,
Alls
opp
and
Mis
ra(1
940)
;b,A
nder
sona
ndP
igm
an(1
947)
;c,B
asha
man
dC
owlin
g(19
76};
d,B
row
ning
and
Bub
litz(
1953
);e,B
ucha
nan(
1963
)"f,C
amer
onan
dA
pple
man
(193
3),g
,Cla
rkan
dG
ibbs
(195
7);h
,Cow
linga
ndM
erri
ll(19
66},
i,E
lliot
t(19
70);j
,E
llis
(196
5);k
,Gro
zdit
sand
lfju
(197
3);I
,Hep
ting
(194
5):m
,Hod
gesa
ndL
orio
(196
9)"n
,Jen
sen
etal
.(1
963)
;o,
Jone
san
dB
radl
ee(1
933)
;p,
Koc
h(1
971)
;q,M
arti
n(19
69);
r,M
erri
lland
Cow
ling(
1966
);s,
Mut
ton(
1962
)"t,
Pan
shin
and
deZ
eeuw
(198
0);u
,Par
ker(1
954)
;v,P
eck
(195
5);w
,Sim
inov
itch
etal
.(19
53)"x
,Ste
war
t(19
57):y
,Tho
rnbe
rand
4xN
ort
hco
te(19
61);z
,Th
orn
bera
nd
No
rth
cote(
1962
).U
n
o
0
llil
_II
_A _"
._z_
-'_-
o•
•-,
'_"
_"_
.Ii
iI
II
Ii
ii
I,
,,
.__
-
-_...
._,_
__.
_-_
____
___,
___
,.,_
....
_._.
o_
._.
.....
.=
_-._
-._
=r"
=r"
_._
mr_
_a_
-.•-
-_.
_:_
'_g
'__
§""-
.o
_.I,,
_N
,.
,_
_,-
_
o, Io
°
..
Tab
le15
.4.
Dig
estiv
eA
bilit
yof
Fam
ilies
ofIm
mat
ure
Woo
d-F
eedi
ngIn
sect
sto
Enz
ymat
ical
lyD
egra
deSp
ecif
icW
oody
-Tis
sue
Com
pone
nts
Pri
ncip
alN
o.C
ompo
nent
and
%O
rder
feed
ing
ofap
prox
,di
gest
ibili
tyb
Fam
ilyzo
ne(s
)a
spp.
NSG
STP
HC
CR
ef.'
-C
oleo
pter
a
Ano
biid
aeSW
,H
W5
+a+
+N
o+
+ad
fpqr
v.
22-4
0da
ta32
-40
28-4
8-
Bos
tric
hida
eSW
2+
•+
+N
o0
0r
data
,B
upre
stid
aeIB
3+
++
+4-
+et
J
SW,
HW
1N
o+
+N
o+
+km
data
data
31-4
54
I-5:
5C
eram
byci
dae
IB8
++
++
+4-
ehru
27
IB,
SW4
+"
++
++
+ei
or14.
36
38
SW4
++
+N
o+
+ck
or12
23-5
5da
ta25
-38
33-4
9SW
,H
W2
No
±+
++
+en
data
0-61
10-7
617
-54
31-5
8...
......
..
HW
2+
++
No
++
klm
or29
18-3
9da
ta30
-42
14-7
6
Lyc
tidae
SW1
++
+N
o0
0fr
15da
ta
Scol
ytid
aeIB
12+
++
++
0be
fgr
24-5
925
46-5
832
Hym
enop
tera
Siri
cida
eSW
,H
W3
No
++
++
+jo
data
1522
-3I
Lep
idop
tera
Cos
sida
eIB
,SW
,H
W2
No
++
+4"
0es
data
.°
IB,
inne
rba
rk;
SW,
sapw
ood;
HW
,he
artw
ood.
bN
,pr
otei
n;SG
,su
gar;
ST.
star
ch"
P,pe
ctin
"H
C,
hem
icel
lulo
se;
C,
cellu
lose
.T
ests
wer
eof
two
type
s,on
ein
whi
ch,
gut
extr
acts
wer
ere
mov
edan
dte
sted
for
thei
rde
grat
ive
pow
ers
onva
riou
ssu
bstr
ates
,an
don
ein
whi
chen
zym
atic
•,
degr
adat
ion
was
infe
rred
bya
com
pari
son
ofth
ere
lativ
epe
rcen
tof
agi
ven
com
pone
ntin
the
food
toth
atin
the
fras
s.'
Ref
eren
ces:
a.B
aker
etal
.(1
970)
;b,
Bal
ogun
(196
9):c
,B
ecke
t(1
942)
;d,
Cam
pbel
l(1
9291
:e,
Cha
rara
s(1
979)
:f.
Hop
f..
(193
7);g
,H
opf
(193
8);h
,H
oski
ngan
dH
utch
eson
(197
9)"i
,lk
eda
(197
9);j
.K
ukor
and
Mar
tin(1
983)
;k.
Man
sour
and
•M
anso
ur-B
ek(1
934)
"I,
Mis
hra
(198
3);
m,
Mis
hra
and
Sing
h(1
977)
:n,
Mis
hra
and
Sing
h(19
78):
o.M
ishr
aet
al.
(198
5):
.p,
MO
iler
1193
4):q
.N
orm
an(1
936)
:r,
Park
in(1
940)
:s,
Rip
per
(193
0):
t,R
ivna
y(1
945)
:u,
Save
ly11
9391
;v.
Spill
er(1
951)
.'_
+,
Enz
ymat
icac
tivi
tyde
tect
edin
alls
peci
este
sted
:0.
noen
zym
atic
.act
ivity
dete
cted
:-'
-,en
zym
atic
activ
ityde
tect
ed•
inso
me
but
not
all
spec
ies
test
ed.
4x 13,
O
°
',4 O.
Tab
le15
.6.
Dev
elop
men
tal
Tim
esof
Cer
tain
Cer
amby
cid
Spec
ies
Tha
tW
ere
Rea
red
onA
rtif
icia
lD
iet
and
unde
rN
atur
alC
ondi
tion
s
Nat
ura
lco
nd
itio
ns/'
Artificial
conditions
AdultMean
body
dev.
Typicalhost
Meandev.
Rearingdata
Hostfeedinglengthtime
condition
Species
time
°C
%RH
Ref."
zone(s)
(mm)
(yr)
attacked
,..............................
Xyl
otre
c'hu
s('
olon
us47
days
3050
bIB
14I
Dea
d.N
eo('
lytu
sa(
'um
inat
us49
days
3050
blB
,SW
15I
Dyi
ng,
dead
Neo
('lyt
us('
apre
a,
92da
ys30
,50
bIB
,SW
18.I
Rec
entl
yde
adE
naph
alod
esru
fidu
s20
5da
ys30
50b
IB,
SW,
HW
262
Liv
e
Meg
acyl
lene
cary
ae68
days
3050
bIB
,SW
,H
W20
IR
ecen
tly
dead
"M
egac
ylle
nero
bini
ae60
days
3050
bIB
,SW
,H
W18
IL
ive
80days
27
45
c
Chi
on('
in('t
us21
4da
ys30
50b
IB,
SW25
2D
ead
Hyl
otru
pes
baju
lus
9-11
too.
'27
75a
SW15
2-3
Lum
ber,
20-3
0°C
•
"R
efer
ence
s:a,
Can
non
and
Rob
inso
n(1
982)
-b,
Gal
ford
(196
9):
c,W
olle
rman
etal
.(1
969)
.,
Ref
eren
ces:
Cra
ighe
ad{1
923)
.Duf
fy{1
953)
,Bak
er(1
972)
,H
icki
n(1
975L
Fur
niss
and
Car
olin
(197
7).
Can
non
and
Rob
inso
n(1
982)
.'
Dur
ing
the
9-to
II-m
onth
deve
lopm
enta
lpe
riod
,la
rvae
wer
ehe
ldat
5-10
°Cfo
r8
wee
ksto
indu
cepu
pati
on.
t=_.,__'::r
_o
_=
,:to
m__
---I
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n_
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,-,
tu
__
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_-
_"'-,,,__
"-o
""_"_:.'--_..c:_C/O_
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__'.o
_-,-_'_
.._.r_
-I::s"_:_
..9-.
*..=
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.-_3
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