148479 - national criminal justice reference service · report contributes to the ongoing...
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U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of JusUce
148479
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• • ••• CONTENtS OF THIS WORKING DRAFT ARE TENTATIVE AND DO NOT NECJ~SSARILY REPRESENT THE VIEWS OF THE SPONSOR. DO NOT QUOTE, CITE, REPRODUCE, OR DISTRIBUTE \OIITHOUT PERHlSSION OF THE CENTER FOR THE ASSESS}lliNT OF TIlE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM, AllliRICAN JUSTICE INSTITUTE.
JIJVEHILK ARREST l11ENDS III THE mUTED STATES: 1970-1981
by C. Lee Athey
and Charles Tremper
sunmTTED TO TIlE U.S. OFFICE OF JUVENILE JUSTICE AND
DELINQUENCY PREVENTION SEPTEMBER 1983
PREPARED BY THE CENTER FOR THE ASSESS¥..ENT OF THE JUVENILE JUSTIC}!: SYS'l'EH
AHEilICAN JUSTICE INSTITUTE 725 UNIVEUSITY AVENUE
SACRANENTO, CALIE'ORNIA 95825-6793 (916) 924-3700
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Prepared under Grant Number 79-JN-AX-OOl3 from the National Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, u.s. Department of Justice •
. Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represe~t the official position or policies of the u.s. Department of Justice.
Library of Congress Catalog No.:
Copyright ~ 1983 American Justice Institute
The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention reserves the right to reproduce, publish, translate, or otherwise use and to authorize others to publish and use, all or any part of the copyrighted materials contained in this publication.
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FOREWORD
The National Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevent.ion (NIJJDP) of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) established an Assessment Center Progrant in 1976 to partially fulfill the mandate of the 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act. NIJJDP currently maintainb two Assessment Centers: the National Center for the Assessment of Delinquent Behavior and Its Prevention, located at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and the Center for the Assessment of the Juvenile Justice System, which is administered at the American Justice Institute in Sacramento, California. The purpose of the Assessment Centers is to collect, synthesize, and disseminate knowledge and information on all aspects of juvenile delinquency.
At the American Justice Institute, the Center for the Assessment of the Juvenile Justice System continually reviews areas of topical interest and importance to meet the information needs of practitioners and policymakers concerning contemporary juvenile justice issues. Methodology includes: search of general and fugitive literature from national, State, and local sources; surveys; secondary statistical analysis; and use of consultants with specialized expertise.
These assessments are not designed to be complete statements in a particular area; instead, they are intended to reflect the state-of-kno\-1ledge at a particular time, including gaps in available information or understanding. Our assessments, we believe, will result in a better understanding of the juvenile justice system, both in theory and practice.
This assessment, IIJuvenile Arrest Trends in the United States: 1970-1981," examines national arrest data collected by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (F.B.I.) and published annually in the Uniform Crime Reports Crime in the United States series. The assessment contains descrip~ive arrest statistics for juveniles (under age 18), with particular emphasis on arrest rate trends for 13- to l7-year-olds. To facilitate time series analysis, arrest rates per 100,000 youths have been computed. These standardized rates incorporate U.s. Census and F.B.I. popUlation estimates to adjust for fluctuations in the F.B.I. reporting base.
James C. Howell, Ph.D. Acting Director National Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
c. Lee Athey and Charles Tremper analyzed the data and wrote the commentary for this report. Sheila Stockton created the graphics, and Andrea Marrs and Alissyn Link prepar~d the manuscript for submission.
The authors especially thank Keith S. Griffiths, who provided contextual and stylistic suggestions. The authors also extend special appreciation to Diane Liburd and Terrance Donahue for their continned support of the juvenile justice data analysis and dissemination pr?cess to which this report contributes.
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PREFACE
A major mission of the Center for the Assessment of the Juvenile JU'stice System is to provide up-to-date statistical information on the number and characteristics of juveniles entering the justice system. This report contributes to the ongoing accomplishment of that mission by presenting an analysis of national juvenile arrest trends for the years 1970 through 1981. The data contained in this report provide one view of the changes that have occurred in law enforcement involvement with youth and supply n composite source of information for future analyses.
Future publications will replicate the format of this report for arrest rates by States, counties, and Rtandard metropolitan statistical areas. Those publications will be supplemented with an on-line database to support future comparisons among geographic units.
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Section
Foreword •••.•••••.••.•••• , .................. II •••• ~ r. II •• II .... II •••• II II ............. " II ••••• ~ •••• 00 •••• II II •••••••
Acknowledgements c •••••••••• ill • II ••••••••••••••••••••• III •••• II •• 0 ••• 0 •••• II •• II ••••••••••••••• 0 •••• II·. II •• II ••••
Preface •••••••••••• " ••••••••••••••••••• ol •••• ". •••••••••••••••• •• CI •••••• '"~ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
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List of Tables ••••••••••• ~.oe •••• O •. 8............................... .••.••...•••.•...••......•..•..... ix List of Graphics •••••••• e •• o •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••• o ••. o~.................. X
Introduction ........................... " ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• e ••••••••• o ••••••••••• iJo ••••••••••••• xv
Cbapter I. TIlE JUVEHILE POPUlATION •••••••••• '" •.• '" •• '" '" ••••••• " •••• '" •••••• '" •••••••••••• '" ••••• " '" •••••• 1
Chapter II. PERCENTAGE OF ARRESTS ACCOUNTED FOR BY JUVENILES (13-17), 1910-1981 7
Chapter III. PROFILES OF JUVENILE (0-17) CRIME, 1970, 1915, and 1981 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19
Chapter IV. SEX AND RACE DISTRIBUTION OF JUVENILE (0-17) ARRESTS, i910 and 1981 ••••••••••••••••••••• 23
Cbapter Vo JUVEHILE (0-11 and 13-17) ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR SEVEN MAJOR OFFENSE CA'l"EGORIBS, 1970-1981 •••••••••• '" • '" ... '" ..... '" ••••••• '" •• '" ••••••••• '" ••• II ••••• " '" ••••••• '" ...... . 33
Chapter VI. 55
JUVENILE SPECIFIC AGE GROUP AIDlKST RATE TRENDS, FOR SEVEN MAJOR OFFENSE CA'l'KGORIES, 1970-1981 •••••• '" ....... '" • " ............ ~ •••••••• e '" •••••••••• " _ ••••• " ••• I; • " •••• '" •
Chapter VII. JWJENlLE (13-17) ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR SPECIFIC CRIMES, 1970--1981 81
Chapter VIII. JUVENILE (0-17) ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR SPECIFIC CRIMES, 1970-1981 ••••••••••••••••••••••• 103
Chapter IX. JUVENILE (0-17) ARREST RATE TRlUIDS J FOR SEVEN HA.ma OFFENSE CATEGORIES, FOR MALES AND PEHALRS, 1970-1981 •••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••..•••••••••••• 121
Chapter X. JUVENILE (0-17) ARREST RATE TREND~J FOR SEVEN HAJOR OFFENSE CATEGORIES, FOR BLACKS AND ~IITRS, 1970-1981 •••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••.•••• e •••••••• e~ ••••• 133
Chsl>ter XI. JUVENILE (0-17) ARREST RATE TRENDS, FOR SEVEN MAJOR OFFENSE CATEGORIES, BY CITY, SUBURBAN, AND RURAL, 1970-1981 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 145
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APPENDIXES
A. CENTER FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF TIm JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM STAFF •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 159
B. REFERENCES ••••••••• lit .......................................... D ............... II!o ~ It! •.• , • • '" • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • 163
c. ADULT (18 and OVER) ARREST RATE TRENDS, FOR FIVE MAJOR OFFENSE CATEGORIES, 1970-1981 •••••••••••••• 167
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Table Page
la Estimated Population in the United States for Selected Age Groups, 1910-1981 ••••••••••••••••••••• 6
Ib Percentage of Juvenile Population Out of Total Estimated Population in the United States,
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3
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5
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1
8
9
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1970-1981 •..•..•.•.• 9 ••••••••••••••••••• II ••••••••• 81 ............................................ III • • • • 6
Percentage of Total UCR Arrests Accounted for by J~veni1es (13-17), 1970-1981 ••••••••••••••••••••
Profile of Juvenile (0-11) Crime (In Percent), 1970, 1915, 1981 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Sex Distribution of Juvenile (0-11) Arrests (In Percent), 1970-1981 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Racial Group Distribution of Juvenile (~-11) Arrests (In Percent), 1970-1981 •••••••••••••••••••••
Juvenile Arrest Rate Trends for Age Groups (0-11) and (13-11), 1970-1981 •••••••••••••••••••.••••.
Juvenile Arrent Rate Trends for Specific Age Groups, 1910-1981 ................. " .................. .. Juvenile (13-17) Arrest Rate Trends for Specific Crimes, 1910-1981 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Juvenile (0-11) Arrest Rate Trends for Specific Crimes, 1910-1981 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Juvenile (0-11) Arrest Rate Trends for Males and Females, 1910-1981 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Juvenile (0-11) Arrest Rate Trends by Race, 1910-1981 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Juvenile (0-11) Arrest Rate Tr~nds for City, Suburban, and Rural Areas, 1970-1981 ••••••••••••••••
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22
26
30
50
12
98
116
128
140
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C-l Adult (18 ilind Over) Arrest Rate Trends, 1970-1981 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 176
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List of Graphics I Graphic
1a United States Population, 1970-1981 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ •••.•••••••• ••••.•..
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1b Percentage of Juveniles (13-17) in the United States Population, 1970-1981 ••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 t
2 Juvenile (13-17) Percentage of Total Uniform Crime Report Arrests, 1970-1981 ••••••••••••••••••••• 9
3 Juvenile (13-11) Percentage of Total UCR Index Arrests, 1970-1981 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11
4 Juvenile (13-17) Percentage of Total UCR Violent Arrests, 1970-1981 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13
5 Juvenile (13-17) Percentage of Total UCR Part I, Serious Property Arrests, 1970-1981 ••••••••••••• 15
6 Juvenile (13-17) Percentage of Total UCR Part II, Less Status Arrests, 1970-1981 ••••••••••••••••• 17
7 Profiles of Juvenile (0-17) Crime (In Percent), 1970, 1975, and 1981 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21
8 Sex Distribution of Juvenile (0-17) Arr~sts (In Percent), 1970 and 19B1 •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25
9 Racial Distribution of Juvenile (0-17) Arrests (In Percent), 1970 and 1981 ••••••••••••••••••••••• 29
10 Juvenile (13-17) Total Arrest Rate Trend, 1970-1981 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 35
11 Juvenil~ (13-17) Index (Part I, Serious Property and Violent) Arrest Rate Trends, 1970-1981 •••••• 31
12 Juvenile (13-17) Total Part II Arrest Rate Trend, 1910-1981 ••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ •••••••••••••• 39
13 Juvenile (13-11) ~otal Part II, Less Status and Status Arrest Rate Trends, 1910-1981 ••••••••••••• 41
14 Juvenile (0-17) Total Arrest Rate Trend, 1910-1981 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• < ••• ~ ••••••••••••••••• 43
15 Juvenile (O-li) IndeX (Part I, Serious Property and Violent) Arrest Rate Trends, 1910-1981 ••••••• 45
16 Juvenile (0-17) Total Part II Arrest Rate Trend, 1910-1981 ~~ •••••••••••• ~ •••••••••••••••••••••••• 47
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Juvenile (0-11) Total Part II, Less Status and Status Arrest Rate Trends, 1910-1981 ••••••••••••••
Juvenile (0-12 and 13-14) Total Arrest Rate Trends, 1910-1981
Juvenile (15, 16, and 17) Total Arrest Rate Trends, 1910-1981
Juvenile (0-11) Index Arrest Rate Trends for Specific Age Groups, 1910-1981 ••••••••••••••••••••••
Juvenile (0-11) Violent Arrest Rate Trends for Specific Age Groups, 1910-1981 •••••••••••• ~ •••••••
Juvenile (0-17) Part I, Serious Property Arrest Rate Trends for Specific Age Groups, 1910-1981 •••
Juvenile (0-17) Part II Arrest Rate Trends for Specific Age Groups,. 1970-1981 ••••••••••••••••••••
Juvenile (0-11) Part II, Less Status Arrest Rate Trends for Specific Age Groups, 1970-1981 •••••••
Juvenile (0-17) Status Arrest Rate Trends for Specific Age Groups, 1970-1981 •••••••••••••••••••••
26 Juvenile (13-17) Aggravated Assault, Arson, Forcible Rape, and Murder an~ Non-negligent
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Manslaughter Arrest Rate Trends, 1970-1981 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 83
27 Juvenile (13~17) Motor Vehicle Theft and Robbery Arrest Rate Trends, 1970-1981 ••••••••••••••••••• 85
28 Juvenile (13-11) Burglary Arrest Rate Trend, 1970-1981 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ •••••••••• 87
29 Juvenile (13-17) Larceny-Theft Arrest Rate Trend, 1970-1981 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 89
30 Juvenile (13-17) Vandalism, Other Ass8uits, Stolen Property, and Weapons Possession Arrest Rate Trends, 1970-1981 ••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••...••• ••• ~......... 91
31 Juvenile (13-17) Drunkenness, D.U.I., Sex Offenses, and Prostitution and Commercialized Vice Arrest Rate Trends, 1970-1981 ••••••••••••••••••••• a............................................ 93
32 Juvenile (13-17) Liquor Lawa, Disorderly Conduct, anJ Drug Abuse Arrest Rate Trends, 1910-1981 ••• 95
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33 Juvenile (13-11) Status (Runaway and Curfew and Loitering Law Violations) Arrest Rate Trends, 1970-1981 ••••••• ~~.~ ••••••••• * •••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ •••••• ••••••••• e...................... 97
34 Juvenile (0-11) Motor Vehicle Theft, Robbery, Aggravated Assault, Arson, Forcible Rape, and Murder and Non-negligent Manslaughter Arrest Rate Trends, 1910-1981 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 105
35 Juvenile (0-11) Burglary Arrest Rate Trend, 1970-1981 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 107
36 Juvenile (0-17) Larceny-Theft Arrest Rate Trend; 1970-1981
37 Juvenile (0-11) Vandalism, Other Assault, Stolen Property, Weapons (Carrying, Possessing, etc.), Sex Offenses, and Prostitution and Commercialized Vice Arrest Rate Trends, 1970-1981 •••••••••••
38 Juvenile (0-17) Liquor Law Violations, Disorderly Conduct, Drug Abuse, Drunkenness, and Driving Under the Influence Arrest Rate Trends, 1970-1981 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
39 Juvenile (0-11) Status (Runaway and Curfew and Loitering Law Violations) Arrest Rate Trends, 1970-1981 •..•.•••.•..•.••.•......•.•. ,. ...••.•.. Q ..................................... I' ••••••••••
40 Juvenile (0-17) Total Arrent Rate Trends for Males and Females, 1970-1981 •••••••••••••••••••••• ~.
41 Juvenile (0-11) Index (Part I, Serious Property and Violent) Arrest Rate Trends for Males Bnd Females, 1970-1981 ••••••••••••• ~ •••••• G •••• e •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••
42 Juvenile (0-17) Part II, Less Status and Status Arrest Rate Trends for Males and Females,
1970-1981 •.•.............•. 011 ................... " •••••• 0 •••••••••••••••••• " •••••••••••••••••••• CI.
43 Juvenile (0-17) Total Arrest Rate Trends for Blacks and Whites, 1970-1981 ••••••••••••••••••••••••
44 Juvenile (0-11) Index (Part I, Serious Property and Violent) Arrest Rate Trends for Blacks and Wllites, 1970-1981 ..•......•••.....••••....••••..•.. e ............................... flo ••••• D ••
45 Juvenile (0-11) Part II, Less Status and Status Arrest Rate Trends for Blacks and Whites, 1910-1981 .....•.......•. , ••••...•.•..•...•...••...•...••..••.•••••..•.•••...• 00 •••••••••••••••••
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46 Juvenile (0-17) Total Arrest Rate Trends for City, Suburban, and Rural Areas, 1970-1981 •••••••••• 147
47 Juvenile (0-17) Part I, Serious Property and Violent Arrest Rate Trends for City, Suburban, and Rural Areas, 1970-1981 ••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ •• o................ ..•............ 149
48 Juvenile (0-17) Part II, Less Status and Status Arrest Rate Trends for City, Suburban, and Rural Areas, 1970-1981 ........................................ 0 ••••••••••••••••••••• ., ••••••••••• 151
C-1 Adult (18 and Over) Total Arrest Rate Trend, 1970-1981 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 171
C-2 Adult (18 and Over) Index (Part I, Serious Property and Violent) Arrest Rate Trends, 1970-1981 ••• 173
C-3 Adult (18 and Over) Part II Arrest Rate Trends, 1970-1981 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 175
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" • • • INTRODUCTION
This volume contains detailed tables and graphics depicting juvenile arrest data for the years 1970-1981. It was created as part of a long-range effort to synthesize mUltiple sources of informatiun about juvenile justice system operation. When completed, the integrated system will permit analysis across diverse variables for many geographic units.
The data compiled in this volume provide a crude view of changes in aLrest patterns. The nature of F.B.I. data collection and aggregation procedures, and the standardization methods used in this analysis, limits the utility of year-to-year comparisons. Long-term trends are likely indicative of real changes in arrest patterns: yearly fluctuations may reflect nothing more than changes in reporting procedures. Attention to the details discussed in the "Hethodology" section below will enable the reader to properly interpret the data contained in this volume.
Because the report emphasizes arrest rates, rather than numbers of actual arrests, it is most suitable for use in describing the law-breaking proclivities of the juvenile population rather than indicating the total extent of youthful law breaking. Examining the rates alone does not account for yearly popUlation changes. Falling arrest rates may be associated with an increase in total arrests if the popUlation base is increasing. Conversely, rates may be rising as the total number of arrests falls.
HKTUODOLOGY
This report draws upon two principal sources of information: (1) the F.B.I. Uniform Crime Reports annual Crinle in the United States volumes, and (2) the U.S. Census Bureau Population Series. Raw arrest figures were drawn solely from the former source, and arrest rates per 100,000 juveniles in the general population were computed by combining UCR arrest statistics with specific popUlation estimateo in the Census reports.
ADJUSTED POPULATION BASE
The Uniform Crime Reports volume for any year contains an estimate of the popUlation served by all reporting agencies. For several reasons, this figure is not a satisfactory population base for standardizing arrest rates. Historically, the F.B.I. has not received reports from all law enforcement agencies, with the result that each UCh volume reports a population base smaller than the Census estimate for the same year. Moreover, the UCH: population base varies from year to year depending upon the mlmber of agencies reporting. The UCR volumes also lack figures for Bubpopulations by age, race, and sex. For the trend analyses comprising much of this report, estimates of these subpopulations are essential.
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Although Census figures are available for the desired subpopulations, several qualities render them unsuitable for use without adjustment. The Census estimates consistently exceed the F.B.I. reporting population base and do not reflect the yearly fluctuations attributable to changes in number of agencies reporting. The procedure for computing the adjusted population base combines the F.B.I. and Census figures to compensate for the deficiencies of each. This adjustment procedure rests upon the assumption that the proportion of juveniles (or any sUbpopulation of them) in the total population is equivalent to the proportion of juveniles (or any subpopulation of them) in the population encompassed by F.B.I. reporting agencies.
The computations necessary for making this adjustment for a target population of juveniles are set out in the example below. First, using Census data, the ratio of target to total population is computed to the nearest thousandth. Next, the total F.B.I. population base is multiplied by that target population ratio to yield the adjusted population base. Rates per 100,000 can then be expressed as arrests divided by the adjusted population base and multiplied by 100,000.
The following example, using data for 1975, illustrates this procedure for computing the adjusted population base and final arrest rates.
•
EXAMPLE:
Target Population Ratio
Total (all ages) Census population: 213,559~000, divided by Juvenile (0-17) Census population: 66,253,000.
66,253,000 7 213,559,000 g .310 (rounded to thousandths)
Adjusted Target Population Base
Total F.B.I. population: 179,191,000, times Target Population Ratio.
179,191,000 X .310 ; 55,549,210
Arrest Rate per 100,000
Reported juvenile (0-17) arrests: 2,078,091, divided by Adjusted Target Population Base, times 100,000.
2,078,091 f 55,549,210 X 100,000 = 3,741
XVi. •
~ - •• UHITA'rIONS
This adjusted target population base computation method incorporates the assumption that the ratio of target to total population, as estimated by the Census, is equivalent to the ratio of the target population to the total population served by F.B.I. reporting agencies. Since this assumption cannot be verified, and probably approximates reality better in some years than in others, the rates presented in this volume must be' regarded as rough estimates. Several other limitations are attributable to the nature of the data sources upon which the analysis is based. Though these data are the most accurate available, certain gross changes in Uniform Crime Reports collection, computation, and display methods constrict the range and validity of longitudinal analyses. These changes are enumerated below.
(1) In 1979, "arson" was reclassified from a Part II. to a Part I (Index) offense. To standardize, this report includes "arson" uniformly in the Part I category. Because of this adjustment, Part I (Index) totals in this report will be larger, and Part II totals will be smaller, than those found in Crime in the United States for 1970-1978.
(2) In 1978, "manslaughter by negligence" was eliminated from the UCR records system. To standardize, this report subtracts "manslaughter by negligence" arrests from all categories (Total, Part I) in which it was included prior to 1978. Report figures for those categories are smaller than the corresponding figures in Crime in the United States from which they were derived.
(3) In 1974, the F.B.I. revised agency reporting procedures to require monthly, rather thap yearly, submissions. In that first year, many agencies failed to report for enough months to be included in the aggregate national statistics, and other-a reported frequently enough to be included, though UCR statisticians had to extrapolate a yearly total from the incomplete data. This report does not incorporate any special adjustment for the 1974 data; appropriate inferences are left to the reader.
(l.) In 1980, the race categoriell "White," un1ack," "American Indian or Alaskan Native," and "Asian or Pacific Islander" replaced the categories "White," "Neero , II IIIndinn," "Chinese, II IIJapanese, f~ and "Other. II An ethnic origin designation of IIHispanic" and "Noqhispanic" was added. When exam1n10g arrest data according to race, this report uses only the "Whitell (which includes whites with Hispanic surnames) and lin lack" Icat!egories J since. no others remain constant.
(5) In 1980, the age categories "Under 10" and 1110-12" replaced the categories "10 and, Under" and "11-12". Since no age group below 13 can be disaggregated uniformly before and after 1980, this report contains data for 0- tOI 17-year-olds, 13- to 17-year-olda, and individual ages over 12.
xvii
'e
·. , . e
(6) In 1981, arrests by offense were specified according to sex as well as age. Prior to 1981, the breakdown by sex had not included a subclassification by age. Consequently, this report includes trend analyses by sex for total juveniles under age 18, but not by sex for any specific age groups. The following arrest categories are used consistently throughout this report:
Index Crimes (Part I)
Violent: Murder and non-negligent manslaughter Forcible rape
Serious Property:
Robbery Aggravated assault
Burglary Larceny-theft Motor vehicle theft Arson (established as an Index offense in 1979)
Non-Index Crimes (Part II)
Part II (Less Status):
Other assaults Forgery and counterfeiting Fraud Embezzlement Stolen property (buying, receiving, possessing) Vandalism Weapons (carrying possessing, etc.) Prosti~ution and commercialized vice Sex offenses (except forcible rape and pr~stitution) Drug abuse violation Gambling Offenses agiinst family and children Driving under the influence Liquor law violations Drunkenness Disorderly conduct All other offenses (except traffic) Suspicion
Part II Curfew and loitering law violations (Status): Runaways
XViij • •
• . -.--(7) Over the years, Crime in the United States has undergone several other minor changes in its pre
sentation of arrest data. For the ~eader to bett.er understand these changes, it is suggested that close attention be made to "Section I--Summary" {)f each Crime in the United States volume, with particular emphasis on IIRecent Developments in Uniform Crime Reporting." An example from the 1974 volume follows:
In the latter part of 1912 consideration by the F.B.I., the Committee, the operating state programs, and several large city police departments resulted in the adoption of "total larceny theft" as a replacement for the crime Index offense of "larceny $50 and over in value." This new classification includes the total number of larceny-theft offenses known to police without regard to value. The Index offense of "total larceny-theftll was instituted as of January 1973. (U.S. Department of Justice, 1974:5.)
Severnl other qualities, though consistent across all years of Crime in the United States, require special attention to assure proper interpretation of the figures in this report.
(1) Crime in the United States lists arrests for "suspicion" among Part II offenses but does not include those arrests in any of the totals.
(2) This report contains ;an arre.(tt category for status offenses--Le., offem>es for which juveniles alone may be prosecuted--that combines two UCR categories: (a) "curfew and loitering,'" and (b) "runaways." Although Crime in the United States does not use the term "statuB offense," the lack of any adult arrests for either "curfew and loitering" or IIrunaways", and reporting agency instructions to include adult loitering violations in the category "vagrancy," indicate appropriateness of the term "status."
(3) Because extremely few juveniles are arrested for "forgery and counterfeiting" or "fraud and embezzlement," this report does not provide individual analyses of these offense categories. Totals for these arrests are included, however, in all composite categoriea, such as Part II offenses.
STRUCTURE Ah"D CONTENT OF REPORT
The report is divided into 11 chapters with an appendix. Each chapter follows a standard format of commentary about the trends examined in that chapter, graphics depicting the changes, and detailed tables presenting the relevant statistics. The commenta'Cy for each chapter consists of a trend summary which describes the overall pattern from 1970 to 1981 land cOlupares the figures to other data, and a descriptive analysis which details changes during the 1970-1981 time span.
xix
• i·
·c
Chapter I contains information about the juvenile population during the years 1970-1981. The data appearing thell:e provide an essential element for interpreting the remainder of the volume, both because they were used in the calculations to produce arrest rates, and because trends in population size are an important policy consideration independent of arrest rates.
Chapters II through IV contain aggregate information about the character of juvenile arrests during the report years. Those chapters include (1) gross comparisons of juvenile and adult arrest statistics, (2) proportions oftatal juvenile arrests among various offense categories, and (3) sex and race differences in juvenile arrests for various offense categories.
Chapters V through XI contain arrest rate trends by age according to such classifications 8S age; sex; race; and city, suburban, or rural locale. These analyses indicate fluctuations in the frequency of arrests, standardized for a uniform population base.
Finally, to permit comparisons of juvenile arrest rate trends with adult arrest rate trends, Appendix C supplements this report with adult arrest rate trends for five major offense categories.
-- xx. --
- -.-
I. 111& JUVENILE POPULATION
From 1970 to 1981, the juvenile population, defined aa either 13- to 17-year-olds or 0- to 17-yenr-olds, has steadily decreased, while the total United States population has increased. The combination of these trends has resulted in juveniles constituting a markedly smaller percentage of the total population.
CODlparisons of the 13- to 17-year-old population bar graphs in this chapter with the Chapter II graphs of arrests accounted for by juveniles indicate the extent to which juveniles are arrested disproportionately to their share of the population.
1
-
I • I I • I 1
~ .,
UNITED STATES ESTIMATED POPULATION
Trend Summary (Graphic 1a and Table 1a)
• The age compos1t1on of the United Sta~ea population shifted substantially from 1970 to 1981. Both of the juvenile populations (13-11) and (0-17) decreased, while the adult population (18 and over) increased.
o From 1970 to 1981, the juvenile (13-11) population decreased 7.0 percent and the juvenile (0-11) population decreased 12.6 percent •
• From 1970 to 1981, the adult (1~ and over) population increased 20.3 percent and the total United States population increased 9.4 percent.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic la and Table 1a)
• The juvenile (13-17) population decreasea 1,414,000 from 1970 to 1981. From 20,082,000 in 1970, it increased to 21,096,000 in ~974, then decreased to 18,668,000 in 1981.
• The juvenile '(0-17) population decreased 8,052,000 from 69,694,000 in 1970 to 61,642,000 in 1981.
• The adult (18 and over) population increased by 27,385,000' from 135,184,000 in 1970 to 162,569,000 in 1981.
• The entire United States population increased by 19,334,000 from 204,878,000 in 1970 to 224,212,000 in 1981 •
• 2 • •
--230
225
220
215
210
205
200
165
m 160 ;z; o H
::l 155
!;J 150
~ ~ 145 o 1:: 140
~ 135
~ 70
65
60
25
1! 20
15
Oq'
-•... _.- .
Graphic 18 UNITED STATES POPULATION
1970-1981 ------.--. .......---.- -----.--
0 •• • .. ····0$····· ........ .................. .. , .....
e .... •••••·•••••••••· ...
......... 0
... 111 ••••••
............ .-" ...... 11-•••••••••
--. -----.---... _-._--.... _-._----.. _--.. _-_._--. .... ---.------' .. -.--~.-...., ..... ---e---D·---·--~---· ___ o__._._._O
TOTAL U.S. POPULATION
ADULTS 18 and OVER
JUVENILES 0-17
.JUVENILES 13-17
i~- --~,--.----. , r---.,-------.- -,-- I • .----;
1970 1971 1972 1973 1914 1975 1976 1977 1918 1919 1980 1981
3
• i I
" ~
JUVENILE (13-11) PERCE~GE OF THE ESTIMATED UNITED STATES POPULATION, 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic lh and Table Ib)
e Juveniles (13-17) constituted between one-tenth and one-twelfth of the United States population froID 1970 to 1981. During those years, juveniles (0-17) con$tituted one-third to one-fourth of the entire population.
• The proportion of the entire United States population accounted for by juveniles (13-17) decreased 15.3 percent from 1970 to 1981.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic lb and Table lb)
• In 1970, juveniles (13-17) comprised 9.B percent of the total population. After increasing to 10.0 percent in 1974, the percentage has decreased continuously, becoming 8.3 in 19B1 •
e 4 • •
.~ • PERCENT
~
I' ~ E-t
10
• Graphic Ib
I'ERCENTAGE OF .JUVEnILES (13-17) IN 'I'HK UNITED STATES FOPULATION 1970-1961
8.7%
o.fl . I 1910 1971 1972 1913 1914 1915 1976 1977 1918 1979 1980
5
•
.i
..
.j
.. -
Table In
ESTnlATEIl POPUI.ATION IN TilE UN1TEIl STATESFOItSEl.ECTlm AGE GROUPS, 1970-1981
Year Total United States Juveniles Juveniles Total Adult Population Populationl Ages 13 to 17 Aces 0 to 17 18 and Over -------. ~- .' ~ _ ... - '--" ~-. --- ._- --.----
1970 2n4,878,OOO 20,062,000 69,694,000 135,184,000 19?1 207,053,000 20,460,000 69,563,000 137,490,000 1972 208,846,000 20,726,000 66,996,000 139,650,000 1973 210,410,000 20,901,000 66,179,000 142,231.000 1974 211,901,000 21,096,000 67,239.000 144,662.000 1975 213,559,000 21,070,000 66,253,000 147,306.000 1976 215,.42,000 20,963-,000 65,197,000 !49,945,OOO 1977 216,817,000 20,793,000 64,245,000 152,572,000 1978 218,548,000 20,'181,000 63.370,000 , 155,170,000 1979 220,232,000 ]9,902,000 62,531,000 157,7.n,OOO 1980 222,159,000 19,295,000 61,982,000 160,179,000 1981 224,212,000 18,666,000 61.642,000 162,S69,O(){)
- - - - __ I . -- -- - --- ---_ .. ---- -.-------
NOTES:
1. JUVenile ages 10 to 17 and total adult populatIon, 18 and over, may not add to total United States population due to rounding 111 Bureau of Census statistics.
Table Ib
rERCENTAGE OF JUVENI I.E ·POl'lll.ATION OUT OF TOTAl. ESTHIATEIl l'OI'UI.ATION HI TIlE UNITEIl STATES. 1970-1981
fJ[f 1970 1971 1972 1973 197LJ 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1900 19m
13-17 9.B 9.9 9.9 9.9 10.0 9.9 9.7 9.6 9.4 9.0 8.7 8.3
0-17 34.0 33.6 33.0 32.4 31.7 31.0 30.3 29.6 29.0 28.4 27.9 27.5
SOUIlCE:
U.S. Ilureau of the Censlls, Population Sepieu (I'-25). Eutimateu of tire Populat'ion of tire u.s. by Age, Sex and Raae 1970-1975, No. 721, pp. 9-16; EutilllateB of tire Population of the U.S. by Age, Sex and Raae 1976-1978, No. BOO, pp. 5 and 6; Pl'ojeot-iollB of tire PopuZatiorl of the II.S. 1977-2050, No. 704, Pl'. 39, 40, 41. (Washington, Il.C.: Government I'rlnting O-fice).
6 e e
" • .-
II. PERCENTAGE OF ARRESTS ACCOUNTED FOR BY JUVENILES (13-17), 1970-1981
The percentage of arrests accounted for by juveniles (13-17) for five major offense categories has tended to decrease from 1970 to 1981. In part, this overall decrease appears to reflect a reduction in the juvenile (13-17) population (see Graphic la and Table la).
Over the l2-year period, juveniles (13-11) have comprised a higher proportion of Part I, Serious Property arrests than of any other major offense category.
For every major offense category, juvenile (13-17) arrests constitute a proportion of arrests for all ages exceeding juveniles' share of the general population. Comparisons of the bar graphs in this chapter with the 13- to 17-year-old population graphs in Chapter I indicate the overrepresentation of juveniles among arrestees.
7
•
f.,
PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRESTS ACCOUNTED FOR BY JUVENILES (13-17), 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 2 and Table 2)
• F"roDi 1970 to 1981, the percentage of Total arrests accounted for by juveniles (13-17) decreased 19.1 percent.
G During 1970~1981, the juvenile (13-17) population, varying from 8 to 10 percent of the total U.S. population (see Graphic lb and Table 1b), was responsible for 18 to 24 percent of Total arrests. These percentages represent a share of Total arrests approximately two times greater than juveniles' share of the population {see Graphic 2).
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 2 and Table 2)
• In 1970, juveniles (13-11) accounted for 22.0 percent of Total arrests. The percentage increased slightly in the early 1970's, but has decreased every year since 1974. In 1981, the juvenile percentage of Total arrests was 17.8.
~ .• 8 • •
). • FERCENT
100
40
~ 30
I ~ ~
20
10
o rP
•• Gr:aphic 2
JUVENILE (I3-I7) PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL UNIFORM CRIHE REPORT ARRESTS 1970-1981
TOTAl, JUVENILE ARRESTS
1970 1971' 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1971 1918 1979 1980 1981
9
• ! i'
j I
./ I
T
PERCENTAGE OF INDEX (VIOLENT AND PART I, SERIOUS PROPERTY) ARRESTS ACCOUNTED FOR BY JUVENILES (13-17), 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 3 and Table 2)
• From 1970 to 1981, the percentage of Index arrests accounted for by juveniles (13-11) decreased 24.4 percent.
• The percentage of Index arrests accounted for by juveniles (13-11) in each year was much higher than the corresponding percentage of Total arrests accounted for by juveniles (see Graphic 2).
• During 1970-1981, the juvenile (13-17) popu1ation~ varying from 8 to 10 percent of the total U.S. population (see Graphic Ib and Table 1b), was responsible for 29 to 39 percent of all Index arrests. These percentages represent a share of Index arrests approximately four times greater than juveniles' share of the population.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 3 and Table 2)
• In 1970, juveniles (13-17) accounted for 38.5 percent of Index arrests. After three years of minor fluctuations, the percentage returned to 38.5 in 1974. Since then, the Index percentage has decreased yearly, at an accelerating rate, to 29.1 in 1981.
• 10 • •
., • ,.
CIl
PERCENT
100
40
~ 30
i ~ 20
10
- ... ~. -
Graphic 3 JUVENILE (13-I7) PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL UGa INDEX ARRESTS
1910-1981
JUVENILE IUDEX ARRESTS
A I I , I _
o 1910 1971 1912 1973 1974 1975 1916 1977 1978 1979 1980 1961
11
• I'
I j.
I I
I j I I
I I
i I
r
PERCENTAGE OF VIOLENT ARRESTS ACCOUNTED FOR BY JUVENILES (13-17), 1910-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 4 and Table 2)
e From 1970 to 1981, the percentage of Violent arrests accounted for by juveniles (13-17) decreased 15.7 percent.
e The percentage of Violent arrests accounted for by juveniles (13-17) in each year was about the same as the corresFonding percentage of T.otal arrests accounted for by juveniles (see Graphic 2).
• During 1970-1981, the juvenile (13-17) population, varying from 8 to 10 percent of the total U.S. population (see Graphic lb and Table lb), was responsible for 17 to 21 percent of all Violent arrests. These percentages represent a share of Violent arrests approxim3tely two times greater than juveniles' share of the population.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 4 and Table 2)
• In 1970, juveniles (13-17) accounted for 20.4 percent of Violent arrests. This percentage tended to increase to 21.2 in 1975, and has tended to decrease thereafter to 17.2 in 1981.
."e 12 e •
I •• ~
PERCENT
til f-I til
100
40
~ 30
. . ~. ".- ---• ••••••••
Graphic 4 JUVEHILE (13-17) PER.CENTAGE OF TOTAL UCB. VIOLENT AIUUISTS
191G-1981
~ JUVENILE VIOLENT ARRESTS
g.201120.4!
~
10
...I .. I J I. o lc)70 1()71 1(172 1973 1974 1975 1976 1917 1918 1979 1960 1981
13
• ~
I !
I
-I 1
! ,
I I
I,
PERCENTAGE OF PART I, SERIOUS PROPER'fY AIlRESTS ACCOUNTED FOR BY JUVENILES (13-17), 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 5 and Table 2)
• From 1970 to 1981, the percentage of Part I, Serious Property arrests accounted for by juveniles (13-17) decreased 25.0 percent.
e The percentage of Part I, Serious Property arrests accounted for by juveniles (13-17) in each year was much higher than the corresponding percentage of Total arrests accounted for by juveniles (see Graphic 2).
• During 1970-1981, the juvenile (13-17) population, varying from 8 to 10 percent of the total U.S. population (see Graphic Ib and Table Ib), was responsible for 32 to 43 percent of all Part I, Serious Property arrests. These percentages represent a share of Part I, Serious Property arrests approxilnately four times greater than juveniles' ahare of the population.
• Juveniles account for a higQcr percentage of Part I, Serious Property arrests than of any other major category.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 5 and Table 2) .
• In 1970, juveniles (13-17) accounted for 42.8 percent of Part I, Serious Property arrests. After three years of minor fluctuations, the percentage retu~ned to 42.8 in 1974. Since then, the percentage of Part I Serious Property arrests accounted for by juveniles has decreased every year. In 1981, the percentage decreased to 32.1
tle 14. •
• PERCENT 100
~.
Graphic 5
JUVEBILE (I3-17) PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL UCR PART I, SERIOUS PROPERTY ARRESTS 1970-1981
JUVEnILE PART I, SERIOUS PROPERTY ARRESTS
en 40
I ~ ~ 30
~ en
~ ~
en 20 .. 1-1
~ ~ ~ 10
o~ I 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
15
1976 1917 1978 1919 1980 1981
'.
..
PERCE}';"TAGE OF PART II, LESS STATUS ARRESTS ACCOUNTED FOR BY JUVENILES (13-17), 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 6 and Table 2)
• FrOID 1970 to 1981, the percentage of Part II, Less Status arrests accounted for by juveniles (13-17) decreased 21.3 percent.
• The percentage of Part II, Less Status arrests accounted for by juveniles (13-17) in each year w'as about the same as the corresponding percentage of Total arrests accounted for by juveniles.
• During 1970-1981, the juvenile (13-17) population, varying from 8 to 10 percent of the total U.S. population (see Graphic lb and Table Ib), was responsible for 15 to 20 percent of all Part II, Less Status arrests. These percentages represent a share of Part II, Less Status arrests approximately two times greater than juveniles' share of the population (see Graphic 2).
• Juveniles (13-17) account for a lower percentage of Part II, Less Status, arrests than for any other major offense category.
Descriptive Ana1vsis (Graphic 6 and Table 2)
• In 1970, juveui1es (13-17) accounted for 18.8 percent of Part II, Less Status arrests. The percentage increased to 20.1 in 1973. Subsequently, the percentage l1as decreased yearly. In 1981, the percentage was 14.8 •
• 16 • •
•
tI) E-i
I tI)
~ ~ tI) tI)
~ H H
~ ~
PERCENT 100
40
10
0.1 I
• •• Graphic 6
JUVENILE (13-17) PERCENTAGE OF roTAL DCB. PART Il,LHSS STATUS ARRESTS 1910-1981
JUVEHILE PART I~ LESS STATUS ARRESTS
1910 1971 1972 1973 1974 1915 1916 1911 1978 1979 1980 1981
17
•
.,
;, •
Tllble 2
PERCEtlTAGE 01' TOTAL UCR ARlUlS'l'S ACCOUNTED t·UI! IIY JUVENILES (13-17)
1970-1981
1!:l70 1971 1972 Total Arrests All Ages 1 6,567,453 6,961t ,054 7,010,208 Total Juvenile Arrests (13-17) 1,446,032 1,567,496 1,563,375
Juvenile Percentase 22:0 2:.!.5 22.3
Total Index Arrests All Ages 2 1,280,172 1,405,690 1,424,774 Totlll Juvenile Index Arrests (13-17) 493,4 /,9 534,866 532,610
Juvenile PercentaRe 36.5 38.1 37.4
Total Violent Arrests All AKes 3 2/,1,905 273,209 299,221 Total Juvenile Violent Acreats (13-17) 49,414 !i6,434 60,959
JUI/eulle Perce:lta'e 20.4 20.7 20.4
Total Part I, Serious Property Arrests All Agcs 4 1,030;267 1,132,481 1,125,553 Total JuvenIle Part I, Serious Property Arrests (13-17) 440,035 478,432 471,651
Juvenile PercentaGe 42.8 42.2 41.9
Total I'art II, Less Status Arrests All Ages 5,002,660 5,251,677 .5,270,123 Total Juvenile Part II, tesa Status Arrests (13-17) 939,414 1,015,824 1,012,039·
Juvenll e l'ercentage 18.6 19.3 19.2
1976 lCJ77 1978 ---1 Total Arrests All Ages . 7,909,698 9,026,402 9,715,067 Total Juvenile Arreata (13-17) l,751,6S9 1,936,152 2,048,041
Juvenile Percentage 22.1 21.4 21.0
Total Index Arrests All Ages 2 1,798,990 1,999,635 2,187,376 • Total Juvenile Index Arrests (13-17) 644,544 714',960 772,318
.Juvenile Percentage 35.8 35.0 35.3
Total Violent Arres ts All Agel! 3 338,849 386,B06 446,112 Total JuvenIle Violent Arrests (13-17) 68,787 75,276 88,878
Juvenile PercentaRe 20.3 19.5 19.9
Total Part I, SerIous Property Arrests All Ages 4 1,460,141 i,612,829 l,741,25 t•
Total Juvenile Purt I, Serious Property Arrests (13-17) 575,767 639,684 683,440 Juvenile Percentuge 39.4 39.6 39.2
Total I'art II, I.eso Status Arreots All Ages 5,835,578 6,755,307 7,335,866 'fota1 Juvenile Part II, l.esB Status Arreats (13-17) 1,093,046 1,205,578 1,261,547
Juvenile l'ercenta'c' IB.7 17 .8 17.2
~:
1. Does not Include lLunslaughter t.y negligence which was onlittetl in 1978.
1973 19711 1~1~
6,496,868 6,171,100 8,010,60/, 1,508,457 1,475,928 1,839,742
23.2 23.9 23.0
1,380,320 1,482,957 1,913,359 523,236 570,374 708,925
37.9 30.5 37.1
290,382 294,617 370,453 59,930 61,201 76,702
20.6 20.8 21.2
1,089,930 1,168,340 1,542,906 463,306 309,173 630,223
42.5 42.B 40.8 -4,820,112 4,469,403 5,796,3U
966,117 693,109 1,113,99(1 20.1 20.0 19.2 -
1979 19HO 1981 9,506,347 !I,70J,181 10,293,575 1,931,963 1,830,683 1,827,824
20.3 18.9 !~ 2,163,302 2,198,077 2,293,754
733,055 691,471 666,1,20 33.9 31.5 29.1 -.-
434,778 446,373 I,M ,B26 B1,787 80,971 79 ,894
16.8 18.1 17.2
1,728,524 1,751,704 1,828,928 651,268 610,500 586,526
37.7 34.9 32.1
7,112,032 7,294,803 7,763,921 1,185,834 1,126,479 1,146,711
J6.7 15.4 L1 •• 8 -
2. Does not Include munslaughter t.y negligence which was olJlitted In 1978 and does Include arson which was added as on index offense In J979. 3. Includes m •• rdcr and non-negligent manslaughter, forcit.le rape, rubbery, and aggravated assault. 4. Includes burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson (which wus a.lded as a property offense in 1979).
SOIl\I~:
U.S. Federal Durea .. of Investigation, Ulli[olrlJ Cl'ime RtJ[Jol'tu 1970-1981. 1970, Tahle 28, p. 126; 1971, Table 29, p. 122; 1972, 'fahle 32, p. 126; 1973, Tot.le 30, p. 128; 197 / •• Table 34, 1'. 186: 1975, TIlt.le J6, p. 168: 1976, 1'obJe 32, p. 181: 1977, 'fubJe 32, p. 180: 1978, Tub1e 32, 1'. J94; 1979, Table 32, p. 196; 1980, Tat.Je 32, p. 200; 1981, Table 31, I" 171. (UaahlngtllJl, D.C.: CovernlUent I'rlntlns Office).
18 • •
it
• . .-•... ~-
III. PROFILES OF JUVENILE (0-17) GRlHE~ 1910, 1975, and 1981
The character of juvenile (0-l7) arrests has changed somewhat from 1970 to 1981. Host notably, Status arrests constitute a substantially lower percentage of the total in 1981 compared to 1970. Most of the other category percentages have increased olightly to offset the Status decrease.
19
•
PROFILES OF JUVENILE (0-17) CRIME, 1970, 1975, and 1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 1 and Table 3)
~ Profiles of the characteristics of juvenile (0-17) crime in 1970, 1975, and 1981 show few appreciable, consistent changes in the distribution of offense categories.
• Of the major offense categories, Part II, Less Status arrests increased the most, and StatuB arrests decreased the most.
$ Of the specific offense categories, motor vehicle theft, runaways, and curfew and loitering have had the greatest percentage decreases, while driving under the influence, liquor la1l1s, and all assaults have had the greatest percentage increases.
Descrirtive Analys!~ (Graphic 7 and Table 3)
~ In 1970, Index arrests (Violent and Part I, Serious Property) were 35.6 percent of total juvenile (O-17) arrests. In 1975, Index arrests were 39.8 percent, and in 1981 they were 37.8 percent of total juvenile arrests.
Violent (Part 1) arreats were 3.3 percent of total juvenile arrests in 1970. In 1975, Violent (Part I) arrests were 4.1 percent of total juvenile arrests, and in 1981 Violent (Part I) arrests were 4.2 percent of total juvenile arrests.
Part I, Serious Property arrests were 32.3 percent of total juvenile arrests in 1970. In 1975, they were 35.7 percent, and in 1981 th.ey were 33.6 percent of totn1 juvenile arrests.
• In 1970, Part II, Less Status arrests were 47.2 percent of total juvenile (0-17) arreats. In 1975, Part II, Less Status arrests were 45.1 percent, and in 1981 they were 50.6 percent of total juvenile arrests.
• In 1970, Status arrests were 17.2 percent of total juvenile (0-11) arrests. In 1975. Status aLrests were 14.5 percent; by 1981 they had decreased to 11.6 percent of total juvenile arrests.
• Curfew and loitering law violation arrests were 6.4 percent of the total juvenile arrests in 1970. In 1915, they were 5.4 percent, and in 1981 they were 4.5 percent of the total juvenile arrests.
Runaway arrests were 10.8 percent of total juvenile arrests in 1970. In 1975, they were 9.1 percent, end in 1981 they were 7.1 percent of total juvenile arrests.
20 - -
I • I
*. MURDER AND
HON-NEGLIGENT HAHSLAUGBTER
DISORDERLY VAGRAHGY-----' ALL OTIIER ,OFFENSES
SUSPICION CURFEW __ ---1
RUNAWAYS -.I
8.9%
18.8%
1.5%
14.3%
6.35%
10.8%
1970
• Graphic 7
PROFILES OF JUVENILE (0-17) CRIHH (IN PERCEIIT) 1970, 1975, and 1981
, ,~ .. :~Ol% " '~I t
...
" ,
11.4%
20.8%
=r:~:::::' ' I.::::~
5.5%
5.8%
12.3%
5.4%
9.1%
1975
21
10.3% 7% t-I ____ ---I
20.5%
.1% r ~':8: 11 15.1%
4.51
7.1%
1981
2% VIOLENT
. SERIOUS 33.6% PROPERTY
•
PART II, 50.6%LIl:SS STATUS
I I I
. I i j,
Table 3
PHOI'ILH OF JUVENll1l (0-17) CRUn: (IN PEHCENT)--19711, 1!l7S, 1981
I· TOTAL .JiJVENIU, ARitESTSl 1970 1,660,400
Hurder and non-negligent manslaughter 0.0 Forcible rape 0.2 Robbery 1.8 Aggravated assault 1.3
Violent Arrests 3.3
Ilurglary 8.9 I.arceny-theft 18.8 ~Iotor vehicle theft 4.3 A"son 0.3
Part I, Serious Property Arrests 32.3 .
TOTAL INDUX ARHESTS
Other assaults 3.1 i'orgcry and coullterfeiting 0.3 Fraud 0.2 Umbezz1ement 0.0 Stolen property--buying, receiving, possessing 1.1 Vandalism 4.9 11eapons--carrying, possessing, etc. 1.0 Prosti tution and cOlnmerci'llized vico 0.1 Sex offenses (except forcible r3pe and prostitution) 0.6 Narcotic drug iaNS 4.7 Gambling 0.1 Offenses against fmnlly and children 0.0 Driving under the influence 0.3 I.iqllor laws 4.S Drunkenness l.S Dlsonlerly conduct 7.5 Vagrancy 0.7 All other offenses 14.3 Suspicion 1.3
Part II Less Sta tlls Arres t s 47.2
Curfew and loitering law violations 6.4 RunaNays 10.8
Status Arrests 17.2
TOTAl. PART I I ARRESTS
NOTES:
l. Boes not include manslaughter by negligence which was omitted in 1!l78.
SOIlIlCI!S:
11.5. Fedel"a1 Uureau of InvestigatieHl, Unifonll Crime Jleportu 1970, 1975, and 1981. 1'. 171. (I~ashington, f).C.: Government Printing Office).
~.e 22 e
1975 1981 2,078,091 2,035,748
0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 2.1 2.1 1.7 1.8
4.1 4.2
11'" 10.3 20.8 20.5 3.1 2.4 0.4 0.4
35.7 33.6
35.6 39.8 37.S
3.4 3.9 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.6 5.5 5.3 1.0 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.6 5.9 4.7 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.8 1.4 5.1 6.8 2.0 1.9 5.8 5.7 0.3 0.2
12.3 IS.7 0.4 0.2
45.7 50.6
S.4 4.5 9.l 7.1
14.5 11.6
6<\ .4 60.2 62.2
1!l70, Table 28, p. 126; 1!l7S, Tuble 36, p. 188; 1!l81, Table 31,
I
I
I
-
• ••
IV. SEX AND RACE DISTRIBUTION OF JUVENILE (0-11) ARRESTS, 1970 and 1981
Juvenile (0-17) arrests tend to be of white males. Females constitute a percentage of most arrest categories far smaller than their representation in the population. Although more arrests are of whites than of blacks, blacks generally account for a percentage of arrests iarger than their population share.
Further elaboration of the sex and race composition of juvenile arrest data can be found in Chapter VIII. The sex and race population figures in Table 9 of that chapter are especially useful for interpreting the policy implications of the data found in this section.
23
•
.1 i
I I.
i .1 ,
..
SEX DISTRIBUTION OF JUVENILE (0-17)* ARRESTS, 1970 and 1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 8 and Table 4)
• The sex distribution of juvenile (0-17) arrests for the Illajor offense categories changed little from 1970 to 1981.
• Juvenile arrests remain typically male. Nale arrests greatly exceed female arrests in every major crime category except Status arrests, for which the distribution is nearly equal.
Of the major offense categories, males represent a larger percentage of violent arrests than of any other major offense category. Although male arrest percentages dominate every offense category, females represent about one-fourth of Part II arrests and more than two-fifths of Status arrests.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 8 and Table 4)
• In 1970, males accounted for 78.6 percent of Total juvenile arrests; in 1981, they accounted for 79.6 percent.
• Male Index arrests in 1970 represented 83.6 percent of all juvenile Index arrests. In 1981, males accounted for 82.2 percent of juvenile Index arrests.
Of these Index arrests, males accounted for 90.7 percent of the Violent arrests in 1970, and 89.5 percent in 1981. Nales accounted for 82.9 percent of the Part I, Serious Property arrests in 1970, and 81.3 percen~ in 1981.
• In 1970, males accounted for 75.7 percent of juvenile Part II arrests; in 1981, they accounted for 78.0 percent. .
Hales arrested in 1970 accounted for 81.8 percent of the juvenile Part II, Less Status arrests; in 1981, they accounted for 82.4 percent. In 1970, males accounted for 59.6 percent of StatuB arrests, in 1981, they accounted for 58.6 percent.
*Information for the sex distribution of juvenile arrests for the 13-11 population group was not available for all years represented in this report. The Uniform Crime Report provided tabul~tions by sex for only the total under 18 age group until 1981. In 1981, additIonal tables were added which distributed the arrest data for males and females by their specific age groups.
fit 24. •
>e
J I I
\ f ,
,. -e-
Graphic 8
SEX DISTRIBUTION OF JUVENILE (~-11) ARRESTS (IN PERCENT) 19.70 and 1981
I il HI il HI il UI ~I ~II il il il il ~
"Q.I .-4
a ~ .:XI20.:i ~
970 1981 TOTAL ARRESTS
SERIOUS PROPERTY
25
PART II LESS STATUS
•
STATUS
e
Tahle 4
SilK IlISTllIutfflON OF JIJVJ:NILIl (0-17) AItRESTS (iN PEltCIlNT), 19711-1981
1970 1971 1972 1973 1971J 1975 TOTAl. JllVENJW AItItIJSTSI
l,50~,183 1,629,507 1,656,242 1,630,395 1,445,155 1,789,134 Hale 78.6 77.7 77.4 78.2 78.8 78.8 Female 21.4 22.3 22.6 21.8 21.2 21.2
TOTAl. INDEX ARRESTS2 548,477 589,824 593,470 594,569 590,691 720,270 IInle 83.6 83.2 82.4 82.4 81.8 81.6 Female 16.4 16.8 11.6 17 .6 18.2 18.4
TOTAl. VIOI.!iNT ARRI:!STS3 52,072 59,301 64 ,413 63,703 60,7011 76,421 Male 90.7 89.9 89.6 90.4 89.9 89.4 Female 9.3 10.1 10.4 9.6 10.1 10.6
TOTAL PART I, SI:!ItIOUS PItOi'mlTV ARRESTS4 496,405 530,523 529,057 530,871 529,983 643,8-19 ~Iale 82.9 82.5 81.6 81.4 80.8 80.7 FCln.ale 17 .1 17.5 18.4 18.6 19.2 19.3
TOTAL PAItT II AltltlJSTS 955,706 1,039,683 1,062,772 1,035,826 854,464 1,068,864 ~Iale 75.7 74.5 74.6 75.8 76.7 76.9 Female 24.3 25.5 • 25.4 24.2 23.3 23.1
TOTAl. ""RT IT ARRESTS 1.!iSS TOTAL STATUS 696,403 762,172 771,169 752,155 667,235 811,304 ~Iale 81.8 81.1 81.2 82.1 83.4 83.1 Felllale 18.2 18.9 18.8 17.9 16.6 16.9
TOTAl. STATUS AItRm"S5 259,303 277,511 291,603 283,671 187,229 257,560 ~la1e 59.6 56.5 57.2 59.1 53.2 57.2 Female 40.4 43.5 42.8 40.9 46.8 42.8
---------_ .. - ---------_ .. _---- ----- - ---------- -- ------------ ------- -------
NOTES:
1. Does not inClude manslaughter by negligence whIch was omitted in 1978. 2. Ooes not include manslaughter hy negligence which was omitted in 1978 and docs inclul\c arson which was added as an index offense in 1979. 3. Includes murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. 4. includes burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson (which wus added as a property offense in 1979). 5. Iacludes curfew, loitering, and runaway offenses.
SOUltCIlS:
U.S. Fcdcral Bureau -of Investigation, Ullitol..,'/ C,-ime Repal-to 1970-1975. 1973, Table 33, 1'. 132; 1974, Tullie 37, 1'. 190; 1975, Table 35, 1'. 187.
197(1, Tahle 31,1'.130; 1971, Tahle 32, p. 12b; 1972, Table 35, 1'.130; (lVashingtoll, D.C.: Government ('riJlting Office).
26. •
e -e-" .~--
Table 4 continued
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 TOTAl. JilVENJl.E ARRESTS I 1,767,788 2,065,061 1,917,915 2,065,lI2 1,98<1,962 1,!l94,047
~Iale 78.5 76.5 78.6 79.5 79.4 79.6 Female 21.5 21,S 21.4 20.5 20.6 20."
TOTAl. iNDEX ARRESTS2 675,526 792,282 745,679 811,352 776,248 754,380 Hale 61.4 81.6 81.3 81.9 82." 82.2 Female 18.6 18." 18.7 ~8.1 17.6 17.8
TOTAl. VIOI.ENT AltRESTS3 59,683 79,263 65,257 83,610 84,725 84,584 Hale 88.8 89.7 89.6 89.8 89.7 8!l.5 Female i 1.2 10.3 10.4 10.2 10.3 10.5
-TOTAl. PAnT I, SERIOUS PROPERTY ARIH:STS4 615,843 713,019 680,422 727,742 691,523 669,796
I Hale 80.7 80.8 80.5 81.0 81.5 81.3 Female 19.3 19.2 19.5 19.0 18.5 18.7
TOTAl. PART I I AItRESTS 1,092,262 i ,272,779 1,172,U6 1,253,760 1,206,714 1,239,667 I Hale 76.7 76.6 76.9 78.0 17.5 78.0 I Female 23.3 23.4 23.1 22.0 22.5 22.0
TOTAl. PAnT 1 I ARRESTS I.ESS TOTAl. STATIIS 850,789 1,021,597 943,002 1,031,623 1,001.766 1,008,145 Hale 82.5 82.4 82.5 83.2 82.7 82.4 Female 17.5 17.6 17.5 16.8 17.3 17.6
TOTAl. STATUS AIlIIESTS5 241,473 256,967 229,234 222,137 206,946 231,522 ~Inlc 56.1 53.9 53.9 54.0 52.7 58.6 Female 43.9 46.1 46.1 46.0 47.2 41.4
NOTES:
1. lloes not include manslaughter by negligence wIiich was omitted in 1976. 2. Docs not include manslnughter by negligence which was omi tted in 1978 and docs include arson which I~as added as an index offense in 1979. 3. Includes murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. 4. Includes burgl nry, larceny-theft. motor vehiclo theft, and arson (which WIIS added as a property offense in 1979). 5. Includes curfew, loitering, and nmaway offenses.
SOUlICES:
U.S. Fed(lral Bureau of Investigation, Uuiform Cl·ime Reporta 1976-1981. 1979, Table 31, 1'. 195; 1980, Table 31, p. 19!I; 1981, Table 3D, 1'. 170.
1976, Tallie 31, 1" 180; 1977, Table 31, 1'. 197; 1978, Tahle 31, p. 193; (Washington, D.C.: Government PrinUng Office).
27
e
I
j , 'f
RACIAL DISTRIBUTION OF JUVENILE (0-11)* ARRESTS, 1970 and 1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 9 and Table 5)
e ,Juvenile (0-11) arrests are typically white. Nonetheless, blacks are arrested disproportionately to their representation in the juvenile (0-17) population.·
• The racial distribution of juvenile (0-11) arrests has shifted slightly toward a higher proportion of white arrests from 1970 to 1981. This decrease in the black proportion of arrests occurred despite a 10 percent increase in the black proportiGn of the juvenile (0-17) population from 1970 to 1981.
• The proportion of white arrests is lowest for Violent offenses. It is higbest for Part II offenses, both Status and non~Status.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 9 and Table 5)
o In 1970,white arrests accounted for 73.0 percent of-Total juvenile (0~17) arrests, and in 1981 they accounted for 74.2 percent.
& White arrests accounted for 64.0 percent of juvenile (0-17) Index arrests in 1970, and 68.2 percent in 1981.
• mlite arrests accounted for 35.0 percent of juvenile (0-17) Violent arrests in 1970, and 45.6 percent in 1981.
e In 1970, white arrests accounted for 66.7 percent of juvenile (0-17) Part I, Serious Property arrests; in 1981, they accounted for 71.1 percent.
8 White arrests accounted for 76.0 percent of juvenile (0-17) Part II, Less Status arrests Bnd 77.9 percent in 1981.
• In 1970, white arrests accounted for 82.7 percent of juvenile (0-17) Status arrests; in 1981, they accounted for 77.3 percent.
*Inforulation for the racial distribution of juvenile arrects for the 13-17 population group was not available. The Uniform Crime ~eport provides tabulations by race for only the total under 18 age group.
fa 28. •
~ --
1910 1981 1970
'.- .~.
Graphic 9 RACIAL DISTRIBUTION OF JUVENILE (0-17) ARRESTS (In PERCENT)
1970 and 1981
1970 1981 1970 1981 TOTAL ARRESTS nmEJ:· VIOLENT PART I
SERIOUS PROPERTY
PART II PART II, STATUS LESS STATUS
29
•
I I
I '!
~
I I 1
- j , I I i
Table 5
ItACIAL GIIOUl' I)JSTRIDlrrION Of JUVENIl.E (0-17) AIIIIESTS (IN PEIICENT), 1970-1981 1
1970 197I 1972 1973 197LJ 1975 TOTAL JUVENILE AIIIIESTS2 1,492,631 1,611,357 1,713,541
-1,665,507 1,596,129 1,986,766
White 73.0 73.6 74.0 75.2 75.3 76.2 Black 24.8 24.3 24.3 23.3 22.5 21.8
TOTAl. INDeX AIIIIESTS3 522,059 559,262 591,385 590,022 620,666 7BI,621 I~hi te 64.0 65.2 66.0 67.5 67.6 69.1 Black 33.9 32.7 32.4 31.1 30.1 28,9
_ TOTAL VIOLENT ARIIESTS" 43,734 49,886 56,763 54,913 55,977 72,529
e
White 35.0 35.2 36.1 40.7 42.3 45.7 Black 62.9 64.5 62.} 58.0 55.3 52.4
TOTAL PART I, SERlOlIS PROI'EIITY ARIIES'I'S5 478,325 '509,376 534,622 535,109 564,689 709,092 IVhite 66.7 68.2 69.2 70.3 70.1 71.5 Black 31.2 29.7 29.3 28.3 27.7 26.5
TOTAl. '!'ART II AIIIIESTS 970,572 1,058,095 1,122,156 1.,075,485 975,463 1,205,145 IVhi te 77.8 78.0 78.3 79.5 80.3 80.9 III ack 20.0 19.9 20.0 19.1 17.6 17.3
TOTAL PAIIT II ARRESTS LESS TOTAL STATUS 706,895 773,583 809,392 780,524 754,295 !){)7,664 IVhi tol 76.0 76.0 76.3 79.1 78.8 30.5 Glack 22.0 21.9 21.8 19.5 19.1 17.7
TOTAL STA'WS ARlIESTS6 263,671 284,512 312,764 294,961 221,168 297,481 White 82.7 83.4 83.2 80.4 85.1 82.0 Black 14.5 14.3 15.1 18.0 12.5 15.9
NOTES:
I. (linck/White percentages do not add to 100 percent since other racial groups account for some percentage of total arrests. These racial grollps are not represented on tr,:nd or percentage tables due to inconsistent categorization b)" the F.B. I.
2. Does not include manslaughter by negligence which was omitted In 1918. 3. !loes not include mans Illllghter by negligence which was omitted in 1978 and does include arson which was added as lin index offense in 1919. 4. Includes murder and non-neglige,,'" IUnslulIghter, forcihle rape, robbery, and aggravated assuult. 5. Inclutles burglary, larceny-thefL, -ItoI' vehicle theft, and arson (which was added as a property offense In 1979). 6. Includes curfew, loltering, und l:-Ui';;l·/IIY offenses.
SOUItCES:
U.S. Federlll Bureuu of Investigation, Unifol'1I/ CI'ime Repol'to 1970-1!l75. 1973, Table 34, p. 134; 1974, Table 38, p. 192; 1975, Table 39, p. 193.
1970, Table 32, p. 132; 1971, Table 33, p. 128; 1972, Table 36, p. 132; (I~ashingtoll, D.C.: Govcl'llinent I'rinting Office).
30. •
--
. -- '.-Table 5 continucd
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 TOTAl, JUVmnLE ARltESTS2 1,848,357 2,153,792 2,268,317 2,133,626 2,019,990 2,028,860
White 76.1 75.7 74.3 76.3 76.7 74.2 Black 22.0 22.2 23.2 21.4 21. 7 24.3
TOT;\[. INUI!X AIUlESTS3 702,162 821,Il69 881,007 834,380 788.071 767,792 White 68.2 68.4 66.7 68.9 68.9 68.2 Black 29 .. 6 29.3 30.2 28.7 29.3 30.1
- -TOTAl. VIOI.EN'!' ARRESTS4 61,J~':'4 81,131 95.451 87,232 86,112 85,796
Whitc 45.9 48.2 44.4 48.7 47.6 45.6 Black 52.1 49.7 52.0 49.0 51.2 53.4
TOTAL PART I, SERIOUS PRoPIlRTY ARRESTS5 . 640.538 739,938 788,556 747 ,148 701,959 681,9% "Ihite 70.4 70.6 69.4 71.2 71.5 71.1 Black 27.4 27.1 27.6 26.3 26.6 2i .1
TOTAL PAnT II ARRIlSTS 1,146,195 1,332,723 1,3B4,31O 1.299,246 1,231.919 1,261,068 White 80.9 80.2 79.2 81.1 81. 7 71.8 Black 17.3 17.B IB.7 16.7 16.9 20.8
!
TOTAL PAnT II ARRIlSTS LESS TOTAL STAT'JS 894,271 1,063,002 1,133,514 1,069,191 1,022,219 1,025,917 ,
I White 80.7 79.5 78.5 81.0 81.3 71.9 I
I Black 17.6 18.5 19.4 16.9 17 .4 7.0.7 I
-TOTAL STATUS AltltESTS
6 251,924 269,721 250,796 230,055 209,700 235,151 I~hi te 81.6 82.7 82.3 81.8 83.4 77.3 Black 16.3 15.0 15.3 15.7 14.6 21.2
NOTES:
1. Black/White percentages do not add to 100 percent since other racial grollps account for some percentage of total arrests. These racial groups are not represented on tren_d or percentage tables due to inconsistent categoriazation by the F.B.I.
2. Uoes not Include manslaughter by negligence which wos omitted ill 1978. 3. Does not Include manslaughter by negligence which was omitted in 1978 olld docs include arson which was addet! as an index offense in 1979. 4. Includes mUI'der and non-negligent manSlaughter, forcible rape, robber}",.>~,lb:§~grnvated assault. 5. Includes burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson (Iihich was added as a properly offense in 1979). 6. Includes curfew, loitering, and runawa}' offenses.
SllllItCIlS:
II.S. Federal BUTeau of Investigation, Ullifol'111 Cl·ime RepOl'ts 1976-1981. 1976, Table 35, p. ISb; 1977, Table 35, p. 185; 1978, Tuble 35, p. 199; 1979, Table 35. 1'.201; 19811, Table 35,1'.2(15; 1981, Table 3b, p. 180. (W35hl,,&ton, H.C.: Government "Tinting Office).
31
•
•
•
~ e .,- -'--- -.-- -
v. JUVENILE (0-11 and 13-11) ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR SEVEN MAJOR OFFENSE CATEGORIES, 1910-1981
Juvenile (0-11 and 13-11) arrest rates for all major off~~se categories, except Status, increased from 1970 to 1981. From 1979 to 1981, arrest rates for each category except Status decreased. Again countering the general trend, the Status arrest rate increased.
Many of the graphics display a distinct peak in 1974 that the commentary does not mention. The extraordinarily high 1974 arrest rates are partially attributable to revision in that year of F.B.I. data reporting requirements, resulting in a much smaller reporting base for 1974 than for previous or successive years. Accordingly, the data for that year are particularly unsuitable for comparisons and are not explicitly discussed in this report. (See Methodology.)
33
•. - ~
I
I ! ,
JUY,ENILE (13-11) TOTAL ARREST RATE TREND, 1910-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 10 and Table 6)
• The juvenile (13-17) arrest rate trend for total arrests closely resembles the 0-17 arrest rate trend (see Graphic 14 and Tahle 6).
• Of the discrepancies which do occur, the increase in the 1980 to 1981 arrest rate is the most outstanding. This increase is, in part, due to the large increase in Status arrests for 13 to 17-year-olds (aee Graphic 13). Moreover, juveniles (0-12) are being arrested less frequently in t.he later years for most of the offense categories.
• 'The juvenile (13-17) Total arrest rate has increused 5.4 percent from 1970 to 1981.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 11 and 'rable 6)
. ~ In 1910, the juvenile (l~-17) arrest rate was 9,146 per 100,000. This rate tended to increase until 1918 when it reached 10,522 and then decreased to 10,107 in 1980. In 1981, the rate increased to 10,213.
e 34 _ -
~ -ll,OOO
10,900
10,800
10,700
10,600 0 0 0 o 10,500 0 ~
~ 10,400 p..
en § 10,300
10,200
10,100
10,000
9,900
9,800
9,700 o~
• Graphic 10 .
JUVENILE (13-17) TO'fAt ARREST RAm TREND 1970-1931
C\ 11,008
1\ , \ , \ I \ I \ I \ I \ , \ I \ 10,522
, \ e-_ 10,491
\ / -, "
\10,371 I \ ...... I \
I ' ..... 10.290 I \ 10,186 I '" I \ 10,273
,~ I " I \ /' \ oJ \ / I \' 10,165 \ /
I \ I '01 I, ' 10,101
I \ I I \ ' I r.- I
I 9.844 --e d 9,831
9,746
" I J r---r-~--I--~---I
1970 1971 1972 1973 ·1974 1975 1916 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981
35
+5.1.
ll-YR RATE CHANGE
e
'.
I 1
I I
oj
1 :f
JUVENILE (13~17) INDEX (PART It SERIOUS PROPERTY AND VIOLENT) ARREST RATE TRENDS, 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 11 and Table 6) ,
• Juveniles (13-17) are arrested disproportionately for Part I, Serious Property offenses. Over the 12 years, 32 tn 42 percent of all Serious Property crimes were coumitted by this age group.
o Part I, Serious Property arrests represent about 89 percent of juvenile Index arrests.
o The juvenile (13-17) Index arrest rate has increased 12.8 percent from 1970 to 1981.
• The juvenile (13-I7) Part I, Serious Property arrest rate has increased 10.3 percent from 1970 to 1981.
o The juvenile (13-11) Violent arrest rate has increased 34.8 percent from 1970 to 1981.
Descriptive Analyois (Graphic 11 and Table 6)
• In 1970, the juvenile (13-17) Index arrest rate was 3,321 per 100,000. This rate tended to increase to 3,981 in 1979, and has decreased thereafter to 3,745 in 1981.
e The juvenile (13-17) Part I, Serious Property arrest rate trend closely resembles the Index trend. In 1970, the arrest rate was 2,989 per 100,000. By 1975, this rate increased to 3,553 and has tended to decrease thereafter to 3,396 in 1981.
• The juvenile (13-17) Violent arrest rate tended to increase through 1978, then became stable. In 1970, the rate was 333 per 100,000, reaching 457 in 1978 and decreasing slightly to 449 in 1981.
oe 3. e
e
4.,300
4,200
4,000
3,900
3,800
3,700 o o ~3J600 o o .... 3,500 ~ Q)
P4
0) 3,400 Q) .&.I
~ 3,300
300
0*
- ._ ..• -_. -_.
Graphic 11 JUVENILE (13-17) INDEX (PART I, SERIOUS PROPERTY AND VIOLHNT) ARREST RATE TRENDS
1970-1981
4,254
3,191
~ ,\
3,981
I '\ I \ I \. 3,553 3 536
" 3,511 __ ~ I" pr "-I " /1 " 3 396 " . ", I "'\. 1 ' ......
, -e--_el 'a." ..... I 3,382 3,359 3,371
I I
3,321 I 3,109 I
" I ,,/' , I ,/' ',." .... 3,019
",""" 2,989 2,910 456 444 451 444 447 449
.. e"........... .."'fI. .... II' ............... ""' ••••• a ••• ••••• .......... e ...... .
•• D ••••• 4r.. ~········G· 333 .--... ··-····j~4 3!U 4ot. 395 jp_.... 367
.. 1910 1971 1972 1913 1974 1915 1976 1977 1978 1919 1980 1981
37
TOTAL INDEX +1208
TOTAL PAll.T I, SERIOUS PROPERTY
+10.3
TOTAL VIOLENT
+3/ •• 8
•
"
JUVENILE (13-17) T01~ PART II ARREST RAl~ TREND, 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 12 and Table 6)
• The ll-year trend for the juvenile (13-17) population is very similar to the trend for the juvenile (0-11) population (see Graphic 14).
• The arrest rate for juveniles (13-17) for all Part II offenses has increased 1.6 percent from 1970 to 1981.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 12 and Table 6)
• In 1970, the juvenile (13-11) arrest rate for Part II offenses was 6,425; in 1981, it was 6,527. Between those years, the rate fluctuated randomly •
- 38 •
.. -
e
.I •
o o o .. o o r-f
re
§
6,800
6,700
6,500
6,400
6,300
6,200
oR
.. -- -.'_. ---
Graphic 12 JUVENILE (13-11) TOTAL PART II ARREST RATE TREND
1910-1961
6,754 6, no 1\ /"\ / \
•
I \ II \ , 6,554 / ,:,490 \ 6,503 ?-~ 6,510 6,527 TOTAL PART II
/ ......... I \ /e, / " I' ARRESTS ~. / '/ \ +1.6
6,425 6,421 'v 6~412 \ I 6,375 ~I'
6,290
J-'- - -. 5-- __ ---r. - v-- -.-
1970 1971 1912 1973 1974 1975 1916 1917 1918 1979 1980 1981
39
U-YR RATE CIIANGE
'\
JUVENILE (13-17) PART II, LESS STATUS AND STATUS ARREST BATE TRENDS, 1910-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 13 and Table 6)
• The juvenile (13-11) arrest rate for Part II, Les6 Status offenses has increased 13.9 percent frOID 1970 to 1981.
• The juvenile (13-17) Status arrest rate decreased 30.1 percent from 1970 to 1981.
Descriptive AJlslyais (Graphic 13 and Table 6)
• In 1970, the juvenile (13-11) arrest rate for Part II, Less Status offenses was 4,658. This rate tended to increase to 5,359 in 1978 and has since atablized.
• The juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for Status offenses in 1970 was 1,767. After a slight increase in 1971 to 1,836, this rate has tended to decrease to- 1,069 per 100,000 in 1980. From this low, the rate increased in 1981 by 14.2 percent to 1,224 per 100,000.
• 40 • •
~.
5,400
5,300
5,200
5,100
5,000
4J900~ 4,800~
1
o j • g 4,700 .1 .. . o t!I ~ 4,600 4,658
i1 1,800
§ 1,700 I 1,767
1,600
1,500
1,4~O
1,300
1,200
1,100
-.-Graphic 13
JUVENILE (13-17) TOTAL PART II, LESS STATUS AliD STATUS ARREST RATE TRENDS 1970-1981
5.203 /i.359-?·152 1\ . ' . . /.,. f \ 5 114; ' ............ 5.103
.' " . I \ ,1>---_/ 5.22.
.' I I \ • 5,095
. • I 4,a74 1\"
I • .' J!I 1\ • •
\ , \ I
• I U \ 4 4,803
• ,670 I' e_ 1,82~-G4,638
TOTAL PART II. LESS STATUS
+13.9
1 224 , TOTAL STATUS
-30.7
1,069 1,000 ~
0-)" __ u 'I I I I I • ( • •
1970 1911 1972 1973 1974 ~975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 11-YR
41 RATK CHANGE
•
. i
.:
JWJE1ITLE (0-17) TOTAL ARREST RATH TREND, 1970-1981
Trend SUlIlIIalry (Graphic 14 and Table 6)
~ The juvenile (0-17) Total arrest rate increased 7.2 percent between 1970 and 1981.
Descriptive AnalY8i~ (Graphic 14 and Table 6)
o In 1970, the juvenile (0-17) Total arrest rate was 3,221 per 100,000. This rate tended to increase erratically to the 1978 rate of 3,796, and has steadily decreased since then to the 1981 rate of 3,453 •
• 42 • •
e
4,000
3,900
3,600
3,700 0 0 0 .. 0
~ 3,600
re til ~ 3,500
'--.. -e- _.
Graphic 14 JUVENILE (0-17) TOTAL ARREST RATE TREND
1970-1981
3,759
1', I \ I \ ( \ ( \ I \ 3,196
I\.... /,14,
3,741"'", / \
I ..... , / \
3,710----I 3,695 \ I "3,688
I \ I \ I \
3.440 I \ f, I ~ I ,~~ ......... "'3.419 3.487 .........
I ~ ~ I 3.388 3.453 3,400
I I
3,300
I 3 1 200-1 3,221
e
+7.2
O~I----'------'r-----or-----'r------r------r------r------~----~------'-----~r------r--------~----------1970 1971 1972 1973 1914 1975 1916 1981 ll-YR
RATE CDAHGE 1917 1918 1979 1980
113
I I j
JUVENILE (0-17) INDEX (PART I, SERIOUS PROPERTY AND VIOUUrr) ARREST RATE TRENDS, 1910-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 15 and Table 6)
• The juvenile (0-17) Index arrest rate has increased 13.6 percent from 1970 to 1981.
~ The juvenile (0-11) Part I, Serious Property arrest rate has increased 11.2 percent from 1970 to 1981 •
• The juvenile (0-17) arrest rate for Violent offenses increased 37.7 percent from 1970 to 1981.
Descriptive Ana1ynis (Graphic 15 and Table 6)
e In 1970, the juvenile (0-17) Index arrest rate was 1,149. This rate tended to increase to 1,478 in 1979 and has tended to decrease since then to 1,305 in 1981.
o 1he juvenile (0-11) Part I, Serious Property arrest rate trend closely resembles the Index arrest trend. In 1970, the arrest rate was 1,043. This rate tended to increase, reaching 1,319 in 1978, and has subsequently decreased to the 1981 rate of 1,160.
o The juvenile (0-17) Violent arrest rate, constituting about one-tenth of the Index arrest rate, showed a steady increase from the 1970 rate of 106 per 100,000 to the 1978 rate of 159. The rate thereafter decreased to 146 per 100,000 in 1981.
• 44 • •
~ •
0 0 0
" 0 0 M
~ til
~
1,600
1,500
1,400
1 1 300
1~100
1,000
200
100
. .. ~- .•. --
Grsl,bic 15 JUVENILE (0-17) INDEX (PART I, SERIOUS PROPERTY AND VIOLENT) ARREST RATE TRENDS
1970-1981
1,577
1,421 ~
TOTAL
1,222
I '-,- 1,319 1,293 ' '- ........ --...... " ~~ , INDEX +13.6
1,315 ........ --....... '-,- 1,211 PJlRT I, " 268 1,269 ........ 1,160 SERIOUS
I, ......... PROPERTY
" +11.2 / I 1,103 _A
1It-__ .-_ 1,103 ",/ 1,075 r'"
1,043
154 1 159 ....................... 41 .. 0 ••
........... cP' ..... a" ............ i.. 156 •• .. ••••• ••••• 0······· ····· .• ········G······u. 106 119 126 31 139 150 148 146
VIOLENT ARRESTS
+37.7
o I • i, 'F" i • i U i •
1971 1972 1973 1914 1975 1976 1911 1918 1919 1980 1981 l1-YR 1970 BATE COANGE
45
•
'j I
!
i i
I
~
JUVENILE (0-11) TOTAL PART II ARREST RATE TREND, 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 16 and Table 6)
• The arrest rate for juvenile (0-17) Part II offenses has remained relatively stable, displaying an overall increase from 1970 to 1981 of 3.6 percent.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 16 and Table 6)
• In 1970, the arrest rate for Total juvenile (0-11) Part II offenses was 2,073. This rate tended to increase to 2,318 in 1978 and decreased thereafter to 2,128 in 1980. In 1981, the arrest rate increased slightly to 2,148 per 100,000.
..
. ,e 46 • •
•
o o o ~ o ~
~
j
2,400
2,300
2,200
2,100
2,000
e-
Graphic 16 JUVENILE (0-11) TOTAL PART II A.IUmST RATE TREND
1970-1981
2,382
1\ / ,
2 /" 2,301 2,318
,218 / /~"..,O 1"...... y -..- "-I ----.I 2,252 2,287 "- 2,245
I 2,186 2,185 '"
I " 2,073 " 2,148
0 __ ...-0
2,128
l .
+3.6
q o '
1970 1971 1972 1913 1974 1975 1976 1977 1918 1979 1980 1981 U-YR RATE CHANGE
47
•
I , j
;i I i
JUVENILE (0-17) PART II, LESS STATUS AND STATUS ARREST RATE TRENDS, 1910-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 17 and Table 6)
• The arrest rate for Part II, Less Status offenses for the juvenile (0-17) population hos increased 14.9 percent from 1970 to 1981.
o The juvenile (0-11) Status arrest rate has decreased 27.5 percent from 1970 to 1981.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 17 and Table 6)
• In 1970, the juvenile (0-11) arrest rate for Part II, Less Status offenses was 1,521. This rate increased to 1,898 in 1978 and decreased to 1,748 in 1981, for a 1.9 percent decrease from 1978 to 1981.
• In 1910, the juvenile (0-11) arrest rate for Status offenses wa~ 552 per 100,000. This rate increased slightly in 1912 to 596 and has decreased thereafter to 362 per 100,000 in 1980. Status arrests increased 10.5 percent from the 1980 low to 400 per 100,000 in 1981.
- 48 tit -
•
1,900
1,800
0 1,700
0 0 ... 0 0
1,600 r-l
ct Il<
§ 1~500 600
50{)
400
300 Off'
, ,/
. ..• -Graphic 17
JUVENILE {0-l7) TOTAL PART II. 'LESS STATUS AND STATUS ARREST RATE TYENDS 1970-1981
1,898
................... 1,81J7 1,853 /' '1D', I 1,822, ...... PART II, "_DO ....
'. r 1,825 ' •• _._. LESS STATIlS
i '. / 1,766 1,748 +14.9 . \,
I , / • 11 I 1,711 ,
1,631 I ,........ ,,0
,/ ~:59i-l,594 /
362
STATUS -27.5
,.----. • • --~I----~.r---~r-----'-----'-----~-----r-----.r----------
1970 1971 1972 1913 1974 1915 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 l1-YR RATE CHANGE
49
•
·i
Table 6
JUVEIIILE ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR AGE GROUPS (i)-17) and (13-17), 1970-1901
1970-1975
1970 1~71 1972 1973 0-17 1 Total-:Jiivenlle Arrests 1,660,400 1,196,101 1,193,102 1,117,003
Rlltes Per 100,000 3,221 3,440 3,388 3,419 % Change +6.8 -1.S +0.9
13-17 1 I Total .Juvenile Arrests 1,448,032 l,S67,496 1,563,315 1,508it~1--" Rateu Per 100,000 9,746 10,186 9,844 9,831 % Change +4.5 -3.4 -0.1
0-17 -- 2 592,008 636,481 636,372 619,952 Total Index Arrests nale .. Per 100,000 1,149 1,222 1,202 1,235 % Change +6.4 -1.6 +2.1
13-17 2 Total Index Arreats 493,499 534,866 532,610 523,236 Ilatea Per 100,000 3,321 3,416 3,354 3,410 % Change -fA .1 -3.5 +1.7
0-17 -- 3 54,596 62,302 61,555 65,913 Total Violent Arrests Rutes Per 100,000 106 119 126 131 % Change +12.3 +7.6 +2.3
13-11 3 Totsl Violent Arrests 49,414 56,434 60,959 59,930
Rates Per 100,000 333 361 384 391 X Change +10.2 +4.6 +l.8
0-11 4 Total Part I, Seriolls Property Arrests 537,412 576,185 568,811 554,039
Rates Per 100,000 1,043 1,103 1,075 1,103 X Change +5.8 -2.5 +2.6
13-17 4 Total Part I, Serious Property Arrests 444,035 418,432 471,651 463,306
Rntes Per 100,000 2,989 3,109 2,970 3,019 1: Change +4.0 -4.5 +1.6
NOTES :
1. Does not include manslaughter by negligence whIch was omltted in 1978.
1974 1975 I
I 1,682,8S0 2,010,09L I
3,959 3,741 I
+1S.8 -S.S I
I 1,415,928 1,839,742
11,008 10,371 +12.0 -5.8
670,384 826,920 1,571 1,489 +27.7 -5.6
570,314 708,925 4,254 3,996 +24.8 -6.1
66,499 85,418 156 154
+19.1 -1.3
61,201 70,102 456 444
+16.6 -2.6
603,885 141,502 1,421 1,335 +28.8 -6.1
509,113 630,223 3,197 3,553 +25.8 -6.4
----- ,-
2. Does not include manslaughter by negUgence whIch was omltted in 1978 and docs inchu!e arSlin which WIlS added as 1111 index offense in 1919. 3. Includes murder alld non-neglIgent manslaughter, furcible l·ape, robbery, ane! aggravated ass,"1I1t. 4. Includes burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehIcle theft, and arson (which waa added as a property offense in 1979).
See sources and adjusted populatjon bases st end of table.
". 50 • •
< • ..' .... ~.-. 1970-1975 continued
0-17 Total Part II Arrcsts 1,068,392 l,U8,214 1,157,330 1,097,051 1,012,466
Rates I'er lOO,OOO 2,073 2,218 2,186 2,185 2,382 % Chansc +1.0 -1.4 - 0.0 +'1.0
13-17 Total Part II Arrests 954,563 1,032,630 1,030,765 985,221 905,55/,
nates Per 100,000. 6,1025 6,710 6,',90 6,'.21 6,751• % Change +4.4 -3.3 -1.1 +5.2
0-17 Total Part II Arrests Less Total Slatus 783,771 851,727 8/.2,019 800,615 767,646
Rates Per 100,000 1,521 1,631 1,591 1,594 1,853 % Chanse +7.2 -2.5 -10.2 +16.2
13-17 Total Part II Arrests Less Total Status 692,040 750,047 741,559 711,711 697,623
Rates Per 100,000 I, ,658 1.,B7ft 4,670 4,638 5,203 % Chanse +1,.6 -4.2 -0.7 +12.2
0-17 5 Total Status Arrests 284,621 306,481 315,311 296,436 224,820 Rates Per 100,000 552 587 596 590 529 % Change +6.3 +1.5 -1.0 -10.3
13-17 5 Total Status Arrests 262,543 282,583 289,166 273,510 207,931
Rateo Per 100,000 1,767 1,836 1,821 .\ ,782 1,551 % Change +3.9 -0.8 -2.1 -13.0 -
Adjuste~ Population Boses 6
0-17 51,545,360 52,229,856 52,937,280
I 50,218,380 42,503,994
13-11 14,857,192 15,369,154 15,881,184 15,331, ,505 13,408,200
Population Bases i 154,995,000 F.B.I- 151,604,000 155,4 /,6,000 160,416,000 134,082,000 u.s. 204,878,000 207,053,000 208,846,000 210,'.10,000 211,901,000 0-17 69,69' ~OO 69 ,56~\ ,000 68,9\16,000 I 68,179,000 67,239,000 13-17 20,08l,OOO 20,460,01)0 20,726,000 20,901,000 21,096,000
nOTES;
5. Inelu~es curfew, loiterIng, and runaway offenses. 6. Based on the ratio of youth in the overall U.S. population as appli"~ to F.B.I. population for repo~ti\1g agencies.
souncES:
11.5. I·cderal Illlreall of Investigation, Ullifonn C}'ime Repol'tll 1!J7n-I!J7S. 1!173, Tallie 3U, p. 128; 1!J74, Table 34, 1'. 16h; 1975, Table 310, 1'. 1118.
U.S. nlll'CIIII of till! Census, Population Sct·ies (1'-25). F.utillutes of tile IL, 13, 1·1, IS, 110. (Washington, II.C.: t;ovenunent Pdnti!lg Office).
51
197U, T:lble LIl, p. 126; 1971, Tahle 29, p. 122; 1!J72, (1'Ia:;hington, h.C.; Government ('I'inting Office).
I'0pulation of tile u.s. by Age, Sex and Race 1!l7n-l!l7S,
•• l,251,1H
2,252 -5.5
1,130,817 6,375 -5.6
950,237 1,711 -7.7
851,982 1.,803 -7.7
300,934 5/,2
-12.5
278,835 1,572 +1.4
55,546,110 17,738,919
179,181,OnO 2lJ,559,000
66,253,000 21,010,000
Tallie 32, p. Ill,;
No. 721, (lp. 11,
f I 1 1 •
Table 6
JUVEtllLE ARRE;ST RATE TRENDS FOR AGE GROUPS (0-11) and (13-17), 1970-1981
1976-1961 ami ll-Yellr Rate Chnnge
1976 IfJ77 1978 1979 0-17 -- 1 1,972,979 2,169,866 2,;;79,365 2,143,369 Total Juvenile Arrests
Rates Per 100,000 .3,710 3,695 3,196 3,688 " Change -0.8 -0.4 +2.7 -2.8
13-17 1 Total Juvenile Arrests 1,751,659 1,936,152 2,048,041 .1,931,963
Rates Per 100,000 10,290 10,165 10,522 10,491 " Chan'e -0.8 -1.2 +3.5 -0.3
0-17 -- 2 749,226 826,902 887,530 838,796 Total IndeK Arrests Rates Per 100,000 1,409 1,40S 1,478 1,443 % Challl'e -5.4 -0.1 +5.0 -2.4
13-17 2 Total Index Arreats 644,554 714,960 772,319 733,055
Rates Per 100,000 3,786 3,754 3,968 3,981 % Change -5.3 -0.8 +5.7 +0.3
0-17 3 Total Violent Arrests 74,715 81,368 95,593 87,375
Rates Per 100,000 141 139 159 150 % Change -8.4 -1.4 - +14.4 -5:7
13-1 I 3 Total Violent Arrents 66,787 75,276 88,878 81,787
Rates Per 100,000 404 395 457 444 % Chsnge -9.0 -2.2 +15.7 -2.8
0-17 4 '}'otal Part I, Serious Property Arrests 674,511 745,53 /, 791,937 751,421
Rates }'er 100,000 1,268 1,269 1,319 1,293 % Chanlle -5.0 -10.1 +3.9 -2.0
13-11 4 Total Part I, Serious }'roperty Arrests 575,767 639,604 683,440 651,268
Rates Per 100,000 3,382 3,359 3,511 3,536 % Chanl!e -4.8 -0.7 +4.5 +0.7
~:
1. Doell not include manslaughter by negligence which was omitted in 1978.
1!m 1981 U-YEAR
2,025,713 2,035,7 /,8 ItAT E CHAm; E
3,487 3,453 -5.5 -1.0 +7.2
1,830,683 1,827,824
" 10,107 10,273
-3.7 +1.6 , __ ",5.4_
789,648 769,50S 1,359 1,305 -5.S -4.0 +13.6
691,471 666,420 3,818 3,745
I -4.1 -1.9 H2.8
86.220 85,853 148 146
-1.3 -1.4 +37.7
80,971 79,894 ',47 449
+0.7 +0.4 +34.8 -703,428 683,655
1,211 1,]60 -6.3 -4.2 +11.2
610,500 586,526 3,371 3,396 -4.7 -2.2 +10.3
2. Does not include manslaughter by negligence whIch was omitted in 1978 and does include arson which was added aa an index offense in 1979. l. Includes murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assanlt. I •• Includes burglary, larceny-theft, 1lI0tor vehicle theft, and arson (which was added as a prope('Y uff"Jlll" in 1979).
See sources and adjusted population buses at end of table.
52 • •
• ---eo--- --
,~ • 1976-1961 and 11;-Year Rate Change, continued
0-17 Total Part II Arrests 1,223,753 l,Ji,2,964 1,391,635 1,304,573 t,236,065 1,266,2/,0 ---Rates Per 100,000 2,301 2,287 2,316 2,245 2,128 2,1/.6
;: Change +2.2 -0.6 +1.4 -3.1 -5.2 to.9 +3.6
13-11 Total Part II Arrests 1,107,105 1,22l,I92 1,275,723 1,196,90B 1,139,212 1,161,404
Rates Per 100,OOO 6,503 6,412 6,554 6,510 6,290 6,527 % Change +2.0 -1.4 +2.2 -0.7 -3.4 +3.8 H.6
0-17 Total Part II Arrests Less Total Status 966,623 1,071,50/• 1,139,990 1,073,560 1,025,764 1,0:10,3/,0
Rates P~r 100,000 1,822 1,625 1,896 1,6/,1 1,766 1,71,6 ;: Change +6.5 +0.2 +4.0 -2.7 -1 •• 4 -1.0 .- +lIt.9
13-17 Total Part II Arrests Less Total StatuB 670,5 /,9 970,458 1,01,),126 985,602 9/,5,562 9/,3,590
Rates rer 100,000 5,114 5,095 5,359 5,352 5,220 S,30) :t ChanEe -16.5 -0.4 +5.2 -0.1 -2.5 +1..(, +l.9
0-17 -- :; 255,130 211,460 251,6 f,5 231,OlJ 210,301 235,900 Total Status Arrests Rates Per 100,000 480 462 419 398 362 1,00 4 Change -11.4 -3.8 -9.3 -5.0 -9.0 +10.5 -27.5
13-17 5 Total Status Arrests 236,556 250,734 232,597 213,306 193,630 217,614
Rates Per 100,000 1,390 l,n6 1,195 1,158 1,069 1,224 % Change -11.6 -5.3 -9.2 -3.1 -7.7 +l/,.5 -30.7
Adjusted Population BaseD 6 53,176,197 58,726,696 60,Oft1,400 58,.112,648 58,08&,188 56,951,',75 0-17 53,176,191 58,726,696 60,047,400 58,112,648 58,086,18B 56,951,/,75 13-17 17 ,023 ,',03 19,046,496 19,046,6It0 16,415,960 18,112,678 17,792,627
1'01'"lat10n !laees F.B.I. 175;499,000 196,401,000 207,060,000 20/, ,622,000 208,194,225 214,369,000 U.S. 215,142,000 216,917 ,000 218,548,000 220,232,000 222,159,000 224,212,000 0-17 65,197,000 64,2 /.5,000 63,370,000 62,531,000 61,982,000 61,642,000 13-17 20,963,000 20,793,0110 20,481,000 19,902,000 19,295,000 16,668,000
--------------- ------ - -~ ---- --- -------
NOTES:
5. Includes curfew. loitering, and runaway offenses. 6. Dused on the ratio of youth In the overall U.S. population aa applied to F.D.I. popUlation for reporting agencies.
S0t.!.RC:~:S :
U.S. I'cJ"ral Dureau of Investiglltion, Unifol'm Ctoime Rapol't:r 1!17h-I!l81. 1!l7b, Table 32,1'. 1111; 1977, Tahle 32, p. 180; 1978, Tahle 32,1'. I!I"; 197!l, 'fable 32, p. 196; 1980, Table 32, p. ZOO; 1981, Table 31, p. 171. (I~ashiJlgloJl, (l.C.: (;overnment Printing Office).
U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population SCl'iea (P-25). Estimatcs of tile POI'1I1ation of tI,C u.s. by Age, Sex and Race 1970-1977, No. 721, 1'1'. 9 and IU; l!:ati/t~ltelJ of tire Population of tire I1.S. by Aye, Sex .mri I1l1oJ,' 197h-l9711, No. BUO, 1'1'. 5 and (.; Pl'Ojeatio1la of ti,e Populatioll of tile u.s. 1977-20!iIl, No. 711 01,1'1'. 39, 4U, ·11. (I~ashillgton, II.C.: (;overn",enl !'rinting Office).
53
I I
j
----~----------------,---~
•
•
• -y····e
VIe JUVENILE SPECIFIC ACE GROUP ARREST RATE Tmmns, FOR SEVEN MAJOR OFFENSE CATEGORIES, 1910-1981
For most offense categories, from 1970 to 1981, arrest rates for 16- to 17-year-olds were higber than for younger juveniles. For Status arrests, though, rates for 15- to 16-year-olds were highest, with rates for 17-year-olds comparable to 13- to 14-year-olds. While arrest rates for older juveniles have tended to increase, rates for younger juveniles have tended to decrease.
Arrest rate trends for all age groups tend to follow similar patterns at different levels. They do not often display a one-year lag between trends for individual ages.
55
• I
: . , I
. . !
, .1
JUVENILE (0-12. 13-14) TOTAL ARREST RATE TRENDS, 1970-1981
Trend SIUDmary (Graphic 18 and Table 7)
• The Total arrest rate for 13- to 14-year-olds decreased 4.0 percent from 1970 to 1981.
e The Total arrest rate for 0- to 12-year-olds decreased 12.8 percent from 1970 to 1981.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 18 and Table 1)
o In 1910, the Total arrest rate for 13- to 14-year-olds was 6,509 per 100,000. This rate decreased to the 1911 rate of 5,590 and then tended to increase to the 1978 rate of 6,666. This rate decreased thereafter to 6,246 in 1981.
• In 1970, the Total arrest rate for 0- to 12-year-olds was 579 per 100,000. This rate tended to increase through the mid-1970's and thereafter has tended to decrease to the 1981 arrest rate of 505 •
«It 56 e e
•
8,000
/,000
0 0 0 .. 0 o 6,000 r-4
~ til
~ 5,000
..~-.- --
Graphic 18 JUVENILE (0-12 and 13-14) TOTAL ARREST RATE TRErmS
1970-1981
. 7,450
I~' 6 781 /1 ',6,831 666
•
J e~ 6, --- I ~ 6,52L_-6-_ 6 477
6,509 I -..I ~~ __ ..c"' --0,.' 6,246 JUVENILES (I3-IlI) '- ,I . 6,550 6,493 ',,,'" -1 •• 0 , ~~" ~ II 5,952
'-I 5,590
o----+·-·-e--- •• - .. 7:a-.. ~ .. - ........ ·- .. O---Q .. --_. .. _ .. +_.- ... JUVENILES (0-12) 519 622 622 598 627 612 589 570 533 488 505 -12.8
O~--~--~~--~----~-----r----~----~----~----r---~r----'----~--'------------1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1915
57
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 ll-YR
RATH CIIANGE
!
i ,I
JUVENILE (15, 16, and 11) TOTAL ARREST RATE TRENDS, 1970-1981
T~end Summary (Graphic 19 and Table 7)
• The Total arrest rate for l1-year-olds increased 15.6 percent from 1970 to 1981.
• The Total arrest rate for 16-year-olda increased 2.7 percent from 1970 to 1981.
• The Total arrest rate for 15-year-01ds increased 2.6 percent from 1970 to 1981.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 19 and Table 7)
• In 1970, the arrest rate for 17-year-01ds for Total arrests was 12,418 per 100,000. This rate has tended to increase steadily over the II-year trend. In 1981, the rate was 14,353.
• In 1970, increase 13,272.
• In 1970, increaae 100,000.
e
the arrest rate for 16-year-olds for Total arrests was 12,925 per 100,000. This rate tended to to the 1976 arrest rate of 13,9~2 and has tended to decrease thereafter. In 1981, the rate was
the a~rest rate for 15-year-olds for Total arrests was 10,662 per 100,000. This rate tended to to the 1915 arre~t rate of 11,420 and has decreased thereafter to the 1980 rate of 10,081 per In 1~81J there was an 8.5 percent increase in the rate to 10,940.
58 • e
e
o o o ., o o 0-1
u,OOOl
14,000
13,000
C1 12 ,OOO P-4
CIl
§ 11,000
10,000
of
13,511
--"" .-- -
Graphic 19 JUVENILE (15, 16, and 17) TOTAL ARREST RATE TRENDS
1970-1981
13,952 13,924 .A
•• - \ 13 653 ,,13,189 • ..:t •••
14,353 JUVENILES (11) +15.6
~ .. ._.~ ••• •• }3,230
•• -c-
••• ••• • ••• • ••• 1- 212 • •• ... ;i, .- ....... . ...• JUVENILES (16) +2.7 .-."
"12,925
• 13 272 ••• !'it •••• •••• - , 13,151 •• ., 12,784
12,137"
"
-.
11,980 ""'l.1,420
11,460...... I '..... ll',!!,B 10 983 10,940 JUVENILES (15) r~..... ~-- ~~, G
/ ...... , I 11,16'., / ~'.6 / 11,204 '-./ '/
/ 10,869 10 4rie..... / ~ , "/ 10,662 10,081
1--- - .---~-~""f--------.-- --.-----.--------.----.------, ---- --,-- --- T- -------11
1970 1911 1972 1913 1914 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981
59
ll-YR RATE GIIAHGE
I . !
JUVENILE (0-11) INDEX ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR SPECIFIC AGES GROUPS,' 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 20 and Table 7)
• Sixteen-year-olds are arrested for Index offenses at higber rates per 100,000 tha~l are the other age groups.
• The Index arrest rate for 0- to 12-year-olds decreased 7,,1 percent from 1970 ~o 1981. Index arrest rates for other age juveniles increased by the following percentages:
17-year-olds: 28.5 16-year-olds: 14.9 15-year-01ds: 10.9 13- to 14-year-01du: 1.3
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 20 and Table 7)
• In 1970, the Index arrest rate for 16-year-01ds was 4,019 per 100,000. This rate increased to 4,912 in 1975 Elnd decreased thereafter to 4,617 in 1981.
~ The Index arrest rate for l1-year-olds in 1970 was 3,525. This rate increased to 4,669 in 1979, then decreased to 4,529 in 1981.
e In 1970, the arrest rate for 15-year-olds was 3,770. This rate tended to increase to 4,473 in 1915, and tended to decrease thereafter to 4,181 in 1981.
• The arrest rate for 13- to 14-year-olda was 2,669 in 1970. After an increase during much of the decade, the rate has returned to near its initial rate, being 2,705 in 1981.
• In 1970, the Index arrest rate for 0- to 12-year-01ds was 269 per 100,000. This rate tended to increase to 311 in 1975, and has tended to decrease thereafter to'the 1981 rate of 250 per 100,000.
• 60 • •
•
6,000
5,000
o 4,000 o o .. o o .... E! 3,000
§ 2,000
1,000
-- -.- --'
Graphic 20 JUVENILE (0-17) INDEX ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR SPECIFIC AGE CROUPS
1970-1981
5,107
•
•• P·· .... _4,912 4,910 •• ~880.o •••••••• o. 4,840 ••• / 4 507 •• ..... 4,537 ...... o. •••••• ~ 721 4 692 JUVENILES (l6)
4,269 eO· I It 650~ ··C"r" 4 439 ........ !"... 4,617 + 1l~.9 4,019 ........... ~1109 4,151 •• ' I ' 4 41J"'>--.4,i84 ~. 4,669 4 ••••• JUVENiLES (11)
...... ..;.'0 __ ............ d '~.-O:~<:. 4 411'...... ,537 1.,529 +28.5
..--'" 4,051 3~24 .!. 4,179 4,235 ' 4 2;3' - -. - - ... JUVENILES (I5) 3,770 3 74 3 586 ... 3,848 ' 4 017 4,181 +10.9
p 8 J J
3,720 3,~6 /~ -_-l!.020 3,011 / ...... ,,.A-_ 2,935
'---:2)--11---/ - __ ...4' -e._ 2 705 2,669 ' 01 2,683 2,613 2~1 2~ 780 --0_--6' JUVENILES (13-14) 2,669 +1.3
269 281 280 277 342 311 290 262 284 266 fI----0---.- --e" __ -0- -- - +---- ... ___ $ .. __ -:- ____ ~ __ ~:~ __ 2l0 JUVENILES (0-12) o -7.1
• i i = ,
1970 1971 1912 1973 1974 1975 1976 1917 1978 1979 1980 1981 11-YR RATE CIIA-tiCE
61
JUVENILE (0-17) VIOLENT ARREST RATH TRENDS FOR SPECIFIC AGE GROUPS, 1910-1981
Trend Swmn.ary (Graphic 21 and Table 7)
• For Violent offenses (includes nlurder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault), arrest rates per 100,000 juvenile population rise with age.
~ Violent arrest rates have increased in every age group except 0-12 frow 1970 to 1981.
o The relatively high II-year rate chang!::: for this category represents few additional arrests which appear exaggerated because of a low initial rate, as compared to other offense categories (see Graphic 7 and Table 3).
o The Violent arresit rate for 0- to 12-year-olds was the saine in 1970 and 1981. Violent offense rates for other age juveniles in~reased by the following percentages:
l7-year-olds: 34.8 15-year-olds: 36.5 l4-year-01ds: 37.8 13- to l4-year-olds: 21.5
Deocdptive Analysis (Graphic 21 and Table 7)
• In 1970, the arrest rate fo',: Violent offenses for 17-year-olds was 489 per 100,000. This rate tended to increase at a gradual rate to 659 in 1981.
• In 1970, the arrest rate for Violent offenses for l6-year-01ds was 444 per 100,000. Th,is rate tended to gradually increase to 606 in 1981.
• In 1970, the arrest rate for Violent offenses for 15-year-olds was 344 per 100,000. Thid rate t~nded to gradually increase to 474 in 1981.
• In 1970, the arrest rate for Violent offenses for 13- to 14-year-olds was 200 per 100,000. This rate tended to gradually increase to 243 in 1981.
• In 1970, the arrest rate for Violent offenses for 0- to 12-year-olda was 14 per 100,000. After rising in some years, the rate returned to 14 in 1981.
, ,e 62 -
"
e
•
o o o ... o o
700
600
500-
.-4 400
~ til
§ .:l00
200
100
---' e- -
Graphic 21 JUVENILE <6-17) VIOLKttr ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR SPECIFIC AGE GROUPS
1910-1981
.. f ••••
·1;23 ........ -. ~ .. ... 598 ....
•••••• ••
545 ___
................ ...... - 521 521
658 666 663 659 JUVmULES (11) fti- ~ C fa +34.8
610 ....... 592 606
.. ••• "~". 569 .................. .JUVEUILES (16) ~ . . ". . ..... ....
513 •••• 531
•••• ....... +36.5 .. . ." . ."
•• ··502 473 468 ".--•• .o.o
fl· 1.1.4
/' 461 ~06 " .... ..... 474 381 ......... ____ " .... 415 "" .... , 431 444 .......... JllVHNILHS (15)
3"!-................ ~03 ..... _..!~" ..... -_..... +37.8
254 250 258
•
233 230 . ,..,.e---e..,. ",,0-_ 244 243 200 .;;~_-.---.,..,,.., ........ 218 211""..... ----2~---.o JUVENILES (13-14) .__ <>e--_-4I' +21.5
14 16 17 18 18 16 15 11 14 13 14 JUVENILES (0-12) e- - - ....... - -«> - - w .............. - @_. - ........ -. - _ .. ...!!-- - - • e-.. • - e. - - -e- _ .... - -0 0.0
0.1-, I , •
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1971 1978 1979 1980 1981 ll-YR BATE CilAHGK
63
!
I I I, I
I
I
I ,I
JUVENELE (0-17) PART I, SERIOUS PROPERTY ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR SPECIFIC AGE GROUPS, 1970-1981
Trend Summa~ (Graphic 22 and Table 7)
• Sixteen-year-olds consistently have been arrested for more Part I, Serious Property offenses than has any other age group. Fifteen-year-olds are very similar through the mid-1970's. In 1979 to 1981, 17-year-olds were arrested at a higher rate than lS-year-olda.
• From 1970 to 1981, arrest rates for 15-, 16-, and 17-year-olds increased, while the arrest rates for 13-14 and 0-12 decreased. The largest increase was for 17-year-olda, although 16-year-olds are still arrested more frequently than any other age group for this offense.
c The Part I, Serious Property arrest rate decreased 7.5 percent for the 0-12 popUlation and a negligible .2 percent for the 13-14 popUlation. For older juveniles, the Part I, Serious Property arrest rate increased by the following percentages:
17-year-olds: 12.2 16-year-olds: 27.5 15-year-olds: 8.6
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 22 and Table 7)
• In 1970, the Part I, Serious Property' arrest rate for 17-year-olds was 3,036 per 100,000. This rate tended to increase to 4,003 in 1979 and has decreased thereafter to 3,871 in 1981.
o The arrest rate for 16-year-olds was 3,575 per 100,000 in 1970. It increased until reaching 4,333 in 1976 and has subsequently decreased to 4,011 in 1981.
e In 1970, the Part I, Serious Property arrest rate for 15-year-olds was 3~426 per 100,000. This rate tended to increase to 3,972 in 1978 llnd has decreased to 3,721 in 1981.
e The lower Part I, Serious Prpperty arrest rates of the 13-14 and 0-12 populations have remained relatively stable. The 0-12 rate was 2,469 per 100,000 in 1970 and 2,463 per 100,000 in 1981. The 13-14 rate was 255 in 1970 and 236 in 1981.
. ~ .• 64 '. •
•
5,000
4,000
o o o 3,000 .. o o .-!
~ (f.I
~ 21'000
1,000
•• Graphic 22
JUVEIULE (0-17) PART I, SERIOUS PROPERTY ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR SPECIFIC AGE GROUPS, 1970-1981
4,484 /1:,0 .. 1/314 4,333
.. ~ 1) .......... c.
•
3,161 .. ~ ,~oi' 4 ••••• 4,230 3,515 •••••••• li ,.~04 ·4/00~ •••• ·······h152 _ .• ~. "'3"'6"': •• ~15823,63~ •• .1 3,971 ..... 3 169 3 e!!-ll;. 3,972 .. 0. ..... (£4,100 4 JUVENILES (16)
.. ' ,70~' ••• "." ••• '" 3 86".....!.. ,;-U~-~ 00 ••••• ,OIl
3
.... I " .-- =- .. "--- +12 2
,426 3,518--4
3 -. -------..::: J • _ ~ 3,415 ,719 3,759 3,18l"_~,874 3,8nUVENILKS (11)
.-- ',<0] ~--... +27 5 3,036 3 3,141 3 063 3.033 3,121 . • 030 /''-.... JUVEnILES (1 / .... +8 6 5)
... --- / .... . 2.469 2 4862---.1' 2.710........ 2,152 , .450 2.443 --_ ...... -_ ..... ---.. 2,519 2,569 2,68~~ -0--__ --& JUVENILv 2,438 2;46-:1 .. S (lJ-14)
oJ -0.2
255 265 262 260 324 293 273 267 267 252 232 236 •. --........ --4---.• - .. - .. - .. --o--· .... ·-... -.-0·- .. ~ .. _.~ .. __ o JUVEnILES (0-12) o I -7 ~5
1981 ll-YR 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1971 RATE CHANGE
1978 1979 1980
65
I I
./
JUVENILE (0-17) PART II ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR SPECIFIC AGE GROUPS, 1970-1981
Trend SUIimary (Graphic 23 and Table 7)
• Sixteen and 17-year-olda are arrested at higher rates per 100,000 juvenile population for Part II offenses than are any other juvenile age group.
• Part II arrest rates tended to remain stable throughout the 1970 to 1981 period.
o Part II arrest rates have increased by 10.5 percent from 1970 to 1981 for 17-year-olds. Part II arrest rates have decreased for other age groups by the following percentages:
16-year-olds: 2.8 15-year-olds: 2.0 13- to 14-year-olds: 7.8 0- to 12-year-olds: 17.7
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 23 and Table 7)
o In 1970, the arrest rate was 8,893 per 100,000 for 17-year-olds, and in 1981 it was 9,824.
• In 1971, the arrest rate for 16-year-01ds was 8,906 per 100,000. After rising to 9,307 in 1971, this rate decreased to the 1981 rate of 8,655.
• In 1971, the arrest rate for 15-year-01ds was 6,893 per 100,000. After r1B1ng to 7,409 in 1971, this rate decrea.sed to the 1981 rate of 6,004 and increased again to the 1981 rate of 6,753.
• The Part II arreBt rates for the 13-14 and 0-12 populations decreased the most from 1970 to 1981.
•
In 1970, the arrest rate for 13- to 14-year-olds was 3,841 per 100,000, and in 1981 it was 3,540. In 1970, the arrest rate for 0- to 12-year-01da wss 310 per 100,000, and in 1981 it was 255.
66 • •
i I I . I I j I
• 10,000
9,000
8,000 o o o .. o o ~
&l 7,000 Pi
j 6,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
. .... ~.---..... Graphic 23
JUVENILE (0-l7) PART II ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR SPECIFIC AGE GROUPS 1970-1981
9,824
•
9,307
JUVENILES (17) +10.5
8 9 •• IfJ.. 9 1 , 06 •• _ .....' 21
.... ~,018· ... 8,948 .~ ...
•• .... .... 6,655 8,~ 628 t.. ... ...•..... . ..... e JUVENILES (16) .. .. .,. .....
• <If. 8~551 8 466 -2.8 8,247 J
8,394
7,409 7,280 7~1 6,998 6,963 6,753 JUVE"ILKS .-_-..... -.......... -0--_.... 563 ,. -2.0 ;' ........ - ..... - .... 6, / ;' 7,021 6,947 ......... 6 260 /
fI" ..... "il _ / 6,893 ...... -.1 4
6,00
(IS)
104 4,134 .
4,096 ~ ,. .... - J 757 3,148 3,656 3 542 3,540 JUVENILES _0-- -- ... --..--4-----____ 2. _" -7 8 ,..-- -fI"'" 817 ~_"...,.- • • ,. 3,817 3, _-. .... 3,841
\:'"
(13-14)
3,282
310 .-3l~.2:~--~a--~.-~~L .. 2~~_.2g~-.~.-!~._2.2.~.3J.5 JUVENILES (0-12) .- . -17~7
o 11 YR 1981 RATE CIIANGE 1910 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1917 1978 1979 1980
67
,I
j
I !
I-i I
I j I 1 i
I I
JUVENILE (0-17) PART II, LESS STATUS .ARREST RATE TRENDS fOR SPECIFIC AGE GROUPS, 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 24 and Table 7)
• For Part II, Less Status offenses, high arrest rates correspond with older ages. In every year from 1970 to 1981, the 17-year-old rate has been highest, with each successive younger group having a lower rate.
o The Part II, Less Status arrest rate for 13- to 14-year-olds did not change appreciably from Ij70 to 1981. The rate for 0- to 12-year-01ds decreased 15.6 percent, and the rates for older age groups increased by the following percentages:
17-year-01ds: 19.8 16-year-01ds: 11.0 15-year-01ds: 11.6
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 24 and Table 7)
• In 1970, the arrest rate for Il-year-olds was 7,312 per 100,000. This rate has tended to increase to 8,834 in 1981.
• The arrest rate for 16-year-olds has fluctuated randomly from year to year. From the 1970 figure of 6,328 per 100,000, the rate increased erratically through 1981 to 1,022.
• The arrest rate for 15-year-olds decreased from 4,606 per 100,000 in 1970 to 4,558 in 1980. In 1981, the rate increased sharply to 5,013.
• The 13-14 age group rate has remained relatively constant, varying only from 2,602 per 100,000 in 1970 to 2,600 in 1981.
-. The 0-12 rate has decreased from the 1970 figure of 250 per 100,000 to 211 in 1981 •
. ,. 68 • •
•
o o o ..
9.,000
8,000
1,000
o o .... 6,000
re § 5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
. ~-.--•. - _ .......
Graphic 24
JUVENILE (0-17) PART II, LESS STATUS ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR SPECIFIC AGE GROUPS, 1910-1931
8,834 JUVENILES (17)
+19.8 8,641
7,244 1,146 6,902 1,012 •• 8 ........ ],085 1,089 1022
~ 9. • .0" ••••••• "0.' 6,637 ._. ••• •• .,.. • ••••••• JUVENILES
•• •• ••• • 6,328 ••••••••••••• 6,410 ••• ••• •••• •••• • •• 1 +11.0 .... ..• .a .... Off
••••••• 0 0 •• a 6 1;::32 ••• «fa " ,J
6,191 6,286
(16)
4,944 5,139 ...... 0 /~...... 5,069 5,104 ",,"" /" ..................... __ .... ,_ 4,891 5,O~3 JlJVE"ILHS
4,606 '.-__ 4,801 --_..!',714 ./' +11.6
4,513 4,607 e- - ./ ~ 4,558
:r (15)
2, 93J~ 2,764 2,121 ............ '0.. 2,722 2,711 2,699 2,616 2,600 -- ....... -.-..... ..... '0.. __ e---.. __ ..... __ ..... __ JUVENILES
tfY'-- ---...... -&- ---.. __ -- -0.08 2,602 2,553 2,613 2,1.33
(13-14)
250 276 271 255 30B 259 271 255 239 222 201 211 JUVENILES (0-12) .---....... ---. ..g...---....... --- .. -- ......... -=- ................ ...---- .. - • ...-.. .. __ !M~ .. --.. -15.6 o~~~~~~~~~ 1961 ll-YR 1970 1971 1972 1973 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1979 1980 RATE CHANGE
69
•
f
I f
I .J
..
JUVENILE (0-17) STATUS ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR SPECIFIC AGE GROUPS, 1970-1981
Trend Summarl (Graphic 25 and Table 7)
• Fifteen and 16-year-olds have the highest arrest rates for Status (curfew and loitering, and runaway) offenses.
• Arrest rates for Status offenses have decreased for every age group from 1970 to 1981 by the following percentages:
17-year-olds: 35.0 16-year-01ds: 36.7 15-year-01ds: 26.3 13- to 14-year-olds: 0- to 12-year-01ds:
24.1 26.7
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 25 and Table 7)
• The 15-year-01d arrest rate ~n. 1972 was 2,485 per 100,000. This rate decreased to 1,446 in 1980 and inc~eased 16.6 percent in 193.1. to 1,686.
e In 1970, the arrest rate for 16-year-~ld8 was 2,578 per 100,000. This rate tended to decrease to 1,379 in 1980, but increased to 1,633 in 1981.
• The 17-year-old arrest rate in 1970 was 1~521 per 100,000. This rate decreased 51.1 percent to the 1980 rate of 744, but increased in 1981 to 989 per 100,000.
e In 1970, the arrest rate for 13- to 14-year-olds was 1,239 per 100,000. This rate increased to 1,383 in 1972 and has subsequently decreased thereafter to 940 in 1981.
e The 0-12 arrest rate increased from 60 per 100,000 in 1970 to 71 in 1972 and decreased thereafter to 44 in 1981.
- 70 • •
e
3,0001
~ 2,OJ o o rl
re til
~ 1,000
Graphic 25 JUVENILE (0-17) STATUS ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR SPECIFIC AGE GROUPS
1970-1981
2,711 2 615 2,670 •••• o ......... J, 5) 18
..... --. (1 2,5 •• "... +. 161 JUVEfULES •... --.... _-0,;... 2, 2 030 6
_->:465 2,485 2,414 "' ... ~!.4;::::: .. .:. 1,860 1 705 . 1,6: -2
L
6
E
.3
S
(16)
• '.'- 2,148 ........ -.-_, 6 _." .)O .. NI
2
287 2 063 1 929 . ··.e··::,.~.~J,54 1,446,.... ••• 1 633 36 7 ' "., -....... _-......., -. 1,715 1,652 .............. LBO U 7)
1,466 1,379 989 JUWNI
•
-35.0 )
l'~429 1,383 1,324 1 202 1,204 1 035 1,031 957 926 849 940 JUVENILES 03-14 -~ ----~-~ ----<~------------'---1,3431
248 1.20R 1,169 1,124 914 825 818 1,239, R~~
11,4 -2/,.1
60 65 71 66 58 58 51 52 47 45 42 44 JUVENILES (fr-12) o c--- ...... --- .. -.-e---- ........... e--._ ........ -e- .. -- ...... __ ................ ---. . .;....26.
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1971 1978 1979 1980 1981 RAT~lC~iGE
71
Table 7
JUVENII.E AllREST RATE TIIi:NOS FOR SI'ECIFrC AGE GROUPS, 1970-19111
1!170-1975
-- -1970 1971 1972 1973 J97/! 1'175
Total Juvenile Arrests 1
0-12 212,368 229,205 230,327 208,546 206,922 238,3'19 I
'j Rates I'er 100,000 579 622 622 59tl 708 627 \ Change .. 7.4 0.0 -3.9 +18.4 -11.4
I I I
13-14 394,724 433,179 435,527 406,0117 399,586 477,777 Rates Per 100,000 6,509 5,590 6,787 6,550 7,450 6,837 \ Chanlle -14.1 .. 21.4 -3.5 +13.7 -8.2 -15 323,291 356,283- 359,469 336,929 325,462 -109,2M Rates Per 100,000 10,662 11,460 11,204 10,1169 12,137 11,420 !Ii Change .. 7.5' -2.2 -3.0 +11. 7 -5.9 -----16 372,311 400,985 403,229 401,650 377,356 478,7!1ll Rates Pel' JOO,OOO 12,925 • 13,577 13,230 12,957 14,072 13,.159 \ Change .. 5.0 -2.6 -2.1 +!I.6 -5.1 -17 357,7116 377,049 365,150 363,791 373,524 473,921 nates Per JOO,OOO 12,418 12,766 11,980 12,353 13,929 13,224
_'o_ I:hallge +2.S -6.2 +3.1 .. ~2.11 -5.1 -Total Intlex 'Arrests
2
0-12 98,559 1U3,621 1113,762 96.71!> 11111,11111 117.995 lIates Per lOlI,OOO 269 281 2:m 277 342 311 \ Change +-1.5 -11.4 -1.1 tn.5 -9.1 ------13-14 161,828 172,138 172,158 165,733 177.862 211,049 Rates Per 100,000 2,669 2,701 2.683 2,673 3.316 3,11211 _\Ch~ t1.2 -0.7 -11.4 +24.1 -d.9
15 114,313 i25.937 125,9(11 119,282 130.1159 160,2117 nates Per JOO,OOO 3,770 4,05\ 3,924 3,848 4,88(1 4,473 !. Change .. 7.5 -3.1 -1. 9 t26.8 -8.3
16 115,768 126.096 125.233 .128.6112 136.952 1'/{',051 lIa tes I'er 1110,000 4,019 01.269 4,1119 4,151 5, \07 4,912 \ Chanlle .6.2 -3.7 .. 1.0 +23.0 -3.11
17 101.540 110.695 1119,309 109,539 124,701 161,538 "tates Per lOO,OOO . 3.525 3.743 3.586 3,720 4,650 4,507
• _ _\.Chance --- - -- ~-.- -- +6.3 -4.3 +3.6 +25.11 -3.1
NOTES:
1. (loes not include manSlaughter by negligence which was omitted ill 1978. 2. !loes not inclutle manslaughter by negligence I~hcih Has omitted in 1978 anti tloes inclutle arson which was a,hletl as lin intlex offense in 1979.
See sources anti adjusted population bases at entl of table.
e 72 • •
• -. , .• 1970-1975 continued
._-, Total Violent Arrests3
0-12 5,182 5,868 6,596 5,91l3 5,298 6,716 Rates Per 100,000 14 It 18 17 18 18 % Change _ . ____ +1.1.,L .. +12.5 -5.6 .5.9 Y.~~ 13-14 12,101 13,671 14,914 1~,761 13,606 17 .'1511 Rates Per 100,000 200 215 233 230 254 250 ... CIHlnge +7.5 +8.3 -1.3 +-10.4 -1.6
15 10.427 ll,84S 13,022 12,465 12,6113 Ib,71Hl Rates Per 100,000 344 3111 406 403 473 468 ~ Chanl!e t10.8 +6.6 -0.7 +17 .4 -1.1 i . 16 12,786 14,835 16,059 16,139 16,708 21,4211 Rates Per 100,000 444 502 527 521 623 598 .. Change +13.1 +5.0 -1.1 +19.6 -·loll
17 14,998 l6,O83 16,954 17 ,045 18,204 23,1l-t4 Rates Per 10O,Il00 489 545 556 579 679 643 ... Change +11.5 +2.0 +4.1 .17 .3 -5.3
4 Total Part I, Serious Pro~ertr Arrests 0-12 93,377 97,753 97,166 90,733 94.,712 111,279 lIates Per 103,000 255 265 262 260 324 2!13 ... Change +3.9 -1.1 -0.8 +24.6 -9.6
13-11 149,727 153,467 157,234 151.472 IM,256 193,599 Rates Per 100,000 2,469 2,486 2,450 2,443 3,063 2,770 .. Change +0.7 -1.·1 -0.3 +25.4 -9.(, . 15 103,886 114,092 lIZ,S79 IOG,797 118,176 143,507 Rates Per 100.000 3.t26 3.670 3.518 3.445 4,4U7 4,O()4 '. Change 17.1 -4.1 -2.1 +27.9 -9.1 I
16 102,980 111.261 109,174 112,543 120,244 154,623 lIates Per 100,000 3,575 3.7(,7 3,582 3,631 4,,184 4,314 ~ Change . +5.3 --l.g. .1.4 +23.5 -3.8
17 87,442 94,612 92.355
I 92.494 IU6,497 138,494
Rates Per IOU,OOO 3,036 3,2113 3,030 3,141 3,971 3,860\ .. Change
-- --+5.5 -5.4 +3.7 +26.4 ____ -J.·L
NOTES:
3. Jncludesmun.leran,1 lion-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, fot.hery, untl aggravlltetl us,.ulIlt • . 1. Inc1l1t1es burglar}" larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arS(ln (which Has addc,1 as a property offense in 197!l).
See sources anti adjusted population bases at end of table.
73
~',
1970-1975 continued
Total Part II Arrests 0-12 113,809 125,584 126,565 111,1130 106,912 120,354 Rates I'er 100,000 310 341 342 321 366 317 \ Change '10.0 +0.3 -6.1 +14.0 -13.·1
13-14 232,896 261,041 263,369 240,354 221,724 266,728 Rates Per 100,OOO 3,841 4,096 4, 1Il4 3,877 4,134 3,817 \ Change +6.6 +0.2 -5.5 +6.6 -7.7
• 15 208,987 230,346 233,568 217,6017 194,603 243,977 Rates I'er 1O0,OOO 6,893 7,409 7,280 7,021 7,257 6,947 !Ii Change .7.5 -1.7 -3.6 +3.4 -4.3
]6 256,513 274,809 277 ,99(, 272,968 240,404 302,729
I [lates I'er 100,000 8,9.16 9,307 9,121 8,806 8,965 3,4017 \ ChallJle +4.5 -2.0 -3.5 01.11 -5.8
17 256.166 266,354 255,841 243,252 248,823 312,3113 RaLes Per 100,000 8,893 9,018 8,394 8,634 9,279 8,716 \ Change +1.4 -6.9 +2.8 +1.5 -6.1
Total Part H Arrests l.ess Total Status 0-12 91.731 10l.68n 100.420 nO.90/, 90,023 98.255 Rates Iter ] 00. 000 250 276 211 255 30B 259 \ Change +10.4 -1.8 -'i.q 20.11 -)LL-13-14 157.778 176,177 174,598 1511,298 157,275 132,595 [lates Iter 100,000 2,602 2,7M 2,721 2,553 2,932 2,613 \ Change .6.2 -].6 -6.2 +14.8 - Hl.!l
15 139,655 153,6!19 14'1,797 142,1122 137,.s01 172,0·16 !lates i'", 1"0,000 4,606 4,944 4,513 4,607 5,139 4,8111 \ Change +7.3 -8.7 +2.1 +11.5 -6.6
16 182,270 196,027 195,365 191,904 1115,0811 225,277 Rates Per lOO,OOO 6,328 6,637 6,4l() 6,191 6,9()2 6,286 \ Chanllc +4.9 -3.4 -3.4 +11.5 -8.9
17 212,346 224,1,1,1 217,814 218,687 217,467 272,O!l7 /lates Per 100,01111 7,372 1,589 7,146 7,303 8, \09 7,592 \ ChulICe t2.9
---5.8 .2.2 tll.O -6.4
-- - - - -- -
See sources and adjusted population bases at end of tahle .
• 74 • •
e
I I
. '. -··-e· --.
1970-1975 continued
Total Status ArrestsS
0-12 22,078 23,9114 26,145 22,926 16,889 22,099 Rates Per 100,000 60 65 71 66 58 58 \ Change +8.3 +9.2 -7.0 -12.1 0.0
13-14 75,.118 84,864 88,771 82,056 64,449 84 ,133 Rates Per 100,000 1,239 1,343 1;383 1,324 1,202 1,204 % Change .8.11 .3.0 -4.3 -9.2 +0.2
15 69,332 76,647 79,737 74,825 56,802 76,961 Rates Per 100,000 2,2117 2,465 2,485 2,414 2,118 2,1118 \ Change +7.8 +0.8 -2.9 -12.3 +1.4
16 74,273 78,862 82,631 81,064 55,324 77,,152 Rates Per 100,000 2,578 2,670 2,711 2,615 2,063 2,161 ,. Change +3.6 +1.5 -3.5 -21.1 +4.8
17 43,820 42,210 38,027 35,565 31,356 40,286 Rates Per 100,000 1,521 1,429 1,248 1,206 1,169 1,124 .. Change -6.0 -12.7 -3.2 -3.2 -3.6
Adjusted Populations Bases6
0-12 36,688,168 36,640,702 37,056,096 ! 34,873,675 29,229,876 37, !lR(" 3 72 13-14 6,064,160 6,373,266 6,416,640 6,199,600 5,363,260 6,986,449 IS 3,032,080 3,106,920 3,208,320 3,099,900 2,681,640 3,583,820 16 2,880,476 2,953,474 3,047,904 3,099,900 2,681,640 3,583,820 17 2,880,476 2 ,953,474 3,041,904 2,944,905 2,681,640 3,583,820
Population Bases F.8.1. 151,604,000 155,446,000 160,416,000 154,995,000 134,032,000 179, 191 , GOO U.S. 204,878,000 207,053,000 208,846,000 210,410,000 211,901,000 213,559,000 0-12 49,612,000 49,103,000 48,270,000 47,278,000 46,143,000 115,183,nOO 13-14 8,269,000 8,426,000 8,424,000 8,399,000 8,4115,000 8,430,nOO IS 4,041,000 4,089,000 4,237,000 4,244,000 4,236,000 4,222,nOO 16 3,928,000 4,004,000 4,050,000 4,196,000 4,205,000 4,193,000 17 3,844,000 3,941,000 " ,015,000 4,062,000 4,210,000 4,220,000
..
NOTES:
5. Includes curfew, loitering, and runDlmy offenses. 6. Based on the ratio of each age group in the overall U.S. population as applied to F.B.1. popUlation for reporting agencies.
SOURCES:
U.S. Federal :Jurenu of Investigation, Ullifo",,, Crime Reports 1970-1975. 1973, Table 3U, p. 128; 1974, Tah1e 34, p. 186; 1975, Table 36, p. 188.
1970, Table 28, p. 126; 1971, Table 29, p. 122; 1972, Tuble 32, p. 126; (I~ushington, D.C.: Government Printing Office).
U.S. BUTeau of the Census, Populatiotl Sel'ios (P-25). 'stimates of the Population of the u.s. by Age, Sex and Race 1970-1975, No. 721, I'p. 12, 13, 14, IS, 16. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing OffIce).
75
•
I 1
./
j. I I i I
Table 7
.lllVHNII.E ARREST RATE 'I"RENIlS FOil SPECIHe AGE GIlOllPS, 1970-1981
1976-1981 and II-Year Rate Challge
1976 1977 1978 ]979 19M --19BJ __ II-YEAR I
Total Juvenile Arrests I
IlATE CIIANG!!i 0-12 221,320 233,714 231,324 211,406 195,030 207,924 Rates Per 100,000 612 58!! 570 533 488 505 % Change -2.4 -3.8 -3.2 -6.5 -8.4 +3.5 -12.8 -13-14 444,418 492, IlO 496.874 450,637 41l8,897 -115,094 Rates Per lUO,UUO 6,~93 6,527 6,666 6,477 5,952 6,2'16 % Change -5.0 <0.5 +2.1 -2.8 -8.1 +4.9 -,1. U
15 392,500 422,124 H2,078 407,150 377,792 375.216 Rates Per 100,000 11,102 1l.198 IIl,983 10.473 J(),081 10.940 9,; CIUlIlge -2.1 +0.1 -1.9 -4.6 -3.7 +8.5 +2.6
16 465,217 507,268 542,459 515,979 493,073 483,674 RUles Per 100,000 13.952 12,784 13.789 13,272 13,157 13.927 .. ChanGe +4.4 -8.4 +7.9 -3.7 -0.9 +O.~ 1-2.7
17 449.524 SI,1,650 576,630 588,195 550,921 553,840 fla tes Per 100,000 12,807 13,653 13,924 14,358 13,927 14,353 ~. Chun~e -3.2 +6.6 +2.11 .3. i -3.0 +3.1 +15.6
Total Index Arrests 2
0-12 104,672 111,941 115,212 105,741 98,177 lU3,088 Ilates Per 100,000 2f.0 282 284 266 246 250 ~. ChanGe -6.8 -2.3 +11.7 -6.3 -7.5 +1.6 -7.1
13-14 187,303 20D ,567 ~2t1 ,335 204,211 183,403 179,191 Rates Per 100,000 2,737 2,780 1,011 2,935 2,669 2,705 % Chmice -9.4 +1.6 +3.3 -2.5 -9.1 +1. 3 +1.3
15 146,863 159,634 174,653 163.780 152,778 143,594 Rates I'er 100,000 4,184 4,235 4,439 4,213 4,Iln 4,181 \ Change -6.5 +1.2 +4.8 -5.1 -3.2 +2.6 +lU.!)
16 163,710 180,023 190,418 183,532 175,325 168,259 Rates Per 100,000 4,910 4,537 4,840 4,721 4,692 4,617 % Change' -.01, -7.6 +6.7 -2.5 -0.6 -1.6 +1,1.9
. 17 146,678 165,736 182,912 181,532 179,4(.5 174,776 Ilates I'er 100,000 4,179 4,397 4,417 4,669 4,537 4,529 \ Change -7.3 ... +5.2 +0.5 +5.7 -2.8 -0.2 +211.5
NOTES:
J. Does not include manslaughter by negligence which was omitted In 1978. 2. Does not include manslaughter hy negligence which was omitted in 1978 and does inc!t"lc arson which II3S added as an Index offense In 1979.
See sources and adjusted population buses nt end of table. I .!
• •• 76 • •
e -e' e
1976-1981 am) II-Yeal" Rate Change, continued
Total Violcnt Arrcsts3
0-12 5,928 6,092 6,715 5,588 5,249 5,959 ---Rates Per 100,000 16 15 17 14 13 14 1; Change -11.1 -6.3 +1.1.3 -17.6 -7.1 +7.7 n.o 12;-14 14 ,865 15,905 19,225 17 ,009 15,932 16,147 Ratcs Per 100,000 218 211 251! 244 232 243 \ Chanl!c -12.8 -3.2 +22.3 -5.4 -4.9 +4.7 + 21.5
IS 14,563 15,033 )8,390 16,758 16,628 16,254 Ratcs Pcr 100,000 415 399 467 431 444 474
~!!!!Be -11.3 -3.9 +17.0 -7.7 +3.0 +6.8 +37.8
16 19,211 21,060 24,002 22,118 22,195 22,078 Rates Per 100,000 576 53) 610 569 592 606 1; Change -3.7 -7.8 +14. !I -6.7 +4.0 +2.4 >36.5
17 20,128 23,278 27,261 • 25,902 26,216 25,415 Rates Pcr 100,000 573 618 658 666 663 659 't Change -10.9 +7.9 +6.S -1.2 -0.5 -0.6 +3·1. 8 -
Total Part I, SerIous Pro[!ertl:: Arrests4
0-12 98,744 105,850 106,497 100,153 92,928 97,129 Rotes Pcr lOO,OOO 273 267 267 252 232 236 \ Clwnge -6.8 -2.2 0.0 -5.6 -7.9 +1. 7 -7.5 -13-14 172,418 193,662 205,110 187,202 167,471 163,61\4 Ratcs Per 100,000 2,519 2,569 2,'/52 2,6BI 2,438 2,463 % Change -9.1 +2.0 +7.1 -2.2 -9.4 +1.() -0.2
IS 132,300 144,601 156,263 147,022 136,150 127,340 Rates Pcr 100,000 3,769 3,836 3,972 3,782 3,633 3,721 1; Change -5.9 +1.8 +3.5 -4.8 -3.9 +2.4 .8.6
16 144,499 158,963 166,416 161,414 153,630 • 146,1111 Rates Per 100,000 4,333 4,OOG 4,230 4,152 4,100 ,1,011 \ Change +0.4 -7.S +5.6 -1.8 -1.3 -2.2 +12.2
17 126,550 142,458 IS5,651 155,630 153,249 149,361 Rates Per 100,000 3,605 3,n9 3, '/59 4,003 3,874 3,871 % Change -6.7 +4.8 -O.S +6.S -3.2 -0.1 +27.S
/luTES:
3. Includes murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, rohbery, all,l aggravated ossault. 4. Includes burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, ond arson (which llaS added as a property offense in 1979).
See sources and adjusted population bases at end of table.
77
1976-1981 and 11-Year Rute Chunge
1'otu1 Part II An-ests I 0-12 116,648 121,712 116,112 105,665 96,853 104,836 Rutes Per 100,000 323 307 286 266 242 255
~1 % Chunge +1.9 -5.0 +6.8 -7.0 -9.0 +5.4
13-14 257,115 282,543 272,539 246,426 225,491, 235,303 RaLes Per 100,000 3,757 3,748 3,656 3,542 3,282 3,540 % Chanse -1.6 -0.2 -2.5 -3.1 -7.3 +7.9 -7.8
15 245,637 2ii2,490 257,425 243,372 225,024 231,622 Rates Per 100,000 6,998 6,963 6,563 6,260 6,004 C;,753 % Change +0.7 -0.5 -6.0 -4.3 -4.1 +12.5 -2.0
16 301,507 327,245 352,041 332,447 317 ,248 315,415 Ratea Per 100,000 9,042 8,247 8,948 8,551 8,466 8,655
.; % Cnanse +7.0 -8.8 +8.5 -4.4 -1.0 +2.2 -1.8
17 302,846 348,914 393,718 376,663 371,456 379,064 lIatea Per 100,000 8,628 9,256 9,507 9,680 9,390 9,824 % Chanae -1.0 +7.3 +2.7 +1.9 -3.1 +4.6 +10.5
Total Part II Arrests I.ess Total Statu
0-12 98,074 101,046 • 96,864 87,958 80,182 86,750 I Rates Per 100,000 271 255 239 222 201 211
% Change +4.6 -5.9 -6.3 -7.1 -9.5 +5.0 -15.6 I I
13-14 186,299 204,371 201,184 182,032 167,156 172 ,809 I I
Rates Per 100,000 2,722 2,711 2,699 2,616 2,433 2,600 % Chnnl(c +4.2 -0.4 -0.4 -3.1 -7.0 +6.9 -0.8
15 177 ,938 192,393 192,428 183,279 170,816 173,998 Rates Per 100,000 5,OC;9 5,104 4,891 1.,714 4,558 5,073 % ehanRe +5.6 +0.7 -4.2 -3.6 -3.3 +11.3 +10.1
16 233,811 259,202 284,979 275,443 265,579 255,898 Rates Per 100,000 7,012 6,532 7,244 7,085 7,089 7,022 % Change +11.5 -6.8 +10.9 -2.2 to.l -0.9 +tl.O
17 272,501 314,492 259,535 344 ,BIt 8 342,031 340,885 Rates I'er 100,000 7,764 8,343 8,682 8,870 8,647 8,834 % Chunse +2.3 +7.5 +4.1 +2.2 -2.5 H.2 -119.8
See sources and adjusted population hases at cnd of tah1e •
" • 78 • •
• I
l_
--. • 1976-1981 ;HilI ll-Year lIate Change, continued
Total Status Arrcsts 5
I 0-12 18,574 20,726 19,248 17,707 16,671 18,086 Rates Per 100,000 5J 52 47 45 42 44
. -26.7_1 .. Change -12.1 +2.0 -9.6 -4.3 -6.7 +4.8
13-14 70,816 78,172 7J,355 64,394 58,338 62,494 I Rates Per 100,000 1,035 1,037 957 926 849 940
.. Change -14.0 +0.2 -7.7 -3.2 -8.3 +10.7 -24. I I
J5 67,699 70,097 M,997 60,093 54,198 57,824 Rates Per 100,000 1,929 1,860 1,652 1,546 1,446 1,686 '\ Change -10.2 -3.6 -II. 2 -6.4 -6.5 +16.6 -26.3
16 67,696 68,n43 67,062 57,004 51,669 59,517 lIates Per 100,000 2,030 1,715 1,705 1,466 1,379 1,(,33 \ ChanJ:c -(,.1 -15.5 -0.6 -i'l.0 -5 !! +18.4 -36.7
17 30,345 34,422 34,183 31,815 29,425 38,179 Rates Pcr 100,OQO 865 914 825 818 744 989 '\ Change -23.0 +5.7 -9.7 -0.8 -9.0 +32.9 -35.0
---'--
Adjusted Population llases 6
0-J2 36,152,794 3!l,680,l1JO 40,583,760 39,696,6(,S 39,973,291 41,158,S'18 13-/1 6,844,461 7,539,238 7,454,160 6,957,148 6,870,'109 6,645,439 15 3,509,980 3,769,619 3,934,140 3,887,818 3,747,,196 3,429,904 16 3,334,481 3,968,020 3,934,140 3,887,818 3,747,496 3,644,273 17 3,509,9&0 3,769,619 4,141,200 3,887,818 3,955,690 3,058,642
Population Oases F.B. r. "175 ,49!) ,noo 198,401,000 207,0611,OOO 204,622,000 208,194,225 214,369,000 U.S. 215,142,UOO 216,817 ,000 218,548,00(1 220,232,000 222,159,000 224,212,000 0-12 44,;134,0(10 43,452,000 42,889,000 42,629,000 42,687,1l1l0 42,974,000 13-14 8,283,OOIJ S,154,OOO 7,927,000 1,544,000 7,229,000 7,046,nOn 15 4,28S,OOO 4,202,000 4,I36,Oll0 4,079,000 3,909,0(10 3,693,OOn 16 4,t83,Oll0 4,243.000 4,162,000 4,100,000 4,042,000 3,873,000 17 4,212,000 ",194,0110
I 4,256,000 ~,179,00O 4,115,000 4,056,000
--~OTES:
5. Includes curfew, loitering, and Ttlllal4ay offenses. 6. Based on the ratio of each group in the overall U.S. population liS applied to F.B.1. population for rcporting agencies.
SOIJIICES:
U.S. Fedel'al Bureau of Invcstigation, Ullifonn Crime Reports 1976-1981. 1976, Table 32, p. 181; 1977, Tahle 32, p. 180; 1978, Tahle 32, p. J!M; 1!)79, Tllble 32, p. 196; 1980, Table 32, p. 200; 1981; Table 31, 1" 171. (l1ashington, D.C.; Government Printing Office).
U.S. BurCllu of the Census, Population Serieo (1'-25). i!:otimatea of tI,e Populal;ivlI of tIle u.s. by Jlge, Sex alld Rano 197r1-i977, No. 721, I'll.!! {III'. 10; f,'IIt-inutes of the Population of tile u.s. by Age. Sex and lIo1"e 1976-1978, No. 800, pp. 5 and 6; Pl'Ojectiolls of tllo Population of tile u.s. 1977-2000, No. 704, Pl'. 39, 40, 41. (.~lIshington, D.C,: Government Printing Offic~).
79
I
i
!' ..
••
' .
• ----.----.. -~ ... - ... _ .... ' .. '- , .. _ ..
• ---e- --.
VII. JUVENILE (13-11) ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR SPECIFIC CRIMES, 1970-1981
Juvenile (13-17) arrest rates have consi~tent1y been highest for 1arc~ny, followed by burglary.
From 1910 to 1981, juvenile (13-11) arrest rates have increased most rapidly for driving under the influence, aggravated assault, and liquor laws. Arrest rates have decreased for the crimes of motor vehicle thefts drunkenness) sex offenses, disorderly conduct, and fur status offenses (runaways and curfew and loitering).
Many of the graphics display a distinct peak in 1974 that the commentary does not mention. The extraordinarily high 1914 arrest rates are partially attributable to revision in that year of F.B.I. data reporting requirements, resulting in a much smaller reporting base for 1974 than for previous or successive years. Accordingly, the data for that fear are particularly unsuitable for comparisons and are not explicitly discussed in this report. (See Methodology.)
81
--
~ ,
JDVENILK (13-17) ARREST BATE TRENDS FOR AGGRAVATED ASSAULT, ARSON, FORCIBLE RAPE, AND MURDER AND NON-NEGLIGENT MANSLAUGllTKR, 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 26 and Table 8)"
• The juvenile (13-17) arrest rates for aggravated assault, arson, forcible rape, and murder and non-negligent manslaughter have increased from 1970 to 1981 by the following percentages:
Aggravated assault: 52.B Arson: 30.4* Forcible rape: 9.5* Murder and non-negligent manslaughter: 11.1*
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 26 and Table 8)
• In 1970, the arrest rate for aggravated assault was 125 per 100,000. The rate tended to increase to the 1979 rate of 200 and has decreased thereafter to the 1981 rate at 191.
• The juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for arson increased from 23 per 100,000 in 1970 to 30 in 1981.*
• The juvenile (13-11) arrest rste for forcible rape increased from 21 per 100,000 in 1970 to 23 in 1981.*
• The juvenile (13-I1) arrest rate for murder remained virtually constant, increasing only from 9 per 100,000 in 1970 to 10 in 1981.*
*Because the rstes for arson, forcible rape, and murder and non-negligent manslaughter are so low, special care should be taken in interpreting those statistics.
• 82 • •
•
I I 200
I. I I
I 1
180 !
0 0 0
" 160 0 0 r-I
P:I ~ III
til 140
§ . 120
40
20
o I
< -~.- -
Graphic 26 JUVENILE 03-17) AGGRAVA'f.ED ASSAULT, ARSON, FORCIBLE RAPE, AND MURDER
AND NON-NEGLIGENT UANSLAUGUTER ARREST RATE TRENDS
152 I
1970-1981
200 194..,.,."..,.e ..... tr ..... 194
182 I ..... 177 ......... I _...!91
...-"" I • / ..... I ..... I
I 174 --I I 172
.,-.--"'" 143 ;; 154
41""
,/11
1
125
33 30 31 .... ~4}.... 30 30 29 29 28 ....... • ••• -0." ...... .. •• 4~. tI.-26 ................... • ......... . .....
21 21 23 ........ " •• _ .. -e...... ._ .. -e- __ "$- __ -$
..... -- ... -.~:::t • .,,&:.; .. ---.. 25 - .. ~--4-.-.·- .. ..-fi"22 24 23 23 •••••••••••• ~~ 23 23 21 21 21 23 23
e.---"' ..... ~--- ....... --..... ...-.----...e.---~ .,.,.,,,-..e---.-...---e-..,--e-'-'-~~1 9 10 10 9 10 9 --r 9 9 9 9 0
AGGRAVATED ASSAULT +52.8
ARson +30.4
FORCIBLE RAPE +9.5
HURDER AND 80NNEGLIGENT
MANSLAUGHTER +11.1
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1976 1979 1980 1981 ll-YR RATE GlIANGE
83
•
. ,
"
JUVENILE (13-17) ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR MOTOR VEHICLE· THEFT AlD> ROBBERY, 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 27 and Table 8)
• The juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for motor vehicle t~\t!ft decreased 42.1 percent from 1970 to 1981. Motor vehicle theft is the only Part I offense category for which arrest rates decreased.
• The juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for robbery increased 25.6 percent from 1970 to 1981.
DescriJ,ltive Analysis (Graphic 27Dnd Table 8)
• In 1970, the juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for motor vehicle theft was 463 per 100,000. The rate tended to decrease throughout the 12-year period, declining to 268 in 1981.
& The juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for arson increased fairly steadily from 176 per 100,000 in 1970 to 224 in 1981 •
• 84 • •
• 475
4~ 425
I 375
0 0 0 .. 0 0 .... 325 P4 ~ ~
Ii-:l
§ 275
225
-e-' Graphic 27
.JUVElULE (13-17) MOTOR VEIlICLE TIlEFT MID ROBBERY ARREST RATE TRENDS 1970-1981
II 425
396 333
36" /~ ~/./ .• 369
330
.\. 268
244
220 224
198 211
193
MOTOR VEHn:LE TUEFI -42.1
ROBBERY +25.8
175 q=
o '" r Ii. i I •• 1970 1971 1912 1973 1914 1915 1976 1917 1978 1919 1980 1981 U-YR
RATE CHANGE
85
• I \
j I J
./ I
JDVE}uLR (13-17) ARREST RATE TREND FOR BURGLARY, 1970-1981
Trend SummaEY (Graphic 28 and Table 8)
• The juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for burglary increased 24.4 percent from 1970 to 1981.
DescriPtive Analysis. (Graphic 28 and Table 8)
• In 1970, the juvenile (13-11) arrest rate for burglary was 832 per 100,000. This rate increased sharply to the 1975 rate of 1,159 and has subsequently decreased to 1,035 in 1981.
• 86 • • I I.
• 1,175
I 1,150 i I
I· 1,125
I
1,100
1,075
1: 0 0 0 1,025 ... 0 0 ~
t1 1,000
CI) 975
~ 950
925
900
875
850
825
.~-
Grapbic 28 JUVENILE (13-17) BURGLARY ARREST RATE TREND
1970-1981
161 1,159
I, r-~ 1,135
I \ /'\, I \ I '\~92 I \ _/ "1,058 I
&-- 1077 "" 1,014 , "BURGLAR. I
'- +24.4 I I I I I I
1934
1,035
/ I
874 /
/, I / '°848 832/
1970 1971 1972 1973 .- I , .-------,
1977 1978 1919 1980 1981 U-YR RATE CHANGE
1914 1975 1976
87
• I I·
.,
I I I I
j
I , ,
JUVENILE (13-17) ARREST RATE TREND FOR LARCENY-THEFT, (1970-1981)
Trend Summary (Graphic 29 and Table 8)
• The juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for larceny-theft increased 17.6 percent from 1970 to 1981.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 30 and Table 8)
• In 1970, the juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for larceny-theft was 1,670 per 100,000. This rate increased sharply in the mid-l97D' s and has subseqUEntly decreased slightly to the 1981 rate of 1,964.
• 88 •
'.
•
•
2,200
2,100
o 2,000 o o .. o o .-I
~ 1,900 ~
til
§ 1,800
1,700
1,610
.~-...... -- ----
Graphic 29 JUVENILE (13-17) LARCENY-THEFT ARREST RATE TREND
1970-1981
2,183
2~042
1,963
1,891
1 600 I • • J • • •
1970 1911 1912 1913 1974 1975 1916 1977 1973 1979
89
1,964 --A
1,969
1980 1931
LARCENY +17.6
ll-YR RAT~ CHAnGE
•
, ,
I I !
JUVENILE (13-17) AllllEST RATE TRENDS FOR VANDAI.ISH, OTHER ASSAULTS, STOLEN PROPERTY, AND WEAPONS (CARRYING, POSSESSING, etc.), 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 30 and Table 8)
o The juvenile (13-17) arrest rates for vandalism, other assaults, stolen property, and weapons have increased from 1970 to 1981 by the following percentages:
Vandalism: 27.2 Other assaults: Stolen property: Weapons: 26.6
30.4 51.3
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 30 and Table 8)
• In 1970, the juvenile (13-11) arrest rate for vandalism was 362 per 100,000. This rate increased to 545 in 1979 and and has subsequently decreased to the 1981 rate of 461.
• The juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for other assaults increased from 299 per 100,000 in 1970 to 407 in 1979. It has subsequently decreased to 390 in 1981.
• The juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for stolen property increased from 114 per 100,000 in 1970 to 173 in 1981.
o The juvenile (I3-11) arrest rate for weapons increased from 106 per 100,000 in 1970 to 134 in 1981 •
•• 90 • •
•
600
500
g 400 o .. o o ~
m 300-til
§ 200
100
• Graphic 30
JUVENILE (13-11) VANDALISM, OTllER ASSAUI.TS, STOLEN PROPERTY, Alm WEAPONS POSSESSION ARREST RATE TRENDS
1970-1981
" 545 514 I • /~
, '.460 411 495/' '. I ~"_"-- 460'" ,495 , .- ,.' ..
lS1]89 I ... '. 362 _ ...... _._ ' ..... 461
It" -- .. 3681 .. 407
299 • .!.~~ ..... lIS ]4~. lU 355 373 •••••••••••••• ~9S ...... ••••• ..'s ..................... 350 ........ ....... 390 ..... '.3 .. ··· .......... . .. .. -.. . . ...
.......
181 .a-.; 171
157 119 180 178 173
133 126 14~ 1l~ ....... "....""" _ A-_ _..a
____ ---9----0'"'" 133 -..e---.4JI-r __ .s-------128 -...-- 134 106 107 109 113 113 109 108 115 125
VANDALISM +27.2
OTIIER ASSAULTS +30.4
STOLKU PROPERTY +.51.3
WEAPONS +26.6
O~I----r-----~------y-----~------r------r------y------r------y-----~--~--~----~--------------------1910 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977
91
1978 1919 1980 1981 ll-YR RATE CHANGE
•
I
.!
.:
JUVENILE (13-11) ARREST BATE TRENDS FOR DR.UNKENNESS, DRIVI~G UNDER TOE INFLUENCE, SEX OFFENSES, AND PRGSTITUTIOij AND COMMERCIALIZED VICE, 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 31 and Table 8)
• The juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for drunkenness decreased·23.2 percent* from 1970 to 1981.
• The juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for driving under the influence (nUl) increased by 416.1 percent, a greater increase than for any other arrest category.
• The juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for sex offenses decreased 9.7 percent* from 1970 to 1981.
o The juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for prostitution and commercialized vice increased 112.5 percent* from 1970 to 1981.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 31 and Table 8)
e In 1970, the juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for drunkenness was 272 per 100,000. The rate decreased sharply in the early 1970's, then increased again to 258 in 1977. It has subsequently decreased to 209 in 1981.
• The juvenile (13-11) arrest rate for driving under the influence increased steadily from 31 per 100,000 in 1970 to 161 in 1979. It has remained constant since then, being 160 in 1981.*
o The juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for sex offenses decr.eased slightly from 62 per 100,000 in 1970 to 56 in 1981.*
• The juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for prostitution, while still extremely low, has increased from 8 per 100,000 in 1970 to 17 in 1981.*
*Because rates for driving under the. influence, sex offenses, and prostitution and commercialized vice are so· low, special care should be taken in interpreting the magnitude of changes.
e 92e e
• 300
250
g 200 o ... o o .-I
rd re ~ 150
100
50
• •• Graphic 31
JUVENILE (13-17) bRUNKENNESS, D.U.I., SEX OFFENSES AllD PROSTITUrION AND COMMERCIALIZED VICE ARREST RATE TRENDS
280
62 60 61 ~··"··~··"··~··--D
1970-1981
258
no DRUNKENNESS
209 -23.2
~o DRIVING UNDER TIlE INFI.UENCE
+416.1
• ~"..... . .54 55 54 .56 SEX OFFENSES - 65 •• ~4 51 52 ,m.-•• -.I1-... _ •. __ .• _ .... ........ -11. 111 ............. ---..... -9.7
8 9 9 11 _1:_ 13 15 17 __ .y:. __ 18 17 17 PR.OSTITUTION AND ... --I!l-- __ --~- - .... -------= D--_lli--04 COHMERCIALIZED VICE
+112 • .5 O~--T-----r----,----·-r----,-----r---~,---
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1915 1976 1977
93
1978 1979 1980 1981 lI-YR RATE CHANGE
•
JUVENILE (13-17) ARREST RAi~ TRENDS FOR LIQUOR LAWS, DISORDERLY CONDUCT. AND DRUG ABUSE, 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 32 and Table 8)
• The juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for liquor laws increased 53.9 percent from 1970 to 1981.
• The juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for disorderly conduct decreased 18.5 percent from 1970 to 1981.
• The juvenile (Il-l7) arrest race for drug abuse has remained almost constant, increasing only 3.3 percent from 1970 to 1981.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 32 and Table 8)
• In 1970, the juvenile (ll-I7} arrest rate for liquor laws was 503 per 100,000. This rate decreased slightly to 483 and haa subsequently increase~ to 774 in 1981.
o The juvenile (13-11) arrest rate for drug abuse has been extremely volatile. From the 1970 figure of 503, the rate increased sharply throughout the early 1970's. Thereafter, the rate decreased to 532 in 1981, returning almost to its initial level.
• In 1970, the juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for disorderly conduct was 730 per 100,000 in 1970. This rate decreased s11srply to 589 in 1973. Subsequently, it has remained almost constant, finishing at 595 in 1981.
• 94 • •
•
o o
900 •
800
0 .. iOO o o .-I
~ Pol en § 600
500
..,. -.~.- ... -
Graphic 32 JUVENILE (13-17) LIQUOR LAWS, DISORD~RLY CONDUCT, AND DRUG ABUSE ARREST RATE TRENDS
1970-1981
761
,.813 1\
/1 \
820" \\ 778 714
I /S.-.~ t \ 751/" I \ eo \ I I \ 714 •
I 715 \ ..,'" I 6 I 1\ \ 693 685 .., \/ 69 , ).. _.e-__ ..... ., Iit"'- • \.
J 683 648/ \ I I
610J V 587_ ..
634 ..,.t5" 627 625 .. *'.e- .. _ ... ."". 611/597
,; .,..- 592 ;' . 564 / 589 I jt • 513
//527 / 515/ /'" I . -., .
..... • _I 503 ".----'9'
480 483
LIQUOR LAWS ... 53.9
DISORDERLY CONDUCT -18.5
DRUG ABUSE "'3.3
400 ., i 0 , i • • i • •
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1916 1911 1978 1979 1980 1981 U-YR RATE CHANGE
95
•
I j
i I
,.,
JUVENILE (13-17) ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR STATUS OFFENSES (RUNAWAY AND CURFEW AND LOITERING LAY VIOLATIONS), 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 33 and Table 8)
• The juvenile (13-11) arrest rate for Status offenses decreased from 1970 to 1981. The runaway arrest rate decreased 32.5 percent and the curfew·and loitering arrest rate decreased 27.9 percent.
Descriptive Analysis (Gr~phic 33 and Table 8)
• In 1970, the juvenile (13-17) arrest rate for runaways was 1,096 per 100,000. After a slight in increase in 1971 to 1,210, the rate decreased steadily to 717 in 1980. The rate increased slightly in 1981 to 740.
• The juvenile (13-11) arrest rate for curfew and loitering increased from 671 per 100,000 in 1910 to 111 in 1913. It subsequently decreased to 352 in 1980 and then increased (31.5 percent) to 484 in 1981 •
• 96 •
r f I
•
• 1,200
1,100
1,000
g 900 o .. o o r-I
C! 800 P-4
~ c.ll 100
600
500
400
.... .--Graphic 33
JUVENILE (13-17) STATUS (RUNAWAY AIm CURFEW AND LOITERING LAW VIOLATIONS) ARREST RATE TRENDS 1970-1981
1,210 .<\
•• + - •• . .. •• ••
••• Ct •• 1,106
...... .-i....... 1,066 1 051 ... ...., 1 096 __ ........ .. p ,
111 ,..t.
683,. \
•• ••• •• 975
'A -. 0 •
•• •• •• 899 893
.......... :1'4 0.
•• ··" •• 812 0,
........ 156 740 .. ·A... 717 •• A
IIII ...... _ .. ~ •••• "'.
671 .".v- \\ 597 ~, / A
'W- \ /", 484 626 \ / , ,a.
\ ,490 I V/, I 500 ',424 402 I
..................... _..-1............. I ~..- ~ 383 352
RUNAWAYS -32.5
CURFEW AND LOITERING
-27.9
J 11-YR 300 I RATE CUANGE 1970 1971 1972 1973 1978 1979 1980 1981 1974 1975 1976 1977
97
•
Table a
JUVIlNILE (13-17) AIIIIE5'f /lATE TlUiNIl5 FOIl SPECIFIC CRIIlES, 1970-1981
1970-1!l75
t ---! 1970 1971 1972 1973 197~ 1975 I - -- -
PART I
~!lIrJer and Non-negligent Hanslallghter 1,303 1,465 1,589 1,454 1,358 1,531 Rates Per 100,000 9 10 10 9 10 9 '\ Change .. 11.1 0.0 -10.0 +II. I -10.0
Forcibl cRape 3,093 3,306 3,711 3,599 3,298 3,698 Rates Pcr 100,000 21 21 23 23 25 21 \ Change 0.0 +9.5 0.0 +8.7 -16.0
Robbcry 26,466 29,677 2~ ,472 31,282 32,755 41,275 Ratcs Pcr 100,000 178 193 tria 204 244 233 \ Change +8.4 +2.6 +3.0 +19.6 -4.5
AggravateJ Assault 18,552 21,986 24,187 23,595 23,790 32,1!18 Ratcs Per 100,000 125 143 152 154 177 182 % Changc +14.·1 +6.3 +1.3 +14.9 .2.1:
Rurglary (brcaking or entcring) 123,614 134,478 134,653 143,275 155,620 205,540 lIatcs I'cr 1011,000 832 874 848 934 1,161 1,15!.! \ Change +5.0 -3.0 +10.0 ,24.3 -0.2
l.arcenY-Theft 248,614 273,303 270,492 251,762 292,649 356,561 Ratcs Pcr 100,000 1,670 1,776 1,703 1,6011 2,183 2,010 \ Change +6.3 -4.1 -3.6 +33.0 -7 _~
I ~Iotor Vchiclc Thcft 68,835 66,865 62,814 601,327 56,984 1-63 ,064 lIates I'cr 100,000 463 434 396 419 425 356
I % Change -6.3 -8.8 .5.8 -+1.4 -16.2
Arson 3,479 3,516 3,683 3,942 3,920 5,058 Ilates Per 100,000 23 23 23 26 29 29 t
\ Changc 0.0 0.0 -13.0 +11.5 11.0 I
PART II
Othcr Assaults 44,411 48,952 50,523 45,Cll2 45,92l 60,472 lIatcs I'cr 100,000 299 318 318 293 30\2 341 \ Change +6.4 0.0 -7.9 +16.7 -0.3
Stol en Propcrty (buying, receiving, etc.) 16,954 20,448 20,028 21,852 24,229 30,358 lIatcs Per 100,000 114 133 126 142 181 171 \ Changc "'6.7 -5.3 +12.7 .27.5 -5.5
Vandalism 53,797 58,684 61,761 56,544 68,878 81,640 lIatcs Per 100,000 362 - 381
, 389 368 514 ·160
\ Changc +5.3 +2.0 -5.2 +39.4 -10.4
Weapons (carrying, p08sessing, etc.) 15,746 16,390 17,343 17,399 17 ,878 20,126 Rlltes Per IOIl,UOO
r 1~6 107 Ill!) \13 133 113
\ Changc +0.5 +2.S +3.8 +17.6 -H.9
• See soul"ces anti ,l<ljllstcd population bases lit cnd of tahle. 'In- •
I
I I .
• .._-.-- -.-. • 1976-1981 C13-H) an,l ll-Year Rate Change, continucd
Prosti tution and Commcrci:lli zcd Vice 2,539 3,228 4,101 3,249 3,1147 2,969 Rates Pcr 100,000 IS 17 21 18 17 17 '\ Change +15.4 +13.3 +23.5 -14.3 -5.6 0.0 + 112. 5
Sex Offenses (except rape and prostitution) 8,M9 9,880 10,524 10,147 9,847 9,899 Rntes Per 100,000 51 52 54 55 54 S6 '\ Ch:lI1gc -5.6 +2.0 +3.8 .L!l -l.B <3.7 -9.7
Om., Abuse Violations 117,9-18 130,391 139,042 IIS,269 99,On 94,616 Rates Per 100,000 693 635 714 626 547 532 '\ Change +J.S -1.2 +4.2 -12.3 -12.6 -2.7 +3.3
Driving Under the Influence 17 .182 24,392 27,302 29,(,!(l 22,679 2&,385 Rates Per 100,000 lOl 128 140 161 164 160 !Ii Changa +5.2 +26.7 +9.4 +15.0 +1.9 -2.4 +416.1
I.iquor Laws 107,890 119,019 126,132 138,376 140,876 137,659 Ilates Per 100,000 634 . 625 648 751 778 774 '\ Change +7.1 -1.4 +3.7 +15.9 f3.1i -0.5 +53.9
nrunkellncss 39,I1S '19,181 42,577 44,793 41,974 37,254 Rates Per 100,000 230 258 d9 243 232 209 \ Cll3nge -0.4 +12.2 -15.1 +11.0 -4.5 -9.9 -23.2
Disorderly Conduct 101,62S 109,137 112,379 115,379 110,472 105,916 Ilates Per 100,000 597 573 580 627 610 595 '\ Change -.2.3 -4.0 +1.2 +8.1 -2.7 -2.5 -18.5
Curfew and Loitering Law Violations 83,449 80,716 74.482 74,055 63,834 86,140 Ratcs Per 100,000 490 424 383 402 352 484 '\ Chango -17.9 -13.5 -9.7 +S.O -12.4 +37.5 -27.9 -Runaways 153.101 170,OHI 15&,115 139,251 129,796 131,674 natcs Per 100,000 899 893 812 756 717 740 % ClllInge -7.8 -0.7 -9.1 -6.9 .5.2 3.2
Adjusted Population Base I
13-17 17 ,023,403 19,046,496 19,463,640 lS,415,960 Hl, H2, 87S 17,792,627
Population Bases F.B.I. 175,499,999 198,401,000 207,060,000 204,622,000 208,194,255 214,369,000 U.S. 215,142,000 216,817,000 218,548,000 220,232.000 222,159,000 224,212,IlOO 13-17 20,963,000 20,793,000 ZII,4Rl,OOO 19,902,000 19,295,0110 18,668,000
. NOTr:~:
1. Based on the ratio of YOllth in the overall U.S. population as appl1ed ttl F.D.1. populAtion for reporting agencies.
~:
U.S. Federal Bureau of Invcstlgation. Uniform Cr'ime Rel'ortll 1976-1981. 1979. Table 32, p. 196; 1980, Table 32, 1" 200; 1981, Table 31, II. 111.
1976, Table 32, p. 181; 1977. Tahle 32, p. 181l; 1918, Tahle 32, p. 194; (Washingtoll. O.C.: Goverllmcnt l'rintlllg Office).
U.S. Du~eau of the Census, Population :Jer·ien (P-251. Estimutea of the Population of the U.S. by Age, Sex alld Race 1970-1977, No. 721, Ill'. 9 nnd 10; Eotilllute8 of the Populatioll of ti,e u.s. by Age. Sex ana Rorte 1976-1976. No. 800, 1'1'. 5 and 5; PI'oJeotioll8 of tI,e Populatioll of the II.S. l!>77-21l5Il, tlo. 704, pp. 39,40,41. (I~ashington, \J.C.: Governmcnt Printing Office).
99
I
1
I I
I
I
I i
I
I
./
.j
Tahle 8
JUVENILE (13-1'7) ARREST RATE TIIENOS FOR SI'ECIFIC CRUIIlS, 1970-1981
1976-1981 and ll-Yeilr Rate Change
1976 1977 1978 1979 19lD 1981 I'ART I
Hurder Dnd Non-negligent HonsIDughter 1,260 1,635 1,689 1,668 I' 1,707 1,823 nates 1',,;' 100,000 7 9 9 9 9 10 \ Chunl!e -22.2 +20.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 +11.1
Forcible nape I 3,530 4,02li 4,257 4,402 4,138 4,180 nates Per 100,000 21 21 22 24 23 23 \ Change . 0.0 0.0 +4.8 +9.1 -4.2 0.0
Robbery 34,417 36,759 45,126 38,928 39,908 39,927 Rates Per 100,000 202 193 232 211 220 224 % CIHlOl!e -13.3 -4.5 +20.0 -9.1 +4.3 +1.8
Aggravated Assualt 29,580 32,854 37,806 36,789 35,218 33,9M Rates I'er 100,000 174 172 194 200 194 I!H .. Change -~.4 -0.9 +12.5 +3.1 -3.0 -1.5
Burglary (breaking or entering) 182,860 205,142 220,831 201,099 191,682 184,195 lIates Per 1!l0,OOO 1,074 1,077 1.135 1,092 1,058 1,035 " Change -7.3 +0.3 +5.4 -3.8 -3.1 -2.2
lIates Per 100,000 1,948 1,891 1,963 2,042 1,969 1,9M
II-YIlAII nAT£! CIIANr.E
+11.1
"9.5
+25.8
.52.8
+2·1.4
f--1...f!,u'l'e -3.1 -2.9 +3.8 +·1.0 -3.6 -0.3 .17~_
Larceny-Theft 331,663 360,090 382'046
1 376,069 356,617 3·19,456
•
Hotor Vehicle Theft 56,205 69,041 74,618 68,046 56,678 47,620 lIate,; Per 100,000 330 362 383 369 313 268 \ Change -7.3 .!1.7 +5.8 -3.7 -15.2 -14.4 -42. I
Arson 5,039 5,411 5,945 6,054 5,523 5,255 lIates Per 100,000 30 28 31 . 33 30 30 \ Chanlle +3.4 -6.7 +10.7 +6.5 -9.1 (j.0 .30.4
PAIlT II
Ot.her Assaults 60,504 I 66,627 72,622 74,997 72,129 69,322 Rates Per 100,000 35~ 350 373 407 398 390 \ Change +1,.1 i -1.4 +6.6 +9.1 -2.2 -2.0 +311.4
lIates Per 100,000 157 167 179 180 178 173 Stolen Property (buying, receiving, etc.) 26,694', 31,838 34,797 3~,196 32,296 30,752
\ Change -8.2 .6.·1' +7.2 .0.1 -0.1 -2.8 1_ +51.8 __
Vandalism lIates Per 100,000 \ Change
80,141 87,593 96,:l.20 100,355 89,729 81,949 471 466 495 545 495 461
+2.3 -2.3 +7.6 +10.1 -9.1 -7.0
. Weapons (carrying. possessing, etc.) 18,528 2Il ,f.!!9 22,444 23,594 22,663 23,873
+27.2
Ilates Per 100,000 109 lil8 I . 115 128 125 134 \ Change -4.1 -0.6 ._~. +6.6 +11.1 -2.~ +8.2 I .26.6
See sources lind adjusted population bllses at end of tahle •
100 • •
• -.-- --
1970-1975 (l3-17) continue,l
Prostitution lInd Commercialized Vice 1,145 1,366 1,378 1,752 2,117 2,347 Ra les I'er lO!l,OOO 8 9 9 11 16 13 \ .. hanRe +12.5 0.0 +22.2 +45.S -18.8
Sex Offenses (except rape and prostitution) 9,191 9,245 9,678 8,560 8,934 !1,6('1 Rates I'er 100,000' 62 60 61 56 67 54 \ Change -3.2 <1.7 -8.2 t19.6 -19.4
Drug Abuse Violations 76,587 86,731 96,937 125,789 117,087 121.235 Rates Per 100,000 SIS 564 610 820 873 683 \ Change +9.5 +8.2 +34.4 '6.5 -21.8
llriving Under the Influence 4,613 5,432 7,531 8,929 8,679 16,9<1,6 Rates Per 100,00 31 35 47 58 65 96 '- Change .12.9 .-34.3 +23.4 +12.1 +47.7
J.iqllor Laws 74,725 81,070 76,175 74,041 78,648 tn5,022 Rates Per 100,00 503 527 480 483 587 592 .. Change +4.8 -8.9 +0.6 +21.5 +0.9
Drunkenness 40,385 43,056 40,030 34 ,096 28,203 ,10,914 Rates Per 100,000 272 280 252 222 210 231 % Change +2.9 -10.0 -11.9 -5.4 -<\1\.0
Disorderly Conduct 1011,414 117,123 110,596 90,378 95,893 108,326 Rates Per 100,000 730 7M 696 589 715 (J}l \ C"anlle +4.2 -8.5 -15.4 +21.4 -14.5
Curfew and Loitering Law Violations 99,734 !16,38n IIIB," 72 lil9,9S!l (,7,ln9 I\lS,lIf11l Rates Per 100,000 671 626 683 717 500 597 % Change -6.7 <9.1 +5.0 -30.n +19.4
Runaways 162,809 186,203 175,694 164 ,551 140,892 172,975 Rutes Per 1011,000 1,096 1,210 1.106 1,066 1,051 975 '!i Change +10.4 -8.6 -3.6 -1,4 -7.2
Adjuste~ Population Base 1
13-17 14,857,192 15,389,154 15,881,184 15,344,505 13,408,200 17,73Il,919
J'0l'ulatio/l Bases F.B.1. 151,604,000 155,446,000 160,416,000 154. !195 , 000 134,082,000 179,181,000 U.S. 204,878,000 207,053,000 203,846,000 210,410,000 211,901,000 31Z,559,OOll 13-17 20,082,000 20 ,4foO, 000 20,726,0110 20,901,()110 21,096,0011 21,070,0011
---- ----- -------------- ------,------ -----
NOTES:
1. Based on the ratio of youth in the overall U.S. population as applied to F.B.I. population for reporting agencies.
SOlJRCES:
U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, IIniJorm Crime Repal'to 1970-1975. 1970, Table 28, p. 126; 1971, Table 29, p. 122; 1972, Table 32, 1'. 126; 1973, Table 30, p. 128; 1974, Table 34, p. 186: 1975, Tuhle 36, p. 183. (IVashingtoll. Il.C.: Government Pdnting Office).
U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population Serieo (1'-25). EstimateIJ of till' Population of the U.S. by I1ge, Sex alld Raoe 1970-1975, No. 721, PI)' 11, 12, 13, 14, IS, \f,. (Washington, I}.C.~ Government' Printing Office).
101
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-=------------- .. _ .. _ ..... _ .. -_._ .. _----------_ ... _--- _ ... _---_._----_ ...... _ .. _-_._ .. _._-
•
".... t:d I ........... PlO
•
•
:.
• •••••
VIII. JUVENILE (0-I7) ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR SPECIFIC CRIMES, 1910-1981
For most offenses, arrest rates per 100,000 juveniles (0- to 17-year-olds) are too low for satisfactory trend analys·is. The rates presented in Chapter VII for the 13- to 17-year-old population are recommended for that purpose. Since many juvenile justice statistics are available only for the 0- to l7-year-old population, however, arrest trends for that age group are included in this chapter.
e
The trends in this chapter parallel those of Chapter VII for 13- to 17-year-olds. Arrests of 0- to 12-year-old juveniles are too low to substantially affect the overall patterns; but the size of the 0- to 12-year-old population greatly reduces the magnitude of the rates.
Similar to the 13- to 17-year-old rates, arrest rates for 0- to 17-year-olds have consistently been highest for larceny-theft, followed by burglary.
From 1970 to 1981, juvenile (0-17) arrest rates have increased most rapidly for driving under the influence, aggravated assault, and liquor laws. Arrest rates have decreased for the crimes of motor vehicle theft, drunkenness, sex offenses, disorderly conduct, and for status offenses (runaway and curfew and loitering).
Many of the graphics display a distinct peak in 1974 that the commentary does not mention. The extraordinarily high 1974 arrest rates are partially attributable to revision in that year of F.B.I. data reporting requirements, resulting in a much smaller reporting base for 1974 than for previous or successive years. Accordingly, the data for that year are particularly unsuitable for comparisons and are not explicitly discussed in this report. (See Methodology.)
103
j' I
I
. !
I j I I
I
I , ·1 , .
JUVENIIJ! (0-17) ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT, ROBBERY, AGGRAVATED ASSAULT, ARSON, FORCIBLE RAPE, AND MURDER AND NON-MEGLIGENT HANSLAUGIiTER, 1970-1981
Trend Sunmary (Graphic 34 and Table 9)
Q The juvenile (0-17) arrest rate for motor vehicle theft decreased 39.6 percent from 1970 to 1981. Motor vehicle theft is the only Part I offense category for which the arrest rate decreased.
• The juvenile (0-17) arrest rates for robbery, aggravated assault, ar~on, and forcible rape have increased from 1970 to 1981 by the following percentages:
Robbery: 26.3 Aggravated assault: 57.5 Arson: 27.3* Forcible rape: 33.3*
• Murder and non-negligent manslaughter did not display a change froul 1970 to 1981.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 34 and Table 9)
o In 1970, the juvenile (0-11) arrest rate for motor vehicle theft was 139 per 100,000. The rate tended to decrease throughout the period, declining to 84 in 1981.
• The juvenile (0-11) arrest rate for robbery increased from 57 per 100,000 in 1970 to 72 in 1981.
• In 1970, the arrest rate for aggravated assault waa 40 per 100,000. The rate tended to increase to the 1979 rate of 69 and has decreased thereafter to the 1981 rate of 63.
0 The juvenile (0-17) arrest rate for arson increas'ed from 11 per 100,000 in 1970 to 14 in 1981.*
• The juvenile (~-17) arrest rate for forcible rape increased from 6 per 100,000 in 1970 to 8 in 1981.* ,. The juveniLe (0-11) arrest rate for murder remained constant, remaining at 3 per 100,000 from 1970 to 1981. *
*Because the rates for arson, forcible rape, and murder and non-negligent manslaughter are so low, special c~re should be taken in interpreting those statistics.
• lOll • •
'I' e
0 0 0 .. 0 0 r-f
P4
re til
~
150
100
50
.- -~-
Graphic 3'. JUVENILE (0-17) HOTOR VEHICLE THEFT, ROBBERY, AGGRAVATED ASSAULT,
FORCIBLE RAPE, AND MURDER AND nON-NEGLIGENT HAHSLAUGUTRR ARREST RATE 'fRRNDS
1910-1981 139 133 ~33 •
~ 129
'- 122 ly ~o
lr \101
• ARSON,
63 ~ TIlliFl' 84 HOTOR VEHICLE It -39.6
12 12 ROBBERY
66 -- 63 +26.3 69 6t - - "0 AGGRAVATED ASSAULT
+57.5
15 14 14 14 15 I': 14 14 ARSON 11 12 12 11.,;I1111 ...... ·a.····· ...•. o ................. -e, ....... ··o ..... ··a.·· • ...... ·· ..... &." •• 12.... 21 J ... ····· .. -1· .. ·····ooi··· .. ·· .. 3 8 1 1 7 8 8 7 8 + • 6 ~ .. -.-.. --.. ---- .. ---"'--.------.-----J---... - .. --"'- .. --.... FORCIBLE RAPE +33 3 ..... -- 3 3 J 3 -- J --- •
3 e-------__ --___ --_---~. -_~-- .. ~.-- ..... ------J:--~. MURDER AND NON-NEGLIGENT o , i • I a • ii' r • ; MAllSLAUGDTER 0.0
1910 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1916 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 ll-YR RATE CIIAHGE
105
F I
I . I
~I .
JUVENILE (0-17) ARREST RATE TREND FOR BURGLARY, 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 35 and Table 9)
o The juvenile (0-11) arrest rate for burglary increased 22.9 percent fr.om 1970 to 1981.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 35 and Table 9)
• In 1970, the juvenile (O-U) arrest rate for burglary was 288 per 100,000. The rate increased sharply to the 1975 rate of 425 and has subsequently decreased to 354 in 1981.
to. 106_ e
.. e
o o o .. o o r-I
450
400
&1 35 fl.t
B 300
250
0«'
307 / ~-
./ 303 238 ... r
"·-·-··'-e-- -'--
Graphic 35 JUV~HILE (0-11) BURGLARY ARREST RATE TREND
1910-1981
417 42.1 425 /"',
--., ,/ '~2 I '--;;8 ' .... 371 I 394 .......
/ I
I ;;39
/
'~54 +22.9
,.- ._--,-- -~J-----'----~ I I I"--~Ir---r--------
1970 1911 1972 1973 1914 1975 1916 1911 1916 1979 1980 1981 ll-YR RATE GIlAHGE
101
•
I
i
i !. I I !
I 'I
JUVENILE (0-11) ARREST RATE TREND FOR LARCENY-THEFT, 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 36 and Table 9)
• The juvenile (0-17) arrest rate for burglary increased 11.9 p2rcent from 1970 to 1981.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 36 and Table 9)
• In 1970, the juvenile (0-17) arrest rate for burglary was 605 per 10p,000. This rate increased sharply in the mid-1970's and has subsequently decreased slightly to the 1981 rate of 677.
• 10e •
•
0 0 0 .. 0 0 .... C1 ~
CIl
§
850
800
750
700
650 651
- ' •. Graphic 36
JUVENILE (0-17) LARCENY-TllEFT ARREST RATE TREND 1970-1981
839
617 +11.9
600'~~~~ ____ r-__ -'r-__ -' ____ -r ____ ~ ____ JC~~1::-~!:~~~ __ ~~ __ ~~ ____ i:l-~~ __ ___ OtE .i
ll-'YR 1981 RATE CIIANGE 1910 1911 1912 1973 197~ 1975 1916 1911 1978 1979 1980
109
•
• I I
JUVENILE (0-17) ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR VAlIDALISH, OTHER ASSAULTS, STOLEN PROPERTY, WEApONS (CARRYING, POSSESSING, ETC.), SEX OFFENSES,
AND PROSTITUTION AND COMMERCIALIZED VICE, 1970-1981
Trend Suumary (Graphic 37 and Table 9)
• The juvenile (0-17) arrest rates for vandalism, other assaults, stolen property, weapons, and prostitution and commercialized vice have increased from 1970 to 1981 by the following percentages:
Vandalism: 17.9 Other assaults: Stolen property: Weapons: 30.3* Prostitution and
32.7 55.6*
commercialized vice: 150.0*
• The juvenile (0-17) arrest rate for sex offenses haa decreased 5.0 percent from 1970 to 1981.*
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 37 and Table 9)
• In 1970, the juvenile (0-17) arrest rate for vandalism was 156 per 100,000. This rate increased to 223 in 1979 and and has subsequently decreased to the 1981 rate of 184.
• The juvenile (0-17) arrest rate for other assaults increased from 101 per 100,000 in 1970 to 145 in 1979. It has subsequently decreased to 134 in 1981.
• The juvenile (0-17) arrest rate for stolen property increased from 36 per 100,000 in 1970 to 56 in 1981.*
• The juvenile (0-17) arrest rate for weapons increased from 33 per 100,000 in 1970 to 43 in 1981.*
• The juvenile (0-17) arrest rate for sex offenses has remained almost stable, showing a decrease from 20 per 100,000 in 1970 to 19 in 1981.*
• The juvenile (0-17) arrest rate for prostitution and commercialized vice increased from 2 per 100,000 in 1970 to 5 in 1981.*
••• 11 • •
--
o o
250
200
0., 150 o o r-I
e til § 100
50
+ •• -- •• -.~ -.
Graphic 31 JUVENILE <0-17) VAllDALISK, Ol'IIER ASSAULT, STOLED I?ROPERTY, mt!PONS (CARRYING, POSSESSING, ETC • .),
SEX OFFENSES, AND PROSTITUTION AND COMMERCIALIZED VICE ARREST nATE TRENDS 1970-1981
236
." I " II '
I ' . .._. . ....... I
207 -e-.. ..11.....' • 206 - • .,... ...... 213 •
167 113 I 202' 199
156 ..... -.-'1.- · · . ."'..... '" ~ ,
223
"8 18ft
VANDALISM +17.9
12 . 195 . 8 126 131 130 13~ •••• ···" ••••••• 141 111 114 ••• 8......... ............................ •.... 134
•
• • eo.. OT"'"
101 ........ ...... •••• 106 •••• •• ~R ASSAULTS ...... ......... +32.7
62 56 62 61 .59 56 STOum PROPERTY ---e 13- II - +55.6
~9 . 54
43 42 4!.,. 36 ~ "...,,,.,a-_ a:::..-~--~--~ 45 ...... 4---..--_~--.@---4'i--.... --. WEAPONS 33 34 35 37 39 37 31 39 41 43 +30.3
1!Io._ •• _a •• _eo-.~_ .. _.g._ .. -.e:-....... ~_.. 19 19 20 20 19 19 SEX Q,FFEHSES
•
20 20 21 19 23 -··a-··_ua-··_··ra-... _ .. .m-•• _;. • .., •• _ .... /J .' -:-5.0 2 3 'I 4 'i 4 5 6 1 6 PROSTITUTION AND
o I q= _______ il---D---I1i-_-Ii3---a-- .... --e--.... -.5 5 COHlmRCL\LIZED VICE iii • -8--_a +150 0
I j • iii. • 1981 ll-YR. 1970 19711972 1973 ~974 1~75' . 1976 1977 1978 1979 19SP
RATE CIIANGK
111
,. o
JUVENILE (0-17) ARREST RNrE TRENDS FOR LIQUOR LAW VIOLATIONS, DISORDERLY CONDUCT, DaUG ABUSE, DRUNKENNESS, AND DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE, 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 38 and Table 9)
• The juvenile (0-17) arrest rates for liquor law violations, drug abuse, and driving under the influence increased from 1970 to 1981 by the following percentages:
Liquor laws: 61.0 Drug abuse: 7.9 Driving under the influence: 444.4*
• The juvenile (0-17) arrest rate for disorderly conduct decreased 18.7 percent from 1970 to 1981.
.. The juvenile (0-17) arrest rate for drunkenness decreased 19.0 percent* from 1970 to 1981.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 38 and Table 9)
e In 1970, the juvenile (0-17) arrest rate for liquor law violations was 146 per 100,000. The rate increased fairly steadily to 235 in 1981.
G In 1970, the juvenile (0-17) arrest rate for disordarly conduct was 241 per 100,000 in 1970. The rate decreased sharply to 206 in 1973. Subsequently, it has remained almost constant, finishing at 196 in 1981.
• The juvenile (0-17) arrest rate for drug abuse has been extremely volatile. From the 1970 figure of 151, the rate increased sharply throughout the early 1970's. Thereafter, the rate decreased to 163 in 1981, returning almost to its initial level.
• In 1970, the juvenile (0-11) arrest rate for drunkenness was 79 per 100,000. The rate decreased to 64 in 1981.*
• The juvenile (0-17) arrest rate for driving under the influence increased' from an extremely low 9 per 100,000 in 1970 to 49 in 1981.*
*Because rates for drunkenness and driving under the influence are so low, special care should be taken in interpreting the magnitude of changes.
e 112. •
•
o g .. o o .-c
300
250
200
~ 150
§
100
50
._._-.-_ ... Graph1 8
JUVENILE (6-17) LIQUOR lAW VIOLA1IONS, DISORDBRLY COlIDUCT, DRUG ADUSK, DRUNKEHNBSS, AND DRIVING mIDKB. TIIK UIFLUHNGK ARREST RATE TRENDS
1970-1981
279
257 ,1/\ 241 .......... 254",1 257\ ~. ' e.. . ... 241 JI: " .. I · .. "
\It. I :.- ... ' •• I • • \ . : ~ ~ "l " ... ' 235 240 244
"
,:" ',un 225 225 " /lr'-'-'. .' ••• __ .... __ ................ /~ ........ 235
I '.' ...... 214 " '.
'r'
•• • •
f 206 211 ............ 207 211;': 216 LIQUOR LAWS ~"J 181 191 ....... 1ii;_.:g ..... r::: .... ,t•• .. • ••••• 206 +61 ••
169 ", ,..-..... 204 207 "197 •••• ",~",; -..:. ••••• 196
15!,..'" ..' "- ".
DISORDERLY CONDUCT -18.7
... ..-:-.. I "-0.... 157-' 145 149. ,113 146 ...... _...... -s-
_ 163 -It
64
14 1~ ~ .
85
75 15 69 67
42 46 51
18 21 31 3~ =*" ----1l.J:
4= ~-
DRUG ABUSE +7.9
DRUNKENNESS -19.0
DRIVING UNDER Tim INFLUENCE
+444.4
o i
1910 1911 1972 1913 1914 1975 1916 1977
113
1918 1919 1980 1981 U-YR RATE CRANGE
I'
,
i
I I I. I I i I
i I !
JUVENILE (0-17) ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR STATUS OFFENSES (RUNAWAY AND CURFEW AND LOITERING LAW VIOLATIONS), 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 39 and Table 9)
• The juvenile (0-17) arr~st rates for status offenses decr~ased from 1970 to 1981. The runaway arrest rate decreased 28.8 percent and the curfew and loitering arrest rate decreased 24.9 percent.
DesCFiptive Analysis (Graphic 39 and Table 9)
• In 1970, the juvenile (0-17) arrest rate for runaways was 347 per 100,000. After an increase in 1971 to 392, the rate decreased steadily to 247 in 1981.
• The juvenile (0-17) arrest rate for curfew and loitering increased from 205 per 100,000 in 1970 to 235 in 1973. It subsequently decreased to 115 in 1980 and then increased to 154 in 1981.
-- 114. •
--
c c 0 .. 0 0 ,....
~ eli
§
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
--_ .• - .. - • Gcaplac 39 JUVENILE (6-17) STATUS (RUNAWAYS AND CURFEW AND LOITERING LAW VIOLATIONS) ARREST RATE TR.HNDS
1976-1981
392 .. A..... 376
•• ...... 364 i' ••• .A.
•• • ••• 35.5 ....... • ••• • ' •••••• ". ]40 . . .. . " ..... M..... 316
347 •••• 113 ........ .
235 .......
T........ . . ••
...... 288 ..... o.
·0 •• •• 26]
oJ>.
-..... 247 247 ..... ~ ....... ~
2!?./ \ 202 / \ .. W5 / \"
... --~ 195/ \ I " 154
-.." I '167 ,. \ I., , \i " 147 I 165
~ 134 / .......... 13~_A, I
v.- ',/
115
RUNAWAYS -28.8
CURFEW AND LOITERING -24.9
oj r I I -y I I I I I I I I 1970 1911 1972 1i.973 1974 1915 1976 1911 1918 1919 1980 1981 ll-YR
RATE CDANGE
115
! I. I I
I I . I
, I
I
. ,e
PAIIT I
~Iurder and Non-negligent Hanslullghter Rates Per 100,000 .. Chunge
Forcible nape Rates I'er }OO,OOO % Change
nobbel'Y lIatos Per 100,000 \ Chunge
Aggravated Assault Rates Per 100,000 \ Change
Burgiary (breaking or entering) Rates Per 100,000 \ Change
I.a rceny -The ft Rates Per 100,000 \ Change
~Iotor Vehicle Theft Rates Pcr 100,000 \ Chonge
Arson Rates I'er 100,000 .. Change
~ Other Assaults
Rates )'ur 100,000 " Change
Stolen Property (buying, l"eceiving, etc.) Rates Per }OO,OOO \ Change
Vandalism Rates Per 1011,000 \ Change
Weupons (carrring, l'ossessing. etc:) Ila tes I'er 1110,000 \ Change
-~ ---
'fable 9
JUVENIJ.E (0-17) ARREST TIlENDS l'OIl SPECJfIC CIIIIIIJS, 1970-1981 1970-1975
1970 19l1 19n 1973
1,346 1,490 1,634 1,497 3 3 3 3
0.0 0.0 0.0
3,205 3,424 3,8'12 3,772 6 7 7 8
.. lb.7 0.0 +14.3
29,289 32,755 34,823 34,374 57 63 66 68
+10.5 +4.8 +3.0
20,756 24,633 27,256 26,270 40 47 51 52
+17.5 +8.5 +2.0
148,296 160,431 160,376 170,226 288 307 303 339
+6.6 -1.3 +11.9
312,066 340,2~1 336,983 310,452 60S 651 637 618
+7.6 -2.2 -3.0
71,456 69,313 65,255 66,868 139 133 123 133
-4.3 -7.5 +8.1
5,594 6,180 6,2113 6,491 11 12 12 13
+9.1 0.0 +8.3
52,282 5.1,970 60,322 53,044 101 III 114 106
+9.9 +2.7 -7.0
18,554 22,509 21,988 23,738 36 43 42 47
+19.4 -2.3 +U.9
80,632 87,303 91,586 83,428 156 167 173 166
"7.1 +3.6 -4.0 -
17 ,010 17,699 18,656 18,635 33 34 35 37
+3.0 +2.9 +5.7 ~. ~~.~
Ie
197q 1975
1,399 1,573 3 3
0.0 0.0
3,455 3,863 8 7
0.0 -12.5
35,3·15 44,470 83 80
+22.1 -3.6
26,300 35,512 62 64
+19.2 +3.2
181,689 236,192 427 425
+26.0 -0.5
356,695 432,019 839 778
+35.8 -7.3
59,1Il3 65,56'1 139 118
+4.5 -15.1
6,318 7,727 15 14
+15.4 -6.7
54,205 69,91>5 128 12b
+20.8 -\.6
26,406 32,891 62 59
+31.9 -4.8
100,492 llS,046 23(, 2117
+42.2 -12.3
19,Oll0 21,365 45 39
+21.6 -13.3
•
• _. -.-.. ~
1970-1975 (0-17) continued
Prosti tution and Commerci alized Vice 1,156 1,379 1,399 1,769 2,130 2,362 Rates Per 100,000 2 3 3 4 5 4 \ Change +50.0 0.0 +33.3 +25.0 -20.0
Sex Offenses (excel,t Hape and Prostitution) 10,421 10,503 10,977 9,784 9,953 10 ,876 Rates Per 100,000 20 20 21 19 23 20 'I; Change 0.0 +5.0 -9.5 +21.1 -13.0
Drug Abuse Violations 77,156 88,O!>1 98,308 127,316 118,460 122,857 Rates Per InO ,000 151 169 18(, 254 279 221 \ Change +11.9 +10.1 +36.6 +9.8 -20.8
-. Driving Under the Influence 4,633 5,465 7,568 9,026 8.818 17,020
Rat<:::> Per 100,000 9 iO 14 18 21 31 \ Change +11.1 +40.n +28.6 +16.7 +47.6
Li quor La\~s 75,288 81,745 76,894 74,690 79,323 105,813 Rates Per InO ,000 146 157 145 149 187 191 \ Change +7.5 -7.6 +2.8 +25.5 +2.1
Drunkenness 40,966 43.793 40,625 34,722 28,638 41,457 Rates Pcr 100,000 79 8,1 77 69 67 75 \ Change +6.3 -8.3 -10.4 -2.9 +11. 9
Disorder Iy COJlduct 124,077 134,449 127,756 103,556 109,,140 120,278 Rates Per lOO ,000 241 257 241 206 257 217 \ Change +6.6 -6.2 -14.5 +24.8 -15.6
Curfew and i.oitering Law Violations 105,548 101,9013 116,126 118,003 70,167 112,1l7 Rates Per 100,000 205 195 219 235 165 202
I \ Change -4.9 +12.3 +7.3 -29.8 +22.4 ,
Runaways 179,073 204,544 199,185 178,433 154,653 188,817 I Rates l'eT IOn,OnU 347 392 376 355 364 340 " Change +13.0 -4.1 -5.6 +2.5 -6.6
Adjusted Population Basel
0-17 51,545,360 52,229,856 52,937,280 50,218,380 42,503,!J94 55,5'19,2H1 .
I'ol'ulatioll !lases
F.B.1. 151,604,000 155,446,OUO 160,416,000 154,995,000 134,082,000 179,191,000 U.S. 204,878,000 207,053,000 208,8.16,000 210,410,000 211,901,OUO 213,559,OOU 0-17 69,691,000 69,563,UOO 68,99b,nOO 68,179,000 67,239,000 66,253,O(ln
NOTES:
1. Based on the ratio of youth in the overall U.S. population as applieol to F.ILI. population for rep0l'tlng agencies.
SOlIHCf:S:
U.S. Federal lIureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports 1970-1975. 1910, Table 28, 1'. 126; 1971, Table 29, p. 122; 1972, Table 32, p. 126; 1973, Table 3D, p. 128: 1974. Table 34, 1'. 186: 1975, Table 36, p. 188. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office).
U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population Seriee (1'-25). Eetimatee of the Population of tllo u.s. by Age. Sex alld Raoe 1970-1975, No. 721. 1'1'- 11, 12, 13, 11, IS, 16. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office).
117
•
.;
!
'rable 9 JUVENILE (0-17) ARREST TllENDS FOR SPECIFIC CItHmS, 1970-1981
1976-1981 anti II-Year !late Change
1976 1977 1978 1979 1900 ! 1981 ('ART I 11 ~EAR HATE
~Iurder anti Non-negl igent 14unslaughter 1,302 1,670 1,735 1,707 1,742 1,85S lANGE !lates ('er 10n,OOO 2 3 3 3 3 3 \ Change -0.3 +0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 lI.n
[lorcible Rape 3;745 4,257 4,517 4,651 4,346 4,449 Rates Per 100,000 7 7 8 8 7 8 \ Change 0.0 0.0 +14.3 0.0 -12.5 .. 14.3 +33.3
--I!obbery 36,990 39,259 48,088 41,157 41,997 42,214
!lates I'er lOO ,000 70 67 80 71 72 72 \ Change -~2.5 -4.3 +19.4 -11. 3 +1.4 0.0 +2b.3
Aggravatetl Assault 32,b78 36,182 41,253 39,860 38,135 37,332 !lates Per 100,000 62 62 69 69 66 63 ~; Change -3.1 0.0 +11.3 0.0 -4.3 -4.5 +57.5
Burglary (b.eaking or entering) 209,396 233,904 250,6-19 227,680 215,387 208,650 !lates I'er 100,000 394 398 417 392 371 35·1 \ Change -7.3 +),0, .4.8 -6.0 -5.4 -4.6 +22.9
--(.ul·ccny-Theft 3!J9,235 431,747 454,994 444,053 421,082 417,346
!lates Per lOO ,OliO 751 735 758 764 725 677 \ Change -3.5 -2.1 +3.1 +0.8 -5.1 -6.6 +1) .9
~Iotor Vehicle Theft 58,279 71,648 77 ,534 70,676 58,7!J1! 49,449 Rates I'er 100,000 110 122 129 122 lOl l!4 \ Change -6.8 +10.9 +5.7 -5.4 -17 .2 -16.8 -39.6
Arson 7,601 8,235 8,760 9,012 !l,lhl 8,210 I !lutes Per lIJO ,000 14 14 IS 16 14 14 \ Change 0.0 0.0 +7. I , +6.7 -(2.5 0.11 +27.3
---, PA!lT II
Olher AssulIl ts 69,90,1 76,386 82,425 84,258 81,710 79,259 !tates I'er 100,0110 131 130 137 145 loll 134 % Change +4.0 -0.8 +5.4 +5.8 -2.8 -5.0 +32.7
Stolen Property (buying, receiving. etc.) 28,940 34,307 37,490 35,630 34,522 33,U1I3 !lutes Per 100,000 54 58 62 61 59 56 \ Challge -8.5 .'7.4 +6.9 -1.6 -3.3 -5.1 .S5.6
-- ---VallllalisllI 109,712 118,563 127,973 129,603 115,636 lO8,5SS
(tates Per lOll ,000 206 202 213 223 199 184 'i. Change -II.S -1.9 *5.4 +4.7 -10.8 -7.5 il7.9
I~eapolls (carrying, possessing, etc.) 19,649 21,852 23,6119 24,991 23,990 25,'122 Hutes Per 100,000 37 37 39 43 41 43 '\ Change -5.1 0.0 T5.-1 +10.3 -4.7 +4.9 +311.3
----------- -- ---~-
e lIB. •
T • • ••• • 1976-1981 (0-17) continued
Prostitution and CommerciaJi zed Vice 2,570 3,315 4,212 3,319 3,Il89 3,030 Rates Per 100,000 5 Ii 7 b 5 5 " Change +2S.1l +20.0 +16.7 -14.3 -16.7 0.0 +150.0
Sex Offenses (except Rape and Prosti tution) 9,902 11 ,197 11,842 11",368 lJ ,0/16 11,291 Rates I'er 100,000 19 19 20 ZO 19 19 '\ Change -5.0 0.0 +5.3 0.0 -5.0 0.0 -5.0
Drug Abuse Violations 119,522 132,3Ib 141,186 114,356 iOO,688 96,23L \tates Pel" 100,000 225 225 235 197 173 163 " Change +1.8 0.0 +4.4 -16.2 -12.2 -5.8 +7.9
Driving Under the Influence 17.264 24,495 27,494 29,830 29,957 28,b02 Rates Per 100,000 33 42 46 51 52 49 \ Change +6.S +21.3 -49.5 .10.9 +2.0 -S .8 1444.4
Liquor Laws 108,934 119,913 127,1169 139,286 141,751 136,503 Ra tes Per 100,000 205 204 212 240 244 235 '\ Change +7.3 -0.5 +3.9 +13.2 +1.7 -3.7 +61.0
Drunkenness 39,750 49,844 43,210 45,700 42,657 37,748 Hates Per 100,000 75 85 72 79 73 64 " Change 0.0 +13.3 -15.3 +9,7 -7.6 -12.3 -19.0
Disorderly Conduct 113,898 121,272 124,307 125,536 119,662 liS ,803 Rates Per 100,000 214 207 207 216 206 196 \ Change -1.4 -3.3 O.() +4,3 -4.6 -4.9 -IIi. 7
Curfew and Loi tering Law Violations 86,601 66,013 7lI,972 76,147 66,703' 90,599 lIates Per loo,noo 167 147 132 134 ns 154 \ Change -17 .3 -12.0 -10.2 +1.5 -14.2 +33.9 -24.9
Runaways 166,529 185,447- 172,873 152,866 143,598 145,301 lIates Per 100,000 313 316 268 263 247 24i ,. Change -7.9 +1.0 -8.9 -8.7 -6.1 0.0 -28.8
Adjusted Population 8ase 1
0-17 53,176,197 58,726,696 60,047,400 51J,1l2,264 58,086,188 58,951,475
POl'ulation Bases
F.B. I. 175,499,000 198,401,000 207,060,000 204,622,000 208,194,225 214,369,000 U.S. 215,142,000 216,817,000 2111,546,000 220,H2,OOO 222,159,000 224,212,000 0-17 65,197,0110 64,245,000 63,370,000 62,S31,O()0 61,962,UnO 61,M2,UOO
- ---~-------~ - -- -- - - --
~:
1. Based on the ratio of youth in the overall U.S. popUlation as applied to F.B.I. population for reporting agencies.
~:
U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Ullifoltn Crill/e Repol-f;o 1976-1981. 1976, Tahle 32, p. 181: 1977, Table 32, p. 180; 1978, Table 32, p. 194; 1979, Tahle 32, p. 196: 1980, Table 32, p. ZOO; 1981, Table 31, p. 171. (I~ashillgton, P.C.: Government Printing Office).
U.S. BlII'eali of the Census, Population Serieo (1'-25). Eotimateo of the l'oplllatioll of tll13 u.s. by Age, Sex and Raae 1970-1977, No. 7il, 1'1'. 9 lind 10: Estimates of the Population of ti,e u.s, by Age, Sex mul Race 1976-J978, No. SOO, PI'. 5 and 6: P,'oJeotiollo of tile Populatioll of tile u.s. 1977-2050, No. 704, rp- 39, 40, 41. (Washington, f).C.: f,overruncnt Printing Office).
119
I
I I
I
I
I
I I I I
I
I I
I
I
•
• . '-'.- .. _ ... _-----_ .. _-- -- -.,
• '----T ---.,
IX. JUVENILE (0-11) ARRKST RATE TRENDS, FOR SEVEN MAJOR OFFEnSE CATEGORIES, FOR MALES AND FEMALES, 1970-1981
Arrest rates for juvenile (O-H) males consistently have been three to five times higher than for females in most major offense categories.
From 1970 to 1981, juvenile (0-11) arrest rates have increased for both males and females, with the increases in male arrest rates generally exceeding those for females. Almost without exception, yearly fluctuations in arrest rates for males and females have occurred synchronously, rising and falling in unison by similar percentages.
Many of the graphics display a distinct peak in 1974 that the commentary does not mention. The extraordinarily high 1974 arrest rates are partially attributable to revision in that year of F.B.I. data reporting requirements, resulting in a much smaller reporting base for 1974 than for previous or successive years. Accordingly, the data for that year are particularly unsuitable for compsrisons and are not explicitly discussed in this report. (See Methodology.)
121
-.
!
JUVENILE (0-17) 'TOTAL ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR MALES AND FEMALES, 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 40 and Tahle 10)
G The Total arrest rate £or juvenile (0-11) males has been three to five times higher than for females from 1970 to 1981.
fI From 1970 to 1981, the Total .arrest rate for juvenile (0-11) males increased 10.1 percent.
• From 1970 to 1.981, the Total arrest rate for juvenile (0-11) females 'increased 4.8 percent.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 40 and Table 10)
• In 1970, the Total arrest rate for juvenile (0-I1) males was 4,979 per 100,000. This rate increased to 6,120 in 1915 and has subsequently decreased to 5,484 in 1981.
• In 1910, the Total arrest rate for juvenile (0-I7) females was 1,403 per 100,000. This rate increased to 1,716 in 1975 and has subsequently decreased to 1,470 in 1981.
tt 124t tt
'. 6,200
6,100
6,000
5,900
5,800
5,700
5,600
g 5,500 0 .. 0 ~ 5,400 ~
~ 5,300 til
~ 5,200
5,100
5,000
1.,900. " ...
1,700
1,600-
1,5QO
1,400:1. O'ii
-.--Graphic 40
JUVENILE «(]I-l7) mIAL .ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR MAL~S AND nMALKS 1970-1981
6,1710 ... , ..... I ..... "6,120
I \ I \ , \ I \ I \ / \
Jr \ • \ 5,69~ 5,130 I o-.J>...-'l I \ I --0 ..... - \ I \ I 5,612 \
t I I \ I \ I \15,500 \
5,350 I \ 5,484
5,
316
r" ......... ..0,., I 5,454\"""-'"
I, I I ',I
/ 05,214
I I
I I
0 4 ,979
/
1 724 1,716 J 11-_ ....
I " 1,622 1 610 1 621 I to. __ ..e-__ ,,' ' ' ..... ~ ...... 1,583 ........... , l '=" '-.!,536
r ..... I 1,580 iI..... 1 470 ..... ~ , / "1fI ...... q.. __ .. / 1,510 1,464
rIt,403
HALES ~10.1
FEMALES +4.8
-,---.--------.-~ •• 1@;jiI1l-YR ·1910 1971 1972 1913 1974 1915 1916 1977 1918 1979 1980 1981 RATE CHANGE
•
JUVENILE (0-17) INDEX (SERIOUS PROPERTY AND VIOLENT) ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR MALES AND FEMALES, 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 41 and Table 10)
• The Index arrest rates for juvenile (0-17) males and females, and the Violent and Serious Property arrest rates comprising the Index, have incr.eased from 1970 to 1981.
o Juvenile (0-17) male and female arrest rates for Serious Property offenses (burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson) have been many times higher than Violent (murder, manslaughter, forcible rape, ~obbery, and aggravated assault) arrest rates.
• From 1970 to 1981, male arrest rates for the Index categories increased by the following percentages: Index: 11.0 Serious Property: 8.6 Violent: 31.7
• From 1910 to 1981, female arrest rates for the Index offense categories increased by the following per-centages:
Index: 23.7 Serious Property: 22.1 Violent 52.4*
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 41 and Table 10)
_ In 1970, the Index arrest rate for juvenile (0-17) males was 1,931 per 100,000. This rate increased to 2,552 in 1975 and has subsequently decreased to 2,143 in 1981. For juvenile (0-17) females, the rate increased from 392 in 1970 to 599 in 1975, and then decreased to 485 in 1981.
• In 1970, the Serious Property arrest rate for juvenile (0-17) males was 1,732 per 100,000. This rate increased to 2,256 in 1975 and has subsequently decreased to 1,881 in 1981. For juvenile (0-17) females, the rate increased from 371 in 1970 to 562 in 1975, and then decreased to 453 in 1981.
.• The Violent arrest rate for juvenile (0-11) males haa varied from its initial low of 199 per 100,000 in 1970 to as high as 297 in 1975. Overall, the rate increased to 262 in 1981. The Violent arrest rate for juvenile (0-17) females increased from 21 per 100,000 in 1970 to 32 in 1981.*
*Because the female Violent arrest rates are so low, special care should be taken in interpreting the magnitude of changes •
• 12. •
• 'e- .. e'
o o o .. o ~ r:d fl! til
~
2,100
2,600
2,500
2,400
2,300
2,200
2,100
2,000'1
Graphic 41 JUVENILE (0-17) INDEX (PART I, SERIOUS PROPERTY AND VIOLENT)
ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR MALES AND FEMALES
2,321
~"' f _
I '0. I 2,256\
1970-1961
2,318
2,280
/ \ I \\ 2,060 2,056 I ,~--~ , . \ "ot'fY" ......
2,143 . MALES--TOTAL INDEX
+11.0
1,900~ 1,931
, b ... >'" 2,022 ',1,949
I 1,970 "'0.., 1,838 I "'"0 MALRS--SERIOUS PROPERTY
400
190
~,.O-__ ~03 I 1 881 +6.6 ;r _ I r
// ---01,767 o
1,732 606
1112-...... ~ 522 532 5:8 535 'I 562--~a-- _..I!l __ ~91 . ~ "'fI-.-...,.a,...,"'" 521 -II
445,/ 495 502 503'-....... ---111 +23.7 ,~ __ .... --__ ,. ----0
485 FEHALES--TOTAL INDEX
..... __ ..... --~ 460 453 FEMALES--SERIOUS PROPERTY .... _-404 423 419 +22.1
371 296 297 250 262 263 262 HALE8--TOTAL VIOLENT fI .. O ••••••• ~GIt. 210 •• 0.... 22.0 ...... o··,,·····O .... m ••
O +31 7 or? 241 236 .... ·.. ·····.0.····· · .. · .. '0··· .. · .
199 ~_4 fiI,!II.O····· .•. O-· • e •• ·~(]····· [Jo ••
50 21 26 29 26 35 37 28 30 27 31 31 32 FRHALES--TOTAL nOLHNT o •••••••••• I1 •• ······!I······ .. I1 •• ~·.···.,.·······.a······ ........... 5 ..................... g ••••••••• I1 •••••••• .ra +52.4
1970 1911 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977
125 1978 1979 1980 1981 ll-YR
RATE ClJANGE
.. :
JUVENILE (0-11) PART II, LKSS STATUS AND STATUS ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR HALES AND FEMALES, 1910-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 42 and Table 10)
• The Part II, Less StatuB arrest rate for juvenile (0-17) males has be~n four to five times higher than for females from 1970 to 1981.
c The Status arreat rate for juvenile (0-17) males and females has been more nearly equal than for any other offens~ category from 1970 to 1981.
e The Part II, Less Status arrest rate increased from 1970 to 1981: 19.8 percent for juvenile (0-17) males and 15.3 percent for juvenile (0-17) females.
• The Status arrest rate decreased from 1970 to 1981: 27.8 percent for juvenile (0-11) males and 24.3 percent for juvenile (0-11) females.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 42 and Table 10)
• In 1970, the Part II, Less Status arrest rate for juvenile (0-17) males was 2,398 per 100,000. This rate increased during the early 1970's and has subsequently remained almost stable. In 1981, the rate was 2,872.
• In 1970, the Part II, Less Status arrest rate for juvenile (0-17) females was 554 per 100,000. It increased to 639 in 1981.
o The Status arrest rate for juvenile (0-11) males tended to decrease from 650 per 100,000 in 1970 to 378 in 1980: It increased in 1981 to 469.
• The Status arrest rate for juvenile (0-11) females increased from 457 per 100,000 in 1970 to 541 in 1972. It has subsequently decreased steadily to 346 in 1981.
• 12 • •
•
3,100
3,000
2,900
2,800
2,700
0 2,600 0 0 .. 0 0 2,500 r-4
~
re 2 J 400 tr.l
~ 2,300
100
600
500
400
300
---.-_.- .
Graphic 42 JUVENILE (0-17) PART II, LESS STATUS AND STATUS ARREST RATH TRENDS FOIt HALBS AND FEMALES
1970-1981
2,994 3 OlGD.. 2,957 / .. ..0... .. ,
' .'....... 2,926 /' ...... "<1'. " 2,872
I 't\' • 2,927 0 .. - .. -0 • "'./ 2,tJ65 I .. / · ''If I 2,184 . •
I ,. 2,618 I _00... .
HALKS--PART II LESS STATUS
+19.8
~ ...... I /2,595 "'''02,524 ..
/ #"
I . d2,398
650
440 437
127
FEHALES--PART II LESS STATUS
;t-15.3
469 MALES-STATUS -27.8
•
Table 10 JUVENilE (0-17) ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR ~IALES AND FE~IALF.S, 1970-1981
1970-1975
-1970 1971 1972 1973 197q 1975
Total Juvenile Arrests l -Hale 1,182,471 1,265,751 1,282,260 1,274,672 1,138,766 1,409,114
Rates Per 100,000 4,979 5,316 5,360 5,214 6,171 6,120 1; Change +6.8 +0.8 -2.7 +18.4 -0.8
Female 321,712 363,750 373,982 355,723 306,389 380,020 Rates Per 100,000 1,403 1,583 1,621 1,510 1,724 1,716 \; ChallGe +12.8 +2.4 -6.8 +14.2 -0.5
Total Index Arrests2
~lale 458,556 491,010 489,145 489,721 482,972 587.665 Rates Per 100,000 1,931 2,062 2,045 2.003 2,617 2.552 \ Change +6.8 -0.8 -2.1 +30.7 -2.5
Female 89,921 98,814 104,325 104,848 . 107,719 132,605 Rates Per 100,000 392 430 452 445 606 599 \ Change +9.7 +5.1 -1.5 +36.2 -1.2
Total Violent Arrests 3
~lale 47,224 53,297 57,688 57,605 54,574 68,309 Rates Per 100,000 199 224 241 236 296 297 \ Change +12.6 +7.6 -2.1 +25.4 .0.3
Female 4,848 6,004 6,725 6,093 6,134 8,112 Rates Per 100,000 21 26 29 26 35 37
! \ Change +23.8 +1J .5 -10.3 +34.6 +5.7
Total Part 1. Serious I'roEertl Arrests4
~Iale 411.332 437,713 431,457 432.116 428,398 519,356 Hates Par 100,000 1,732 1,838 1,803 1,767 2,321 2.256 % Change +6.1 -1.9 -2.0 +31.4 -2.8
Female 85,073 92,810 97,600 98,755 101,585 124.493 Hates I'er 100,000 371 404 423 419 572 562 \ Change +8.9 +4.1 -0.9 +36.5 -1.7
Total Part II Arrests ~I.lle 732,915 774,747 793,115 . 784,951 655,794 821,·149
nates Per 100,000 3,048 3,254 3,315 3,211 ~,554 3,568 " ChanGe +6.8 +1.9 -3 . .1 +10.4 +0.4
"em,lie 231,791 264,936 269,657 250.875 198,670 247.415 Hates Per 100,000 I,OlI 1,153 1,169 1.065 1,118 1.117 \ Change +14.0 +1.4 -8.9 +5.0 -0.1
NOTES: -- . 1. Docs not include manslaughter by negligence which was onaitted in 1978.
j
i I
2. Does not include manslaughter by neg1l.gence which was omitted in 1978 and does include arson which was aLlded as an 3. Includes naurder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assaul t. ". Includes burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, anLl arson (which was added as a property offense in 1979).
index offense in 1979.
j . ! •• Sec sources und adjusted populatioll bases at end of table • 12. •
•
I
. ....•.. -.
1970-1975 continued
Total Part 11 Arrests Less 1"otal Status Hale 5:;9,487 617 ,934 626,403 617,168 556,187 674,055
Rates Per 100,000 2,398 2,595 2,618 2,524 3,014 2,9'2a % Change +8.2 .0.9 -3.6 +19.4 -2.9
Fernale 126,916 144,238 144,766 134,987 111,048 137,249 Rates Pcr 100,000 554 628 628 573 625 620 I
% Change +13.4 0.0 ~8.8 19.1 -0.8 I Total Status Arrests5
Nil Ie 154,428 156,813 166,712 167,783 99,607 147,394 Rates Per 100,000 650 659 697 686 540 640 \ Change +1.4 ~5.8 -1.6 -21.3 +18.5
Female 104,875 120,698 124,891 115,888 87,622 110,166 Rates Per 100,000 457 525 541 492 493 497 \ Change +14.9 +3.0 -9.1 ~O.2 +0.8
Adjusted Population Bases 6
~Iale 0-17 23,747,191 23,809,1l69 23,924,040 24,448,875 18,454,716 23,023,756 l'Clnale 0-17 22,923,5B9 22,974,435 23,069,610 23,559,825 17,771,208 22,149,436
Population Bases F.B.I. 137,267,000 139,239,000 142,405,000 148,175,000 113,918,000 145,719,972 U.S. 7 204,878,000 207,053,000 208,846,000 210,410,000 211,901, (lOO 213,559,000 I-Iale 0-17 7 35,511,000 35,451,O(J0 35.169,000 34,752,000 34,282,000 ~J, 786,1'100 Femn1e 0~17 34,183,000 34,113,000 33,826,000 :U.426 ,000 32,957,nOO 32,466,OOIi
NOTES:
5. Includes curfew, loitering, and runaway offenses. 6. Based on the percentage of male and female youths in the overall \l.S. population as appl1ed to F.B.I. population for rcporting agencies. 7. ~Iale/female populations do not a(ltl to total population due to rounding in the U.S. Bureau of Census statistics.
SOURCES:
U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Unifonn Crime RepOl'tB 1970-1975. 1970, Table 31, p. 130; 1971, Table 32, p. 126; 1972, Table 35, p. 130; 1973, Table 33, p. 132; 1974, Table 37, p. 190; 1975, TaMe 35, \,. 187. (Washington, D.C.: Government I'rinting Office).
U.S. Bureau of the Census, l'opulatioll Sel'il3l1 (P-25). ElItimateo of the Population of the u.s. by Age, Sex alld Race 1970-1975, No. 721, pp. 11, 12, 13, 14, IS, 16. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office).
129
•
Tatile 10
.IIlVENlLE (0-17) ARREST RATE TIIENDS FOR MALES AND FE~tALES, 1970-1981
1976-1981 and JI-Year Rate Chang"
Total Juvenile 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Total Juvenile Arrests l ll-YEAR
Hale 1.387.195 1,621,503 1,5U7.287 1,642,535 1,576.706 1.51\6.973 RATE ClIANGE
Rates Per 100.000 5.500 5,694 5.6-2 5.730 5.454 5.484 'I; Change -10.1 +3.5 -0.4 +1.0 -4.8 +0.6 +10.1
Female 380.593 443,lj5S 410.628 422.577 4U8.256 407.074 Rates Per 100.000 1.580 1.622 1.610 1.538 1,464 1.470 'I; Change -7.9 +2.7 -0.7 -4.5 -4.8 +0.4 +4.8
Total Index Arrests 2 ~Iale 549,745 646,881 605,955 664 .456 639,351 620.069
Rates Per 100.000 2,180 2,272 2,280 2.318 2.212 2.143 \Ch~ -14.6 +4.2 +0.4 ;-l.7 -4.6 -3.1 +11.0
Female 125,781 145,401 139.724 146,896 136.897 134.311 aates Per 100,000 522 532 548 535 491 485 1; Change -12.9 +1.9 +3.0 -2.4 -S.2 -1.2 +23.7
Total Violent Arrests 3
~Iale 52.999 '71,063 58.447 15.044 15.984 75,7UO Rates Per 10U,OOO 210 250 220 262 263 262 'I; Change -29.3 +19.0 -12.0 +19.1 +0.4 -0.4 +31. 7
Female 6.684 8.200 6.810 8,566 8.741 8.884 Rates Per 100.000 28 30 27 31 31 32 'I; Change -24.3 +7.1 -10.0 +14.8 0.0 +3.2 +52.4
'fatal Part I, Serious Pro~ertr Arrests4
~tale 496,746 575.818 547.508 589.412 563.367 5·14.369 Rates Per 100,000 1,970 2,022 2,060 2,056 1.949 1,881 I
I
\ Change -12.7 +2.6 H.9 -U.2 -5.2 -3.5 +8.6 I .. I Female> H9,097 137,201 132,914 138,330 1211,156 125,427 I
Rates Per 100,000 495 502 52} 503 460 453 I , \ Chunge -11.9 .. 1.4 +3.8 -3.5 -8.5 -1.5 +22.1 i
Total Part II Arrests I ~tale 837.450 974,622 901,332 978,079 937,355 966,9U4 I
Rates Per 100,000 3,320 3,423 3,391 3.412 3,243 3.341 '- Chunge -7.0 +3.1 -0.9 fO.6 -5.0 +3.0 +9.6
I'emal" 254,812 298,157 270,904 275,681 271,359 272.763 Rates Per 100,000 I 1,058 1,090 1,062 1,003 973 985 \ Change -5.3 +3.0 -2.6 -5.6 -3.0 +1.2 -2.6
NOTES:
1. Does not iJ:clmle manslaughter by negUgence which was ami ttoo in 1978. 2. Does not include reansluughter by negligence which was omitted in 1978 and does include lll'son which was added as lin index offense in 1979. 3. Includes murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, alld aggravated assault. 4. Includes burglary, larceny-theft. motor vehicle t:left, and arson (which was udded as a property offense in 1979) •
. : • 130· • See sources and adjusted population bases at end of table •
• .",". . •. ~.- • ]976-1981 IIml 11-Yellr Rate Change, continue<l
Total Patt II Arrests Less Total Status ~131e 702,054 842,153 777,769 858,164 828,210 831,214
Rates Per 100,000 2,784 2,957 2,927 2,994 2,865 2,872 -- +19.81 .. Change -4.9 .. 6.2 -1.0 "2.3 -4.3 +0.2
Female 148,735 179,444 1()5,233 173,459 173,S5() 176,931 Rates Per 100,000 618 656 648 631 622 639 .. Chanr.e -0.3 +6.1 -1.2 -2.6 -1.4 +2.7
Total Status Arrests S
~Iale 135,396 139,523 123,563 119,91S 109,145 135,690 Rates Per 100,000 537 490 46S 418 378 469 \ Cilnngc -H>.l -8.8 -5.1 -10.1 -9.6 +24.1
Fcmale 106,077 119.444 105,611 102,222 97,803 95,1132 Rates Pcr 100,000 440 437 414 372 351 346 '!; Change -U.S -0.1 -S.3 -HI. I -5.6 -1.4
Mjustc<l Population Bases6
Hale 0-17 25,221,910 28,475,580 26,576,212 28,663,455 26,906,757 26,938,280 Female 0-17 24,082,856 27,344,100 2S,49B,798 21,477,381 27,888,913 27,698,068
Popul(ltion Bases F.Il.I. 162,722,000 188,580,000 179,569,000 197,679,000 203,568,711 206,702,000 U.S. 215,142,000 216,817,000 218,548,000 220,232,000 222,lS9,000 224,212,IJOO ~Iale 0_177 7 33,257,000 32,783,000 32,346,000 31,926,000 31,655,000 31.491.000 Female 0-11 31,!N2,OOO 31,463,000 31,032,000 30,606,000 30,326,(/00 30.151.00()
NOTES:
S. Includes curfew, loitering. and runllway offenses. 6. Base<l on the percentage of male and female youths in the overall U.S. population as applied to I'.B.1. popUlation fot reporting agencies. 1. ~!alc/female populations do not add to total population due to roundIng in the U.S. Bureau of Census statistics.
~:
U.S. Fe<leral Bureau of Investig(ltion, Unifonn Crime Repol·to 19~b-1981. 1976, Table 31, p. 180, 1977, Table 31, p. 179; 1978, Tab1c 31, j'. 193; 1979, Table 31, p. 195; 1980, Table 31, p. 199; 1981, Table 30, p. 170. (I~ashington, D.C.: Govcrl1lllent Printing Office).
+15.3
-27.8
-24.3
U.S. lJureau of the Census, Population Ser-ies Estimates of the Population of tI,e u.s. by A{]e, Sex and Raae 1970-1977, No. 721, pp. 9 and HI; E3timateo of the Population of the U.S. by Age, Sex. arid Raee 1916-1978, No. 800, Pl'. 5 Dnd 6; P/'ojeoiiono of the Populatioll of tI,e u.s. 1977-2000, No. 704, pp. 39, 40, 41. (Washington, O.C.: Government Printing Office).
131
, , .1 ! I
: I
••
'. -~~----.---~-~'-
• ' . ,. 'e-"" "" ....
x. .JUVENILE (0-17) ARREST RATE TREIIDS, FOR. SEVEN MAJOR OFFENSE CATEGORIES, FOR. BLACKS AND WlllTES, 1970-1981
Arrest: rates for juvenile (0-17) blacks consistently have been higher than for whites in every major offense category except Status.
From 1970 to 1981, juvenile (0-17) arrest rates have increased for both blacks and whites; with increases in whites' arrest rates generally exceeding those for blacks.
The disparity between white and black arrest rates has been greatest for Violent offenses throughout the 1970-1981 period. The black and whiteVi01ent arrest rate has, llowever, become more nearly equal in recent years.
Because populations otller than white and black have not been consistently defined, either over time within the Uniform Crime Reports system or between the UCR and Census systems, this report includes only rates for whites and blacks. .
Many of the graphics display a distinct peak in 1974 that the commentary does not mentiou. The extraordinarily high 1974 arrest rates are partially attributable to revision in tllat year of F.B.I. data reporting requirements, resulting in a lIruch smaller reporting baae for 1974 than for previous or successive years. Accordingly, the data for that year are particularly unsuitable for comparisons and are not explici.tly discussed in this report. (See Methodology.)
133
•
i 1
I ! 1
.'
JUVENILE (0-17) TOTAL ARREST RATE TREND FOR BLACKS AND WHITES, 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 43 and Table 11)
• The Total arrest rate for juvenile (0-17) blacks has been one and a half to two times higher than for whites from 1970 to 1981.
• From 1970 to 1981, the Total arrest rate for juvenile (0-17) blacks increased 1.8 percent.
• From 1970 to 1981, the Total arrest rate for juvenile (0-17) whites increased 17.2 percent.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 43 and Table 11)
• In 1970, the Total arrest rate for juvenile (0-11) blacks was 5,534 per 100,000. This rate fluctuated greatly throughout the 1970's, decreasin~ to a low of 5,154 in 1980 and increasing again to 5,632 in 1981.
• In 1970, the Total arrest rate for juvenile (0-17) whites was 2,646 per 100,000. This rate increased to 3,438 in 1975 and has subsequently decreased to 3,102 in 1981.
,. 13. •
" •
6,500
6,300
6,100
5,900
5,700
0 g 5,500 .. 0 0 r-I 5,300
~ Il4 5,100 ttl
~ 3,600
3,/tOO
3,200
3,000
2,600 « o
- .• '~ -~.
Graphic 43 JUVENILE (0-17) TOTAL ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR BLACKS AND WHITES
1970-1981
.... 6,1.12 .V\ I \
I \ I I \ 5,916 5,988 I \ /\
.v...., \ /
........ .. .. .j \ "\ 5.~)2 "5.830 5.821 5 688', i'5,644 \ I
/ '\ / \ I / \ / I
/ \ / \5,320 I • 5,534 \' ..........
5,321 '~J 154
3,621 ,0, I ' ... 3,438
" "'0 , ' 3,349 3,386 3,392
, 0 __ - 0---0
/... ' ,," , . .,....0..;,161 -0'; ' ..... 3,226
3,013 ~" 3 205 0 o~ , , " , " ~ ,,02,848 ),102
/" cf2,646
BLACK +1.8
WlTE +11.2
---.----. • . • • • I • , , ,
1910 1971 1972 1973 1914 197.5 1976 1977 1918 1919 1980 1981 ll-YR RATE CUANGE
i35
'.
I I
. 1
JUVENILE (0-17) INDEX (SERIOUS PROPERTY AND VIOLENT) ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR BLACKS AND WHITES, 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 44 and Table 11)
• The Index arrest rates for juvenile (0-17) blacks and whites, and the Violent and Serious Property arrest ::ates comprising the Index, have increased from 1970 to 1981.
• Juvenile (0-17) black arrest rates for Serious Property offenses (burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson) have been four to five times higher than Violent (murder, manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) arrest rates. The white Serious Property arrest rate was 20 times higber than the white Violent arrest rate in 1970. In 1980, it was 12 times higher.
• From 1970 to 1981, the juvenile (0-17) black arrest rate for Index offenses remained almost unchanged. The black arrest rate for Serious Property offenses decreased 5.3 percent, and the black arrest rate for Violent offenses increased 27.0 percent.
• From 1970 to 1981, the juvenile (0-17) white arrest rate for Index offenses increased 32.9 percent. The white arrest rate for Serious Property offenses increased 29.1 percent, and the white arrest rate for Violent offenses increased 91.9 percent.*
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 44 and Table 11)
• In 1970, the Index arrest rate for juvenile (0-17) blacks was 2,641 per 100,000. This rate increased to 3,006 in 1978 and has subsequently decreased to 2,111 in 2634. For juvenile (0-17) whites, the rate increased from 812 in 1970 to 1,225 in 1975, and then decreased to 1,079 in 1981.
• In 1970~ the Part I, Serious Property arrest rate for juvenile (0-17) blacks was 2,229 per 100,000. This rate increased to 2,463 in 1975 and has subsequently decreased to 2,111 in 1981. For juvenile (0-17) whites, the rete increased from 774 in 1970 to 1,150 in 1975, and then decreased to 999 in 1981.
~ The Violent arrest rate for juvenile (0-17) blacks has varied from its initial low of 411 in 1970 to as high' as 498 in 1975. Overall, the rate increased to 522 in 1981.
• The Violent arrest rate for juvenile (0-17) whites increased from 37 per 100,000 in 1970 to 81 in 1981.*
*Because the white Violent arrest rates are so low, special care should be taken in interpreting the magnitude of changes.
• Ie
'.
•
'. 3,400 3,300 3,200 3,100 3,000
2,900
2,800 2,700
2,600 2,500 2,400 2,300
0 2,200 0
'! 2,100 0 o 2,000 r-I
~ 1,1.00
re 1~300 til 1.200
§ 1,100 1,000
900
800 700
600 500
400 300 200
100
0
• Graphic 44
JUVENILE (0-17) INDEX (PART I, SERIOUS PROPERTY AND VIOLENT) ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR nLACKS AND WUITES
1970-1981 .
3,.344
'" 3,000
"'~2'902 /~" 2,181 TOTAL INDEX
.,./ ~~34 RUCK
91
-0.3
.f 2 7 2,760 / A.. 2,723
2, ~ 2 751 I '\, 2,448 2 641 ~ , I" .... ,
';':':- I, 2.463 2.367........ ...., At PA.T I.
I V ............ __ __V' 2 288V--_
V __
2, III TOIT
OUS
' PROPERTY -v.... • 2 -v SER I J02 2,19 BLACK I 2. 5 J
2 247 ---'~2.274 _ •
9 , --v 2,22 _-<1-- 2 253 v--- ,
1,264
~o---h225
1'0-. 0 1.007 /1.193--o...~ 092 1.154 1.185 1.197 812 815 927 ___ if//. 1.150-_ 'o;:::---0~·131 To'rAL INDEX _;.:.--:rr---o -0-__ -0--_0 ---0- 0 I 079 8~--1r;"" 950 1.021 1.013 1.100 1.lIm--().~o HIIITE
174 831 9 1.04r--o
+32.9 999 TOTAL PART I SERIOUS PROPER~Y
WIlITE
V .... IiI- .... " o·Ifl., ...
•••• q •••••••• ••••• ••• 9"'.,.·· 553 ~III •• V,.... ..v ..... ··· 558 ... I11 ..... q .......... v········v v ... ··· 417 508 478 498 ···.v.~····· 476 498 517 522 411 421
+29.1 TOTAl. VIOJJEN'f
nLACK +27.0
31 4.2 49 56 71 75 64 80 85 88 8 TOTiU .. VIOLENT O ••••••••• O."' •••••• O •••••••. O •••••••• O ••• , •••• .() ••••• a. 0 • .J"'!.. ........ .J"'\, •••••••• r\..III... 5 81 WlII"'E ., II! ••••• ~ ~ v- ...... 0.0 .••••••• '0 ...
+91.9 ~-- I r • -----.-------
1910 1911 1912 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 RA'f~I~I.~NGE
137
•
JUVENILE (0-I1) PART II, LESS STATUS AND STATUS ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR BLACKS AND mIITES, 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 45 and Table II)
• The disparity between Part II, Less Status arrest rates for juvenile (0-l7) blacks and whites has tended to diminisla from 1970 and 1981, as the rate increased faster for whites than for blacks.
• The Status arrest rates for juvenile (0-17) blacks and whites have been more nearly equal than for any other offense category from 1970 to 1981. .
• The Part II, Less Status arrest rate increased from 1970 to 1981: 4.5 percent for juvenile (D-I7) blacks, and 26.l. percent for juvenile (0-17) whites.
• The juvenile (0-17) black Status arrest rate ~aB equal in 1970 and 1981. The Status arrest rate for whites decreased 29.2 percent.
Descriptive Anal;.'sis (Graphic 45 and Table 11)
• In 1970, the Part II, Less Status arrest rate for juvenile (0-17) blacks was 2,323 per 100,000. This rate fluctuated throughout the next 11 years, and increased to 2,428 in 1981.
• In 1970, the Part II, Less Status arrest rate for juvenile (0-17) whites was 1,304 per 100,000. It increased steadily to 1,803 in 1979 and then decr,eased to 1,648 in 1981.
• The Status arrest rate for juvenile (0-11) blacks tended to decrease frOID 570 in 1970 to 360 in 1980. It increased in 1981 once again to 570.
• The Status arrest rate for juvenile (0-17) whites increased from 530 in 1970 to 618 in 1972. It has subsequently decreased steadily to 375 in 1981.
• 138- •
" • 2,800 2,100 2,600
2,500 2,40 2,300 2,200 2,100 2,000
0 1,900 0 c: 1,800 0 1,700 0 ..... 1,600 p:j
1,500 til p.,.
(I] 1,400
~ 1,300 1,200
1,100 1,000
900 800
700
600 500 400 300 200 100
0
• Graphic 45
JUVENILE (0-17) PART II, LRSS STATUS AND STATUS ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR BLACKS AND WUI'fES
1970-1981
2 547 2,573 2,479 TOTAL PART II, 2.~~1._.'"" /'\ ....... q, 2,428 LESS STATUS
." ',...... \ ...-", /V BLACK ,./ ",,.',, '·2 323 ", ' +4.5 .,. v \ / ' ./ v 78 .. ., 2 323 2,2 "2,106 / v_._v
' V-'_.v' 2, III 2,084 2,059
1,791 po.. 1 737 1,186 1,803
/
# .......... 1,659 :,..0-. __ .0- .. -.0 ......... 1,731 .. .0---0.......... "-0..
1 1.01 1,461 0/ 1,6'5 --'-0 TOTAL PART II :.0..- . .0-'-1501 1,648 LESS STATUS'
-\,. , o • _. \illITE
',]04 +26.4
797
"-570
TOTAL STATUS
~ / BLACK
42'1 0.0 495 468 459 415
392 -~'V TO'rA"L STATUS 360 375 WlllTE
-29.2
1910 1971 1912 1913 1974 1975 1976 1971 1973 1979 1980 1981 • U-YR RATE CnAlim~
139
•
•
TOla I .!lIvelli Ie Al'res ts I Nh i te ------.------
lIates PCI' ltlU .nOll 9. Clu:;:lI"'.I>.::C=-___ _
DI:lck Itates I'el' 100.0011 % CIHlnge
Table II
JIIVl!NII.I! (0-17) Altnt:ST ltATE TllmmS BY ItACE. 1970-1981
1970
1.1189.31111 2.(,4(,
1!1711-1!175
1971 1972
2.1l·11S 3.U13 1.1119.779 I l.lbll.td4
________ , _____________ ~-~~ _+~5~.8~~.
370.5,16 5.534
393,050 5.1l30
15.3 ------
·115.7ll3 5.91lB
+2.7
1973
1,253,2b3 3.11>7
+5.1
388,518 5,827 -2.7
1974
1,202,413 3.h21 114.3
1975
I.Slfl,(d:l 3,HI!
-!J.l
358,Il1l8 I ·133,775 6.412 5,bH8
___ !..!~ _ __ -..::ll:~ __ ., TOlal Intlex Arrests·
Nhite /lalcs I'er lOU .OOU '. Chall ... &:::e _________ .
334.154 BI2
361.777 873
'7.5 -----
3911.4.19 I 419,b03 1,0117 1,264
__ ---"':.:.= __ I ____ ~I:.::II:.:. . .::(, _ . _____ '_2_5._5 __
3!l0.45!l !In
--
539,IlIII 1,225
-3.1
Dlack /la 1 es I'er Hln. 000 % Change
Tolal Violellt Arresls3
White !tates rcr 1U0 .UOO
__ '1._ Change ____ u •• _______ •
Black Ita les I'ci' IOU. OOU eo Cha!~___ I
'i'!!!'!.!...I'Ul't;, I. Sedons I'r0l'c,·ty Arrests·1
1~ld ta lIates I'c,' IOU ,OUO
176.819 2,641
15.292 • 37
27 ,5211 411
182.765 2.711 +2.7
17,5411 42
+13.5 -------31.266
477 +Ib.l
318.862 3"7,2l9 774 831
1!lI,623 2.160
-1.8 ------20.515
49 +16.7
35.241 508
16.5
\
163.463 2,751
-.3
22,3.16 5b
11".3
31 ,Solll 476
-5.9
369.9.... 376,103 1179 9S0
1117,128 I 2~5,8'lb 3.3·14 2,!Jh2
. __ ~. __ . ____ .:.Il:~~ __ _
23,b5·1 I 33,1'12
_~;L ______ /~ ___ . 30.940
553 +15.7
395.9·19 1,193 .. 25.6
3!1,!lIlb 4 !Ill
-9.9 -------.---5Ub.b7b
l,lSlI -3.6
---.--~.---
Hates I'er 11111.000 '. Chuu!!c -------------_ .. -------
'!. ChulI!:e I t .7.4 .5.8 +11.1
Black 14!).291 151.4!)9 156,38l ISI.b23 I 15b.211b I IIl7.Il·to 2.229 2,247 2.253 2,27·1 2.791 l,4b~
HI. II +11.3 10.9 ___ i22:1-_____ .:.!!~~ __ __ Tuwl I'al't 11 Ar,'cst"
Wid 1e-lIates I'cr 100.UUO
755,154 1.834 1,975 2,0116 2.216 2.3511
825,Ill12 871l,175 854.814 I 7Ill.llJ()
Illaek 193,727 llll,2B5 12·I,1l8U 20S.1155 171.b811
97oJ,t!IS 2,213 -h.1
:!1l7,!129 3.11hB I 2,7!7
-11.2 -11.1 ----_ ..... __ .-_ <:. Challge .• _________ 1----.7.7 IS.b Ib.2 ____ ~.:.'!. __ _
Ilates Pe .. lOO .(lOU 2.893 3, II 9 3,221l 3.U75 _ . .1.S:IHlIII:e ___ _ ___ <J..:._8__ __ .. ~_ -4.7
!lUTES:
I. flucs IlUt inclmle mansl,lUghter hy negligellce which was omittet! in 1978. L fll1c~ not inclu"e f.allslaughter hy negligence which was omi lte,l in 1!178 mi.! .Ioes inclutle a,'sun which was a'!"e.1 as an in.!e)'. offense III 1!l7H. 3. I ncluues mll ... lel" anu non-neRli&l'nt ~\aIlS laughtel". forci hI c ,·upe. rohhery. an.! aggl·avate.! :lssault. 4. Incllllies hlll·lliary. ll1rcclly-theft. 1110101' vehicle theft, illl.! arsoll (which was illldetl as iI l'rlll'el'ly offense ill 19n1).
Sec suu"ces alit.! a'!Juste.! pupulatlOn bases at <',Ill of laldc . 14. •
• • 1970-1975 contil'lIetl
~--~--- . ----- -------- ----- ---Total rurl (I Arrcsts I.css Total Sl:.tus
Whitc 536,96<1 5117,723 617,818 Rates I'CI-. 100,000 1,304 1,407 1,467 \ Ch:II'&c .. --~- +4.3
81ack 155,579 169,6115 176,802 Hates Per 100,000 2,:'.23 2,517 2,547 ~u Chan~c +7.9 .1. 2 - -.
Total Status Ancsts5
MdtI.' 216,19(1 237,1.79 2M) ,357 Hates Pcr 100,000 530 568 618 \ Change . __ ~L:L __ .8.&
iliad. 38,148 40,(,00 47,278 lIatcs Per i(JO,OOO 57U (ill!. 681 ~ Lhallgc +5.6 .13.1
":Ijustc" Population B3SCS6
IVhitc (0-17) H,I74,986 41 ,77(1,7·10 42,IlI7,238 81ack (0-17) 6,696,278 (',7·11,9·14 6,942,412
617,670 594,71)2 1,501 1,79l .2.3 ,19.3 -
151,1I!13 1<13,997 2,278 2,S73 -IU.6 +12.9
237,144 188,108 599 5f>7
-3.1 -5.3 ------53,Ih2 27,bl13
797 4!15 tl7.0 -37.9
39 ,512 ,9!1II 33,2112,251 6,667,976 5,595,885
731 I
I
,703 ,1>59 -.7.:i __ . ,1>11> ,JUh
...Jg __
, ,032 554
-2.3 -~-- --.--
c-
44,U58 7,1>2$
,313 h211
25.3
,3Ull ,·175 -_._-- - ._-_. ----
I'opulation 8ascs 1'.8.1. 142,474,OUO 146 ,5b4 ,(100 150,922,000 144,956,000 12,I,353,nnn 169,4S5 11.5. Total 204,878,000 207,1153,000 208,8·16,(1110 210 ,410, (100 211,9(11 .UUO 213,559 U.S. lihitc Youth (0-17) 59,192,000 58,!l36,OUO S8,298,OUO 57,'1<l8,UUO 56,506,nUO 54,·189 U.S. Ulack Youch (0-17) 9,531,UllO !I,hl5,OOO 9,645,(1110 9,634,000 9,593,OllU 9,S38
-------------- - -NOTI:S:
5. Inclu"es curfew, loitcl"ing. an" runaway offcnses. 6. Ilasc" 011 the ratio of white 01' hlack youth in th1! ovcrall If.S. porulation .IS applie" to F.Il.1. populatiou fOI' reporting 3genci.es.
SO\JIICIiS:
,UOO ,UUO ,UOII ,0011
If.S. Fcderal IlUJ'C3U of Investigation, U"ifOl.n I.'l'ime l1el'ol'ta 197U-197S. 1!l711, Table 32, p. 132; 1971. Tablc 33, 1" 1211; 1!l72, Tahl.: 3(., II. 13l; HI 73 , Tahlc 3·1, p. 134; 1974, Talllc 36, .,. 192; 1!!7S, Tahlc 3!I, p. 19:5. (Washington, II.C.: Government PI-inting Office).
U.S. ilurc'lu of the Celis us , ['ul'ullltiolJ Set'illa (1'-25). f:aLima/.ell of {.IU? Populatioll of the U.S. by II!JII, S('J; awl [I,,<11.! 1970-I!!7S, No. 721, 1'1'. Lt. 12, 13. 14, IS, 16. {Washington, U.e.: GOveJ'lIIl1cnt ('rinting Ofncc).
141
•
1'"t.le 11
JIlVENII.I: (0-17) All II EST IIATI, TIIENIJS BY IlACE, 1970-1981
1976-19111 and II-Year lIate; Chan!:e
1976 1977 lY78 Total Juvenile Arrests l
Wldte 1,406,929 1,629,738 1,t".8S,8S4 Itates I'cr IOO,OUII 3,2115 3,349 3,3111> \ Chansc -6.8 +-1.5 +1.1
lllack 4116,192 478,142 525,628 Ilates Pel' lIIU,OOO 5,321 5,6014 5,916 \ Change -6.5 +6.1 +4.B
'fotal luJex Arrcsts 2
White 479,184 561,327 589,971> Ilates I'er Hlll,OOO 1,092 1,15-1 1,185
__ '. Change -10.9 +5.7 +2.1
Illack 207 ,lin 2411,li27 267,069 Rates I'er 1I11I,IIOO 2,723 2,843 3,OOb % Change -8.1 >4.·1 I---'--~~' --
'fotal Violellt Arcests3
Nhite 28,271 39,118 42,·111·\ lIates Per 10ll,II00 64 80 85
___ ~ Chanl!c ,I·J. 7 .25.0 '1>.3 ---Blllck 32,120 -IO,2!!5 49,596
Itatcs I'et' 100,0110 421 -176 558 _~!all&e -15.5 tl3.1 +17.2
Total \'al·t I, Serious \'"ol'ertl A-"resls·1
lihite 450,913 522,2119 547,572 Ilates 1":1' 100,OUO 1,027 I,U73 l,lIIU ~ Chance -10.7 +.1. 5 +2.5
Black 175,753 200,532 217,473 Itates Pel" JOO ,000 2,302 2,367 2,4'18
.......!.Ch'lI~ -6.5 +2.11 .3.·1 ----_. Total l'lll"t II Arrests
I~hi te 9.!7,7·IS 1,11611,411 1,1195,1178 lIates Per HIll,(J{J(J 2,114 2,196 2,2111 \ Change -4.f~ .3.9 .11.2 .-
Black 1911,319 237,315 2511,559 nil[ cs I'CI' lOll, 000 2,598 2,801 2,9JO
._~Ige -4.7 .. .. ~ __ ~2..:.!_ .- ~3.9
NOTES:
I. 1I0es not include manSlaughter hy nccligellcc which WilS omitted ill 19711,
1979
1,628.819 3,392 'il.2
451>,638 5,320 -111.1
574,764 1,197 .1.0
239,183 2,787 -7.3
42,494 88
+3.5
42,756 498
-10.8
532,270 1,108 .0.7
1!l6,427 2,21111 -6.5
1,1154,1155 2,1!J5
-0.3
217,455 2,533 -13.0
1980 19!1J -.-----1,54!1.IS2 I,SO!
3,226 -4.9 ----
439,334 49: S,I!>-I ! -3.1 - -----
543,Ubll 52: 1,131 -5.5 ._-----
230,943 HI 2,7il!" -2.8 ---
40,!IH3 3! 85
-3.4 ------·14,079
517 +3.11 ------- -----
502,1185 1,0·15
. _____ -.i:.~ ---Illil,IIM
2,192 -4.2 --...---.
l,lItl6,(l84 2,Il!lS -4.b --_ ... ---- - ... --
21lB,391 2,"·\5
-- --.- - W-'YLAIi ..
I'll II).!
~:I!.., bIb !o52
~}:..!~~,!~a
~.:.~
9.3 .. ___ .~.!!.....
1I117 tl7!) 4.6 _ •. _~l.!!.._
8511
~~l,I. ___ -_!!:.L I III II III
.1. 7
787 512 1.0
h!!!! 99!1 .1. -1
IIb3 111 3.7
33·1 (J.!2
--~~!~~-
>.ll.tI
>2!1.1 .~--- ... ----_ ..
___ 4 _ :?~L
3.5 , • __ ~!.I!.:L
71.{) 9!18 2.1> .3.6 _-.:'3.~ '--_ ----
2. Ilues not inClude luallsli\ughter hy negligence which was omitted in 1!l111 lind ducs include a1"SOIl which "as lHhled liS an i1ldcll offcllse ill 1979. 3. Inclu<1es mur<1e.!" and non-negligent Dlillislall\lhter, forcihle rapc, 1"oblH'ry, and aCl!l"ilvatClI assault • . 1. Inchlllcs hUI'clary, lat'ccny-theft, ruotOt' vehicle theft, and ilrSOIl (which was adde,1 as iI pruperty offensc ill J!l79).
fA Sec snu)'ces and ll,ljusted pOPlllation hases at en<1 of table. ~ 1112- ••
• • • 1976-1981 :IIIJ II-Year lIate Change, cont inue,1
--Total Part II Arrests I.ess Total Status
I~hite 722,113 845,276 889,360 865,897 831,1&4 799, (d 9 nates I'er 100,OUO 1,645 1,737 1,786 1,8\13 1,731 1,648 --"---1 . ,
-O.B +5.6 +2.1f ~1.0 -4.0 -4.8 .2&.4 I _---'!Shange -_._----! Black 157,1·16 196,776 220,196 IBl,227 177,679 212,838
Ilntes Per llltl,OOO 2,059 2,323 2,479 2,111 2,1184 2,4l8 \ Change -2.2 +12.8 '6.7 -14.8 -1.3 +16.5 '·t.5 .. - -----
Total Status ArreslsS
White 205,632 223,135 206,SI8 188,158 174,920 1111,715 Ilates Per 100,000 4&B 459 ·IIS 392 3M 375
--2 Change -is.s -1.9 -9.6 -5.5 -7.1 ---~ -29.2
IHad <11,173 .HI,539 38,363 36,228 30,712 49,928 Ita t cs I'm' 100,0011 539 .479 432 422 360 570 \ Change -13.1 -Il.l -9.8 -2.3 -14.7 '58.3 11.11 - --- -.--
AJjusteJ Population Bases 6
I~hi te (0-17) H,892,464 48,659,988 49,793,010 48,U2s,3US 4B,U26,6811 48,526,017 III ad.. (0-17) 7,633,472 8,471,172 8,884,230 8,563,246 8,514,216 8,164 ,6lJ
I'upulatiun Ilas;.ls I' .11.1. J13,488,OOO 191,()()4,()()O 206,61O,Oll0 204,363,()OO 2117 ,907,70,1 213.771,O(l1l U.S. Total 215,142,000 216, 1711,llllll 218,S48,Oll1l 22Il,232,OOO 222,I59,OllO 224,:212,000 U.S. White Youth (0-17) S4,426,(JOO 53,478,IlOO 52,59B,OOO 51,B44,O(J0 SI,286,(JO(J 511 ,':2 I ,000 U.S. Black Youth (0-17) 9,486,OOU 9.430,UUO 9,389,UOO 9,2S("OOll 9,213,OOt) 9,184,000
NOTE:;;
5. )ncltl<les curfew, luiterillt', anJ runaway offenses. 6. Based 011 the ratio of whIte 01" black youth ill the oVel'all U.S. I'oplllatioll as applied t.o F.B.I. population fUI' rcporting agencies.
SOUIlCES;
U.S. Fedeml lIurea" of Investigation, Unij"o"n C,-ime nePal-til 1976-1981. 1979, T;,blc 35, p. 201; 1980, Table 35, p. 205; 19111, Table 36, P. 180.
1976, Table 35, p. 186; 1977, Table 35, 1'. 185; 1978, Table 35, 1'. 19!1; (Washingtun, II.C.; l:uvcl"lIlIIent I'rinting Office).
U.S. Dure:'u of the Ccnslls, Population Sepieo (1'-25). estimates of the l'ol'lllatioll of the U.S. by Aye, Sex allci nace 197U-1977, No. 721, PI'. 9 and 10; C:utinllltcs oj' the Population oj" the U.S., b!1 Age, Sex alld /lace 1976-1978, No. BOU, PI'. 5 and 6; 1'1'ojeatiorlB of tire Populatioll of tire U.S. 1 !l77-2()()U , Nu. 1(14, 1'1'. 39, 40,41. (Washington, II.C.: Government Printing Office).
143
•
•
fa •
XI. JUVENILE (0-11) ARREST RATE TRENDS, FOR SEVEN ~AJOR OFFENSE CATEGORIES, BY CITY, SUBURBAN, AND RURAL, 1910-1981
Arrest rates per 100,000 juveniles (0-17) consistently have been highest for the city category and lowest for rural.
From 1970 to 1981, juvenile (0-17) arrest rates have increased for the city, suburban, and rural categories. Rates have increased Jnost for juveniles (O-I7) in cities and least in rural areas.
Arrest rates for juveniles (0-17) in suburban and rural areas were generally higber throughout the 1970's than they were in 1981.
BarlY of the graphics display a distinct peak in 1971~ that the commentary. does not mention. The extraordinarily high 1974 arrest rates are part! :,11y attributable to revision in that year of F.B.I. data reporting requirements, resulting in a much sma'Her reporting base for 1974 than for previous or successive years. Accordingly, the data for that year are particularly unsuitable for comparisons and are not explicitly discussed in this report. (See Methodology.)
145
•
JUVENILE (0-17) TOTAL ARREST RATE TREND BY CITY, SUBURBAN, AND RURAL, 1970-1981
Trend Suwruary (Graphic 46 and Table 12)
lOt From 1970 to 1981, the total arrest rates for juveniles (0-17) have been higher in c~t~es than suburban and rural areas. Moreover, after the suburban area peak in 1978, and the rural area peak in 1979, these rates have been decreasing. Total arrest rates for cities, on the other hand, have remained relatively stable since 1976.
lit From 1970 to 1981, the Total arrest rate for juveniles (0-17) increased by the following percentages: Cities: 14.1 Suburban: 3.4 Rural: 3.2
Descriptive Analysis (Craphic 46 and Table 12)
• In 1970, the Total arrest rate for juveniles (0-17) in c~t~es was 3,758 per 100,000. This rate increased to 4,364 in 1976 and has remained almost constant through 1981 when it was 4,288.
• In 1970, the Total arrest rate for juveniles (0-17) in suburban areas was 3,017 per 100,000. This rate increased to 3,902 in 1978 and has subsequently decreased to 3,121 in 1981.
o In 1970, the Total arrest rate for juveniles (0-17) in rural areas was 1,158 per 100,000. This rate increased to 1,648 i.n 1975 and has subsequently decreased to 1,195 in 1981.
,. H6. •
• •
0 0 0 .. 0 0 r-!
Ci P4
I, ,600
4,500
4,',00-' 1,,300
11 ,200 4,100 4,000 3,900
3,800 3,100
3,600 3,500
3,400 3,300 3,200
Graphic 46 JUVENILE (0-17) TOTAL ARREST RATE TRENDS FOR CITY, SUBURBAN, AND RURAl. AREAS
1970-:-1981
4,418 4,364 1.,341 4,324 4,305 4 238 4,288 11...... 4 "04 A--_.~ __ .,.. __ .,,,- , _-v / ...... ,oJ _ __~
"'v-I , / 4,005 /
/"-- . 3 976 / -. , / 3,932 ".
3,972
",
,.., 3,902
I ..... ;e. I .... 3,155 / ' /
."
3,158 I ~, / ,3,700
I '\. / ~~ I
'\. ",.~ \ 3,368 ~...... 3,580 \
/.............. I 3,466 \ / ....... --.1 \3,296
/ 3,239 3,250 e" / ' • '9
3,017. 3,1.21
1,6M 1,648 ,=- - -11 1,587
1 414 ..." '...... 1,529 1,520 __ a, , ", ..... _d---..- " I" 11-- " 1 381
1,400 1 285 / 1,473 "'~ 1,300 '. / " 1 195
CITIES +14.1
SUBURBAN +3.4
1 200 1,3.58",..,.,................ / ' ..... ' , ...... ....., ,.. RURAL
1,100 1,152 +3.2
1,000 -J( o I
1910 1911 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1919 1986 1961 H-YR RATE CIfANGE
1117
•
JUVENILE (0-17) INDEX (SERIOUS PROPERTY AND VIOLENT) ARREST RATE TRENDS BY CITY, SUBURBAN, AND RURAL, '1970-1981
'frend Summary (Graphic L~7 and Table 12)
• Juvenile (0-11) Violent and Part I, Serious Property arrest rates in all areas have increased substantially from 1970 to 1981.
• From 1970 to 1981, the Part I, Serious Property and Violent arrest rates for juveniles (0-11) increased by the following percentages:
Part I, Serious Property Cities: 14.1 Suburban: 21.3 Rural: 22.4
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 47 and Table 12)
Violent Cities: 41.2 Suburban: 83.0 Rural: 76.5
~ In 1970, the Part I, Serious Property arrest rate for juveniles (0-17) in cities was 1,245 per 100,000. 'fhis rate increased to 1,548 in 1975 and has subsequently decreased to· 1,421 in 1981.
• In 1970, the Part I, Serious Property arrest rate for juveniles (0-11) in suburban areas was 874 per 100,000. This rate increased to 1,267 in 1975 and has subsequently decreased to 1,060 in 1981.
• In 1970, the Part I, Serious Property arrest rate for juveniles (0-11) in rural areas was 322 per 100,000. This rate increased to 522 in 1975 and has subsequently decreased to 394 in 1981.
o The Violent arrest rate for juveniles (0-17) in cities increased from 131 per 100,000 in 1970 to 185 in 1981.*
• The Violent arrest rale for juveniles (0-11) in suburban areas increased from 53 per 100,000 in 1970 to 97 in 1981.*
• The ~iolent arrest rate for juvenileb (0-17) in rural areas increased from 17 per 100,000 in 1970 to 30 in 1981.*
*Because the Violent arrest rates are so low, special care should be taken in interpreting the magnitude of changes.
e 14. •
0 0
• • • Graphic 41
JUVENILE (0-17) PART I, SERIOUS PROPERTI AND VIOLENT ARIU!ST RATE TRENDS FOR CITY. SUBURBAN, MID RURAl. AREAS 1970-1981
1,600
1~500
1,400
1,300
1,200
1,100
1,601
{T .. _ 1,5/48 1 502 I -40v... 1,501 -~T-_-!"f_ 1,460
- - - I I --1'._--...... 1,511 - .. __ PART, I 1,493 ~21 I SERIOUS PROPERTY
CITIES I I 1,312 1,277 1,245 1,301 1,288 I e __ ..!,267 " ..... ----C'-----..---. I., / ,
rr 1,278 I , / ..... 1 108 ~.... I........... ..... , 1~245 I " ............... 1,168 ___ _
0-
+14.1
PART I, SERIOUS PROPERTY SUBURBAN
~ 1,000
I 1,131 1 060 I , I 986 ....... 996 , ..... _-.- ......
+21.3 0 0 .-I
~ 900
~ til 800
§ 500
400
300
200
100
0
•• ,,"'/ 951
874
527 522 .."..a--,,' ...... 362 /"';;41 .......... .:56 1,63 472 ~O
322 .... ,.-_ 344 // .. --------......... ' ..... •• r _ ... ' ..... 445
......... -_394
..... m
PART I, SERIOUS PROPERTY RURAL +22.1 •
159 159 119 184 17 VIOLENT ARRESTS CITIES 131 146 •••• II" .................. 'Y ••••••••• 'Y •••••••• 1 167 172 IBO 185 185 +41 2 ••••• ..,.... 1' ••••••••• 1' .......... ., ••••••••• .., ••••••••• '1'.......... . ..... 102 1 3 53 65 12 B2 .••• ~ •••• O ......... t.. 81 97 •••• ···itr····.fl? III 97 VIOLEnT ARRESTS SUBURBAN .......... eii ..... tIi ..... u i5 31 38 ····~···· .. ··:f8 ·····~.e···· .... iIII +83.0
17 ...................................... " ••••••••. 1:1 •••••••• ttl....... • .. ~6 1,0 36 30 VIOLKNT aRRESTS RURAL ....... ~ ... IiiiI ............. ., •••• aa.. n ·····~··fiI +76.5
1:HO 1971 1972 1973 1974 1915 1916 0' I , I r----.....;..,;...;
1971 1918 1919 1980 1981 ll-Ylt RATE CHANGE
149
I JUVENfLK (0-17) PART II, LESS STATUS AND STATUS ARREST RATE TRENDS
BY CITY, SUBURBAN, AND RURAL, 1970-1981
Trend Stl~lwry (Graphic 48 and Table 12)
•
•
From 1970 to 1981, Status offense in suburban areas than in cities. has decreased substantially since
arrest rates for juveniles (0-11) have tended to be For Part II, Less Status arrests, though, the rate
1978, while the rate in cities has remained higher.
only slightly lower in suburban areas
From 1970 to 1981, the Part II, Less Status arrest rates for juvenile's (0-17) increased by the following percentages, and the Status arrest rates for juveniles (0-17) decreased by the following percentages:
Cities: 23.7 Suburban: 7.1 Rural: 12.3
Cities: 19.1 Suburban: 41. 1 Rural: 49.6
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 48 and Table 12)
• In 1970, the Part II, Less Status arrest rate for juveniles (0-17) in c1t1es was 1,763 per 100,000. This rate increased to 2,154 in 1976 and has subsequently remained almost constant. The arrest rate was 2,181 per 100,000 in 1981.
o In 1970, the Part II, Less Status arrest rate for juveniles (0-17) in suburban areas was 1,527 per 100,000. This rate increased to 2,077 in 1979 and has subsequently decreased to 1,636 in 1981.
• In 1970, the Part II, Less Status arrest rate for juveniles (0-11) in rural areas was 579 per 100,000. This rate increased to 848 in 1979 and has subsequently decreased to 650'in 1981.
• The Status arrest rate for juveniles (0-17) in cities decreased from 619 per 100,000 in 1970 to 432 in 1980. In 1981, the rate increased to 501.
• The Status arrest rate for juveniles (0-17) in suburban arpas decreased from 563 per 100,000 in 1970 to 328 in 1981.
• The Status arrest rate for juveniles (0-17) in rural areas decreased from 240 per 100,000 in 1970 to 12L in 1981.
• 15 • •
••
... o o ..-l
P<:
re tI.l
§
• • Graphic 1,8
JUVENILE (0-17) PART II, LESS STATUS AND STATUS ARREST RATE T~tEN(JS FOR CITY, SUBURBAN, AND RunAL AREAS 1970-1981
2,200,
J 2,100
2,000
1,900
1,800
1,700
1,600
2,151• 2,154 2~153 2,168 1. 162 2,161 "' ___ -.- _.-... _-..-. __ -~--.....! -v----.--"W
2,~O ./ 2,017 i ,,/ ,.,
• fI ", / / .. 1 892 / l" ·,,1,973 ;" ' .. 1,951
, 1 880 I· ~ .' ~ /
,T----'lI.. • /1,997' 1 866/ \ ...... ..' ~ . .. I. ,. lOr /' ... I ..,..,"'" '\ .. 1,832 1 8[,,1........... .,..," .. '" /I'''.
1,763 I 1,802 \ 1,672 /I ~, 740 /.- ___ ~ I ..
.. 1 656 --.. ' .. ,/ ' 1,636 '& e' 1,636
1,527
807 800
700
600
713 ,/.,-..._.1.82 848 619 644 611 ,,/ "-._141 115 80l,., ..... • .. ,
~~ ... _._0._.-0 -
.~>- 37 /«~ , 519? 63~ • 663 _1
43
563 ~<V ., .... r=-- . -___ --K_ .... 547 5~;7==- _~50 500
400
300
200
100 011'
.~296 240 243
1------1---.-------,
1970 1971 1912 1973
449 432
300 30' 391~ __ 347-
237 25~ 328
21~ 189 159
401
121 I I --'------r--------r------- ,-- ---~- -- J
1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 151
TOTAl. PART II, LESS STATUS
CITIES +23.7
TOTAL PART II, LESS STATUS
SUBURnAN +7.1
TOTAL PART U, LESS STATUS
RURAL +12.3
TOTAL STATUS CITIES -19.1
TOTAL STATUS SUBURBAN -41.7
TOTAL STATUS RURAL -/19.6 ll-YR
RATE CHANGE
• '
Table 12
JUVENILE (0-11) AnllEST flATE Tnmms rOil CITY, SlJflBUnOAN AND nU1lA1. AlmAS, 19711-1961
1!l711-1!l75
1970 1971 1972 1973 Total Juvenil e Arrests I
t:ities 1,423~434 1,516,358 1,525,995 1,444,358 nates I'er 100,000 3,158 3,976 ·1,005 3,932 '\; Change +5.8 +0.7 -1.8
Suburhan 463,698 539,021 538,932 569,263 nates Per 100,000 3,017 3,368 3,239 3,250 \ Change +11.6 -3.8 .0.3
nural 76,233 88,800 86,825 83,703 nates Per 1011,OUO 1,158 1,265 1,152 1,474 .. Change .11.0 -10.4 .26.0
Total Index Arrests2
Cities 521,187 551,898 551,552 527,1122 lIates Per 100,000 1,370 1,447 1,447 1,437 \ Change +5.2 0.0 -0.7
Suburban 142,501 168,219 170,322 188,646 lIates I'er 100,000 927 I,OSI 1,024 1,017 .. Change +13.4 -2.6 +5.2
lIural 22,3117 26',482 27,240 26,416 Ilates ('cr 1Il0,OOO 339 383 362 465 .. Change '13,0 -5.5 +28.5
Total Violent At'l'ests 3
Cities 49,048 55,853 60,6111 58,276 lIutes Per 100,000 131 146 159 159 '- Change -U.S +S.9 0.0
Suburban 8,099 10,370 12,001 14,092 lIates Per lUll,llOIl 53 65 72 80 .. Change '22.6 +10.8 .! lol
llu}";.1 1,098 1,451 1,325 1,395 [lalas Pel' lUll ,IlUO 17 21 18 25 '. Ch!,nge +23.5 -14.3 +36.9
NOT!:S:
I. I)oes not include PlUnslallghtcr by negligence which was omitted in 1978.
197/1 197~ ---
1,451,638 1,739,975 4,418 4,3114 .12.4 -2.6
592,215 153,!J(14 3,972 3,755 .22.2 -5.5
67,665 lIl8,279 1,664 I,MII tl2.9 -I.ll
56.1,1168 7011,231 1,780 1,732 +23.9 -2.7
210 ,855 275,ll86 1,414 1,3711 +31.3 -3. I
22,6110 36,650 558 Sui
+2tl.O '1l.5 -
58,911S "·1,505 179 184
+12.6 .2.8 .----.--.
15,211 20,715 102 III 3
+27.5 .1.11
1,242 .1 ,517 31 38
+24.0 +22.6 - ---
2. lJoes nOl inciud" manSlaughter by negligence which was omitted in 1978 ana does include arson which .. as ad,lcd as an index offense in 1979. 3. Includes mUl'der and non-negligent m.nnslallghtCJ:, forcihle rnpe, l·obbery. and aggravate .. llssuUlt.
Sec sources ami adjusted population bases at end uf table .
15~ •
.. ~ • • • 1970-1975 continuetl
Total ":tr·t I, Serious I'roJlerl)~ I\rrests4
--- --------
Cities 411.5" ] 496,045 4!JO,951 469,546 525,%0 625,72(, na t e Per ((Ill ,000 1,2'15 1,301 1,2118 1,278 1,601 1,5·18 ~ Change "'1.5 -1.11 -U.B +25.3 -3.3
Suhurhan 134.402 157,B·19 15G.321 17<1,554 1%,644 254,371 Ilate Pcr 100,000 B7·1 !l86 951 !I!J6 1,312 1,267 -0 Change +12.8 -3.6 .4.7 +31.7 -3."
-_.- .. - - ---Itllml 21,209 25,(131 25,915 25,021 21,OUS ]4 ,333
Il:.tc Per lOU,OUO 322 3hZ 344 441 527 522 % Change +12,4 ~5.() .28.2 '19.5 -ll. !I
--. .------. ----- .-- -- ...... -Total I'art II Arrests
Ci tics 902,247 964,460 974,4·13 916,536 866,770 I,03!J,7'1'1 Ita t es I'cr' lOU ,IlnO 2,382 2,529 2,557 2,495 2,638 2,572 'I; Change .6.2 + 1.1 -2.4 +5.7 -2~5
Sllhm·tJUn 321,197 37U,802 368,610 380,617 381,360 478,818 nates Per IIJU ,OUO 2,090 2,317 2,215 2,173 2,558 2,385 \ Change +10.9 -4.4 -1.9 >17.7 -6.8
nllral 53,926 62,3\8 59,585 57,2B7 '14,985 71,429 nattlS Per lOO,OOO 819 902 791 1,009 1,1 116 1,087 % Change +10.1 -12.3 <27.6 +9.6 -1.7
Total Part 11 Arrests I.ess Total Status
Cities 667,711 721,459 716,592 672,948 680,128 797,662 Ilates I'er 100,000 1,763 1,892 1,880 1,832 2,070 1,973 " Chango +7.3 -0.6 -2.6 >'3.0 -4.7
Sutmrban 234,643 267,655 275,484 286,613 297,789 369.(;62 Hates Vel' 10O,OOIl 1,527 ) ,672 1,656 1,636 1,997 1,841 \ Change +9.5 -1.0 -1.2 +22.1 -7.8 .
nl/ral 38,103 43,520 41,246 40,49B 32,1101 51,31>8 nates Per 1110,000 579 631l 547 113 807 782 '\. ClwlIl:e +8.8 -13.2 +30.3 >13.2 -3. J
-. --NOTES:
4. Inclutlcs hurgJ:.ry, larccny-theft, motOl" vehicle theft. alI<I arson (which was otltled as an intlcx offense ill 1979).
Sec sour~es Ulltl atljustetl popUlation bases at cIIII of table.
153
• •
19711-1975 cunclusion
I I . _ ... - -~ --~-""
Total Status AlTests5
Cities 234,536 243,001 257,851 243,588 186,642 24l,IIM2 lIa t es Per 100,1100 6-19 63i 677 663 568 59!1 % Challge +2.9 +6.3 -2.1 -14.3 .5.5
Suburban 86,554 103,1·17 93,126 94,004 83,571 109,156 Ilates Per 100,000 563 644 560 537 561 5·I·l % Ch:.tng!! .. 14.4 -13.0 -4.1 .4.5 -3.0
Itural 15,823 18,798 18,339 16,789 12,184 20,Obl lIates Per 100,000 240 272 2·13 296 300 305 ... Change +13.3 -10.7 +21.8 +1.4 +1.7
-. Adjusted Population 8ases6
Cities 37,878,720 38,140,368 38,106,750 36,7!I,232 32,857,6114 40,417, JOn Sullurban 15,370,040 16,004,688 16,639,920 17,517,708 14 ,909,778 20,077,4611 Ihu'al 6,5114,44" 6,9JO,176 7,533,900 5,679,396 4,066,793 6,572,3lU
-I'opulation Oases
1'.11.1. Cities 11I,408,OOO 113,513,000 115,475,nOO 113,368,OnO 103,652,000 1311,410,OUU l'.n.l. Suburban 45,206,OOn 47,633,OUO 50,424,000 54,067,OUO 47,034,000 64,766,OllO 1'.11.1. lIural 19,366,000 20,566,000 22,830,000 17 ,529 ,000 12,829,000 21,20l,UUO U.S. 2M,878,OOO 207,053,000' • 208,846,000 210,410,000 211 ,91)1 ,oon 213,559,000 11-17 69,694,000 69,562,0011 68,996,000 68,179,0110 67,239,000 6b,253,nnO
~. -NOTt:S:
5. IncluLles curre",. loitering, and runawa), offenses. 6, lI"se,1 011 the ratio of yuuth in the ove"all U.S. popUlation as "ppl ied to 1'.11.1. I'0pul.nion for reporting agencies.
SIllIIIC!:S:
U.S. l'eLl" 1"" I IIl1l"eall of Investigation, lI"i[onll C"ime RelJOl'tlJ 1970-1975. 1970, Tables 34, ,10, 45, 1'1'. 135, 144, 152; 1971, Tables 35,41, 4h, I'l" 131, 1411, 148; 1972, Tallies 38, ·14, ,19, PI'. 135,144, 152; 1973, Tables 3ft, 42, 47, PI'. 137, 14ft, 154; 197<1, Tahles .W, ·1b, 51, PI" 195, 2(1",212; 1975, Tables 41, -17, 52, PI'. 19ft, 205, 213. (I~ashingtun, O.C.; Government Printing Office).
u.s. Ulireau of the Census, l'.)l'ulutioll SI:H'ien (1'-25). l!'atbrutelJ o[ the l'ol'ulatioll of the II.S. by Aoe. Sex ,III,! U.IL'" 1!l7U-197!>, No. 721, 1'1'. II, 12,13, 14, IS, H •• (Washingtun, II.C.: Government Printing Office) •
154e e
? • -
;:tal Juvenile Arrests l T
Cit ies Hate % CI
5,,1)\11"1 !tllte % CI
lIura} !late .. CI
5 PCI' ](Jo,ono ange
~n
5 I'er lOO,I1ll0 3nge
:; Per 1O1l,OOO tlngc
'1 otal Il1(lel( Arrests 2
Citics lIate !l; Cl
SlIhurt lIate .. Ch
5 Per HHl.IlUU t"'ge .. -an 5 Per 100,UOll auge
-
• T"I>le 12
JUVENII.E (0-171 MUlEST RATe TRCNII5 FUR CITY, SlII!!IUlUlII.N AtllI RlII!.\I. ARUI'S, 1970-1981
I!I; .. ·1!181 "1Il1 II· YC;iI' natt' ChlUlI:e
I
1977 I 19l~ --,-._---- .-.-~.----
~9Z6 -----19Z9 .--.l9hL __ __ ~Bl_.
1,626,141 1,793,677 . 1,806,370 ~,7S0,17J l,b71,260 I, 70S,I)(, 4,364 4,347 4,324 4,305 4,238 '1,288 .1.4 -0.4 -0.5 -0.4 -1.6 d.2
718,149 790,312' G9l,9tJO 813,194 753,631 746,732 3,1166 3,580 3,902 3,700 3,2% 3,121 -7.7 .3.3 .9.0 -5.2 -10.9 -5.3
114,722 121,82.) 127,361 127,791 111,746 95,887 1,473 1,529 1,520 1,587 1,381 1,195 -10.6 13.8 -0.6 +4.4 • -13.0 -13.5
620,105 688,5<17 705,726 683,757 648,580 638,572 1.664 1,6(.9 1,669 1,(.82 1,645 I,M)" -3.9 <11.3 +1.2 -0.4 -2.2 -2,4
252,388 279,360 325,738 298,511 276,336 27(',1169 1,218 1,266 1,423 1,358 1,2119 1,157 -1l.1 .. 3.9 <12.4 -4.6 -B.O -·1.3
..
.. 1111 ra I
H.lte ... 1:1
1
Cili,·s IInte 1; CI
SH!~lIrl Rate .. CI
IIl1l'al Hate .. CI
NIlTI:S:
s l'el' 100,nOn :I II l!c
~t~1 Viulent Arrests3
s Pel' 100, nou arlge
an 5 Per HlO ,0011 ange
5 Per IOO,OUO ange
38,108 4119
-13.0
(,3,<>76 171
-7.1
IS, In8 li7
-15.5
2,622 . 34
-In.5
39,937 SOl
+2.5
66,925 167
-2.3
21,'156 97
+U.S
3,061 38
~ 11.6
1. noe:; not inclu.!e m:lIlslaughter by negligence which was omitted in 1978.
42,568 508
+1.4 -
H,98" 172
+3.0
33,579 141
+S1.5
3,048 36
-5.3
44,338 38,S41 3·1,018 551 4111l 424
+S.5 -12.9 ·11. 7 ---------.
n,990 72,997 73,531 180 185 165
-4.7 +2.8 0.11 ----.
24,941 23,043 23,135 113 IIlI 97
-23.1 -10.6 _·1.U
------3,230 l,875 2,<IZn
.. n 36 30 tll.1 -10.0 -J6.7
--
2. Iloes not jndu.!e manslalll:hter by negligence which was omittc.! in 1978 an.! duc.' inclmle arson which IillS a.!.!ed as all hillel( orrense in 197!1. 3. Inclu'!es nlUI'dcr ;III.! non-negligcnt manslaughter, fOl'cihie rape, 'l'uhbcl'Y, and aggl::vatc·l !,-z'·alt.
Sec suurces allli "djustcd 1,01'1I13ti."1I hllse,; at "".! of tllble.
155
• I-~I."'t " CIli\f'!I.I:
<14.1
.3.4
.3.2
IlIi.7
~l4 .S
+.15.1
+41.2
+83.0
>76.5
1976-19111 and Il-Year lIate t:hange, cOlltinucd
- -_.
1£ta I . .f:!!:t (, Serious Pl'openy Arrcsts4
Citics 556,427 619,622 633,742 6JO,767 575,583 5ft5,ll41 Ratcs I'er 10ll,OUO 1,493 i, SIll 1,517 1,502 1,460 1,'121 \ Changc -3.6 '0.5 -+1.1 -1.0 -2.8 -2.7 • I-I. I
Sul,urhan 234,280 257,904 .l!l2, 1 59 273,5711 253,293 253,734 Hatcs I'cr lOll,Ollll 1,131 1,168 1,277 1,245 1 , 1lI8 1,1l6l1 -\ Change -10.7 '3.3 '9.3 -2.5 -11.0 -4.3 +21.3
lIul'al 35,486 3ft,876 39,520 41,108 35,9116 31,59/1 na t es Per lllO ,11011 456 463 472 S10 4,15 39·' % Changc -12.6 .1.5 +1.9 .8. ( -12.7 -11.5 <2!.·1
--------Tota I 1'11I·t II Arrests
Ci ties I,ll06,1I36 1,105,130 l,lUO,M.J 1,1l66,41-1 l,lIl2,680 l,n66,5-14 lIatcs Per 10ll,UlIO 2,700 .l,678 2,635 2,623 2,59~ 2,682 'I. Change .5.0 -0.8 -1.6 -0.5 -1.1 +3.4 >12.1>
---Suhurhan '165,761 5111,952 567,222 51-1,1>83 477 ,295 -169,863
Ratcs I'er 100,nOll 2,248 2,315 2,479 2,342 2,086 1,964 ~ Change -5.7 '3.0 .7.1 -5.5 -Ill.1I -5.9 -b.n
-------., Ihll'al 76,614 81,811(, 84,793 83,453 72,911S 6I,Ill.!1
Ita t es l'cr lOll, Olll! 984 1,027 1,012 1,03() 9111 771 '. ClllIugo -9.5 -4.4 -1.5 .2.4 -13.0 1;;.4 -5.9
- -- --~-----Total I'art 11 Arrests Less Total Swtus
Cit ies 1102,642 11118,1124 899,6117 881,246 852,348 867,357 lIates I'CI' HlIl,Ollll 2,154 2,154 2,IS3 2,168 2,IC,2 2,1111 \ Challge .9.2 0.0 -0.05 .0.7 -0.3 '0.9 .23.7
-Suburhan 373,366 411,7811 475.446 -128,623 397,879
; 391,498
Ita tes I'ct' IOIl,Ollll I,BIl2 1.81>6 2,077 1,951 1,740 l,tl3b '. Change -2.1 .3.6 +11.3 -6.1 -10.8 -(,.ll '7.1
---.- ----Rm'ill 58,2113 61,731 67,1J6 68,2511 6U,064 52,133
!tules · ... .,r 1ll0,OOO 747 775 801 848 743 6511 \ Chang" -4.5 .3.7 .3,4 '5.!) -12 ·1 -12.5 tll,3
----~
~,!"!,:; : 01. Inelu,I,,:; hurglary, 1:II'ccll)'-lheft, motor vehicle thcft, anti ars.lII ("hich "ilS adllcd as a I'r0I'Cl'ty offense ill 1!17!').
Scc sOlln:es anll atljusted l'''l'ullltion huses at elld of tahlc.
.. e 156e --
, # • ~~ _____ .,. ____ .0_. ---- -
}!!5.~ ~tatllS ~'~sts 5
Cities lIa tes Per 1U0. UOO % Change
• 197(,·1!181 :1I111 11- Yc:,c Rate Chauge, cOIlc:lusion
._----------------
203.39~ 216,306 200.957 1115,1(,8 5.1(, 52·\ ,181 455
-8.11 -·\.0 -8.2 -5.4
---_.--
1711 332 <132
-5.1
199,137 501
.16.0 -HI. I
• -' - ----,-------._-,--------
S,.lmrhall 92,395 99,172 91,776 85,86U 79 lIates Per 100.UOO 446 449 401 391 '!. (:''''"l:e -\8.0 iO.7 -10.7 -2.5 -
-- - 1----1\11 ['a \ 18.411 20,155 17 ,('77 15,195 lZ
nates Per 100,OOn 237 253 211 1119 % Challge -22.(, +7.2 -16.6 -Ill." -
-I\lljustell 1'01'"1 at iOIl 8ases6
Ci tics 37,266,879 41,267,136 41,777 ,980 40,654,884 3!J,HO 5111",1'11311 20.718,837 22,072.nO 22.8R5.641l ZI.976,772 22,8(,l IllIra) 7,789,827 7,969.504 a,380.UO 8.053,368 8,0119
---------- '- -- -----POl'lll.ation Bases
1' .. 8. L Cities 122 ,993,000 139,416,000 14.1,062,000 143,151,000 141,328 1'.\1:1. Sllhurhan 611. 379,OOH 74,570,000 7S,9\(',nOn 77, 3B3, 0110 81,9H l'.n.l. !lllral 25,709,000 26,924,0110 28,898,000 28,357,OOn 28,993 U.S. 215,1,12,OOn 2)(.,817,OOn 218, S·18, 000 Z20,232,OOO 222,159 0·17 65,197,000 64.245,OOn 63,370,(1(10 (.2,53\ .000 61,982
~- .---NOTl:S:
5.. lnchH.leS. curfew. loitering. au\.l runaway offenses ... 6. nascd all the ,-"tio of youth ill the overall II.S. population as applied to 1'.11.1. populatiOIl for "cporting agellcics.
~_!.!!CIlS;
416 3H 1.3
8<11 159 5.9
78,3(,5 328
-5.5
9.736 121
-23.9
-41.7
-'I!)' 6
====1 1--
513 3~,766,375
627 23,927, 2UIl 152 8.025,60U
n02 144,(,fl ),(JUO ,899 87 ,OtiS, 0110 375 29,184,000 000 224,21Z,OOO (JOO 61,642,0011
U.S. !'etl"ral Ilun:au of Illvestil:"tion, Ullifonn CI'ime Replwta 1~7b-I!l8J. 1~76, Tables 37, 43, 4~, 1'1'. 189, 1911, 2117; I !I 77 , 'J'alJles 37, .13, '19, 1'1" IllS, 1!!7, 21111; 1~78, Tables 37, 43, .19, PI'. 2112, Zll, 22lJ; 1979, Tal.les 37, 43, 49, PI'. 204. 213, 222; 19110, Tahles 38, S2, 59, pp. 211, 135, 247; 1981, 'rables 39, 53, 60, 1'1" 18(., 2IU, 222. (I~ashillgtoll, !l.C.: Govemffilllll Prillting Office).
11.5. Uure:HI of tl.e Cellsus, l'ol'lIlatioli SerieH (1'-25). liHtl:matlJD of the Populatioll of the u.s. b!,l Age, Sex ,,/Hi Raee 19;'.1-1977, No. 721, PI" 9 alit! 11); H::Lillli/teH or tllIl l'OPUZIltiOI! oj' Ol<! U.S. by 11ye, Sex alld Racre 1!l7b·I!l78, No. DUll, Pl'. 5 lIlII! (,; Pro,iectiolls oj' the Poputati",/ of the U.S. J!177-ZUSU, No. 7114. I'll. 3~, 4U, 4l. (WashingtOiI. il.C.! l:overnmclIl I'r~ntil\g Ofl'ic:e).
157
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.., I. • CENTER FOR TUE ASSESSMENT OF 'fUE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM
ASSOCIATE BEllAVIORAL SCIENTIST
Charles Tremper, J.D., Ph.D.
Project Secretary
Andrea L. Marrs
Richard lIatten Robert W. McCulloh Jerome A. Needle Tom Phelps
DIRECTOR
Peter Schneider, Ph.D.
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
c. Lee Athey
SUPPORT ASSISTANTS
Clerical
Alissyn Link Robbie Balog
CONSULTANTS
PROJECT HONITOR
Diane Liburd
161
ASSOCIATE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SPECIALIST
Gayle Olson-Raymer, Ph.D.
Graphic Artist
Sheila Stockton
Lee E. Teitelbaum Richard Van Duizend Allen E. Wagner Joel Zimmerman
•
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•
•
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n M t'l = tn
•
• I':
•
.. • • REFERENCES
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census 1977- Projections of the Population -of the United States by Age, Sex, and Race--1977-2050. Series P-2050 25, No. 704. (Washington, D.C.: Goverllment Printing Office).
1976-1977
1970-1977
Current Population Reports. Series P-25, No. 800. "Est:Lmates of the Population of the United States by Age, Sex and Race--1976-1978." (Washington, D.C.: Government Pdnting Office).
Current Population Reports. Series P-25, No. 721. "Estimates of the Population of the United States by Age, Sex, lind Race--1970-1977." (Washington~ D.C.: Government Printing Office).
U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation 1970- Uniform Crime Reports IEClr the United States--1975-1981. (~lashington, D.C.: Government Printing 1981 Office).
165
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.Appendix C
ADULT (18 AND OVER) ARREST RATE TRENDS, FOR FIVE MAJOR OFFENSE CATEGORIES, 1970-1981
Aerest rates for adults (18 and over) ace consistently lower than for juveniles (0-17) in every major offense category except Violent. Adult (18 and over) acrest rates are lower without exception ti'iln r,"tes foe 13- to 17-year-01d juveniles.
Feom 1970 to 1981, adult (18 and over) arrest rates have increased for every major crime category.
Many of the graphics display a distinct peak in 1974 that the commentary does not mention. The extraordinarily high 1914 arrest rates are partially attributable to revision in that year of F.B.I. data reporting eequirements, resulting in a much smaller reporting base for 1974 than for previous oe successive years. Accordingly, the data for that year arc particularly unsuitable foe comparisons and are nol explicitly discussed in this report. (See Methodology.)
169
•
....
ADULT (18 AND OVEn) TOTAL ARREST RATE TREND, 1970-1981
Trend SUlOOIary (Graphic 1 and 'fable 1, Appendix C)
o The ad~lt (18 and over) for Total offenses increased 8.3 percent from 1970 to 1981.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 1 and Table 1, Appendix C)
• In 1970, the adult (18 and over) Total arrest rate was 4,904 per 100,000. This rate fluctuated greatly throughout the 1970's, decreasing to a low of 4,562 in 1973 and increasing again to 5,313 in 1981.
. _e 17.
' .
e
->
I ~~
(. 5,300
5,200
5,100
0 5,000 0 0 .. 0 0 .... p:j iii Po.
til
§ 4,800
4,700
4.600·
• Graphic 1 ADULT (18 and Over) TOTAL ARREST RATE TREND
1970-1981 , /5,313
I TOTAL ADULT I +8.3
I I
I I
5,099 15,115 r, / I '\. /
5,006 . I ' ..... // )' I 5,026
/ \ I / \ I
/ \ I I \ 4,908 I 4,904 \ I~ ",.e 4,909
\ \ ",.
,4,854 I \ ,,?1;,853 \ 1\ ...... \ I 'V""" \ I 4,198
\ I \ I
I \ I \ I \ I \ I \ I ~
4~562
4'50oj'--~~----~-----r----~r-------'-~~~~--~~~~l;;-____ ~~--~~~-;~~----~81--~~~~~~ 1970 1971 1974 1975 1976 1978 1977 1972 1973 1979 1980 1981 ll-YR
RATE CIJANGK
171
•
-)
ADULT (18 AND OVER) INDEX (SERIOUS PROPERTY AND VIOI.RN'r) ARREST RATE TRENDS, 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 2 and Table 1, Appendix C)
• The adult (18 and over) Index arrest rate, and the Violent and Part I, Serious Property arrest rates COm
prising the Index, have increased from 1970 to 1981.
• Adult (18 and 9ver) arrest rates for Part I, Serious Property offens~s (burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson) have been two to three times higher than Violent (murder, manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) arrest rates between 1970 and 1981.
• From 1970 to 1981, the adult (18 and over) arrest rate for Index offenses increased 42.6 percent. The Part I, Serious Property arrest rate increased 47.1 percent, and the Violent arrest rate increased 30.5 percent.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 2 and Table 1, Appendix C)
• In 1970, the adult (18 and over) Index arrest rate was 688' per 100,000. This rate increased to 981 ln
1981.
• In 1970, the adult (18 and over) Part I, Serious Property arrest rate was 501 per 100,000. This rate increased to 737 in 1981.
o In 1970, the adult (18 and over) Violent arrest rate was 187 per 100,000. This rate increescd to 24l. in 1981.
(,. 17L. •
...,J
~ •
1,000
o o o o o ~
re CI)
§
900
300
700
600
500
200
• • Graphic 2
ADULT (18 and Over) INDEX (PART I J SERIOUS l'ItOPERTY AND VIOLENT) ARREST nATE TRENDS 1970-1981
981
143 734 137
638 648 698 ,,/" .... __ .... _ 642 667 ",0"
I
-.... 646 .",.." _ ...... "",..,.JV
I
- 621 ",..",..--
539 I
'5,,-- I
01-"'-"'- -_518 I -0--_./511
249 ...... ~.. 231 204 216 214 ....... ......... 238 237 240 244
187 ............................. • ...... 216 219 •••••• 0 •••••••• 4 ••••••••••••••••• 00
•..... . ••........ ~ ..
TOTAL INDEX +42.6
TOTAL PART If SERIOUS PROPERTY
+47.1
TOTAL VIOI.ENT +30.5
.1 11 YR 100 I RATE CHANGE 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981
173
ADULT (18 AND OVER) PART fI ARREST RATE TREND, 1970-1981
Trend Summary (Graphic 3 and Table 1, Appendix C)
• The adult (18 and over) arrest rate for Part II offenses increased 2.8 percent from 1970 to 19B1.
Descriptive Analysis (Graphic 3 and Table 1, Appendix C)
o In 1970, the adult (18 and over) Part II arrest rate was 4,216 per 100,000. This rate decreased to a low of 3,836 in 1973, then increased to 4,333 in 1981. .
.".; (:. 17. •
~ 4.
4,400
4,300
4,200
0 0 0 "' 0 ~ 4,100
IlIf fXI ~
CI)
§ 4,000
3,900
3,800
4,263 .. "\ .,.. .
" \ f!f" ~ 4,216 \
• \ •
• Graphic J
ADULT (18 and OVER) PART II ARREST RATE TRENDS 1970-1981
4,333 §
I •
I •
4,215 I ., i I" 4 116 • ., ')1
.' " .,..~ I ........ ,4,120
4,122 • • \ 4,069/ • \ 4,020 ,,# • .. #
'. 1\ #/ \ i', .. ?3,995 . . .. / \ I , ,," ., ., \ 1 3,919 • • \1 J
3,836
+2.8
f o , I , I , I I , i J J i
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1916 1917 1978 1919 1980 1981 ltAl~-JI~NGK
175
•
--. , ... •
Tutal Adult Arrcsts l I Ratc Per IOU,UOO \ Changc
Part I
Torlll index Arrc!ilS l
lIate Pet· wn,ooo ~ Change
Tulol ~iulcut Arrcsts3
lIatc Pcr \oO,UOO % Change
Tntal I'a,·t I, Scrious I· ... 'pel·ty Arrcsts·1
!late rcr IOU,OOO \ Changc
I',\l·t I I
Tota I Part II Arrests lIil tc I'cr 100,000 .. Change
Adjusted Population Basc 5
Ovcr 18
I'oplllilt inn lIascs
1'.11.1. U.S. Over 18
NOTE:!.:
APPENDIX C
Table 1
ADUI.T (IS AND OVER) ARReST RATE TlUiNUS, 1970- i981
197U-1975
1970 1971 1972 1973 4,907,053 5,167,353 5,216,50(. 4,779,S65
4,90·1 5,006 4,854 4,562 ~2.1 -3.0 -6.0
688,164 767,203 78B,41l2 760,368 688 743 734 726
~S.O -1.2 -1.1
IS7,309 2ID,9U7 231,666 224,4(.9 187 204 216 214
+9.1 .5.9 -0.9
50ll,8S5 556,296 556,736 535,899 50) 539 518 511
+7.6 -3.9 -1.3
4,218,889 4,400, ISO 4,428,10.1 4,nl9,497 4.216 4,263 4,120 3,836
.1.1 -3.4 -6.9
JOO,OSB,MIl 103,216,144 1U7 ,478, nil 104,!76,620
lSI,M'I,OIlO 155,4olC.,U()O '160,416,OO() IS4,995,OO() 2U4,878,OOn 207,n53,OOO 208,846,OOn 2111,410,000 13S,IS'I,OOO 137,490,000 13V,850,OOO 142,231,000
I. floes liut include mansJauglttet' by negligence which WllS omitted ill 1978.
--1974 1Y75
4,494,33U 5,932,513 4,908 ·1,798 ~7.6 -2.2
812,573 l,n8c.,439 887 879
+22.2 +0.9
22S,I18 285,035 249 231
+16.4 -7.2 .---------
584,455 8tll ,40ol 638 h·18
.2.1. 9 d.6 ---.
3,6S1,757 4,846,07'1 ·1,020 3,919
+4.8 -2.5
-
91,S78,Oll6 123,641,790 ---------
134,082,O(lO 179,191,OOn 211,90l,OUIl 213,S59,OOO 144,662,000 147,306,000
2. Il'les not illclude manslaughter hy ncgligencc "hich "as omittcd in 1978 allli does inchule arson which was lhlded as Oil index offclIsc in 1979. 3. Incltulcs murdcr and nOIl-ncgligent manslaughter, forcihle rapt!, robbet'y, and aggl'llvalc,l assault. 4. Includ,'s hUl'glary. larceny-theft, motot' vchh:lc theft, and arsun (which was add cd as a property offense ill 1979). 5. lIase,l 0/1 the ratio of over 18 in till! overlill II.S. Jlopulation as applied to I'.B.1. pOJlulation for rcporting agencics.
~Jt~I~;J:S:
II.S. I'cd!!rlll Uur!!au of Invcstigation, Ullifol'm Cl'ime flepol'tll 1970-J!175. 1970, Tahle 2S, 1'. L!<>; Hl71, Tahlc 29, 1" 12l; 1!172, Talll!! 3!, p. Ill>; 1973, Tablc 31l, 1'. 121!; 1974, Tahle 34, II. lilt.; J!17f" Tallie 3b, )1.188. It'lashington, Il.C.: (;ovcl"llmcnt P!'inting Office).
U.S. Uurenu of the Censlls, /'opuZat"ioll Series (1'-25). i!'utilllatea of tho /'o/,uZflticm of tire u.s. by AUe, Sex UI~l Halle 1!l7tl-I!l75, No. 721, 1'1', II, 12, 13, 1·1, IS, II,. (I~ashin!!ton, fl.C.: GOVCrHIIIllnt Printing Officc) . 17. •
~ . ~A. • • 1!l7b-I!l1l1 3 JIll II·Year lIate Change
--r---' E4---- ---- -_. 1976 1977 1~73 _1979 ___ 1980 19151 - ------------- -
'1'01 a I /ltlllil 1\,.,.e5 t~ 1 5,936,719 6,856,536 7,495,722 7,362,978 7,677 ,,1M 8,257,827 11-YJ:i\1C nil t e Pel' 100, noo 4.853 4,909 5,099 5,026 5,115 5,313 ICi\TI; CIli\NIiIi
% Change ,I.I +1.2 +3.9 -1.4 .1.8 '3.9 ----;ii.y--------------- - ------- -------_.
Part I
"rutH I Index AJ'J"CSlS2 1,049.7M 1,172,733 1,299,846 1,324,SOC, 1,408,429 1,524,246
illite I'er 100,!IIH) 858 MO 884 904 936 9111 % Change -2.4 -2. I +5.2 +2.3 +3.8 +4.6 +42.6
----i-- --------'~tal Viulenl i\rrests3 264,134 305,438 350,529 347 ,403 360,153 378,973
na te Per JOIl, 000 216 219 238 237 240 244 0,. Chans,!c -6.5 +1.4 +8.7 -0.4 +1.3 fl.7 "30.5
-Tolal Pan I, Serious l'r0l'el'lY i\lore!;!,;') 785,630 867.295 949,317 977 ,103 1,048,276 1,1·15,273
nate rCI" 100,000 6012 621 646 6(,7 698 737 \ CIHIIII:e -0.9 -3.3 .. 4.0 '3.3 +4.6 +5.6 '·17. I
-P~rt fI
"1'01,11 Pan II .'nests 4,886,955 5,683,803 6,195,8U. 6,038.472 (,,269,039 6,733,581 nate I'er 100,000 3,995 4.069 4,215 4,122 4,176 4,333 9. Change +1.9 +1. 9 +3.6 -2.2 +1.3 -'3.8 +2.8
. -Adjusted I'opulatioll lIase 5
Over IS 122,322,8113 I3!J,b74,304 147 ,012 .(1)(J 146,SO!l.352 ISO,I08.1l36 155,417,525
"opllll1tion \lases
F.II. I. 175,499,000 198,4UI,OOO 207,060,000 204,622,OllO 208,194,225 214.369,OUU U.S. 21S,Ioil,OOil 216,1'117 .OllU 218,548,OOll 220,232,000 222,159,000 224,212,(JOO Over 18 149,945, (JOO 152,572,0110 IS5.170,OO() 157,703,000 160,17~,OOf) 162,S69,nUO . ---
/lOTHS:
1. \loe5 nllt inchule manslaughter \ly negligence which was omitted In 1978. 2. Iloes not incluue manSlaughter hy negligence which was omitted in 1978 lind does incllllie arson which was added as :11\ index offense in 197!l. 3. Incllllles murder ,lIId non-negligent mansl:ll1ghte:-. forcible rai'\!, rohhery, and aggt'avlIletl assaull. 4. Incllllles hurglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, ami ar!oon (which was .added liS ;I property offense in 1979). 5. lIased on the ratio of over 18 in the overall U.S. population as applied to F.li.I. population for reporting age/lcics.
SOIIIlCf:S:
11.5. Feder:ll Bureau of !r'vestiglltion. (/lIiIo,,,, Cl'ime Repol·to 197(,-1981. 1976, Tahle 32, p. 181; 1977, Tahle 32, p. 181; 19711, Table 32, p. 194; HI79 , Ta"lc 32, 1'. 196; 1980, Tahle 32, 1" 200; 1981, Table 32, p. 171. (I~ashiilgtol\, (J.e.: Government I'rinting Office).
11.5. lIl/n'ml (If the Censlls, POl'ulatioll Sel'il)fJ O'-2S/. f.'ntirnaten of the Populatioll oj' tlze u.s. by Aae, Sex alld Race 197b.1973, No. 8UU, 1'1'. 5 :lIId h; 1'1~).il!ati()IIB of the Populatioll of Uw u.s. 1977-20511, No. 704, pp. 39, <Ill, 41. lNushillgton, II.C.: Government l'rintlng Office).
177
I
I
DO]-198S.0S