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Fertilisers

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`

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Manure is organic matter used as organic fertilizer in agriculture. Manurescontribute to the fertility of the soil by adding organic matter andnutrients, such as nitrogen, that are trapped by bacteria in the soil.Compost is a type of fertilizer that is made from rotting plants. It is easyand cheap to make, as all it really requires is vegetable waste. The

vegetable waste is broken down by bacteria (germs), and made intocompost .

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E t hi ti i th dditi f tifi i l t l

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Eutrophication is the addition of artificial or naturalsubstances, such as nitrates and phosphates, throughfertilizers or sewage, to an aquatic system. In other terms, itis the "bloom" or great increase of phytoplankton in a water body. Negative environmental effects include hypoxia, thedepletion of oxygen in the water, which induces reductions inspecific fish and other animal populations. Other speciesmay experience an increase in population that negatively

affects other species.Hypoxia, or oxygen depletion, is a phenomenon that occurs in aquaticenvironments as dissolved oxygen (DO; molecular oxygen dissolved in thewater) becomes reduced in concentration to a point.

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fertiliserssewage

(liquid domesticand industrial waste)

mineralsesp. nitrates mineralsesp. phosphates

eutrophication

algal bloom

competitionfor light

consumers can'tconsume fast enough

dead plants dead algae

detritus

or g

an

i c m a t er i al

T h

e p r o c e s s o

f

E u

t r o p h

i c a

t i o n

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detritus

more decomposers

use up oxygenby aerobic respiration

(increased BOD)

aerobes die(invertebrates,

fish, etc)

anaerobic bacteriathrive. ReleaseNH , CH , H S4 4 2

The process of Eutrophication cont.

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Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD).

This measures the rate of oxygen consumption by asample of water, and therefore gives a good

indication of eutrophication. A high BOD means lotsof organic material and aerobic microbes, i.e.eutrophication

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Pesticides

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Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying or controlling any pest, unwanted species of plants or animals causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the production, processing, storage, transport or marketing of

food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs, or substances which may be administered to animals for the control of insects, arachnidsor other pests in or on their bodies. The term includes substances applied to cropseither before or after harvest to protect the commodity from deterioration during storage and transport

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DEFINITIONS

PEST Injurious, noxious or troublesome Insect, fungus,

bacterial organism, virus, weed, rodent etc.Includes any injurious, noxious or troublesome

organic function of a plant or animal.

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DEFINITIONS

PESTICIDE

A substance or mixture of substances, chemical orbiological agent (viruses or bacteria):

For preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigatinga pest

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HISTORY

500 B.C.: First use of Pesticides15 th century: Toxic Chemicals like arsenic, mercury and Leadapplied to crops.17 th Century: Nicotine Sulphate (Tobacco leaves) used asinsecticide19 th Century: Natural Pesticides (Pyrethrum and Rotenone)introduced1939: Paul Muller discovered DDT

First pesticide known was sulfur.Pesticide Use has increased 50 fold since 1950Glyphosate is currently the worlds most used Herbicide

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CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES

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CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES

Target organisms

Insecticides

Herbicides

Bactericides

Rodenticides

Molluscicides

Microbial pesticides

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CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES

Pesticide Sources

Synthetic Pesticides Organic Pesticides

Manufactured by Humans Produced from Plants or animals

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CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES/INSECTICIDE

Mode of Action

Stomach Poisons Contact Poisons Fumigants

Lindane,ChlordaneEndusulfan Fenitrothion

Stomach Poisons: Arsenic compounds (Arsenates and arsenites) e.g. acid lead arsenate, basiclead arsenate, calcium arsenate, copper acetate metaarsenate , Inorganic fluorine compoundsCryolite, sodium fluoride etc and mecury compounds : mercuric chloride.

Contact Poisons: Chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophospahtes, carbamates etc. e.g.DDT,Malathion, Sevin etc.

Fumigants: HCN released from calcium cyanide, methyl bromide, CCl4, Carbon disulphide,Naphthalene, nicotine etc.

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Classification of Pesticides

There are various ways by which pesticides are classified. Pesticides can be classifiedaccording to four distinctive functions, namely, stomach poisoning, contact poisoning,fumigation or systemic action.

Stomach poisoning the pesticide enters the body of pests via their mouthpart anddigestive system and causes death by poisoning. Pesticides that function in this way areknown as stomach poison.

Contact poisoning - the pesticide enters the body of pests via their epidermis uponcontact and causes death by poisoning. Pesticides that function in this way are knownas contact poison.

Fumigation - the pesticide in gas form enters the body of pests via their respirationsystem and causes death by poisoning.

Systemic action - pesticides consumed by a host organism will stay in its body fluids.Pests feeding on the body fluids of the host organism will then be killed by poisoning .

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CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES

Spectrum of Application

Broad Spectrum Narrow spectrum

No harm to non targetsKill range of organismsin addition to targets

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CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTICIDESActive Ingredients

Carbamates

Organochlorines

Organophosphates

Pyrethroids

Thiocarbamates

Disturb PNS (short acting): Sevin

Disturb CNS (long acting): DDT, DDD, DDE, BHCDieldrin, aldrin, methoxyclor, mirex, chlordane

acetyl cholinesterase inhibito r Disturb PNS (long acting): Malathion, Parathion,

Thimet, tetram, phosdrin etc.

Irritant to eye, skin,and respiratory tract

Irritant of skin, upperrespiratory tract

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is aorganochlorine contact insecticide that killsby acting as a nerve poison.

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CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES

Allowance of Use

Registered Pesticides Banned Pesticides

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PESTICIDE INGREDIENTS

ACTIVE INGREDIENT (A.I) Part of the pesticide that has the pesticidal properties kill, impair, repel or affect

INERT INGREDIENTS Part of the pesticide formulation that act as emulsifiers, solvents, carriers, stabilizers, surfactants, preservatives, sticking agents, spreading agents or defoamers, depending on the need of the product and supposedly will not affect the pest if used by itself . Can be more toxic than active ingredients

http://pested.unl.edu/

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POTENTIAL EFFECT OF PESTICIDES

Soil Health In ground and surface water Wildlife Health

http://pested.unl.edu/

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Development of resistance in pests to pesticidesResurgence of target and non target speciesDestruction of beneficial organisms like honeybee, pollinators,parasitoids, predators etc.

Pesticide residue in food, fodder and feed (food grain, fruits,vegetables, meat, fish egg, milk and milk products and evenhuman milk.BioaccumulationBiomagnifications

Pesticide persistenceEconomic problems

CHEMICAL PESTICIDE POLLUTION(A MAJOR BOTTLENECK IN OUR FIGHT AGAINST PESTS)

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Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of substances, such as pesticides,or other organic chemicals in an organism. Bioaccumulation occurs when anorganism absorbs a toxic substance at a rate greater than that at which thesubstance is lost. Thus, the longer the biological half-life of the substance thegreater the risk of chronic poisoning, even if environmental levels of the toxinare not very high.

Bioconcentration is a related but more specific term, referring to uptake andaccumulation of a substance from water alone .

By contrast, bioaccumulation refers to uptake from all sources combined (e.g.water, food, air, etc.)

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Bioaccumulation

water zooplankton0.04 ppmsmall fish0.5 ppm

large fish2 ppm

birds25 ppm

E.g DDT

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ALTERNATIVES TO PESTICIDES

IPM Integrated Pest Management is the coordinated use of pest and

environmental information along with available pest control methods,including cultural, biological, genetic and chemical methods, to preventunacceptable levels of pest damage by the most economical means,

and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and theenvironment.

Six principles of IPM are:1. Prevention

2. Pest identification3. Monitoring4. Treatment/ Injury thresholds5. Treatment options and selections6. Post treatment Evaluation

Alternat ives to pes t ic ides are avai lab le and in clud e

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1. methods of cultivation,2. use of biological pest controls (such as pheromones and microbial pesticides),3. genetic engineering and methods of interfering with insect breeding.4. Application of composted yard waste has also been used as a way of controlling

pests.5. Cultivation practices include poly culture (growing multiple types of plants),6. crop rotation,7. planting crops in areas where the pests that damage them do not live,8. timing planting according to when pests will be least problematic,9. and use of trap crops, that attract pests away from the real crop.

10. In the U.S., farmers have had success controlling insects by spraying with hot water at a cost that is about the same as pesticide spraying.

11.Release of other organisms that fight the pest is another example of an alternative topesticide use. These organisms can include natural predators or parasites of thepests.

12.Biological pesticides based on fungi, bacteria and viruses cause disease in the pest

species can also be used.13.Another alternative to pesticides is the thermal treatment of soil through steam. Soil

s teaming kills pest and increases soil health. citation needed.

These methods are becoming increasingly popular and often are safer thantraditional chemical pesticides.