1.3.4 biomolecular sources and the components of food
TRANSCRIPT
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1.3.4 Biomolecular Sources and the Components of Food
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates contain the elements
CarbonHydrogenOxygen
Usually in the ratio of 1C:2H:1OWritten as Cx(H2O)y
i.e. twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms
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3 Types of Carbohydrate
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
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Monosaccharides
These are single sugar molecules simple sugarssoluble in watersweet to tastesmallest carbohydrate unit
Examples: glucose, fructoseFound in: fruit
O
C C
C C
C
C
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Learning check
What are the elements that make up all carbohydrates?
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
Can you remember the general formula for a carbohydrate?
Cx(H2O)y
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DisaccharidesThese are
• two single sugar units joined together – known as double sugar molecules
• soluble in water
• sweet to taste
Examples: sucrose, lactose, maltose
Found in: table sugar, milk
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Polysaccharides
These are• Many single sugar molecules joined
together• Not soluble in water• Do not taste sweet
Example: starch, cellulose, glycogenFound in: bread, pasta, cereals
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Learning check
Name the three types of carbohydrate
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides
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Learning check
Give examples and sources of:
Examples Sources
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Glucose
Fructosefruit
Sucrose
Lactose
Table sugar
Milk
Starch
Cellulose
Bread, Pasta,
Cereals
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Lipids
Lipids are a diverse group of substances which include
• fats (solid at room temp.)
• oils (liquid at room temp.)
• steroids which include cholesterol and some of the sex hormones
• waxes which cover insect bodies and plant leaves.
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Structure of LipidsThey are made up of the elements
carbon hydrogen oxygen
But not have the same ratios as carbohydrates.
They are made up of two main types of moleculesFatty acids and Glycerol
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Types of Lipid
Two of the main types of lipids are
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
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Triglyceride
It is made up of
3 fatty acid molecules
and
1 glycerol molecule
This is the smallest lipid
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Phospholipids
If one fatty acid of a lipid molecule is replaced by a phosphate group then a phospholipid is formed
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Sources of Lipids
• Fat – in and on meat
• Butter (80% fat)
• Cooking oils
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Learning check
The two main types of molecules that make up lipids are:
Fatty acids and Glycerol
The two main types of lipids are:
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
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Proteins
Proteins contain the elements Carbon HydrogenOxygen Nitrogen
Some may also contain sulphur, phosphorous or iron
Proteins are found in lean meat, fish, pulses, soya and eggs
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Structure of ProteinsProteins are made up of long chains of
amino acidsThere are 20 common and several rare amino
acids found in proteinsMore amino acids are found in cells and tissues but are not in
proteins
Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds
This results in the formation of polypeptide chains
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Amino Acids
All amino acids contain four distinct chemical groups connected to a central carbon atom:
• an amino group • a single hydrogen atom • a carboxyl group
• a side chain
The “acid “
part
Do NOT need this for exam
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Learning check
Proteins contain the elements
Carbon Hydrogen
Oxygen Nitrogen
Sometimes they contain
sulphur, phosphorous or iron
Proteins are made up of long chains of
amino acids
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Vitamins
Vitamins are essential organic catalysts of metabolism
• Needed in small amounts, cannot be produced in the body
• Must be supplied continuously and in sufficient quantities
• Differ from each other chemically
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Vitamins
We need Vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K in our diets to keep us healthy
Vitamins can be water soluble or fat soluble
Vitamins B and C are water soluble
Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat soluble
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Sources of Vitamins Vitamin Source
A Green leafy vegetables, Eggs, Cheese, Carrots
B Lean Meat, Cereals, Nuts
C Citrus Fruits, Green vegetables, Turnips
D Milk and Milk products, Sunlight
E Vegetable oils, fish, nuts
K Green leafy vegetables
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Learning check
What is a vitamin?
A vitamin is an essential organic catalyst of metabolism
What vitamins dissolve in water?
B & C
What vitamins are fat-soluble?
A, D, E and K
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Need to know
• State that simple bio molecular units are composed of a combination of elements in different ratios e.g. carbohydrates Cx(H2O)y
• Name the element components, bio molecular components and sources of: carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.
• State that carbohydrates are composed of indivisible units and give examples of these e.g. – Monosaccharides – glucose; – Disaccharides – maltose; & – Polysaccharides – starch/cellulose.
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Need to know
• What is a vitamin?
• Name one water soluble vitamin.
• Name one water in-soluble vitamin (fat-soluble)
• List the sources of these vitamins
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