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PLANT PLANT DIVERSITYDIVERSITYCHAPTERCHAPTER

2020

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Warm-upWarm-up

► Pick up the 3 sheets on your way inPick up the 3 sheets on your way in

1.1. What 3 things do all plants need to What 3 things do all plants need to survivesurvive

2.2. What is the point of photosynthesis?What is the point of photosynthesis?

3.3. What are the products and reactants What are the products and reactants of photosynthesis?of photosynthesis?

Plant life began in the water Plant life began in the water and became adapted to land. and became adapted to land.

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Land plants evolved from Land plants evolved from green algae. green algae.

►Plants and green algae have many Plants and green algae have many common traits. common traits. – both are photosynthetic eukaryotes both are photosynthetic eukaryotes

– both have the same types of both have the same types of chlorophyll chlorophyll

– both use starch as a storage product both use starch as a storage product

– both have cell walls with celluloseboth have cell walls with cellulose1/30/07 L 4

• .

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PLANTSPLANTS

1.1. MulticellularMulticellular (many celled) (many celled) EukaryoticEukaryotic (nucleus) (nucleus)

2.2. AutotrophicAutotrophic (make their own (make their own food) contain food) contain chlorophyll in chlorophyll in chloroplastchloroplast

3.3. Cell walls contain celluloseCell walls contain cellulose

4.4. Sexual and Asexual reproductionSexual and Asexual reproduction

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REVIEWREVIEW

C6 H 12O6 Glucose

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NONNON-VASCULAR Plants-VASCULAR PlantsSeedlessSeedless

1.1. Example Example Moss Moss havehave NoNo tubes or tubes or vessels to vessels to carry water carry water etc.etc.

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2. Must live in 2. Must live in wet places wet places water passes water passes through cells through cells by by osmosis.osmosis.

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3. No true roots – 3. No true roots – have have rhizoids rhizoids – – anchor plantanchor plant

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VASCULAR PLANTSVASCULAR PLANTS

1.Examples are Ferns, Pines, Flowering plants

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2. 2. HaveHave vascular vascular tissue similar to tissue similar to veinsveins

3. 3. XylemXylem – moves – moves water up (dead water up (dead cells)cells)

4. 4. PhloemPhloem – moves – moves food down (live food down (live cells)cells)

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Vascular TissueVascular Tissue

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VASCULAR PLANTS WITHOUT VASCULAR PLANTS WITHOUT SEEDSSEEDS

1.1. FernsFerns

2.2. No seedsNo seeds

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FERNSFERNS

a. a. FrondFrond – leaf – leaf

b.b. RhizomesRhizomes – underground – underground stemstem

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c.c. Sorus Sorus – produces spores – produces spores

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d. Fiddleheads – unfurling fern fronds

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VASCULAR PLANTS WITH VASCULAR PLANTS WITH SEEDSSEEDS

1.1. Produce seeds in Produce seeds in cones or flowerscones or flowers

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2. Have true roots, stems, leaves2. Have true roots, stems, leaves

3. Fertilization – pollen enters ovary and 3. Fertilization – pollen enters ovary and combines with ovule (egg)combines with ovule (egg)

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4. Oldest Plant Alive – 4. Oldest Plant Alive – Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo biloba (Have seeds)(Have seeds)

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GYMNOSPERMSGYMNOSPERMS1.1. Pine trees, firs, evergreensPine trees, firs, evergreens

2.2. Have Have conescones (no flowers) (no flowers)

3.3. Male cone produces pollenMale cone produces pollen

4.4. Female cone produces seed after Female cone produces seed after pollination pollination

5.5. Literally meansLiterally means

“ “naked seed”naked seed” male

Female

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GYMNOSPERMSGYMNOSPERMS

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ANGIOSPERMSANGIOSPERMS1.1. Flowering Flowering

plants, fruit plants, fruit treestrees

2.2. Most abundant Most abundant type of plantstype of plants

3.3. Seeds are Seeds are contained in contained in and protected and protected by by fruitfruit

Plants have adaptations that Plants have adaptations that allow them to live on land. allow them to live on land.

►Challenges of living on land have Challenges of living on land have selected for certain plant selected for certain plant adaptations.adaptations.

►A cuticle allows plants to retain A cuticle allows plants to retain moisture.moisture. waxy, waterproof layerwaxy, waterproof layer holds moisture inholds moisture in

–

►Stomata are tiny holes in the cuticle. Stomata are tiny holes in the cuticle.

stoma

– can open and close

– allow air to move in and out

►Plants have adaptations that prevent Plants have adaptations that prevent animals from eating them. animals from eating them.

– spines and thorns

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Plant AdaptationsPlant Adaptations► Aquatic plantsAquatic plants have to be able have to be able

to tolerate mud.to tolerate mud. To take in enough oxygen, they To take in enough oxygen, they

have tissues with large air have tissues with large air space and stomata on the space and stomata on the upper side of the leaves.upper side of the leaves.

► Salt tolerant plants can Salt tolerant plants can withstand salt concentrations withstand salt concentrations in the soil far greater than in the soil far greater than normal plants.normal plants.

► Epiphytes are plants that do Epiphytes are plants that do not root in the soil, their roots not root in the soil, their roots get water from the air.get water from the air.

► Many plants defend themselves Many plants defend themselves against insect attack by making against insect attack by making compounds that ward off compounds that ward off animals.animals.

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Leaf ModificationsLeaf Modifications

► Cactus Cactus spinesspines are modified are modified leaves that help reduce leaves that help reduce water loss from the plant water loss from the plant and provide protection from and provide protection from predators.predators.

► Carnivorous plantsCarnivorous plants, like the , like the pitcher plant have leaves pitcher plant have leaves with adaptations that can with adaptations that can trap insects or other small trap insects or other small animals.animals.

► Leaves often function as Leaves often function as water or food storage sites.water or food storage sites. This adaptation ensures the This adaptation ensures the

long-term survival of the long-term survival of the plant when water resources plant when water resources are scarce.are scarce.

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Response to Stimuli - TropismResponse to Stimuli - Tropism1.1. Phototropism Phototropism – – response of a plant to lightresponse of a plant to light

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2. Gravitropism2. Gravitropism – plant – plant response to gravityresponse to gravity

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►Positive – toward the stimulusPositive – toward the stimulus►Negative – away from the stimulusNegative – away from the stimulus

Roots grow toward the earth, positive gravitropism.

Roots grow away from light, negative phototropism

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3.3. Thigmotropism Thigmotropism – plant – plant response to touchresponse to touch

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PhotoperiodismPhotoperiodism – plant – plant response to daylight length response to daylight length (time)(time)